Lipid metabolism, molecular transport, small molecule biochemistry
Conceptual model of general lifestyle effects, salient CHD pathogenetic pathways and CHD hallmarks
Proposed pathway of prolonged EtOH activation of PP1 resulting in decreased stimulated cilia beating
T-cell activation pathway regulating six key activation genes
Regulated processes are represented by backgrounds of different colors (indicated in the figure)
The underlying link between Alzheimer‚Äôs disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Notes: Insulin resistance reduces the degradation of Aβ by IDE, and makes the combination of insulin and insulin receptor impaired
RuPOP entered into the cells through TfR-mediated endocytosis, accumulated in lysosomes in 3 h, and diffused in the cytoplasm from 6 h to 12 h. The internalized RuPOP suppressed FAK-mediated ERK and Akt activation, leading to the alternation of the expression levels of the downstream metastatic regulatory proteins, including uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1.
Anatomical and pharmacological properties of the 5-HT2A receptors in the brain
IPA-inferred Sertoli cell – Sertoli cell junction signalling pathway
In response to SSBs and DSBs, massive PAR is rapidly generated by PARPs and jumpstarts DNA damage response
Mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells
Schematic illustration of potential canonical WNT signaling pathway- Resting state (a): SFRP4 binds free WNT molecules in the extracellular space and DKK binds the LRP co-receptor
Model of the immune response against Leishmania mexicana and the role of IL-10
Schematic representation of the molecular regulation of autophagy
There was no difference in the networks identified using pairwise proteomics data based on single time points from 3 or 12h after EGF treatment
MiRNA targeted signaling pathways in four different important cells including plaque macrophage, platelet, monocyte and endothelial cell
MiRNA targeted upregulated genes of Rho GTPase signaling
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) after DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induction in young and old cells
(A) Many oncogenes actively suppress growth fac... (B) Oncogenic shock may predominate when GF-R s... (C) Bypass resistance may predominate when GF-R...
Proposed model for the integration of NFAT and NF-Œ∫B signalling pathwaysSwollen AF conidia are taken up by macrophages
HA precursors biosynthesis and main HAS2 regulation in SMCs
Schematic illustration of the major TNFR1-mediated signaling pathways
Interrelation of ROS and inflammatory cytokines in neurodegeneration
Hypothetical model of the signaling pathway through which MIF increases vascular permeability
Red represents overexpression and green underexpression
(A) Hubs were generated by integrating (putative) p53 targets from Rcade... (B) Circos plots showing physical interactions between all hub genes. Re...
Gene products of Rcade-derived p53-targets are colored
Genomic signaling pathways for PR action
Schematic of the mitochondrial proline metabolic pathway in T
Schematic illustration of tPA-induced survival signaling
Pathway for estrogen-induced ASC1 ufmylation for ERŒ± transactivation
Regulators of HR repair as potential therapeutic targets
ER stress activates p38 and JNK through an IRE1/TRAF2/ASK1-mediated signaling pathway
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway created using ‘Alzheimer’ as a key word
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway created using ‘IL-1β’ as a key word
The putative involvement of GsCYP630B18 is indicated by grey arrows
NO signalling and metabolic syndrome-related pathways
Synthesis and mechanisms of gaseous neurotransmitters in the relaxation of penile or other vascular tissues
Signaling pathway associated with CD37 ligation by SMIP-016
The proliferative signal of EGF is transmitted through two pathways: (1) JAK/STAT pathway and (2) Ras/MAPK pathway, ultimately causing activation of transcription factors such as c-Fos, STAT1 and STAT3, which all have important roles in proliferation and keratinization
Calcium signaling pathway in old nitrate treated aorta
Upon HRG binding, ErbB3/4 receptors form hetero- or homo-dimers with other members of the ErbB family RTKs
Schematic depiction of sonic hedgehog (SHH) synthesis, secretion, and signaling
Pathways involved to block cell cycle progression
PCR array results from 200-day human xenografts given both an initial and secondary treatment of estrogen demonstrate changes that coincide with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, depicting the stage of hyperplasia
. Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway of gamma chain (γc) family cytokines.
Model for E2-induced signal transduction pathways in the uterine epithelium leading to DNA and protein synthesis
A model for the function of NMDA receptors and protein kinase C signaling in the JH signaling pathway for male production of D
Top Kegg pathways enriched with aDMCs identified by the FatiGO analysis
Three core signaling pathways altered in malignant gliomas
Feedback mechanisms mediated by the extracellular cAMP–adenosine cascade
The network of HMGA regulatory mechanisms in human carcinomas
Murine in vivo observations of chitin immune-stimulating effects: The experimental approaches have generally been based on delivering chitin particles in liquid suspensions by one of the following routes: (i) intranasal or intratracheal delivery followed by broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis and histological examinations of lung tissue, (ii) IP injection followed by analysis of peritoneal lavage cell composition or (iii) gastrointestinal delivery by oral gavage followed by histological examination of mucosal barrier integrity and inflammation
Morphogen signaling pathway components are shaded in blue; inflammatory signaling components are shaded in orange
(A) DNA-PKcs and TLR9 are involved in activation of Akt and mTORC1 by Cp... (B) DNA-PKcs and TLR9 are important for the IFNŒ±/β response to CpG-ODN....
Network includes MœÜ genes exclusively regulated in the cervix from D21 rats and those regulated in both in D21 prepartum and NP groups, as well as known key molecules
Explanation for the role of CaMKII involved in the 20E pathways
Proposed signaling pathway involved in the effect of U-II on L-type Ca2+ channels
Alterations in glucose levels regulate AMPK activity in the ARC circuit
Schematic representation of the modulation of downstream signaling pathways of the brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) by glucocorticoids (GCs)
Discordant and concordant gene expression in the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling cascade
Leptin secreted from adipose tissue binds to the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus
GA induced the bioactivities of aHSCs in several ways: GA 1) depletes GSH and 2) suppresses catalase activity, and 3) promoted the expression of TNF−α and the formation of TNFR1-elicited necrosome complexes, resulting in the accumulation of Ca2+ and activation of calpain 1 to attack the lysosomes, leading to necroptosis
The number of highly differentially expressed genes and represented proteins was higher in tick midguts than in salivary glands, suggesting a higher impact of bacterial infection in midgut cells probably associated with A. phagocytophilum developmental cycle.
Schematic representation of key events in the apoptotic pathway and regulation of apoptosis by sphingolipids
A schematic overview of autophagy machinery and its regulation by sphingolipids
Relevant crosstalk of altered signaling pathways involved in cell death for PTC and ATC
Pathway for a network related to cell to cell signaling process in the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Potential regulatory pathways and candidate genes associated with fatty acid synthesis in B
Biological roles of sulphate and pathways of sulphate homeostasis
S-Nitrosylated proteins involved in photosynthesis
Schematic presentation of chloroplast proteins affected in executer mutants and WT plants after light treatment compared to WT plants under normal or growth light conditions, as shown in Table 3
Our study demonstrates that the inhibition of telomerase, PKC and the PI3k/Akt/mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway leads to decreases in AFP expression and secretion
The fate of plasmids and their expressed antigens after electroporation (A); The Fas/FasL signaling pathway and some of the key molecules involved (B)
The involvement of K Ca3.1 in the TGF/Smad 2/3 signalling pathway
The as yet unknown side of DC secretion post-TLR activation, and trafficking molecules currently identified in DC function
Simplistic overview of the top two mutation-enriched transduction signaling pathways in ATC as according to the Genomatix Pathway System
Pathways were reconstructed resorting to metabolic databases (MetaCyc and KEGG), genome annotations at NCBI and literature
A schematic model of Pik3ip1-deficiency-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
. Overview of the nutrient-induced TORC1 signaling pathway.
The relationships between the biological functions and cytokines/chemokines of (A) DC+TCL+Cp, (B) DC+TCL+Am, (C) DC+TCL+[Am+Cp] and (D) DC+TCL+LPS were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software
Overview of pharmacological targets and signaling cascades proposed to be important in mediating synaptic plasticity underlying extinction
Fibroblast–myofibroblast differentiation is initiated by environmental factors, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and mechanotransduction, and is mediated via the Rho-ROCK–myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) signaling pathway
Biochemical pathway proposed to regulate sperm capacitation and hyperactivation
Important ECM molecules and ECM receptors involved in cancer cell invasion
Transcript abundance of genes related to central metabolic pathways under different conditions in K
Leading to activation of transcription machinery and modulation of the hypertrophic pathway
Multiple nutrient-sensing mechanisms, including that modulated by mTORC1, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA, can directly interact with the ULK1 complex and thus regulate autophagy
Growth factor binding to IGFR and/or nutrient availability stimulates the TORC1 pathway, which in turn deactivates the pro-autophagic ULK1 complex and activates the autophagy inhibitory kinase S6K
Circles and round rectangles correspond to the target proteins and drugs, respectively
Signaling pathways involved in thyroid carcinogenesis and tumor progression
Proposed model of novel role of AQP1 in tumor biology
Proposed model of novel roles of AQP3 and AQP5 in tumor biology
Schematic diagram shows pathways involved in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)–mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro
Schematic representation of major functions, interrelationships among thiol and non-thiol compounds, and their coordination with other defense system components in metal(loid)-exposed plants
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed proteins
Foxp3-biding genes in ‘pathway in cancer’
Mechanisms of metformin action to inhibit cancer
The major pathways involved in the molecular mechanisms of cancer as adapted from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) database
Serum starvation induces changes to cellular metabolism and chromatin remodeling proteins
This cartoon depicts LPS binding to SREC-I (1) followed by LPS-SREC-I complex recruitment of TLR4 into discrete lipid microdomains (thick line) (2)
Under hypoxia, the potential neuro-endocrine-immune/metabolism networks contribute to the regulation of moderate inflammation and the maintenance of energy balance
The green boxes indicate that the genes identified in the transcriptome of H. marmoreus are annotated in the metabolic pathways and the genes names were added in the figure.
Light may play a crucial role during the first transition as determined by the potential involvement of tyrosinase (Tyr), the blue light transduction signal pathway (WC), the MAPK signaling pathway (MAPK), the cAMP signaling pathway (PKC) and the two-component system pathway (HDK)
Regulatory mechanisms of GAPDH by insulin and hypoxia
IFN-induced signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway
Paradoxical roles of autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment during different stages of tumor development
The nucleotide sugar UDP-GlcNAc resides at the nexus of protein and lipid glycosylation
Innate immune evasion of hepatitis C virus infection
Schematic model of the interaction between microRNAs and factors involved in malignant transformation caused by HPV E6 and E7 expression in cervical cancer cell
A) Heat map of enrichment p-values for significantly-associated pathways... B) The “melanoma pathway” in KEGG.
Cytotoxic agents impact the Bcl-2 rheostat
A simplified model depicting (a) Novel positive feedback loop between TGF-β-SMAD3 and K... (b) Novel cross-talk between SMAD3- KLF17 pathways on a su...
Pathway analysis of the phosphoproteomics data
Model for the mechanism of the switch off in Shh canonical signaling during spinal cord development
The mathematically modelled pathway from SPGN excitation to smooth muscle cell activation
Model for coincidence detection during classical conditioningThe signalling pathways shown are simplified to focus on the coincidence detection function of the receptors described here
Schematic representation of the identified components of postconditioning signalling in the myocardium
Simplified schematic presentation of the cytosolic signalling pathways that converge to prevent mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening in cardioprotection
Signal transduction in cardioprotection: the extracellular signalling molecules adenosine, bradykinin and opioids act as triggers, the respective receptors and downstream activated protein kinases as mediators and the mitochondria as effectors (modified from Heusch et‚Äâal., )
Intracellular signal paths coupled to the opioid receptors and implicated in cardiac stress signalling and cardioprotection
Reperfusion signalling pathways underlying ischaemic conditioning
BCL6 targets Tfh genes mainly involved in T cell signaling, differentiation, and migration pathways to drive the GC Tfh phenotype
A schematic model of the anticancer mechanism of physalin B in HCT116 cells
Proposed pathogenic sequences in muscle of the G93A mouse model
Significantly affected canonical pathway “interferon signaling”, as determined by IPA® analysis
The samples analyzed were obtained respectively from untreated K562 cells (a) or K562 cells treated with MTH (30 nM) + anti-microRNA-210 (b), MTH (c), or MTH + anti-microRNA-588 (d) (p<0.05).
(a) Proposed model for Notch and BCR-ABL cross-talk in CML. Both BCR-ABL... (b) Cooperative model of activated Notch and BCR-ABL signalling in chron...
Plant phytochemicals achieve hormesis through multifocal pathway inhibition
Time-resolved metabolic reprograming during pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization
CD44 acts as a co-receptor for several cell surface receptors including RTKs, G-protein coupled receptors, and LRP6
Conceptual model of general lifestyle factors, salient CHD pathogenetic pathways and CHD hallmarks
Schematic showing the TGFβ/LIF- mediated tumor suppressive role in melanoma
Major interconnected signaling pathways that regulate EMT
Representative protein-protein interaction networks of key pathways and proteins involved in sperm functions
Construction of the Golgi/endosome network (GEN) and of the IR subnetwork (IRGEN)
Architecture of a signaling network that accounts for the relation between the effects of insulin, ATIC, and ATP level
Biochemical pathways for the synthesis of sucrose, trehalose (OtsAB pathway, used only by Crocosphaera watsonii in cyanobacteria), glucosylglycerol (GG) and glucosylglycerate (GGA)
DNA damage pathways and how CHK1-, WEE1-, or CDK1 inhibitors can synergize with cytarabine to increase its DNA damaging efficacy in AML
Diagram of potential APOE4 -induced decrease in synapse-related proteins and disruption of NMDAR-mediated signaling, resulting in impaired learning and memory
H3K56 acetylation prevents genomic instability by affecting Ctf4 function
Differentially expressed genes related to BMP signalling at day 0 to 3 of arthritis in comparison to non-induced controls
Comparing CGN death induced by NSC23766 and ToxB
A suggested mechanism by which cAMP signaling reduces SIRT6 expression in lung cancer cells, resulting in augmented apoptosis
Proposed model for the involvement of TRIP in the TNF-induced inflammatory response
Network representations of the differentially expressed genes presented in pathway analysis
LBW affects cardiac RAS but not cardiac autophagy
A chronologically aging culture of yeast cells progresses through at least seven consecutive “checkpoints”, each of which defines yeast longevity
The canonical β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling pathway is illustrated here
The hypothetical model for shifting β2-AR signaling from the canonical pathway towards the non-canonical pathway in immune cells is illustrated
The presence of a β2-AR ligand during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced macrophage activation causes reduced or increased production of TNF-Œ±, IL-12 and nitric oxide respectively
Findings from our laboratory using an animal model of the autoimmune disease, RA, reveal disease-related changes in β2-AR signaling that are dependent upon the lymphoid tissue examined
The ROS rheostat of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance
Regulation of genes in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway
Regulation of genes in IL1/TLR signaling pathways
Ligand recognition and second-messenger signaling at PTHR1
Nuclear distribution of the PI3K pathway
An illustration of the coupling between the circadian neurons and PTTH-secreting neurons that control photoperiodism in A
(A) Subnetwork among hubs in the MI miRNA-TF co-regulatory network. (B) The NFAT and Hypertrophy of the heart specific regulatory network. T...
The graph illustrates the proposed model of MI progression co-regulated by miR-16-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-29a-3p and the TFs; JUN, YY1, EGR1, SP1, GATA2 and MYC
Genes highlighted are those identified in chia in the present study
In response to extracelluar stimuli, MLK3 is dimerized and activated by Cdc42/Rac [, ]
Canonical pathways and phenotypic interpretation derived from the microarray analysis
Representation of the proposed mechanism of action for CM-hfMSCs on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-expressing cells
A phosphorylation/ubiquitination cascade via MSK1, Trim7 and RACO-1 links growth factor signalling to c-Jun/AP-1 activation
Tyk2 and Jak1 are reciprocal IFN receptor-associated molecules, mediating the downstream signal to induce ISGs to resist against viral infection (modified from ref
Left: Oncogenic RAS, via its downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR effector pathway, increases CK1α protein abundance to prevent hyperactivation of oncogenic RAS–induced autophagy
Macrophage priming by IFN-γ and TLR ligands induces transcriptional upregulation of TF and proinflammatory interleukins
Proposed model of ATM activation downstream of TGF-β signaling in the context of renal biology
Proposed model of signaling pathways activated in primary NHP microglia in response to B
This was modified from the pathways presented in the KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/).
Translocations affecting the NF-Œ∫B activation pathway
A3AR agonists modulate key components of the GABAergic signaling pathway
Schematic model of novel inhibitors in Fas-associated death domain-Procaspase 8 interaction and Caspase 3 activation via Caspase 8
Metabolic loops increase pathway multiplicity
Comparison between simulations and MFA experiments
Comparison between simulations and gene expression data
Pathway on the left is that of an active cell
Signal transduction cascade inducing antimicrobial peptide expression after epidermal wounding, based on Engelmann and Pujol
Overview of mTOR signaling and metabolic regulation
Role of mTOR in Treg differentiation and function
Mitochondrial-encoded genes are highlighted in bold
A conceptual model describing the response of Arthrospira sp
Putative KF inhibition pathway in macrophage-mediated inflammatory signaling events
Activation of the MAPK pathway in thyroid cancer
Model of canonical and noncanonical Sap-induced inflammasome activation
PRC2-independent transcriptional activation by EZH2 in cancer
The survey of H. medicinalis databases and our experiments pointed out that leech possesses (i) the main components of the canonical TLR4/LPS pathway and (ii) the molecules recruited by endosomal TLRs.
Insulin binding causes activation of the insulin receptor (IR), which phosphorylates different substrate adaptors such as the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)
. Diverse regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
DIANA miRPath analysis of target genes for miRNAs upregulated in AD blood
DIANA miRPath analysis of target genes for miRNAs downregulated in AD blood
Two logic circuit regulatory pathways targeting the PPIL2 gene, an important cyclophilin member in immunological suppression, are found by Loregic: 1: PPIL2 is co-regulated by HDAC2 and SP1 forming the triplet of (RF1 is HDAC2, RF2 is SP1, T is PPIL2), which is consistent with the “T = ~RF1+RF2” gate (the ORN gate[]), and SP1 is co-regulated by EGR1 and NFYA forming the triplet of (RF1 is EGR1, RF2 is NFYA, T is SP1), which is consistent with the “T = ~RF1*~RF2 (the NAND gate); 2: PPIL2 is also co-regulated by BRF1 and NFE2 forming the triplet of (RF1 is BRF1, RF2 is NFE2, T is PPIL2), which is consistent with OR gate, and NFE2 is co-regulated by TAL1 and GATA2 forming the triplet of (RF1 is TAL1, RF2 is GATA2, T is NFE2), which is also consistent with OR gate
Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways
Role of antagonists in Wnt signaling pathway
Metabolic network of CcsR-dependent targets and influence on cell regulatory networks
. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
H. pylori mediate crosstalk with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to manipulate signaling in innate immunity.
The relationship between the genes in each module from the GBM dataset
KEGG pathway map for TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways
KEGG pathway map for complement and coagulation pathway
Overview of shared metabolic pathways among glycolysis, the OPPP, and the Calvin cycle, as well as the circadian patterns of genes for their enzymatic steps
Model of GŒ±i1/3-mediated activation of TLR4 in response to LPS
A fabric of signaling cascades can be activated by astrocyte Gq-GPCRs
miR-137 Intersection Target Network of Neurological Disease
miR-137 targets within Protein Kinase A (PKA) Signaling Pathway
Proposed mechanisms for the cytotoxic effects of Sch B on mouse AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells.Notes: Sch B induces cell cycle arrest with up-regulation of the expression level of p27 Kip1 and Chk1, and down-regulation of the expression level of cyclin D1 and CDK2
Signaling pathway mediates hepatic fibrogenesis: (A) the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway, and (B) TLR4 activated-MyD88/TGFβ1/NFŒ∫B pathway
Effects of olanzapine infusion on muscle gene expression are shown for the glycolysis pathway (A), citric acid (TCA) cycle (B) and two mitochondrial shuttles (C; the mitochondrial malate, SLC25A11, and aspartate, SLC25A13, transporters were not affected)
Unigenes involved in the three metabolic pathways
Proteins are shown as colored shapes, LPS as a cluster of open circles, and dsRNA as intertwined black lines
Schematic overview of some of the most significant IPA-identified, canonical host response pathways
AKT/mTOR deactivation decreases MDM2 and p53 phosphorylation and increases stable p53, which triggers its downstream targets
Hierarchical stress response following exposure to increasing concentration of AEROSIL® 200 fumed amorphous silica NPs
Coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis maintain a delicate physiological balance between bleeding and thrombosis
Resveratrol diminished the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in aged hearts through the restoration of SIRT1 deacetylase activity
Hypotheses of NALP3 activation via inflammatory pathway
An incomplete engagement of the TCR pathway differentiates BT-061 from other anti-CD4 mAbs
Image of the MAPK signaling pathway painted by KPP according to the imported list of genes differentially expressed in the prostatic carcinoma as compared to normal prostate
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathways
Molecular pathways regulating breast cancer stem cells (CSCs)
Schematic diagram describing the inside-out signaling of S1P
The figure shows interaction mechanisms between cancer cells and: (1) Hepatocytes: overexpression of TIMP (Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase) is presumed to cause poor prognosis in patients
A schematic representation of the proposed mechanism by which I/R injury in the diabetic setting increases peroxynitrite and nitrative stress, resulting in tyrosine nitration of p85, the regulatory subunit of PI3K
Diagrammatic representation of CD40-mediated signalling in human dendritic cells (DCs) in response to Per a 10 stimulation
Proposed model integrating genetic and epigenetic controls of heat responses
Mutant RAS activates several canonical growth factor signaling pathways, including the MAPK pathway (RAF/MEK/ERK) and the PI3K pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR)
UVA irradiation induces production of PGE2 and its downstream molecule, cAMP through activation of AP-1 and NF-Œ∫B
. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway related to cancer onset and progression [].
Anaplerosis pathway via PC and ATP citrate lyase and the acetoacetate pathway via succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase and acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase of acyl group transfer from mitochondria to the cytosol for (phospho)lipid synthesis in the beta cell
Modulation of glycogen stores in astrocytes by insulin and IGF-1
Cancer activates Stat3 in muscle to stimulate loss of muscle mass via two signaling pathways
Gallus Gallus retinol metabolic pathway from KEGG
Proposed model illustrating the relationship between HJV and HFE in regulating hepcidin expression in response to an acute increase in serum iron levels
Signaling pathways involved in pluripotency
. Metabolic pathway of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors.
Biogenesis of piRNAs: piRNAs are generated from primary and secondary pathways
Eukaryotic mechanisms that manage replication– transcription conflicts
Interconnected networks of CEA and TGF-β signaling in cancer
Proteins involved in chromosomal fragility
By interacting with CDKs, cyclins form complexes (cyclin D with CDK4/6 and cyclin E with CDK2) that phosphorylate Rb1 (phosphorylated Rb1 is inactive)
GOLPH3, by binding to PI(4)P-enriched Golgi membranes and to MYO18A protein, mediates a linkage with the F-actin cytoskeleton that provides the tensile force necessary for Golgi architecture and vesicle trafficking
Asparaginase catalyzes asparagine and glutamine to aspartic acid and glutamic acid respectively, and the resulting amino acid deficiency concurrently induces caspase 3-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in K562 cells
In OSCC cells, despite regular CDDP uptake into the cells, overexpression of p22phox possibly sequesters CDDP in the cytoplasm, resulting in diminished CDDP entry to and DNA adducts formation in the nucleus
Growth hormone signaling pathway analysis using Ingenuity Molecule Activity Predictor (MAP)
IGFs/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway analysis using Ingenuity Molecule Activity Predictor (MAP)
During tissue damage or pathogen infection induced midgut regeneration, the JAK/STAT pathway is highly activated (A)
(A-B) ERŒ± located on the cytomembrane (A) and/or ERŒ± located i... (B) can regulate rapid si... (C) ERŒ± in the nucleus m... (D) Nuclear ERŒ± can also...
TIGAR functions to lower Fru-2,6-P2 levels and upregulate G6PD in cells, resulting in an inhibition of glycolysis and enhancement of the PPP to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
. Proposed regulatory mechanism of SREBP-2 by TSH and AMPK.
A new pathway in diseases; zinc deficiency leads to overproduction of Hh ligand and the activation of Hh signaling pathway
P4 activated cSrc, subsequently causing membrane translocation of Kras, which in turn activated Raf-1/AKT/ERK1/2/p38/IŒ∫BŒ± and increased nuclear translocation of NFŒ∫B (p65), and eventually increasing the levels of p21cip1 and p27kip1 protein through up-regulating p53 expression in RASMCs
Cartoon illustration of the physiological roles and therapeutic implications of OCT1, SLC13A5 and ZnT8 in glucose metabolism, lipogenesis and insulin pathway
Relative adenine and thymine (pctAT) DNA content of ergot alkaloid synthesis (EAS) loci
Spontaneous activation of K-ras gene in the lungs induces an inflammatory microenvironment (intrinsic pathway) that promotes cancer-related inflammation and tumor growth
HYS-32 induces microtubule catastrophes by causing EB1 dislodgement from microtubule plus ends and EB1 accumulation on the microtubule lattice through the modulation of the PI3K-GSK3β signaling pathway
Schematic model of the translational effects of Stat1
Most enriched pathways after Foxa1 knockout in female bladders
Upstream analysis focused on transcription factors after Foxa1 knockout in female bladders
Role of green tea in cancer prevention through the modulation of genes involved in initiations, promotion, and progression of cancer
Green tea modulates the various cell signalling pathways in cancer
Insulin signalling pathway: insulin binds to the insulin receptor leading to its autophosphorylation and recruitment of adaptor molecules such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS 1–6) to engage multiple downstream signalling pathways
Proposed mechanisms of hair cell regeneration
Model of flow-induced signal transduction events
Model of mitochondrial fission induced by the activation of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway in dendritic spines
A total of 17 miRNAs and 28 mRNA targets are involved in the super pathway entitled ‘Pathogen-Influenced Signaling’
TLR3/TRIF mainly regulates IL-32-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine and IFN-β secretion through activation of RIP-1 and TRAF family proteins
Phosphorylation pattern of proteins in the Ras1-Cyr1-PKA pathway in C
IL-1R1 signal transduction and negative regulation of GR-induced genes with known functions in inflammation and apoptosis: evidence of split GCR under sustained IL-1β conditions and proposed association with chemo- and GC-resistance phenotypes and EMT
CD44- and CD44v-induced RTK for apoptosis resistance
Schematic of TLR signaling and gene expression following stroke
Angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β, and Smad signaling pathways
Schematic representation of survival signaling vs
Cartoon representing LPA-activated signaling cascades that regulate OHC motility, as suggested by our results and previous studies (in black font), as well as potential mediators and interactions that require confirmation (gray font)
Model of the Nodal signaling pathway during establishment of the LR asymmetry in amphioxus
Neddylation pathways influencing NF-Œ∫B and HIF-1Œ±
. Crosstalk between miR-21, the target gene TGFβI and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in myogenesis.
Genes, involved in the RB signalling pathway are marked with an orange colour
With the exception of calcineurin, all constituents represented in the figure contain DNA sequence variants associated with advanced AMD at P-values < 1.0 x 10–3.
(A) The sketch is related to the GPCR signaling... (B) The skeleton of the EGFR induced MAPK signa... (C) A simplified plot of the JAK/STAT signaling...
Schematic illustration of integrin-mediated signaling pathway that regulates actin polymerization, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and microcluster formation
Model for the role of UV radiation in the modulation of STING-dependent IRF3 activation
Signaling pathways associated with litter size in boars
A general procedure for the synthesis and metabolism of glutathione
A theoretical model of the negative regulation of the PA signal pathway by myostatin in skeletal muscle
A general scheme, illustrating BDNF-TrkB signaling through three main pathways in the neuronal cell (NC).Notes: PLCγ pathway results in activation of neuronal plasticity and long-term memory formation via PKC, TRPC, and transcriptional factor CREB
An overall scheme illustrating p75NTR signaling.Notes: Heterodimerization with TrkB in response to BDNF action causes phosphorylation of IŒ∫B resulting in liberating of NF-Œ∫B, which after translocation into the nucleus promotes gene transcription to support neuron survival
Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism of LDH-NP-induced toxicity in A549 cells
PGE2, the main catalyzed product of COX-2 from arachidonic acid, could bind to the EP receptor on the cell membrane, thereby activating the JAK2, followed by the phorphorylating of STAT3 in the Tyr705 site
Proposed bimodal signalling pathways activated by opioid and leading to inhibition and enhancement of P2X3 receptor-mediated current in DRG neurones
Model. (A) Model for the regulation of developmental timing by P. aeruginosa... (B) Model for the roles of heterochronic genes in pathogen resistance...
Simplified schema illustrating generation of lipid mediators
Summary of the three-way interaction among AMPK, SIRT1, and eNOS.Notes: AMPK and SIRT1 exhibit a bidirectional interaction in response to cellular energy status and regulate lipid metabolism and inflammatory status
Coagulation and inflammatory response activation during dengue
Signaling pathway involved in phosphate-induced myocardial hypertrophy
. Schematic depiction of the studied Notch signaling pathway molecules in late preterm and term placentas.
Signaling by TGF-β family members through the Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways: TGF-β induces its response by multimerization of TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) and TGF-β receptor I (TβRI)
Coordination of developmental signalling pathways by USP9X
Notch signalling is initiated when a cell-surface-expressed Delta ligand binds to the Notch receptor expressed on an opposing cell surface
Cell-intrinsic mechanisms regulate the level of Notch activation within individual cells: ubiquitination (by Deltex/Itch/Fbw7) and deubiquitinating enzymes (Usp28 and Usp12) control the intracellular levels of Notch; genetic and epigenetic regulation ensures a correct stoichiometry of the Notch signalling components
Left: A metazoan hippo pathway in which a LATS–Mob1 complex is activated by MST/hippo kinases and inhibits the Yki/YAP transcriptional coactivator, based on research from Drosophila and mammalian cells
SP-R210L mediates macropinocytosis of LPS-CD14 through interaction with Rac1 resulting in endosomal LPS delivery to TLR-4 and downstream activation of NFŒ∫B
Signal transduction pathways activated by DNA to stimulate type I IFN expression
Signal transduction pathways activated by DNA to stimulate activation of inflammasomes and the NF-Œ∫B pathway
Endogenous and microbial mechanisms to downmodulate and evade DNA-driven innate immune responses
Blue circles (and links) denote tsTFs; red circles denote tsFXNGs; the color of a gene indicates its level of expression, with green denoting upregulation and red denoting downregulation
(a) Glycolysis is the biochemical pathway in which glucose is broken dow... (b) In a hyperglycemic environment, as would be seen in patients with ei...
A schematic summary of the therapeutics that have been identified in the inflammatory pathway
Signaling pathway of the extrinsic factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)
Physiological regulation and pharmacological inhibition of the STAT3 signalling pathway
Anti-apoptotic signaling due to DP, S!00A8, and S100A9 involves TLR4, Lyn, PI3K, Akt, ERK and NF-Œ∫B, and is associated with suppression of procaspase 3 and procaspase 9 cleavage
Model of ERK pathway signaling and outcomes in the M
Genes within the pathway showing differential expression are highlighted in colour
Tetraspanins TSP-21, TSP-12 and TSP-14 (collectively TSPs) interact with each other to organize membranes into microdomains that are enriched in glycosphingolipids (GSLs)
Activation of ROR1 significantly enhanced phosphorylation of both AKT and mTOR, and deactivated PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT
Model for HHLA2 interaction with two receptors to regulate T cell functions
Cellular redox couples in biological systems that show the link between reducing nucleotides (NADPH) derived from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and maintenance of cellular redox state through reduction of hydrogen peroxide and oxidised proteins.GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulphide; GR, glutathione reductase; Grx, glutaredoxin; Prx, peroxiredoxin; PrxSOH, peroxiredoxin sulphenate; PrxSOOH, peroxiredoxin sulphinate; PrxSS, oxidised peroxiredoxin; RSH, protein; RSSG, glutathionylated protein; RSOH, protein sulphenate; RSSR, protein disulphide; trx, thioredoxin; TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
Our proposed model for involvement of Tiam1-Rac1 signaling pathway in the activation of Nox2 and downstream stress kinase, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and retinal capillary cell apoptosis, and the development of diabetic retinopathy
NaW does not directly activate IR, or other tyrosine kinase receptors, such as EGF or IGF receptors in hepatocytes
There is no available information regarding NaW signaling upstream of ERK1/2 in muscle, except that again IR is not activated
Schematic depiction of functional exosomes secreted from MSC overexpressing CXCR4 for activation of signaling pathways for restoration of LV function after MI
Adipocyte secreted leptin and interleukin-6 has a paracrine effect on nearby breast cancer cells
Key signaling regulation of autophagy in the heart
Periostin is involved in the pathogenic process of eosinophils and Th2-type asthma
Proposed model for the regulatory role of methenyl-dH4MPT in methylotrophic metabolism in M
Brown adipose tissue uncoupling and thermogenesis
The role of mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in regulation of macrophage sterol metabolism
The “Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling” pathway highlighting differentially expressed genes of birds affected with Wooden Breast myopathy
Signaling pathway regulation of the differentiations of adipocytes and osteoblasts
MetaCore Pathway analysis was conducted on the differential gene expression of Cluster-1 at 1 week post-surgery
Schematic diagram of cell cycle arrest in senescent cells
Metabolism of a macrophage activated by immune signals
Cytokine and hormone signaling through JAK-STAT pathways
Cadherin and integrin signaling pathways
GPCR (or GPR) signaling in the regulation of β-cell proliferation
Distinct TGF-β–dependent signaling pathways cause characteristic glomerular changes in DN
Detailed self-regulation scheme of cancer development in ERG+ well differentiated tumor samples
Diagram summarizing KMUP-1 amelioration of 5-HT-induced K+ channel inhibition in PASMCs
Summary of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
A. In the absence of Wnt signals, cytosolic β-catenin is degraded by a β-catenin destruction complex composed of Axin, adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α).
LMP1 recruits TRAF1:TRAF2, which in turn associates with LUBAC
(A) TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 signaling is essential for EMT from RLE cells... (B) FGF2 stimulation (as well as FGF1 or HGF stimulation) or overexpress...
Activation and targeting of prosurvival pathways mediating FLT3 resistance
Fangchinoline inhibits the growth and invasive potential of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway
c-Met activates MAP kinase (Raf/Mek/Erk) and PI3K/Akt signaling to induce HCC growth and survival
PTEN acts as an upstream regulator of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling network to evoke the cascades of EMT
Results from validation screens for Listeria infection
The schematic summarization for the signaling mechanisms of the antifibrotic effects of H2S
Different signaling pathways activated by H2S showing the cardioprotective effects
Changes in the expression of cell cycle-related genes during MNV-1 infection
Schematic overview of the 7TM receptors judged to be either stimulating (in green to the right) or inhibiting (red or orange to the left and top) ghrelin secretion directly on the ghrelin cell
Glycemia-associated epigenetic mechanisms involved in NF-kB proinflammatory activity
Schematic model of preconditioning-induced neuroprotection
CD44 interferes with apoptosis resistance in HSC/LIC
Crosstalk between complement and TLR pathways
Illustration of the Hedghog (Hh) signalling activation
The integrated signaling network is color-coded to track pathways activated by IGF-1 (green), IL-1β (red), OSM (blue), and IL-1β/OSM (parallel red and blue)
Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in patients with BD could lead to increased release of superoxide anions, resulting in greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
Schematic presentation of testosterone-activated extra-nuclear signaling pathways
Network between MAPK signaling pathway-related genes and miRNAs
The metabolic cascades of angiotensin peptides, and cortico-and gluco-corticoid pathways have been represented using symbols of genes coding for the substrate, the enzymes and the receptors involved in the pathway
Nelfinavir-regulated signaling pathways which affect tumor cell biology or determine the effectiveness of antitumor therapy.Notes
Predicted interactions between miRNA and mRNA targets within addiction relevant signaling pathways
Stem cell response to matrix stiffness by integin, cytoskeleton and signal transduction crosstalk
The complement activation pathways and their regulators
Schematic representation of the potential mechanisms of Dihydroaustrasulfone Alcohol in regulating PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation and migration
Intracellular mechanisms activated by leucine
In cancer, glycolytic flux is increased through upstream parts of the glycolytic pathway up to pyruvate kinase and then decreased from pyruvate kinase downward, thereby generating a ‘bottleneck’
Illustration of protein modification by the ubiquitin proteasome system
Agonist (baclofen) or PAM (CGP7930) activates the GABAB receptor, leading to Gi/o protein/PLCβ/FAK activation, which in turn transactivates the IGF-1R signaling pathway and induces PKC-mediated CREB phosphorylation, thereby upregulating Fmrp expression both at the mRNA and protein levels
HSC-induced changes in HCC gene expression were mapped on the BioGRID interactome of protein-protein and protein-gene interactions and the largest regulated sub-network was identified
This executable model is available with embedded parameter datasets at http://www.visinets.com/pathway/list in Featured Pathways (Supporting Information:  Visinets Pathway: “Insulin signaling in Diabetes”).
Schematic diagram showing the modulation of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle cells by CRFR2 signaling pathway
Pathway analysis showed a strong role for early response genes and sterol regulatory elements
Schematics of the TORC1/TORC2, PI3K, and TSC1/TSC2 signaling pathways and portions of plant and yeast cell walls (CWs)
Signaling pathways through which macrophages regulate β-cell replication
(A) FGF2-induced activation of FGFR leads to ph... (B) Co-stimulation with FGF2 and ephrin-A1 indu... (C) Ephrin-A1-induced activation of EphA led to...
The activation of canonical (Wnt–β-catenin) pathway
TGF-β signaling in gliomagenesis and its targeting
A schematic model illustrating the possible pathway targeting NCI-H929 cell by HM910
Pathway map visualizing metabolite changes in maize seeds resulting from the genetic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis
FFA and carbohydrate metabolisms in the cardiomyocyte
Hyperglycemia- and hyperlipidemia-induced cardiomyocyte cytoplasmic ROS generation in dCM
Nonoxidative pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy and proposed effects of exercise training
Autophagy is regulated by upstream insulin signaling and energy-sensing pathways
The FOXO transcription factors regulate expression of autophagy genes
a, b, In contrast with the well-known tumor promoting role of the heterotrimeric G protein GŒ±s, this study suggests that GŒ±s and its downstream effector PKA function as part of a tumor suppressive circuitry regulating the fate of GLI+ stem cells (shown in blue in a), in part by restraining the transcriptional activity YAP1 and GLI, independently of canonical Hippo and SHH signaling (b)
A stepwise overview of the mechanisms of sprouty and SPRED negative regulation of FGF signalling
The schematic depicts the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (KEGG map04620) [,] with genes whose splicing is altered (DEXSeq analysis) when SF3a1 is inhibited color coded as follows: red (altered in the absence or presence of LPS), green (only in the absence of LPS), blue (only in the presence of LPS)
Significant signaling pathway networks mined from phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in a glioblastoma tissue
Potential mechanisms underlying the developmental programming of NAFLD
Transferrin endocytosis and signaling pathways in protozoan parasites
Estrogen regulates osteoclasts signaling pathway of osteoclasts
Estrogen regulates TNF-Œ± NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway of osteoclasts
Estrogen regulates apoptosis signaling pathway of osteoclasts
Estrogen regulates MAPK signaling pathway of osteoclasts
Estrogen regulates cell adhesion and polarization signaling pathway of osteoclasts
Metabolic predictions for V. chlorellavorus based on genes annotated by IMG/ER ().
Complement during infection with a pathogen
The functions of lncRNAs in autoimmune cells, T cells, B cells, macrophages, NK, and dendritic cells
TLRs in human gastrointestinal pathology: health condition and inflammation
Schematic illustrations of a double-negative feedback loop and the ceRNA pathway
A schematic illustration of the transduction of signals from inflammatory bone diseases to brain-resident microglia through the leptomeninges and two different pathways for the IL-1β production activated by CGA and Aβ in microglia
Interaction among β-catenin, Lef/Tcf transcription factors, and VDR
. Intracellular signaling pathways leading to the UVB-induced increase in the expression of EDNRB and the site of inhibition by PBE post-irradiation treatment in human melanocytes.
Putative inhibitory pathway of the AP-SF-mediated anti-inflammatory response
Diagrammatic representation of the compartmentalization of the leucine amino acid biosynthetic pathway of S
Types I and III IFNs canonical signaling pathways
Schematic representation of the effects of hrHPV on NFŒ∫B signaling
IFN pathway in response to virus infection at 24 hpi
Illustration depicting the role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor and β1-integrin in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts
Schematic diagram of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway []
Fragile X Mental retardation protein regulates several cellular functions in the dendritic spine
Model of the signalling pathways implicated in fusion-positive ARMS progression
(A) Activation of the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway in... (B) Schematic of genes involved in the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway, adapted...
Overview of the regulation pathway from HBV infection to complement activation
Molecular genetic model (adapted from ; ; ; )
The cell model illustrates β2-adrenergic and insulin-mediated regulatory pathways for K+uptake
A schematic of HER3 engagedment in heterodimerization and signaling
Proposed mechanism of spinal cord NMDA receptor-mediated activation of mTOR signaling in cancer pain
All TLRs signal through the common MyD88-dependent pathway
A negative feedback cross talk between PI3KŒ±/Akt and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway by a local brief stimulation of TLR9, a potent preconditioning tool for programming the subsequent responses to I/R injuries and stimulation by TLR2, TLR4, or TLR5 ligands
Differentially methylated gene members of the Wnt signaling pathway are circled in red
Mechanism of synergy between NFV and mTOR inhibitors
Crosstalk between growth factor and adhesion protein signaling
Global Interaction Proteome of (a) STS treated cells and (b) B2I+STS treated cells
It is postulated that EADs induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via the production of oxidative stress, p53- and p21-dependent cell cycle arrest, activation of JNK and NF-Œ∫B pathways and inactivation of AKT and ERK pathways
A schema of a potential pathophysiologic pathway to superficial erosion as a cause of thrombotic complications of atherosclerotic plaques
A schematic representation of purine metabolic pathway
Overview of the scheme for producing fatty acid-derived biofuels in yeast
Wnt signaling pathways and the biology of sclerostin.Notes: (A) Canonical Wnt signaling: in the absence of sclerostin, Wnt binds to LRP 5/6 and its co-receptor, frizzled.
The effect of sclerostin inhibition on Wnt signaling.Notes: Sclerostin is secreted by the osteocyte
Risk loci of human autoimmune diseases associated with the TFH developmental pathway
Pathways, including anthocyanin, carotenoid, ascorbic acid and folic acid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation, are shown
Model of the role of Sag in regulation of KrasG12D-induced papillomagenesis
Effects of recently identified drivers in signaling pathways involved in adrenal tumorigenesis
Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates stem cell pluripotency and cell fate decisions during development
Noncanonical Wnt5a signalling: a simplified view
Mammalian cells employ two principal DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways
The different mechanisms of AAS neurotoxicity
(A) Schematic model of the regulation of SUMO-dependent ER-α transcripti... (B) Proposed model for the regulation of the balance between hormone dep...
Survival: Kinase pathways regulate programmed cell death by either directly modulating apoptosis regulators or altering their expression
Dual blockade within the MAPK pathway or between the MAPK and parallel PI3K pathways improves clinical outcome by reducing compensatory signaling and delaying the onset of resistance
Glycosylation pathway defects with known immunologic consequences
The most possible acting pathway of p42.3 protein by optimization of Bayes theorem
Lipid biosynthetic pathways and interactions of phospholipid synthases and proteins involved in cell division
MAPK signaling pathway and neurotrophin signaling pathway maps
Mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction
Maturation and secretion of IL-1β requires two signals
Integrated regulatory graph was constructed as a prediction for the regulatory pathway of IMP metabolism
Genes regulated by ME mapped to the pre-existing signaling pathway based on IPA-modified gene networks and previous literature
(A) List of networks generated from IPA and significantly modulated (log p-value) in cancer patients vs. controls.
(A) List of networks generated from IPA and significantly modulated (log p-value) in healthy carrier vs. controls.
Dasatinib-induced Src inhibition further suppressed the activation of mTOR via PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
Schematic illustration of CAE-stimulated antioxidant enzyme and insulin secretion pathway in pancreatic β-cells in HG and H2O2 stress conditions
Proposed signaling pathways of IHP-induced DLDH upregulation via the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway
A schematic model of the molecular mechanisms associated with PD-induced autophagy in NCI-H460 and A549 cells
The pathologic role of TCR, BCR and TH17-induced MALT-1 in demyelination and the inhibition of this signaling pathway by A20
Schematic representation of identified molecular targets involved in ELFEF-induced enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and osteogenesis
HR, heme receptor; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; PKC, protein kinase C; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; Pi, inorganic phosphate
GHS-R may regulate thermogenesis in BAT via the following signaling pathways: 1) Ablation of GHS-R stimulates SNS-mediated NE release, which in turn induces β3-AR expression, subsequently activating thermogenic signaling cascades in BAT
(A) KEGG pathway analysis showed that Notch Signaling pathway was more activated in FIR+/−TP53−/− mice compared with FIR+/−TP53−/− and FIR+/+TP53−/− mice, with the Notch3, Hes1, Notch1, Dtx1 and Ptcra genes upregulated (P=1.4×10−4).
Full red arrows show the ERK signaling pathway that we established in HUVEC
Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions mediated by Sonic Hedgehog pathway in embryonic lung
Through sharing the highly similarity of amino acids sequences and all function as protein scaffolds, BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4 recruit different proteins
(A) Fused with NUT gene, BRD3 may... (B) Pan-inhibitors I-BET762 and JQ... (C) As the only member of BET fami... (D) The least known BET family mem...
The C-terminal activation regions (CTARs) in the cytoplasmic C-terminus of LMP1, which directly bind TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), constitutively engage the JNKs signaling pathways
Genes are shown as boxes with two halves: the left half shows the percentage of untreated prostate cancers with two-fold upregulation (red) or downregulation (blue) relative to BPH, and the right half shows the same for castration resistant prostate cancers
Cellular regulation mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM).Notes: The action of ECM components on the major signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors, their links, and the outcome on tumor cell and chemotherapeutic response
A scheme of possible mechanisms by which AT-101 enhances the anticancer activity of CDDP in NSCLC
KLF4 binds to the VEGF promoter and induces VEGF expression, subsequently phosphorylates VEGFR2 and activates downstream ERK1/2 and AKT to promote cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis
Influence of the inflammatory cytokines on the status of insulin resistance
Illustration for the mechanism underlying s-IL-15RŒ±‚Äìinduced EMT, migration, and invasion of human RCCs
The major pathways for the metabolism of IFO
CpxRA two-component signal transduction system ()
Only nutrients and disease classes with at least one marginally enriched nutrient-class interaction (hypergeometric P<0.1) are shown.
Toll-like receptor signalling pathway coverage
Signaling pathway triggered by myocardial stretch leading to Anrep Effect or slow force response (SFR)
Stressed levels of cortisol elevate SOCS transcript levels and reduce GH signaling and the corresponding IGF-1 expression in rainbow trout liver by preventing STAT5 phosphorylation and decreasing total JAK2 protein expression
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is associated with several cancer- and cell-proliferation-related signalling cascades
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in neuronal energy metabolism
Therapeutic potential of targeting IL-17-mediated pathway
After 24‚Äâh of TLR4 DNA and Con DNA transfection, the expression of TLR4 in microglia was detected by IF staining
DEGs homologous to the genes of the plant-pathogen interaction pathway
Schematic representation of BMP signaling and its regulation
Schematic representation of lineage specific differentiation for MSCs in an exquisitely coordinated process with critical regulators and indicators are shown
Red hollow blocks represent the enzymes, the black circles are the metabolites, and the blue number is the flux value of cluster center of each category
Image generated using Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
Functional relations of differentially expressed genes with each other and with members of important pathways, as displayed by FunCoup online resource []
During each asexual cycle within the human blood, a small proportion of parasites cease to replicate asexually and instead produce sexual progeny that develop into nonreplicating gametocytes, capable of onward transmission to the mosquito vector
A: Bipartite correlation network, where each node represents either a metabolic pathway or a gene set summarized in a GO term, while edges between them represent the correlation of the respective aggZ-scores
Model of the differential subversion of type I IFN and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by LCMV
Identified subnetworks and functional annotations: (A) Net1: Cell Cycle: 4.40e-12, TGF-Beta signaling pathway: 7e-5; (B) Net2: Cell Cycle: 2.90e-7, ErbB signaling pathway: 5.10e-5; (C) Net3: Cell Cycle: 5.70e-6; (D) Net4: ErbB signaling pathway: 2.00e-9, Insulin signaling pathway: 1.90e-5, MAPK signaling pathway: 8.40e-5; and (E) Net5: ErbB signaling pathway: 9.70e-7.
Of the assigned contigs (shaded in green), 22 were differentially expressed either in the nymphs or adults
Of the assigned contigs (shaded in green), 18 were differentially expressed either in the nymphs or adults
Of the assigned contigs (shaded in green), 17 were differentially expressed either in the nymphs or adults
(A) MAD2L2 helps coordinate nucleotide insertio... (B) MAD2L2 helps to prevent premature activatio... (C) The newly uncovered role for MAD2L2 in path...
COX-2 increases insulin signaling by downregulation of miR-183
A schematic diagram depicting Brd4 mediated signaling pathway in Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cells
DAHPS:3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase[EC:2.5.1.54], DHQS: 3-dehydroquinate synthase[EC:4.2.3.4],DHQS/SDH: 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase / shikimate dehydrogenase[EC:4.2.1.10 1.1.1.25], SMK: shikimate kinase[EC:2.7.1.71], EPSP Synthase: 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase/enolpyruvylshikimate phosphate synthase [EC:2.5.1.19], chorismate synthase [EC:4.2.3.5] menF: isochorismate synthase [EC:5.4.4.2], menF/menD/menH/menC or PHYLLO: isochorismate synthase / 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate synthase / 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase / O-succinylbenzoate synthase[EC:5.4.4.2 2.2.1.9 4.2.99.20 4.2.1.113], menE: Succinylbenzoic acid-CoA ligase/acyl-activating enzyme 14 [EC:6.2.1.26], menB: naphthoate synthase[EC:4.1.3.36], DXPS: 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase[EC:2.2.1.7], DXR: 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate[EC:1.1.1.267], ISPD: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase [EC:2.7.7.60], CDPMEK:4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase[EC:2.7.1.148], ISPF: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase[EC:4.6.1.12], HDS: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase[EC:1.17.7.1], HDR: 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase[EC:1.17.1.2], ACCP Transferase: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.9], HMGS:hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase [EC:2.3.3.10], HMGR: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) [EC:1.1.1.34], MK: mevalonate kinase[EC:2.7.1.36], PMK: phosphomevalonate kinase [EC:2.7.4.2], MPD: diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase[EC:4.1.1.33], IPPS: isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase[EC:5.3.3.2], PKS: Polyketide Synthase, PKC:Polyketide Cyclase, UGT:UDP-Glucosyl Transferase; Y_ID:Young leaf CDS ID number for enzyme, M_ID:Mature leaf CDS ID number for enzyme, Y_FPKM: Young leaf CDS FPKM value, M_FPKM: Mature leaf CDS FPKM value, Log Fold Change: Log of change in folds of expression of CDS in young compared to matured leaf transcripts.
From metabolism to epigenetic remodeling
Illustration of vomeronasal neuron signaling pathway
Receptor-dependent mechanisms that allosterically activate protein kinase C (PKC)
The Nrf2/ARE pathway and cAMP second messenger system together are the key regulators of cellular antioxidant defence
Cooperative disruption of signaling network downstream of mutated KRAS
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway
Schematic representation of DNA damage-induced p53 pathway and how other tumor suppressors are connected to activate cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis to prevent cellular transformation
Gene co-expression network of the 48 genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway based on their expression values
The gut-brain axis for the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1
Insulin receptor (IR) stimulation of hepatocytes triggers Akt phosphorylation through the classical PI3K pathway and stimulates mTOR/S6K-dependent regulation of lipid synthesis
. JAK-STAT signaling as an anti-inflammatory target.
. (A) Schematic representation of CCL4/CCR5/c-Jun and c-Fos/CCL2 signalin... (B) Signal transduction cascades in rheumatoid arthritis and factors th...
NSAIDs, Natural products, TCM and metformin can all activate AMPK
HDAC9 interacts with TAZ, enhances the expression of TAZ, and then phosphorylates EGFR
. The model of miR-93-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling activation via down-regulation of PTEN, PHLPP2 and FOXO3 that results in the promotion of cell proliferation in gliomas.
Schematic of the cell signal pathway involved in the SLY-induced inflammatory response in PBMCs
The rewired transcription network regulating metabolic pathways for tolerant industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-50049
The rewired upstream transcription subnetwork in regulating the downstream pentose phosphate pathway in biomass conversion in Y-50049 yeast strain versus the wild-type
Diagram indicating the pathway involved in AngII and TRPV1 signalling, with activation of p38 (MAPK) and p44/42 (ERK) and their inhibition by EMA401 in DRG neurons
Ratio of transcripts and metabolite levels in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and the glutathione peroxidase cycle in Gb and Gh fiber
A. Flowchart summarising the activation cascade and downstream effects incorporated into the agent based model of the NF-Œ∫B signalling pathway.
In each Fig are shown from left to right: normoxic and hypoxic fetus; normoxic and hypoxic newborn (NB); and normoxic and hypoxic adult
NK-1R induces signal transduction through the activation of G proteins
Engineered pathways for the production of FABCEs
Effects of metformin on hepatocyte energy status and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, in turn affecting metabolism and inflammation
Key signals mediating progenitor fate decisions during hepatogenesis
Serum C1 competes with Wnt for Fz receptor binding, resulting in Wnt canonical pathway activation
The Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK/ERK, PI3K-Akt/PKB, PLCγ1-PKC, PLA2-COX, JAK-STAT3 and mTOR signaling pathways are represented in the upper part of the scheme, while the relationships between the pRb and p53 cell cycle associated signaling pathways are illustrated in the lower part of the scheme
The expression of CXCR4 is regulated by HIF-1Œ± and ROS
Metformin and CR act in a similar manner to curtail ovarian cancer growth, while HED aggravates ovarian cancer
Regulation of the interleukin (IL)–17 axis is essential for oral immunity and homeostasis
OFE treatment counteracted TGF-β1-activated SMAD pathways
. Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis.
Schematic diagram showing the RAS–RAF signalling pathway with different cancers (A) and RASopathies (B)
Schematic representation of amino acid sensing in yeast and mammals at the vacuole or lysosome
Molecular architecture of the SEA complex
Ephrin receptor signaling pathway (genes hypomethylated in the schizophrenia patient of Twin Pair 1)
Scheme illustrating the signaling pathway involved in the production of chemokines and cytokines induced by prostaglandin F2Œ± (PGF2Œ±)
(A) MoDCs were incubated in the presence/absence of 1 nM t-PA and 100 nM... (B) The kinomic short list of differentially regulated signalling protei...
Schematic illustration of the HH signaling pathway
Hierarchical signaling pathway expression regulates regeneration
Signaling pathways of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response
Proposed model of the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway
Hepatic lipid homeostasis is regulated by LRP6
Model of pterin-dependent DcpA regulation
Output of a fictitious combination of gene expression and mutations in version of the Calcium signaling pathway modified for illustrating the examples
The EDA pathway and its downstream signaling
Integrated analysis of alterations in key pathways in nccRCC subtypes
. A schematic summary of apoptotic pathway of a novel carbazole compound (Z)-4-[9-ethyl-9aH-carbazol-3-yl) amino] pent-3-en-2-one on A549 lung cancer cells.
Proposed signalling pathway linking impaired nitric oxide bioavailability to PDE3 function
Tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway
Regulation of MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and G2-M checkpoint by members of the family miR-125 and members of miR-let-7c~99a, miR-125a~let-7e~99b, miR-100~let-7a-2, and miR-206~133b clusters in cervical cancer
Regulation of CUL5, JAG-NOTCH, TNKS2, and PTEN-PI3K-AKT cell signaling by members of miR-17~92 and miR-106a~363 clusters in cervical cancer
Regulation of JAG1-NOTCH1-uPA, Cyclin D-CDK4/6-p21-p27, and PI3K-PDK1-AKT1 cell signaling by members of the miR-23b~27b~24-1, miR-29a~29b-1, miR-29b-2~29c, miR17~92, miR183~96~182, and miR-302s clusters
Multifactorial pathogenesis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: interferons as culprits in the self-amplifying pathogenic loop
The function and targets of miRNAs in different cell types of developing mouse lungs
A: in response to diverse biological stressors,... B: MIF can signal through its receptor CD74 and... C: the CATT5 allele is associated with decrease...
Schematic diagraming central role of pyruvate in glycolytic, citric acid cycle (CAC), and accessory pathways
Muscle protein homeostasis in critical illness
Scheme representing the metabolic pathway of permethrin in rat liver []
PP2A as a tumour suppressor in signaling pathways
Intracellular calcium and cell survival: Intracellular calcium activates the intermediate proteins in the signalling pathways in neuroblastoma
(a) represents the list of events and different... (b) was reproduced with kind permission from  © (c) was reproduced with kind permission from Re...
NetworkPainter enables researchers to quickly draw publication quality signaling diagrams
Differential expression of a core set of genes whose products comprise a functional interactome is an underlying feature of chronically wounded RPE cells
FGF8 positively regulates ŒîNp63Œ± protein stability in mice embryonic limb buds
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway
Schematic overview of ligand-stimulated SR signal transduction
Each box shows enzymes involved in each section of the pathway
CaMKII activates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) via the mitogen-activated/extracellular regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathway
HBV infection stimulates the expression of AFP, which binds to PTEN and attenuates its function, thus activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoting the HBx-induced expression of Ras, Src, and CXCR4 in hepatocytes, and collectively driving malignant transformation of liver cells
Pre-adipocytes can down-regulate androgen receptor (AR) in PCa cells via increase of miRNA-301a, then activate TGF-β1/Smad/MMP-9 pathway
A) Notch, FXR/RXR and LXR/RXR networks involved... B) ADMD-231 cells show activation of Notch-ERK-... C) NF-Œ∫B signaling network is active in ADMD-2...
Current model for the role of the Pta-Ack pathway in S
Proposed scheme of Fyn-mediated neuroinflammatory signaling pathway in microglia
Signaling via the IGF-1R begins with binding of its ligands, IGF-1, IGF-2, or insulin, to the extracellular Œ±-subunit, and this in turn leads to phosphorylation of the intracellular β-subunits
Schematic of the flow of glucose carbons in the presence of added fructose in adipocytes
The pathway is enriched with predicted drug targets proteins, labeled in pink
Roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during vertebrate heart development
Wnt-dependent and Wnt-independent roles of secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFrps)
Growth signals, energy status (the abundance of glucose and amino acids), genotoxic stress, hypoxic stress, ER stress, and ROS elicit a series of signaling pathways that initiate or repress autophagy cascades
Necroptosis is triggered by TNF receptor superfamily members, TLRs, IFNRs, TCR, cellular metabolic and genotoxic stresses, and anticancer drugs
. A possible mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of UA/US597 on cancer metastasis.
BMP-2 expression is regulated by DNA promoter methylation
Gene network corresponding to genes associated to DMRs exhibiting higher DNA methylation in LG-SF (Panel A) and LG-SC (Panel B) groups
A, SRSF2, HIC2, PLAU (previous work) and ING5 (present work) are under the negative regulation of the DNA methylation-regulated miR-193a-3p
Pathway analysis of radiation-induced acetylated and deacetylated proteins
Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and CSC biology
Schematic representation of the action PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in CSC
AGE-RAGE interaction activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and enhances Rb phosphorylation and degradation
PI3K inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for acute and advanced leukemia (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT01756118 and NCT01396499), B and T cell lymphoma (NCT02049541, NCT02017613, NCT01693614, NCT01282424, NCT01796470, NCT02367040, NCT01306643, NCT01719250, NCT01088048, NCT02258555, NCT01300026, and NCT01705847), asthma (NCT01653756), and allergic rhinitis (NCT01066611 and NCT00836914), and preclinical data support their therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases, as well ().
Redox signaling in ECs and role of MnSOD
Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) in the cytokine-mediated onset of depression
WNT pathway is significantly upregulated in invasive mutant TP53 cells
Schematic representation of sclerostin actions
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)'s telomere-dependent and independent functions.The telomerase is composed of an RNA component, telomerase RNA or telomerase RNA component (TERC), which serves as a template for telomeric DNA synthesis, and a catalytic subunit, TERT
HPV pseudovirions enter the host epithelial cells (keratinocytes) by interacting with Œ±6β4 integrin receptor [] or growth factor receptor [] to enhance cell proliferation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and PI3k signalling pathway
. The genes related to the MAPK signaling pathway.
Cdc42-SRF signaling pathway regulates cytoskeletal genes that are important in the development and maintenance of cardiovascular structure and function
Schematic diagram depicting the possible signaling pathway induced by TMT in BV-2 cells
Neuroprotective cross-talk involving the cytoprotective PI3K/AKT pathway
. The effects of ephrinA1-mediated activation of EphA2 on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury.
Explanation of how UCB-MSC therapy is curative for IC bladder
. Diagram of HHT blockage possible mechanism in NSCLC cells.
Overlapping mechanisms of pesticide and ischaemia-reperfusion renal injury
The biosynthesis pathway of neurotransmitters in insects
Concept diagram depicting the potential transcriptional regulation of Nox by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms in vascular/immune cells in response to cardiovascular risk factors
The TREMs signaling pathway during the course of immune-inflammatory response
Hypothesized model for the mechanism through which baicalein induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis of prostate cancer cells
Schematic stages of the autophagic pathway
A simplified overview of the biosynthetic pathway leading from ceramide to sphingosine-1-phosphate
Endocannabinoid system giving rise to endocannabinoids (2AG and AEA) and arachidonic acid and subsequently synthesis of prostaglandin glycerol esters, prostanoids, and prostamides
The EpCAM aptamer siRNA chimeric construct (EpApt-siEp) binds to the EpCAM receptor and gets internalized (1) and released in the cytoplasm where gets into Ago complex with dicer enzyme (2) to generate siRNA
Results from a transcriptomic analysis of the OCM: Downregulated genes were, dependening on their level colored in green, upregulated in red
Postulated signaling pathway for MMF through binding to HCAR2
EGCG inhibits the activity of neutrophil elastase by directly binding to neutrophil elastase
Proposed pathway based on data from the present study showing increased Nox4 expression in response to stretch
ATRA-dependent regulation of genes belonging to the NOTCH pathway in SKBR3 cells
A schematic diagram showing the proposed mechanisms involved in transferring PUFAs from PC into TAG
Model of CFZ inhibition of PTH-induced osteoclastogenesis
NAMPT inhibition leads to alterations of different metabolic pathways in cancer cells
Schematic representation of the ABA-induced [cAMP]i increase and ATP release
Molecular targeting of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K, and CDK4 pathways and the associated mutation rates of potential molecular targets in advanced melanoma ()
Hypothetical model of the molecular events leading to the production of IL-10 in macrophages exposed to S
The Cell cycle (A) and Oocyte meiosis pathways (B)(in Danio rerio, retrieved from the KEGG database) are presented as examples of the results obtained in the pathway overrepresentation analysis made in this study
The FGFR4/RAS/AKT pathway (a), cell cycle, and p53 signalling (b) are frequently altered
Illustration of known and hypothesized BR signaling pathway
Chemical–protein interactions related to the VEGF signaling pathway
(a) Stages of tubule development and lumen formation in the presence or... (b) Signalling downstream of VEGF activates the SGEF→RhoG→DOCK4→Rac1→DOC...
During infection, HSV-1 inhibits phosphorylation of RPA32 S4/S8 by degrading or inhibiting DNA-PKcs in an ICP0-dependent fashion [,,]
Multiple PRRs can detect the presence viral PAMPs including nucleic acids and glycoproteins
Transcripts regulating the Wnt signaling pathway are putatively affected by up-regulated miRNAs expression in the PCOS patients when compared with control
Signaling pathway of cell proliferation inhibition under cordycepin stress
Signaling pathway of cell apoptosis under cordycepin stress
BMI-1 is important in the regulation of cancer and CSCs, functioning through the activation of multiple signaling pathways
Map of the Wnt signaling pathway, which includes at least three Wnt signaling pathways, namely the canonical pathway, the planar cell polarity pathway and the Wnt/Ca2+pathway
PI3K/AKT network in renal cancer samples
Molecular pathways were predicted according to the Genoscope and KEGG databases
Lf intervention upregulates the neurotrophin-signaling pathway in postnatal piglets
Schematic diagram for signaling regulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Cell cycle associated genes are significantly enriched in the list of differentially expressed genes (p = 8.6 x 10‚àí9).
PGN induces the activation of the TLR2/PI3K/Akt pathway, which in turn induces GSK3α and GSK3β phosphorylation/inhibition and this in turn up- or down-regulates IL-12p40 expression
Schematic representation of insulin and IGF-1 signaling in gray mouse lemursIR and IGF-IR share a similar signaling pathway which invokes downstream changes in two main branches – the mitogenic pathway (Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK) and the metabolic pathway (PI3K/Akt)
The iNOS pathway is identified as one of the significant pathways by IPA
The diagram shows the activation of the TLR4 signalling pathway by LPS or by surrogate ligands such as Aß, and activation of STAT3 and NFKB through the adaptor MYD88
Model for PTGS pathway deregulation during colorectal tumorigenesis
Let-7 targets insulin signaling pathway and thus inhibits cancer cell metabolism
Differential activation of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by native and heteroclitic peptides
Ramification of IFN signaling pathways leading to immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive regulation of macrophage polarization
Examples of IPA software outcome: hsa-let-7 and their target genes in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency Pathway
Proposed signaling pathways of PS1-induced apoptosis
Summary of the interactions between the PI3K/AKT pathway and RUNX2 with integration of the TGFβ pathway
Representative scheme of the action of taurine in skeletal muscle fiber
Signal transduction pathways drive cancer metastasis
(A) The insulin-signal pathway wit... (B) Gene network obtained by graph... (C) Sub Gene network corresponding... (D) Sub Gene networks correspondin...
(A) The insulin-signal pathway wit... (B) Gene network obtained by graph... (C) Sub Gene network corresponding... (D) Sub Gene network corresponding...
Sirt1 controls the immune responses in macrophages
Short range signalling between the germline stem cells and their niche, which consists of the hub cells and the cyst stem cells
Short range signalling between germline stem cell and its niche
(A)—Distribution of fluxes at a lower thiamin level, when it mainly acts as the coenzyme of ThDP-dependent enzymes (Kd ∼ 10−6–10−7 M)
(a) large intestine cancer; (b) lung cancer; (c) endometrial cancer
Schematic model of the crosstalk between hepatitis C virus and autophagy
PTEN localization and interactions with representative partners
Biochemical network of arachidonic acid metabolism
Summary of the inhibitory effects of BSNXD on osteoclast differentiation.Notes: The suppression of BSNXD on RANKL-induced activation of the NFATc1 via ERŒ± pathway is correlated with the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis
Proposed model for CP gateway dysfunction for leukocyte trafficking following cerebroventricular nitric oxide elevationSchematic illustration of the intracellular cascade of events at the CP compartment, following stimulation with TNFŒ±, in physiology, and under pathological conditions of chronic exposure to nitric oxide
Innate immune sensing of rhabdovirus infection
Core components of the insulin signaling pathway
In condylar subchondral bone, increased sprouting of sympathetic nerve fibers and norepinephrine (NE) level, and increased expression of Adrb2 by MSCs occurs in response to abnormal mechanical loading
(a) Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages wer... (b) Pathway activity map illustrating increased... (c) RAW264.7 cells were transduced with the ind...
Model of Aop-Foxo Function Downstream of IISWe propose that, downstream of the insulin receptor substrate, Chico, signaling via the IIS pathway bifurcates into two branches: Ras-Erk and PI3K-Akt
Low level of NRF2 facilitates U937 differentiation into pro-inflammatory macrophages
The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
Proposed effects of salubrinal on the xenotoxicant-activated ER stress signaling pathways
Ddb1, as a component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, may control, among other targets and potentially in an indirect way, the expression and activity of p53 (tp53)
Signaling pathways implicated in the formation of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) networks
Role for PI3Kγ signaling in core symptoms of ADHDPI3Kγ is abundant in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), which constitute the main source of noradrenaline in the brain
Regulation of hepcidin expression by iron and inflammation
Schematic hypothesis about interleukin (IL)-13 synthesis induced through Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in T cells of patients with systemic sclerosis
Brca1 pathway is involved in microglia from hSOD1G93A mice
Genes are represented by their locus tag and the gene name, if applicable
The data represent the core figure drawn according to Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) Activity Flow Specifications (Level 1 Version 1) using Beacon Software76
Illustration of how an SM-initiated signal transduction pathway leads to SREBP modulation
Conceptual model of general health factors, salient CHD pathogenetic pathways and CHD hallmarks
Schematic overview of a potential I1 and adenosine receptors crosstalk
Main extracellular stimuli and intracellular signaling pathways leading to astrocyte reactivity in ND
Complex interactions between intracellular cascades result in a unique pattern of astrocyte reactivity in ND
(A) An overview of the JAK/STAT signalling path... (B) Schematic structure of JAK proteins. The FE... (C) Schematic structure of STAT proteins. The S...
Interferon signaling upstream regulator pathway, with subcellular compartmentalization indicated
Schematic diagram of a possible signaling pathway involved in opioid- and KATP channel-induced cardioprotection
The synthesized cDNA was applied to a TaqMan array 96-well fast plate, and comparative Ct method for relative quantification was performed
Upstream negative regulators of the Hippo pathway
USP18 interacts with and inhibits the ubiquitination of TAK1 and NEMO in a protease-dependent or protease-independent manner, respectively (Details are as described under “Discussion”)
Proposed mechanism for the male-specific heart phenotype in insulin-resistant Pcyt2+/‚àí mice
The insulin signaling network that links nutrition to growth and size
YY highly expressed unigenes are shown in green and XY highly expressed unigenes are shown in red
Diagrammatic sketch shows the hypothetical mechanism of HOTAIR in digestive tract cancers
Proposed anticancer effects of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) involving the mevalonate pathway
Schematic of the systemic lupus erythematosus pathway in which HLA-DPB1, HIST1H4J, HIST1H2BO, H3F3C, H2AFY, H3F3A, HIST2H3D, HIST1H4D, HIST2H4B, HIST1H2BL and HIST1H4K are involved
Schematic of the type I diabetes mellitus pathway in which HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DPB1 and GAD1 are involved
Colored nodes represent differentially regulated genes () while genes in uncolored nodes were not identified as differentially expressed and were integrated into the computationally generated network indicating a relevance to it ()
1) Periodontal pathogens induce a host-pro-inflammatory response which can affect the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis in bone metabolism
A: schematic representation of the redox signaling pathways that are pos... B: putative sites at which the redox signaling pathway may be modified i...
Retinoid refractoriness due to phosphorylation of retinoid X receptor Œ± and its restoration by acyclic retinoid in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells [modified from reference ()]
Location and signaling pathways of pattern recognition receptors
Schematic presentation of main plant defense processes in Aspergillus flavus-maize interactions
Activation and downstream signaling of class III RTKs
Cisplatin induced mitochondrial dysfunction through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) that also interfered with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial stability by inhibiting the expression of enzymes and proteins essential for energy-producing pathways and the viability of mitochondria, respectively
Arginine Thiazolidine Carboxylate (ATC) enters and is divided into TC and arginine
Proposed GPR40 and PPARγ integrated signal transduction pathway in human endothelial cells
Schematic illustrating the proposed mechanism of neuroprotective role of TAK1 inhibition by OZ
Mechanisms involved in autophagy and fibrosis
Conditional Wnt pathway activation, mRNA tagging, and microarray analysis to identify seam and VPC-specific Wnt targets
Under normal growth conditions (i.e., nutrient-replete), DEAD-box RNA helicases in the RCK family recruit ATG mRNA to the Dcp2 decapping complex, whose actions lead to cytoplasmic 5’-3’ mRNA degradation.
A schematic representation of caspase 3/7‐PKCδ‐Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the radiation‐induced apoptotic cells stimulated live tumor cell growth in human pancreatic carcinoma (Panc1) in vitro
Overview of the genes within the BDNF signaling pathway [adapted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd
Proposed mechanism of IRE1-associated apoptosis and regulation of the same by P5
An illustration representing microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets involved in EGFR signaling pathway in lung cancer and anti-EGFR therapy
ROS-dependent cellular senescence pathways in MSCs
Functional connections brought by the active clusters between T2D and obesity
GDF-15 regulates signaling pathways essential for cardioprotection
Proposed schematic showing targets of edible bird's nest (EBN) action in the insulin signaling pathway
The “aggressive pathway.” Up-regulated genes (red) and downregulated genes (blue) are interconnected in a pathway involved in cell cycle control
. Possible roles of miRNAs in NMDA signaling pathway associated with SCZ.
Overview of cholangiocyte role in biliary functions
After MI, the expression of TNF-Œ±, IL-6 and TGF-β increased and activated several biological pathways, including JAK and PI3K/AKT pathways
Ribosomal haploinsufficiency may lead to an increasing expression of TGFβ downstream targets through non-canonical JNK signaling
Selective delivery of ITCs to bladder on oral consumption and modulation of cellular targets by ITCs in BC cells and tissues
miRNAs control inflammatory response in ECs
Schematic demonstration of PHB-mediated survival or apoptosis responses in multiple cellular compartments of different cell types and molecular mechanism involved
A Maize Primary Metabolic Network Involving Key Genes and Metabolites Identified in This Study.Metabolites that were not identified in this study are shown in purple
Metabolism of NAD in Plants.The steps involved in the de novo pathway are indicated by blue arrows, the four-step salvage pathway (start from ) is indicated by a black arrow, and two-step salvage pathway is indicated by green arrows
Proposed mechanism of action of MFX and CFX induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis
Exposure of hippocampal neurons to KA leads to activation of calcium-dependent PKA and PKC, which results in the subsequent activation of the MAPK pathways and the downstream transcription factors NF-Œ∫B, CREB and IRF-1
(A) Running-sum statistic is calculated by walk... (B) Core subset of edges are extracted and mapp... (C) Colorectal cancer pathway in KEGG, and the...
(A) Running-sum statistic is calculated by walk... (B) Core subset of edges are extracted and mapp... (C) Downregulation of ERBB2/ERBB3 signaling pat...
Analyses of interactions among SHR-specific genes
Analyses of interactions among SHRSP-specific genes
Snapshot of the RPGeNet generated graph, where the nodes have been reordered to show the interactions, captured when searching for nodes at distance 1 of CEP250 upon the level 1 subnetwork
Red represented the up-regulated genes while green represented the down-regulated genes
(a) A model is proposed, based on our findings (refs , , , ,, and this s... (b) Schematic representation of a bidirectional regulatory feedback circ...
Distinct PI3K isoenzymes control specific cardiovascular processes
GlpX (rv1099c) encodes the only known FBPase in the Mtb genome and controls the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis
EIF2 signaling pathway was regulated when THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with the novel NP-siRNA liposomes at 12.5 Œºg/mL for 24 hours.Notes: The proteomic response was determined by SILAC, and the pathways were analyzed using IPA
The ERK/MAPK signaling pathway was regulated when THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with the novel NP-siRNA liposomes at 12.5 Œºg/mL for 24 hours.Notes: The proteomic response was determined by SILAC, and pathways were analyzed using IPA
The NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway was regulated via ERK1/2 when THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with the novel NP-siRNA liposomes at 12.5 Œºg/mL for 24 hours.Notes: The proteomic response was determined by SILAC, and pathways were analyzed using IPA
The PI3K/AKT and HSP90 interacted with ERK1/2 when THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with the novel NP-siRNA liposomes at 12.5 Œºg/mL for 24 hours.Notes: The proteomic response was determined by SILAC, and pathways were analyzed using IPA
Profiles of central and oxidative stress response metabolism pathways of K
Using DeDaL for visualizing Fanconi pathway in breast cancer
HIV-1 Vpr activates PI3K/Akt, p38-MAPK and Jnk-MAPK related signaling pathways in SVGA astrocytes
Inversely associated targets had a function in certain enriched signal transduction pathway associations by co-citation on sentence level according to Genomatix Pathway System (GePS) analysis
Briefly, circulatory levels of saturate FFA are increased in diet-induced obesity
(+p) phosphorylation, (-p) dephosphorylation; → stimulation, ┴ inhibition; white boxes represent down-regulated genes, gray boxes unchanged genes, black boxes up-regulated genes vs. HuURNA (corresponding to ), while blue boxes represent none expressed or sporadically expressed genes in MPNs.
(A) Transcriptional circuits. Hypoxic repressors Efg1 and Bcr1 (red) and... (B) Morphogenetic signaling pathways. Under normoxia both Cek1 and PKA k...
A. Genes with differential expression (fold-change ≥1.5 or ≤-1.5) in the MAPK signaling pathway.
Schematic illustration of the mechanism by which DHA may interfere with the molecular signalling by activating glycolytic phenotype
Graphical scheme that illustrates the general structures and action principles for ALCAM, c-FLIP, and caveolin (RTKs: tyrosine kinase receptors, OD: caveolin scaffolding domain, Fas-R/Fas-L, TRAIL/TRAIL-R (DR4, DR5), TNF/TNF-R: death-receptor mediated apoptosis pathway, DISC: Death Inducing Signaling Complex, cas-8: caspase-8, cas-10: caspase-10, and eNOS, Src, ErbB-2/MAPK, Erk, Wnt, NF-Œ∫B, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR: signaling pathways)
BAFF-induced activation of NF-Œ∫B signaling and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines as procachectic mediators
(A) Schematic of TRIM21 antiviral mechanism. TRIM21 and the E2 Ub conjug... (B) RIG-I stimulates the NF-κB pathway via IKK and is unaffected by depl...
Representation of the adherens junction pathway map from KEGG
Synthetic cell fate regulation with engineered yeast MAPK signalling
Proposed model for the complex cross talk between various receptors and mediators in early phase response in allergic rhinitis
Inferred network models capture oncogenic signaling pathways in melanoma
Cluster-guided pathway analysis of the response map
Bombesin activates GRPR receptor that is linked to GŒ±q and GŒ±12/13 proteins
Azadirachtin is the most prominent biopesticide belonging to organic molecule class called tetranortriterpenoids
Tax interacts with and stimulates RNF8 and Ubc13:Uev1A/2 to assemble free K63-pUb chains, which serve as platforms for TAK1 and IKK to convene and activate the canonical NF-Œ∫B and other signaling pathways
Signaling pathways leading to retinal growth cone collapse by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).Schematic representation of the cell signaling pathways demonstrated by Fincher et al
The differential genes and metabolites of prostate cancer (PCA–Mets) are shown with red node labels and borders
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway
SKN-1 regulation in the GSC longevity pathway
Signaling networks activated during primary KSHV infection as analyzed by Kinex antibody array and IPA
Schematic illustration of activated signaling pathways that regulate KSHV lytic replication during primary infection
Sub-network of genes regulated by E2F3, E2F4, and the E2F functional group
Major EDCF-mediated signalling pathways in hypertension and diabetes
Model of how γ-Pcdh constant domain phosphorylation by PKC affects dendrite arborization
Transcriptional gene regulatory network in VBL-treated KB-3 cell
Schematic representation of signaling and biochemical pathways activated by T3 and/or T2 in skeletal muscle that promote variations in substrate metabolism, lipid handling, and thermogenesis at the mitochondrial level
TLR pathway is complicated and has many branches
The proposed signaling pathway involved in VEGF165 and flow/shear stress-induced dilations of retinal arterioles
Proposed schematic showing targets of EBN action in the insulin signaling pathway
Regulatory pathways of hematopoiesis associated with Tip110 expression
Effects of 2A-DNT on transcript expression, protein expression and nuclear signaling mapped onto the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway
The thermometers indicate the object regulating genes were up- (red) or downregulated (blue) by the RAO condition upon stimulation with 1) lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 2) recombinant cyathostomin antigen (RCA), and 3) hay dust extract (HDE)
Schematic of the insulin/IGF1R signalling pathway
Frame numbers (instead of the enzyme number) indicate the corresponding genes associated with this enzyme
Here, we provide a target for the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway mediated by the MOM-5/Frizzled receptor, CED-12/ELMO, and CED-10/Rac [], placing MOM-5 and small GTPases upstream of UNC-5 to negatively regulate unc-5 and determine the polarity of phase 3 DTC migration
GLI inhibition can occur at different levels in the activation process of GLI transcriptional output: 1a
Inhibition of the GLI transcription factors with GANT61 targets many of the “classical hallmarks of cancer”, such as cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, cancer stem cells and immune response
. Schematic representation of 5-FU and NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptotic pathway.
A, Green arrows indicate blockaded pathways
The figure is the output of Ingenuity Systems pathway analysis (IPA) tool
Known regulatory mechanisms of NRF2, highlighting miRNA-mediated influences
Shown are major signaling pathways involved in the initiation and progression of many tumors
Pathway in males that leads to growth factor activation of PI3K/AKT of AR and GRβ induced growth
Network of miRNAs and target genes in OS
Ingenuity pathway analysis comparing gingivitis to healthy subjects
A model illustrating the mechanism underlying inhibition of TGF-β1–induced EMT and cell migration by KF
Signaling pathways associated with CLRs on dendritic cells
A total of 29 signaling pathways were identified in the subset of significant peptides recognized by a group of 10 phosphatases
Those highlighted with red color are upregulated genes and those with green are downregulated genes
(A): glucose utilization; (B): nucleotide metabolism; (C): protein and amino acid metabolism; (D): cytoskeleton; (E): oxidative stress; (F): PI3K signaling pathways; (G): lipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism
(A): cytoskeleton; (B): PI3K signaling pathways; (C): endoplasmic reticulum activity; (D): lipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism; (E): carbohydrates and pyruvate metabolism; and (F): steroid hormone metabolism and oxidative stress
The encircled P’s colored yellow and pink represent UVB-increased and non- or significantly abrogated phosphorylations, respectively, in each signaling molecule by the post-irradiation treatment with AX
A simplified overview (a modified schema from [,,] of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and canonical autophagy
A simplified overview (a modified schema from []) of some molecular events (and potential drug targets) involved in bacterial autophagy
Schematic representation of Notch1/Numb/Snail signaling-induced EMT in adenomyosis
Schemes represent a global gene expression response (A) immediately after irradiation; (B) after 2H and 5H of recovery period
The Figure depicted how HPV induced p53 imbalance and regulated the expression of VEGF and PI3K/Akt pathway which in turn leads survival of cells and angiogenesis in cervical cancer
Role of the circadian clock in integration of abiotic stress signals
Mechanisms that underlie protection of AAV mice against age-related obesity and insulin resistance
Genome sequence-derived metabolic reconstruction of Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis strain WP30
A model for Rad4–Rad23 and GG-NER E3 ligase function in DDR signalling and dNTP synthesis
A schematic diagram to show SHP/RAS/ERK pathway and γ-T3 targets in mammosphere cells
The network is associated with hematological system development and function, cancer and cellular movement
Schematic model of the paracrine networks acting downstream of epithelial ESR1 in the mouse uterus during implantation
Grey lines indicate pathways known in the literature; blue and red lines highlight respectively activation and inhibition pathways characterized in this study
Coloured nodes represent the portions of the pathways mostly involved in cirrhosis
Those genes differentially expressed between patients and controls are showed by a color scale
IPA analysis based hnRNPD networks in oral cancer
Intracellular mechanisms involved in the control of FGF21 production and action on the heart
Inactivation of DPH5 induces NF-Œ∫B and death receptor pathways
Illustration of data-enhanced Bayesian network inference
Genes selected for efficient channeling of the carbon flux toward malonyl-CoA are shown in red
Schematic representation of RTK signaling pathways and representative regulatory microRNAs
Newly identified octanoyltransferase (OctT) is highlighted red
BMP signaling – Activation of BMPR-I and II by BMP initiates a transduction pathway mediated by Smad proteins
Activation of Notch signalling pathway: γ-secretase and aspartyl protease serve as primary targets for Notch-specific investigational drug design
Schematic of the Ca2+signaling pathways in astrocytes underlying cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation
Dynamic features of FID-induced gene expression pathway: differentially expressed transcripts between cumulus cells derived from COCs after 6 h of in vitro maturation (Ct-6H) and with FID-supplementation (FID-6H) were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Proposed pathway of cAMP signaling after FID addition during in vitro maturation
Key mechanisms regulating vascular smooth muscle tone
The metabolites marked in red denote the identified potential biomarkers
Schematic models for JAK/STAT cell signaling pathway and the inhibitory actions for JAK/STAT target anticancer drugs
Pharmacologic modulators of the Hippo pathway
(a) Signalling pathway underlying chemotaxis of A. punctulata sperm. The... (b) Relative changes in [Ca2+]i (ΔF/F0; top) and relative changes in mem...
(A) PEDF blocks the survival, proliferation and migration of endothelial... (B) PEDF promotes the apoptosis of ECs. PEDF activates JNKs through LR....
(A) Transcriptional regulation of human SERPINF1/rodent Serpinf1. Six RA... (B) Down-regulation of PEDF by hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, expres...
Model showing distinct gene regulatory function of JNK signaling during EMTOnset of EMT crucially relies on Smad-mediated (Valcourt et al, ; Xu et al, ) transcriptional changes, and as cells advance through the mesenchymal fate, JNK pathway progressively becomes critical in gene regulation
A. The regulatory network coupling OVOL with miR-34/SNAIL and miR-200/ZEB circuits for prostate cancer.
Schematic representation of MAPK signaling cascade in yeast and plants
Time-series transcriptome analysis for adaptive evolution of E
The classical cAMP-signaling pathway, prevalent in dimorphic fungi, consists of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), which is associated with a trimeric complex of the GŒ±, Gβ and Gγ proteins
Mechanisms through which complement mediates antibody-initiated kidney diseases
Feed-back and feed-forward control of cAMP by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)
Initially, heat stress stimulation induces NF-Œ∫B activation, and this leads to an anti-apoptosis effect involving inhibition of heat stress-induced ROS accumulation that normally mediates the activation of MAPKs
Multimodality targeting of MM in the context of the BM microenvironment
. Model depicts the possible signaling pathways triggered by LNGPIII-NGC to drive anti-inflammatory responses in APCs.
Yeast MAPK signaling pathways are associated to hypersensitivity to cell wall stress conditions
The Notch-signalling pathway in macrophage reprogramming and its interaction with the TLR-dependent signalling pathway
An offshoot of a signalling pathway resulting in the activation of an alternate M1 or M2 response is an important constructive feature of the intracellular pathways of macrophage reprogramming
Schematic of the changes in soleus muscle gene expression within the TGFβ and BMP pathways, with SCI (a) and acute response to treadmill training (b)
A schematic diagram of the protein components involved in the myelin protein-derived inhibition of neurite growth
GH2 hydrolizes β-glycosidic bonds between galactose and its organic functional group; GH95 and GH29 are enzymes that hydrolyze Fuc-alpha1-2Gal linkages attached to the non-reducing ends of oligosaccharides; GH43 can act directly on xylan and release D-xylose and L-arabinose as main products
Differential transcriptional activation of the Adamts-1 and Cox-2 genes in response to VEGF, Ang-II, TNF-Œ±, and IL-1β
Schematic of genes involved in metabolism (EMP pathway, TCA cycle, and inositol metabolism), rhizosphere adaptation, biocontrol, and plant growth promotion in SQR9 and their expression patterns in response to root exudates
The schematic was established using Pathway Studio 9.0 following a database search in PubMed.
Schematic illustration of cAMP signaling pathways
The sequence of events that leads to progression toward HIV associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) during cocaine abuse, cocaine + HIV infection and HIV infection alone
The acute phase response is not generally up regulated in patients with < 14 mo survival
Pathway enrichment analysis reveals PI3K/PTEN/AKT signalling and apoptosis pathway as the most significantly related pathway
FASN inhibition blocks metabolic and signal transduction pathways vital to cancer cell growth, proliferation, and survival
(A) Model for SHIP-deficient mice. Stromal cell–derived IL-33 is release... (B) IL-33 released by stromal cells in the human BM engages ST2 receptor...
Our data collectively suggest that CTGF-treated CD146+ TSCs undergo a robust proliferation phase in 2–7 days of CTGF-initiated healing via the FAK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway
Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution []
A) Red, up-regulated proteins; green, significantly downregulated protei... B) IPA showing the pathways might involve in EBR-induced cellular altera...
The metabolic network that was reconstructed from the KEGG pathway included glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis, sterodis and carotenoids biosynthesis, triacylglycerol and phospholipid biosynthesis, lipolysis β-oxidation and glyoxylate cycle
Salicylic acid and anthocyanidins use different strategies to inhibit tumor cell protective catalase
Diagram showing the possible mechanism of serotonin mediated signaling pathway activated by BME during learning
Case study 1 (synthetic signaling pathway): Hypergraph showing every possible logic gate consistent with the prior knowledge network
. A schematic diagram showing the action of 6-shogaol on breast cancer cells and spheroids.
Mevalonate pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis showing the effects of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins
The reduced model encompasses all seven drug targets (yellow) and the two phenotypic outputs (red for Antisurvival and green for Prosurvival)
Proposed model summarizing the effect of streptolysin S on keratinocyte signaling during Streptococcus pyogenes infection
Interaction network for human CIBLIN transcriptional regulators
Model for the Control of -Regulated Growth by .1
Anti-tumor mechanism of combi-targeting molecule
Proposed model for multiple-target inhibitory action in TT cells
A model of NRP1 up-regulation of radio-resistance in human NSCLC via the VEGFR2-PI3K-NF-Œ∫B pathway
Proteins from the biomarker signatures, including the diagnostic signature from Surinova et al (), were associated and interlinked by the proteins they have in common
Microbial subversion of neutrophil function leads to periodontal inflammation
Schematic depiction of hCG/cAMP signaling pathway in trophoblasts
Schematic view of the integration of Sema3-Nrp with the Hh signal pathway by controlling PKA and PDE4
Metabolic pathway of pyruvate to ethanol in T
Metabolic pathways with compounds that can be used as molecular imaging probes for HP MRI
Dynamic differentially expressed (DE) genes were involved in T and B cell development as well as innate and adaptive immune response
Ingenuity pathway analysis showing up (green) and down-regulation (red) of miRNAs involved in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tumor samples when compared to normal samples
Redox control of the cellular energy metabolism
Productive pathway of 2HB from Œ±KB in the sulfur-containing amino acid metabolic pathway
ERRs are key transcriptional factors that regulate cellular energy metabolism
Working model of convergent pLTF pathways
Impact of HER2-mediated inhibition of MLK3 kinase activity on breast cancer cell death and tumorigenesis (survival)
Proposed model of mitochondrial XIAP action in relation to the canonical MOMP pathway
A model of TRAF6 regulation by arginine methylation
Network integrating gene–metabolite associations and metabolite–metabolite correlations
Pathways to AT2 cell injury/dysfunction defined by using mutant proSP-C isoforms as prototype substrates
Effect of purple corn anthocyanins (PCA) on CCN2 expression
A simplistic illustration of the Wnt/β-catenin cellular signalling pathway in an osteoblast
Many anticancer agents mediate tumour cell killing though activation of the BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway
Regulation of autophagy.Notes: mTOR is one of the most important regulators of autophagy
Some of the proposed signaling pathways activated by NK-R
Proposed model of HDAC10 regulation in G2/M transition
The role of FANCM and partner proteins in coping with template lesions during DNA replication
a Downstream analysis of Wnt-related gene expression from aged animals predicts a decrease in cell viability and transcription of RNA
Signal transduction pathways and the oxidative stress response
In our study, the Cell Cycle is an example of a significantly enriched pathway resulting from the DAVID analysis
resulting from the 20 top genes given in  (top genes are in orange)
Schematic diagram showing the hypothetical effects of CME on the PI3K-Akt-mTOR/signaling pathway and apoptosis in CNE-1 cells
The effects of exercise on the signalling pathways associated with muscle growth and wasting in sarcopenia and cachexia
Model: contractile activation of venous smooth muscle alters engagement of the cell–matrix adhesion via cortical actin switch and ERK activation is facilitated by SrcA, diagrammatic view of unstimulated cell showing that the non-muscle cortical actin cytoskeleton containing the FAs is disengaged from a population of the contractile filaments
Intracellular pathway of insulin signaling and proposed impairment by DAG
DEK-mediated regulation of NFŒ∫B pathway activity in a dose-dependent manner
Negative regulators take action at almost all steps of TLR signaling
Participation of HPV oncogenes at different levels of Wnt/β-catenin cell signaling regulation
A. Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α).
During a fast, PKA is activated by nutritional signals acting through an unidentified Gs-coupled GPCR pathway
YAP may be maintained in inactivated state by VE-cadherin-PI3/Akt signaling axis in quiescent endothelial cells
The processing of the Notch signaling pathway and the nuclear cycle
As the major fuel for mammalian cells, glucose is first metabolized to pyruvate through anaerobic glycolysis
Up-regulation of the inflammatory response biofunction in Rwandan adults during mild malaria compared with day 30 of convalescence
Schematic model of the ethylene signaling pathway
Signaling network of genes that are strongly upregulated following MARV challenge of NHPs
Schematic representation of a neurotrophin axis in the biology of DLBCL cells
Suggested mechanism of action by WISP-2 in gastric cancer cells
Signaling pathway diagram of ApoJ action in NRVCs
Model of metformin action in the hepatocyte and cancer cells
miRNAs that control signaling governing osteogenesis and adipogenesis
Differential expression of the genes coding for development regulatory factors in larvae of Chymomyza costata exposed to Long Day (LD), Short Day (SD) and Transfer (T) from LD to SD photoperiodic conditions
The engineered pathway constructed in this study is shown in a white box
Schematic diagram of molecular events in autophagy pathway
The core UPR pathway and its modulation on autophagy
Diagram showing a side view of an early wing/forelimb bud (equivalent to stage 17 in Fig
The genes identified as fatty acid synthesis genes and the corresponding chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum pathway schematic (from [])
Schematic diagram showing select signaling pathways in melanoma
Regulation of cell metabolism by proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressors
Proposed model of role of RNase L in crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis
Signal pathways of chondrocyte hypertrophy
The biological mechanisms of MALAT1 in CRC
Diagram summarizing the Rheb-mTOR signaling pathway and findings presented in this study
Proposed pathway of the pyomelaninlike AKU pigment based on the formation of benzoquinone enzymatically or by auto-oxidation and then subsequent dimerisation as well as alternative metabolic routes to, HGA mercaptouric acid and HGA glucuronide and subsequent protein binding
Signaling pathways in hepatocyte polarity
Defects in ribosomal biogenesis activate p53 and other stress-response mechanisms
Model describing the modulation of MLP quality control at the proteasome by BAG6 and SGTA
Schematic illustrating the immune pathway of the contact sensitivity (CS) response with afferent and efferent nerves projecting to and from the brain
Schematics of cAMP/PKA regulation of polycystin-2
Summary of mapped candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of storage lipids in J
Clustering of cell lines (x-axis) according to cytotoxic responses to PLX4720, lapatinib, and combination treatment at three doses for each individual drug and a three by three dose response for the combination (y-axis) (A)
Cell biology functions and pathways of the genes involved in melanoma susceptibility
Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed profiles
MiR-146 a/b effect on induction of endotoxin tolerance
Schematic representation of selected signal networks induced by Dectin-1 and Dectin-2
Mechanism for the modulating effect of C22:6n-3 and uric acid on glucose metabolism
The anti-oxidative effects of astaxanthin in neurological diseases
The anti-apoptotic effects of astaxanthin in neurological diseases
Schematic representation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway in biotic and abiotc stresses
Opposing effects of anthrolysin, LF and EF on host cell apoptosis
Schematic model of WNT signaling by the FZD receptor(s)
Summary of the regulatory pathway of ALR tubule scission
Colored circles indicate the type of positive selection identified in the present study
Phenotype of shoots (A) and roots (B) upon treatment
TAA-specific CD8+ T cells often lack co-stimulation for an immune response against tumors
JAK/STAT signaling directly relays extracellular signals to transcription in T cells
Many signals overlap with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells
Schematic representation of components of the MAP kinase pathway targeted by small molecule inhibitors
Schematic representation of components of the PI3K/AKT pathway (PI3K, Akt and mTOR) targeted by small molecule inhibitors
Overview of the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways
A simplified model of the NRT1.1/AtNPF6.3 calcium-dependent and -independent nitrate signaling pathway
(A) Core components of the STRIPAK and STRIPAK-like complex (striatin, M... (B) Components of the Hippo pathway in D. melanogaster and mammals are i...
Schematic pathway alternations of MK-2206 resistance
Schematic representation of PI3Ks signaling during G2/M progression and mitosis phase
Fish nucleic acid PRR signaling pathways
Schematic representation of the PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway with pharmacological agents in pre-clinical/clinical development for CLL indicated
Wnt signaling regulates the asymmetry of the larval seam cell divisions
EGL-18 mediates seam cell fate specification in the embryo and larva downstream of different inputs
In vivo mechanistic action of E4orf1 in the white adipocyte
Schematic diagram of the involvement of the cholinergic system in gintonin-mediated anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through LPA receptor activation
The functions of FGF19 and the corresponding mechanisms
The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in mast cells
Substrates and principle functions of the thioredoxin system
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis filtered experimentally validated and direct gene targets of (A) NF-Œ∫B, (B) HIF-1, and (C) EPO signaling
Red color represents up-regulated DEGs and green represents down-regulated DEGs
Canonical Wnt pathway illustrating the roles of PITX2 dependant genes
Mitochondrial signaling in cell-to-cell interactions at hypoxia
The regulatory relationships of a KEGG gene set for the human T cell receptor signaling pathway in RegNetwork
PirB-mediated growth cone collapse and axon growth inhibition.A classical axon inhibition signaling pathway: Nogo on the oligodendrocyte surface binds to the NgR-LINGO1-P75 receptor complex on the neuronal membrane
Alcohol’s effects on pro-inflammatory pathways in liver macrophages (i.e., Kupffer cells)
Alcohol’s effects on fibrogenic pathways in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)
Neuroimmune signaling integrates central nervous system (CNS) responses to alcohol and stress
Regulation of autophagy by the MTORC1 signaling pathway in cancer cells
Genes involved in Parkinson disease and in the autophagy-lysosome pathway
Red nodes indicate the significantly up-regulated genes in fat-1 transgenic cattle, and the pink nodes indicate the significantly down-regulation genes
TCR-mediated integrin activation inside-out signaling
Schematic of targeting compensatory/adaptive activation of ErbB3 in RAF-inhibited mutant BRAF melanoma cells
Therapeutic targeting of the canonical WNT pathway
The molecular gene targets, respective signaling pathways and molecule mediators associated with the biological responses was demonstrated in NF3-treated HUVEC at 6 h. Yellow molecules represented differentially expressed genes identified from microarray analysis.
The molecular gene targets, respective signaling pathways and molecule mediators associated with the biological responses was demonstrated in NF3-treated HUVEC at 16 h. Yellow molecule represented differentially expressed genes identified from microarray analysis.
In pneumococci, lactose and galactose are metabolized by the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway (light orange box) and the Leloir pathway (left; light green box)
TNF-induced programmed cell death pathways
IPA network analysis identified a single cluster of 35 genes that includes 26 associated genes discovered in this study
SETD7 mediates redox signal through both transcriptional regulation and post-translational modification: 1) SETD7 modulates mitochondria functions through negative regulation of PPARGC1A activity; 2) SETD7 inhibits the expression of NFE2L2 and its downstream antioxidant genes (HOMX1, TXN)
Involvement of Crk adaptor proteins in TCR- and integrin-coupled signaling pathways that regulate T-lymphocyte adhesion
Biogenesis of exosomes and their role in maintaining stemness: exosome formation follows the endocytic-exocytic pathway, which is initiated upon receiving extrinsic or intrinsic signals in a context-dependent manner, i.e., in response to either a disease signal or a reparative signal related to tissue injury
Schematic representation of the primary epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway
1) Angiogenic stimuli (e.g., extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated integrin activation, VEGF stimulation, etc.)
Schematic of the proposed mechanism for the NSAID-induced reduction in vasa recta diameter
The characteristics, regulators and effects of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Schematic diagram for the signaling pathway involved in dexamethasone-induced TRPC4 channel activity
Hypothetical Model for the Transduction of Synaptic Stimuli to Long-Term Plasticity
Novel mechanisms Shp-2 used to regulate the IFN-Œ±-induced Jak/Stat1 signalling pathway
During cancer or infections, the release of cytokines such as IL-1 at the inflammatory site will promote the expression of TNF-Œ± on the endothelium and the surrounding tissue
Schematic representation of pathogen-induced signal transduction pathways
(b) FC are expressed in comparison with negative control (DMEM treatment), ns means that gene was not statistically significantly regulated by the treatment
. Myostatin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathways in skeletal muscle.
Regulation of the Golgi via the GOLPH3 pathway
The carbon-sulfur and carbon-amine bonds modification podophyllum compounds showed that the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways were activated by the carbon-sulfur bond modified aromatic heterocyclic podophyllum derivatives
Gene expression levels and changes were calculated (see ) for selected metabolism-related marker gene families associated to respiration (A) substrate consumption or byproduct production (B) and glycolysis and TCA cycle (C)
The TREM1, TLR and IL-1 signalling pathways are interconnected
Schematic showing hypothesised regulation of MT-2A gene expression by zinc
Pathway analysis of genes differentially expressed in the anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated dataset found the Cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway to be most significantly enriched
(A) mtROS in bacterially triggered immune responses. mtROS contribute to... (B) mtROS generation. Superoxide is produced as an intermediate in the e...
Quantification of the full chemotaxis pathway
Regulated protein networks in GM-BMMs versus M-BMMs
Ceramide directly or indirectly targets mitochondria, leading to the release of apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome C, and activates caspases
We identified genes and pathway associations, which have not been described before in skeletal myocyte differentiation or have been reported to have a different regulation than the one observed in the current study
. Epigenetic conversion in the p53 pathway.
effect of lipoxins on cytoplasmic signaling cascades and transcription factors.Notes: Lipoxin binds to its G protein-coupled receptor ALX/Formyl peptidyl receptor triggering a wide array of cytoplasmic signaling cascades
JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its interaction with viral proteins
Possible molecular pathways of TRPV1 channel activation on epilepsy in hippocampal neurons
Diagrammatic representation of molecular orchestra downstream of insulin receptor
Diagrammatic representation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: A crucial intersection of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Nuclear receptors can alter NF-Œ∫B signaling and activity
Evolutionary conservation of chromatin remodeling in inflammatory gene expression
DNA damage response activates cell cycle checkpoint
Signaling pathways required for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to stimulate pro-inflammatory gene expression in macrophages
Cd-elevated genes associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway that occurs in electron transport system
Data analysis of the identified Snf1 interactors
A model for two separate GŒ±13 Switch Region signaling pathways
Schematic model of MIF pathways in breast cancer cells (BCC)
Leptin treatment induces phosphorylation of Stat3 leading to increased recruitment of Stat3 to miR34a resulting in repression of miR34a
Proteomic analysis reveals a network of signaling pathways regulated by PLB in SCC25 cells.Notes: A network of signaling pathways was analyzed by IPA according to the 398 molecules and 101 related pathways that were regulated by PLB in SCC25 cells.Abbreviations: IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis; PLB, plumbagin
Schematic diagram shows that PLB regulates the Nrf2-mediated oxidative signaling pathway and its downstream proteins NQO1, GST, and HSP90 in SCC25 cells.Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; GST, glutathione S-transferase
PLB regulates cell cycle at G2/M checkpoint in SCC25 cells.Notes: SCC25 cells were treated with 5 ŒºM PLB for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
PLB regulates death receptor signaling in SCC25 cells.Notes: SCC25 cells were treated with 5 ŒºM PLB for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
Pathway Express analysis of the host response to IBV infection in the trachea of susceptible birds (Line 15I)
Interactomic analysis by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of significant molecules
Schematic overview of the multiple signaling pathways to apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy
Schematic overview of estradiol-mediated genomic signaling pathway via nuclear ERŒ± and rapid nongenomic signaling pathways via GPER and membrane isoform of ERŒ±
To characterize Hh function in SCLC and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Hh inhibitors in this cancer, we have investigated the possibility of a direct interaction between Hh and BN/GRPR signaling pathways
S-nitrosylation in TRAIL/DR4 and FaL/Fas signaling pathways
S-nitrosylation in classical TNF-NF-kB signaling
Recently Identified Functions for N-Terminal (Nt) Acetylation in Plants
IGFR1, a possible target in tumor progression and metastasis
Epithelial cell recognition and discrimination of Candida albicans yeast and hyphae
CLN3 and sphingolipid signaling pathway interactions analyzed using Pathway Studio
Metabolic pathway and genetic modification strategy for P3HP production by recombinant K
Manipulation of neutrophil function by P
Myogenesis through the IGF/AKT/mTOR pathway
The results show that heat stress inhibited the ERK2 signaling pathway to regulate cell survival
Signaling pathway analysis of the potential mature EBOV miRNA target genes
Tiotropium: mechanism of bronchodilating action.Notes: Tiotropium lastingly binds with high affinity to muscarinic M3 receptors, thus preventing them from activating the signal transduction pathway involving Gq protein and phospholipase C (PLC)
A) AGPAT6 is essential only in ccRCC because of... B) GALT is selectively essential because of los... C) RRM2B, GCLC and GSS are essential only in cc...
Metabolic pathways of Lactobacillus fermentum 222 and Lactobacillus plantarum 80
Key Figure: Developmental and Disease-associated Pathways Regulated by Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 7 (CHD7).CHD7 can affect the activity of several signalling pathways that control development
An overview of the biochemical network modeled in this study
A model illustrating the role of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) in regulation of heat shock response and H2O2 homeostasis in plants
The part of the TGF-β pathway depicted from KEGG pathways, where we observe similar changes in transcript levels of genes between both types of treatments (K562 EV and the 32-nt synthetic RNA) in both BJ and HUVEC cells
Multimeric or high-affinity ligand-induced TREM2 signaling promotes myeloid cell activation.Notes: In response to high-affinity ligand binding to heavily glycosylated TREM2, Src family kinases phosphorylate the two tyrosines within ITAM of DAP12 and the YINM motif of DAP10, which forms docking sites for the Syk and Pi3K
Monovalent or weak ligand-induced TREM2 signaling is anti-inflammatory.Notes: During tonic iTAM signaling such as that resulting from a weak or monovalent ligand, SHiP1 is recruited to the DAP12 iTAM where it competes with and prevents further recruitment of SH2 domain-containing proteins, including Pi3K and Syk
Dopamine stimulates D2-ARs on pancreatic β-cells and restricts the release of insulin in response to increased plasma glucose levels []
Androgen receptor (AR) signalling and the PI3K pathway have been shown to regulate each other by reciprocal negative feedback in PTEN negative cells
Expression and function of the insulin/IGF system in normal and colorectal cancer cells
Crosstalk between signaling pathways that lead to colorectal cancer progression
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in high glucose condition
Programmed death-1 causes T cell exhaustion
BaP effects on the expression of BaP marker genes and genes involved in the AHR signaling pathway
The spindle assembly checkpoint and error correction
Extracellular adenosine-induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells
Metabolic differentiation of the A, SS and FS types
Schematic view of the LPS-mediated NF-Œ∫B pathway
Transcripts measured in the current study are shown in the diagram as nodes and are colored based on the differences observed when cells are stimulated with Copaxone in comparison with cell culture media alone (P < 1e-3 [Student’s t-test]; red for increase, green for decrease)
(A) The Notch signaling pathway. (B (B) the small intestine (C) the stomach as shown in Demitrack et al ().
Schematic representation of the Wnt signaling pathway with selected inhibitors
Model depicting the functional interplay between PPM1G, the 7SK snRNP, and ATM kinase during the activation of the NF-Œ∫B transcriptional program in response to DNA damage
Multiple activating human natural killer (NK) cell receptors and representative signalling pathways of 2B4, NKG2D, DNAM-1 and NKp46/30
Genes and pathways identified from GWAS and/or studies of monogenic allergy-related diseases
Metabolic reconstruction of the Bathymodiolus symbiont
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway in aging adipose tissue: Compromised chaperoning system in the ER lumen, lipolysis and free fatty acids, hypoxia, proteasome dysfunction or autophagy defects might lead to ER stress in old adipose tissue
YAP promotes cancer cell survival and resistance to RAF-MEK-targeting agents
Quantitative analysis of transcriptional levels of genes in the xylose metabolic pathway and the central carbon metabolism pathway
Results show the expression of genes involved in: (A) DNA damage checkpoints (sensors, mediators, transducers and effectors of double and single strand break (DSB; SSB)); (B) DSB repair mechanisms (non homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)); (C) SSB repair mechanisms (base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and direct DNA repair (DDR)) were analyzed during primary and secondary CD8 responses generated in the absence of CD4 cells using mouse DNA damage signaling pathway and the DNA repair RT2 profiler PCR arrays (Qiagen)
Results show the expression of genes involved in: (A) DNA damage checkpoints; (B) DSB repair and (C) SSB repair, analyzed during secondary CD8 responses generated in the absence and presence of CD4 cells
AKT-independent PI3K signaling in cancer
Negative feedback loops in the PI3K/AKT pathway
PI3K-independent AKT activation in cancer
Schematic diagram showing the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of Poncirin
Glutamine deprivation induces cell death or growth arrest
Proposed schematic illustration of the mechanism by which ACh exerts its endothelial protective effects against H/R injury in the present study
The PI3K pathway is activated in response to many extracellular stimuli resulting in the activation of the downstream serine/threonine kinase, mTOR
At the systemic level metformin may inhibit tumour development by reducing insulin/IGF-1 signalling, preventing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through NF-κB and enhancing the immune response [mediated by natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytolytic T-cells (T-cells)] to cancer cells
Under basal conditions, the cellular abundance and activity of Nrf2 is repressed through ubiquitination (Ub) via the cullin-dependant E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul3 bound to Keap1 homodimers or Cul1 bound to β-TrCP
MAPK/JNK signalling cascades involved in the regulation of autophagy
RASSF1A/LATS1/CDK2 pathway upon fork stalling
RASSF1A regulation of the Hippo pathway in response to DNA damage
Model for the regulation of Hippo and Notch by Lgl
Working models for the failure of PRL-PRLR-JAK2-STAT5 signaling to activate proliferation in adult human β-cells
Updated model showing the role of AMPK-HDAC5 in HIF-1 activation as a response to hypoxia
Proposed model on how the WWP-1/UBC-18 complex modulates both stress response and dietary restriction pathways
Mutations in PI3K, PTEN and AKT have dual effects on neuronal development leading to the formation of HMEG and FCD
Red, HGT genes and their putative contribution to virulence; solid red arrow, processes and genes involved, supported by published studies
Mechanism of EMT induction derived from signaling network analysis validated in the mouse model
Driver genetic lesions in papillary thyroid carcinoma
The scheme is the result of microarray data analysis by the IPA ingenuity pathway analysis system showing 77 significantly dysregulated genes that are involved in the cellular growth and proliferation network
The schematic generated is representative of the figure produced by IPA ingenuity pathway analysis system that shows the most dysregulated canonical pathway, the IFN signalling pathway, identified by microarray data of human degenerative versus non-degenerative annulus fibrosus
Cells express exosomes comprising lipids however lipids impact on cancer cells according to cell phenotype
Different regulation of DSB repair pathways in somatic cells and XY body
Schematic representation of proposed mechanism of cordycepin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NB-4 and U937 cells
Aberrant activation of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in lung fibrosis
LncRNA mediated non-canonical Hh pathway
(a) The network formed by differen... (b) The same network as in (c) The network formed by differen... (d) The same network as in
Metabolic pathways changed by pathway engineering in this study
The Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotated the Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Pathway as significantly enriched in the RNA-seq dataset for HC
Vulture-specific genetic change in immune system
A. Telomere extension by telomerase with overlay of glucose uptake function through TNSK2B.
. Schematic model for the regulation of JNK MAPK pathway by Ca2+–p38 MAPK and cAMP signaling pathways in axon regeneration.
MAPK signaling pathway in CNVRs unique to the susceptible line
Putative interactions and feedback loops in the MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling cascades
DDVP profoundly affects energy metabolism
Parallel activin and TGFβ signaling in advanced colon cancer
Quercetin being a potent anti-oxidant it reduces the cellular stress
PNAP-6h causes cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases
Signaling pathway of angiotensin-II type 1 leading to superoxide production
Main molecular pathways activated for the production of inflammatory cytokines
Molecular pathways activated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors and affected by MPN-associated mutations
Proposed mechanisms of TIE inhibition of LPS plus IFNγ induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells
Core signaling pathways in embryonic stem cells and cancer stem cells
Graphical summary: DNA repair proteins such as DNA-PKcs can be targeted to improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer
Common cellular processes important in coronavirus replication
Hypothesized model for E4-ORF1-induced constitutive Myc protein expression mediated by EGFR, InsR/IGF1R, and PI3K
The role of putrescine in neuron and Schwann cell responses
Somatic mutations in lung SQCC frequently occurred in genes of the (a) Cell-Cell adhesion/Wnt/Hippo/YAP, (b) Oxidative stress response, (c) PI3K/RTK/RAS signaling pathways
PI3K mediated activation of RAS-MAPK-JNK pathway, AKT-ERK and ATK-mTORC2 pathway leads to survival of neoplastic MCs
STRING network analysis reveals a database of known and predicted protein interactions
Schematic representation of δ receptor‐mediated ERK1/2 activation via the PKCδ/EGFR/β‐arrestin2 signalling pathway in response to specific agonist stimulation
Chloroplast associated events modulating PCD: reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through photosynthetic electron transport and chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway are involved in degradation of antenna core complex, simultaneously ROS activate chloroplastic executer 1 and 2 proteins that in- turn relay signal to the nucleus for the activation of transcription for cell death related genes
The mechanism that result in aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colon cancer
Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: OFF state
LRH-1 action in gastrointestinal tumor formation
PIK3/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in acute myeloid leukemia
Schematic of pathways that play important roles in melanocyte and melanoma development
Epigenetic regulators as central components in melanoma signaling
Schematic representation of the GŒ±q and GŒ±s pathways that regulate neurotransmitter secretion in C
A Novel Therapeutic Strategy: MEK Inhibitors to Treat cAMP-Mediated AnxietySchematic for the repositioning of MEKi as novel therapeutics for PDE4 blockade/AC activation anxiety
Summary of protein and metabolites data at t = 8 h
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways and aging
Regulation of Janus activated kinase (JAK)-Stat and nuclear factor kappa B (NFŒ∫B) signaling by TGFβ through MKP-1
Reciprocal regulation of TGFβ and Jak-Stat signaling
Model for TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway regulation in aged microglia
(A)proposed mechanism of attenuated Proteasome Inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity in the multidrug-resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cancer cells Since MES-SA/Dx5 and the parental MES-SA cancer cells both trigger similar apoptosis pathway after MG132 or bortezomib treatment, MES-SA/Dx5 cells efflux MG132 or bortezomib out of the cell via ABCB1 expression, resulting in reduced MG132 or bortezomib cytotoxicity
Schematic representation of proposed mechanisms by which lycopene prevents oxidative stress in MSCs
A schematic of the angiogenesis pathway, angiogenesis inhibitors, and the most promising biomarker techniques.Notes: A: Aflibercept; B: bevacizumab.Abbreviations: CTCs, circulating tumor cells; ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; ctRNA, circulating tRNA; mRNA, microRNA; R, regorafenib; Ram, ramucirumab; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
A proposed model illustrating the multiple signaling pathways by which PGRN (Atsttrin as well) exerts its anti-inflammatory actions
Signaling pathways during SMC differentiation were compiled from literature [, , , –]
MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern)-induced cellular signaling
Ceramide is the hub of sphingolipid metabolism
Tubulin folding cofactor D (TBCD) cooperates with Dscam during neuronal morphogenesis
Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) after spinal cord injury (SCI).Spinal cord contusion by means of weight drop technique (A) causes an insult that produces disruption of ascending and descending spinal cord pathways, demyelination of these spinal pathways, and a core of injured tissue surrounded by a glial scare that includes reactive astrocytes and microglial cells and several inhibitory proteoglycans.
Pathway network analyses on upregulated genes from late stage (stage IIIc) TNBC
Common pharmacological tools used to explore this pathway are shown
Function of bacterial actin nucleators during infection
Proposed model of cell wall lipid reorganization in M
Enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis and metabolism
Upon stimulation by ligands, both TLR5 and TNFŒ± receptor recruit adaptor molecules leading to activation of NFŒ∫B and mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which result in distinct expression patterns of immune/inflammatory genes
Cytokine receptor interaction network for GBM survival
Schematic diagram of the pathways activated by HDL in skeletal muscle that modulate glucose metabolism
Diagrammatic representation of the signaling in abiotic stress and microtubule responses
Schematic representation of the brain microvasculature features and corresponding Impact of TS: a Schematic illustration of a cross sectional view of a brain capillary
Proposed model of the role of TOX in innate lymphoid cell development
Pathways analysis of the proteins listed in  by means of the Ingenuity software
Heme biosynthetic pathway in erythroid cells
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) expression and function by multiple inputs
Networks predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis in Cmah-null mice
Effects of BCATm KO on protein synthesis pathways
Changes in genes encoding components of the glycolytic, TCA cycle, and mitochondrial NADH shuttle pathways in gastrocnemius muscle in response to BCATm KO
Pathways of NADH production during glucose combustion
The divergent macrophage activation pathway
The roles of FXR in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism
Representative HIF-1Œ± regulatory genes and their effects on cancer progression
Regulation of HIF-1Œ± pathway at different levels
HIF-1Œ± inhibitors modulate different levels of the HIF-1Œ± activation pathway
Pyruvate and octanoate metabolism in the liver
Proposed p53 signaling pathway in PQ-treated rat lungs
Canonical pathway and gene network analysis of the 18 identifiers that were expressed in the lungs of PQ-free rats
Canonical pathway and gene network analysis of the 26 identifiers that were expressed in the lungs of PQ-treated rats
Proposed mechanism for NF-Œ∫B signaling inhibition mediated by the antitumor peptide CIGB-552
Schematic overview of TLR and NLR signaling pathways
Signaling pathways of main checkpoints molecules
Overview of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and target of rapamycin pathway (TOR) pathways
Possible mechanism for the inhibition of EGFR/Raf1/ERK and IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signalling pathways by GEFITINIB and miR-7 co-treatment
Reg IV activates the EGFR/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway
Blue octagon nodes indicate genes that are involved in MAPK signaling pathway (adjusted fisher test p-value = 0.034); purple circle nodes indicate genes that are involved in regulation of actin cytoskeleton (p-value = 0.042); green triangle nodes represent genes that are involved in axon guidance (p-value = 0.042); pink square nodes denote genes that are involved in butanoate metabolism (p-value = 0.052).
The PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways are activated by T. gondii-infection via TLR2 and TLR4.
Model of the interaction between corneal stroma (canonical Wnt signaling) and epithelium (Bmp4 signaling) during mouse corneal development
Gene regulatory networks involved in photoreceptor development
Schematic diagram of the HIF-signalling system and zebrafish homologues
The integral extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
The PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR-cascade (Modified according to Cingarlini et al[] and McCubrey et al[])
Activation of PPARγ by bioactive lipids can modulate signaling in progressive colorectal cancer
Death resistance signaling in cancer cells
Left: the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is mainly activated by nutrients (not shown) and growth factors, binding to receptor tyrosine kinases and activating PI3K
In the classic or genomic pathway, androgens can move in the cytoplasm, where they bind to the AR
After RANKL stimulation, the CD44 expression in osteoclast cells was upregulated
The nodes-and-connections strategy generating an interaction map of signaling molecule network required for the fulvestrant-induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis
Designs for the co-utilization of methanol and carbon dioxide towards (A) 3-hydroxybutyrate (B) 2-ketoisovalerate and (C) phloroglucinol
A diagram of signaling pathway for genistein-induced apoptosis in Bax and p53-independent manner
Epi regulatory pathway on BAG3 expression
A single network includes most splice regulatory genes dysregulated in MS
Proposed model by which ferulic acid treatment suppresses tumor angiogenesis and growth via inhibiting the FGFR1 signaling pathway
Simplified possible molecular signaling pathways (1 to 6) of estrogen (E) and estrogen receptors (ER)
The tamoxifen pathway and possible mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells
Overview of the possible involvement of candidate microRNAs in tamoxifen resistance pathways, based on the present literature search and IPA analysis
Schema of osteogenic differentiation through the BMP signaling pathway and possible regulation by PARP activity
AII-associated ROS pathway and alternation of the structure and function in cardiomyocyte
Molecular complexes involved in the integrin-linked kinase signaling pathway responded to BPS and WEX treatments
Molecular complexes involved in the calcium signaling pathways responded to BPS and WEX treatments
High altitude headache can be due to at least two pathways
The repeated association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to a conditioned response (CR), in which the CS alone (the placebo) is capable of inducing the same unconditioned response (UR) of the US
Upon treatment, BRAF inhibitors have a direct effect on both melanoma cells and fibroblasts
Statement from mechanism by which EGCG promotes increase in adiponectin and performs activation on the signaling of AMPK via LKB1 inhibiting mediators responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and de novo lipogenesis
On the basis of our findings shown here and the current knowledge from published data, we propose the following model in ALK+ ALCL
Schematic diagram showing the possible consequences of SLC7A3 dysfunction on the mTOR and NO pathways
Mechanisms through which microRNAs (miRNAs) implicated in the TGF-β signaling pathway in the lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts
Activation of effector and regulatory T cells by antigen presenting cells
Induction of soldiers into functionally distinct cell lines
Induction of cell lines of spy cells into functionally distinct Treg lines
Activated and aggressive CD4+T cell soldiers convert to spies
A mechanistic model for irradiation-dependent and GSK3β-related signaling in HNSCC cells: Activated and inactivated molecules are displayed in green and in red, respectively
Nutrient, growth factor, and energy sensing impinge on the mTOR pathway
Heme metabolism and HO-1 enzyme activity
In contrast to the mammalian fatty acid synthesis pathway in which reactions are catalysed by a single protein (FAS or FASN), each acyltransferase, condensation, reduction, and dehydration reaction of the fatty acid synthesis pathway of Yersinia pestis is catalysed by a discrete enzyme (highlighted green)
T cell receptor signaling pathway showing downstream mediators regulated by DNA methylation, gene/protein expression and/or protein phosphorylation
RPPA data shows increases in ErbB3, ErbB2, MET, PI3K, pBAD and pERK protein expression in M12 cells relative to the parental p69 cell lines (: green targets)
(A) IPA graphical representation of the molecul... (B) IPA graphical representation showing the ef... (C) IPA graphical representation of the molecul...
Schematic presentation of a model highlighting the probable mode of action of AMA on placental development
The Kelch-like chicken erythroid-derived cap “n” collar homology factor-associated protein 1- (Keap1-) NF-E2-related factor 2- (Nrf2) antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway
The interactive developmentally and evolutionary conserved Notch, TGF-beta/BMP, Jak/Stat, p38, oxytocin/MAPK, and mTOR signaling pathways control function of tissue stem cells and change with age in ways that interfere with tissue maintenance and repair
(A) Summary of changes observed in the expressi... (B) Summary of changes observed in the expressi... (C) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of azathioprine...
PD-1 functions to inhibit T cell activation not only by attenuating TCR signaling (SHP-1/2), but also by enhancing the expression of genes that impair T cell function
Red and green lines indicate the relative abundances of metabolites in Xuchang and Dali, respectively
Normally, STIL binds SUFU and free GLI1 for downstream gene transcription
Schematic depicting how PC1/3 knockdown impacts macrophage activation based on the data presented in –
Pathway analysis highlights APP is a central hub interacting with nearly 40pct of candidate molecules in EGS
Complement C3 derived from human hepatic cell sheets activates NF-Œ∫B via complement C5 resulted in nuclear translocation of NF-Œ∫B of hepatocytes
The speculative mechanism involved in the detrimental effect induced by the CX3CL1/CX3CR1-mediated microglial activation in the brain of ischemic mice
Cholesterol is transported into Leydig cells via lipoprotein (LP)-receptor (SCARB1)
Signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of EMT by CHBP
Summary of the roles of alpha-synuclein and other PD-associated proteins in the secretory pathway and the resulting stress responses
A systematic autoimmune activation in RA
The coagulation proteases thrombin and activated factor X (FXa) enhance S1P synthesis and release from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSCMs)
Thrombin-stimulated S1P secretion in human platelets
. In liver, adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, whereas AdipoR2 activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Œ± (PPARŒ±) pathway, both ameliorating insulin resistance and steatosis [].
The suggested model on key paths and determinants of resistance of P
The RIG-I-like receptor signalling pathway is represented with gene expression (log2 fold-change) values overlaid at all post-infection time points; shown from left to right are the 2, 6, 24 and 48‚Äâhpi time points, respectively
The relationship between 19 of the highly expressed (focus molecules) from the microarray data set and other molecules, as derived from the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base, is shown
Following activation of its receptor, IL-17 promotes transcription of many pro-inflammatory genes including CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL6 and beta-defensin, indicated by the solid lines
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed a key role for the Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer set of pathways
Model of differential and interactive roles of PKC isoforms in mast cells
High rates of cholesterol efflux through cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, such as those observed in macrophage derived foam cells can deplete cellular ATP stores
Up-regulated genes appear in red, and down-regulated genes appear in green
A hypothetical model is presented to elucidate major signaling pathways that are associated with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and glycogen synthesis
Schematic cartoons showing the proposed positive feedback loop in cervical cancer cells
Interplay of TrkB and GR signaling pathways in the CNS
CST acts as an endogenous M2 receptor agonist, activates M2 receptor and causes inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity via the Œ± subunit (Œ±i) of Gi, thereby decreasing cAMP level while stimulating by isoproterenol or forskolin
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll-IL-1 receptor domain–containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF) are 2 major mediators of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that cooperate in promoting innate immune responses
. Formononetin induced pro-angiogenic actin stress fiber formation and cell migration in endothelial cells involving ERŒ±/ROCKII signaling pathways as major regulators.
Proposed mechanism for SCG2 expression in HSV- and reovirus-infected cells
Schematic overview of M1 protein-induced IL-8 expression in human keratinocytes
Model. The insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway (purple) results in translocation of GLUT4 vesicles to the PM, facilitating increased glucose uptake.
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways involved in GnRH-induced ERK activation (red arrows) and ErbB4 cleavage (blue arrows)
Biosynthetic genes responsible for polyketide extender units of RM-A
Another transcriptional feedback is given in the EGFR pathway, where c-JUN/AP-1 transcribe AREG, which itself can stimulate the EGF receptor
Red boxes represent the target genes of miRNAs
(A) 247R triggers constitutive, β-arrestin1/Src/MMP-2-dependent EGFR tra... (B) Agonist stimulation of 247R cells triggers MMP/EGFR-dependent hypert...
A) Representation of membrane protein O-glycosylation with emphasis on t... B) Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is ubiqu...
Model of miR-31 regulation in PMC patterning and function
Some metabolic pathways and pathways implicated in virulence and repair mechanisms induced in vivo compared to in vitro cultivation
Differentially expressed genes in the toll-like receptor signalling pathway (ko04620)
Differentially expressed genes in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway (ko04060)
Canonical and noncanonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
The network also includes 19 intermediate genes (white circle)
(a) Scheme depicting cytosolic formation of phenylalanine and potential... (b) Flux models representing the phenylalanine biosynthetic network in 2...
Schematic mechanisms of action for drugs involved in the three arms of the TORAVA trial
The enriched pathway of Integrin (A) and migration (B)
Glycerol biosynthesis in respond to osmotic stress and redox statue and the interrelationship with yeast-derived aroma compounds in S
CTGF Signaling Network ModelWe compiled a list of molecules known to be associated with hematopoiesis () and reported to interact directly or indirectly with CTGF and each other using EXERBT text mining and Pathway Commons, respectively ( and )
Pathway analysis with IPA software allowed identification of pathways that were differentially expressed between H5N1- and H5N8- infected mice
NeurimmiRs were found targeting multiple molecules of the integrin and NF-Œ∫B pathway
During normal cellular conditions, BRD4 recognizes acetylated lysine residues on histones and recruits positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to promote transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II of key oncogenic drivers such as MYC
Receptor tyrosine kinases and their targeted therapies in gastroesophageal cancers: EGFR, VEGFR and MET
TRPV1 antagonist-induced hyperthermia involves BAT-mediated thermogenesis
Working figure of the angiogenesis pathway genes
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for inflammatory gene expression in females vs
Comparison of gene networks affected by ozone exposure in males and females
Linear Motifs in T cell receptor signalling pathway hsa04660
A network overview of the biomarkers in lung cancer and ALL
IGFBP5 represses the proliferative and metastatic capabilities of cancer cells by (1) inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK activities through an IGF1R-dependent signaling pathway and (2) down-regulating the expression of HIF1Œ± through the transcriptional inhibition of HIF1A gene expression, resulting in a decrease in VEGF and MMPs expression
Simplified schematic overview of the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathway
Proposed schematic representation showing the mechanism of ETH and its effect on neurogenesis
A model showing the molecular mechanism for the upregulation of AMPA receptors in the ACC of IBS animal model
Graphical representation of activation of the JNK signaling pathway in SMA
The NOX system is central to host defense
HIF-1Œ± is stabilized in hypoxia and the HIF-1 dimer complex transcriptionally induces let-7 production
A. Network of common genes found in CHIP-seq and microarray datasets.
Proposed models for the mechanistic role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the modulation of the anti-tumor efficiency of vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametenib in melanoma patients harboring activating neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog or rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma murine sarcoma viral (v-raf) oncogene homolog B mutations
Model of the intracellular mechanism of GnIH and its receptor (GPR147) that control male aggressive behavior by regulating the activity of aromatase and neuroestrogen synthesis in the brain
Schematic representation of folate transport and folate mediated 1-carbon metabolism in eukaryotic cells (for gene abbreviations and enzyme commission numbers, see  and , respectively)
Schematic representation of amino acid metabolic pathways targeted in cancer therapy
The ZNRF1 signaling pathway mediates oxidative stress–induced neuronal apoptosis and axonal degeneration
Rac1 activation and Wnt synergistically enhance β-catenin transactivation in the canonical Wnt pathway
. Model of the effect of MFHAS1 on TLR2 signaling pathway in response to TLR2 stimulation for 6–24 h.
Mdm20 (magenta) is required for actin (green) cable stabilization through the N-acetylation of Trpm (light blue), which is mediated by NaB activity and involved in vacuole inheritance through actin-Trpm fibers
(A) SHARPIN inhibits integrin activation by binding to the Œ±-integrin c... (B) An overview of SHARPIN interactions and how these interactions affec...
Overview of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and cholesterol synthesis inhibitors used in the current study
Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling with regard to Helicobacter pylori associated glucose dysregulation
Network of interactions between GWAS candidate genes using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
HGF-MET signaling pathway with its downstream effector components (MAPK, STAT, PI3K-AKT cascades and NF-Œ∫B) leading to increases in cell survival, motility and proliferation
Functional crosstalk of HGF-MET signaling pathway with EGFR and VEGFR signaling pathway.Notes: The anticancer treatment with EGFR antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab) or EGFR TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib) leads to MET amplification with subsequent activation of PI3K-AKT signaling
Target analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and DIANA-mirPath
Differential proteins in acute phase signaling pathway in DN summarized in this and previous studies
Proposed EPLIN signalling pathways and implications for loss in cancer
The activation mechanism of NRF2 and downstream transcription events
Activation mechanisms of the ASK1 signaling pathway leading to JNK and p38MAPK phosphorylation
JNK1 exerts kinase activity on several transcription factors and BCL2 family proteins through phosphorylation (P) or ubiquitination (U)
A diagram of the ethylene’s role in plant under salinity
Actin signaling pathways and their association with brain disorders
ER stress sensors and Programmed Cell Death in animals
The Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways: The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway is initiated from within the cell in response to DNA damage, loss of cell-survival factors and severe cell stress
Potential mechanism of action of soy peptides in HepG2 cells
Difference in expression of the calcium signaling pathway between rat neurons and OPCs grown in vitro
A. Iron chelation modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling.
Non-canonical activation of TGF-β signaling promotes tumor progression, EMT and metastasis via SMAD, MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways that up-regulate mesenchymal-associated transcription factors (e.g., Snail, Slug, Twist and ZEB) and repress E-cadherin expression.
Representation of the factors associated with the JAK-STAT pathway, detected by IPA analysis
The phosphorylation of AKT is a key step for regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis
In tumor samples from patient 36, the TP53 cell signaling pathway is significantly altered in the metastasis and in the xenografts compared to the primary tumor, with 22 genes differentially expressed
The signaling network structure predicted by GA (upper) and the true underlying structure (lower) in the case of Leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway
The cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6-retinoblastoma 1 pathway
Schematic representation of the potential mechanisms by which AICAR regulates cardiac metabolism and protects HL-1 cardiomyocytes from the HP/HI-induced lipotoxicity and insulin resistance
(A) The shortest paths network. The colored nodes represent deregulated... (B) The core pathway affected by the activation of PPARG. The color indi...
Schematic representation of apoptosis induced by TRAIL
The p53 pathway is adapted from KEGG database
At the very initial phase of infection, CCL2 is initially produced from tissue resident CD11bhiF4/80hi macrophages and CD11chiEpCAM+ DCs through stimulation with IFN-I proteins produced from mucosal epithelium via the action of IFI-16 and STING in response to vaginal infection with HSV-1, thereby recruiting very early CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocytes within 12 h pi
The mechanisms underlying tanshinone IIA-TRAIL synergy
Possible actions of metabolic syndrome on glia-to-neuron communication mediated by hemichannels
An overview of the sulfur assimilation pathway and major sulfur metabolites
Red italics denote candidate positively selected genes, blue italics indicate significantly up-regulated genes and green italics genes experiencing positive selection and increased expression
Model of differentiation-coupled induction of HCMV replication via enhancer RARE, CRE, and kB in quiescently infected NT2
The possible intracellular route of TDZ in human astrocytes
Metabolic strategy in evolved strains lacking the aas-lplT operon
Simplified pathway diagram showing the Leishmania-APC and T cell interaction
Signaling pathways of Sirt6 in the heart
Comprehensive illustration of transcription changes in skeletal muscle of red cusk-eel under handling stress using modified KEGG pathway maps using Pathvisio v3
Proposed inhibitory feedback loop for MSC osteogenesis
Possible hypothesis; two signaling pathways of LPS to induce motility disorder in intestinal smooth muscles
Schematic representation of molecular events involving IRFs in immune responses
Schematic representation of signalling pathways and mechanisms regulated by vagal activation
SIRT1 (a histone deacetylase, HDAC) could directly promote the deacetylation of acetylated (Ac)-p53 or indirectly suppress the acetylation of nascent p53 through inhibition of p300 (a histone acetyltransferase, HAT) expression, and thereby modulate Ac-p53/p21-mediated endothelial senescence
Cytokine receptors, especially receptors for IL-6 family cytokines, are the most well-known traditional activators of STAT3
The model for CD44 action in logarithmic (growth-promoting mode) and confluent (growth-inhibitory mode) growth conditions
Adipogenesis is characterized by the expression of PPARγ, C/EBP-family members and SREBP
Schematic of the PLD–PA impact on hormone signalling pathways in plant defence
Comprehensive schematic of PLD–PA involvement in lipid metabolism and signalling and impact on SA biosynthesis and signalling in plant defence
The pyruvate branch pathway as defined by Hoefnagel et al
Proposed model: importance of the miR-30 regulatory effects in cardiomyocytes following DOX exposure
Schematic diagram illustrating the specific cascade and signalling pathway in LPS-primed macrophages stimulated with nanoparticles
(A) Phoenix Rising pathway of accelerated tumor repopulation. The cascad... (B) The DDR regulates cell fate after radiation damage. Proteins involve...
Scheme of the metabolic effect in control and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells
EGFR stimulates intracellular signalling cascades, such as the RAS/RAF/ERK (MAPK) pathway—which induces BIM proteosomal degradation—and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
The expression of Ape1 is attenuated during the maturation of DPCs
Predicted model for the action of GSK3-β in buffalo embryonic stem ( ES ) cells
Molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic metabolic phenotype
LIF protects cardiac myocytes by both genomic and non-genomic means
Pharmacological agents to inhibit downstream signaling intermediated of GŒ±q
A, B) Functional analyses of target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs in MAPK signal pathway
The TGF-β pathway regulates axon growth in the retina via two independent and synergistic pathways: the Par6/Smurf1 and the miR-181/ERK pathways
High glucose was used to simulate hyperglycemia in vivo
Components of cysteine metabolism, redox homeostasis, and the γ-glutamyl cycle in control (CTRL), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs), and PAH PAVSMCs treated with mTOR kinase inhibitor PP242
The transcription factors and genes that regulate PDKs regulation
Modulation of MITF function in the nucleus of a melanosome to activate melanin synthesis and secretion and melanocyte growth and survival
A schematic of the proposed non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway induced in the ceca from experimental chickens with persistent colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis
Schematic representation of mechanisms underlying vernodalin-induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells
(A) The bacterial cell wall component LPS upregulates BPIFA1 expression... (B) IL-13, a TH2-skewed cytokine, suppresses LPS-induced BPIFA1 expressi...
. Signaling pathway for ICOS costimulation in TFH cells.
IL-17 stimulate initial weak activation of IKK, which stimulates the signaling function of TPL2 via mediating phosphorylation-dependent p105 degradation
A. Class I pan-negative melanomas are primarily driven by the MAPK pathway and express generally robust levels of the ERK1/2 phosphatase, DUSP4, but have no endogenously active ERBB receptors.
TGF-β can increase VEGF/PlGF secretion via the ALK-5 pathway and create a pro-angiogenic milieu for the tumor or induce EndMT by decreasing endothelial properties and increasing the mesenchymal signatures for the tumor to become potentially more invasive
Up- and down-regulated genes in red and green, respectively
Oncogenic activation of K-Ras stimulates miR-155 expression via MAPK and NF-Œ∫B pathway
In addition to the previously reported p53-AKT crosstalk involving AKT-induced activation of MDM2 and p53-mediated induction of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (blue), p53 affects AKT activation through a novel indirect mechanism involving activation of the p53-target p21, which prevents phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein maintaining E2F-regulated genes in a repressed state (green)
. Map of Wnt signaling pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway.
In response to DR agonists such as TRAIL, tubular mitochondria in normal cells undergo Drp1-dependent fission and then fuse to restore the tubular network (upper panel)
Innate receptor signaling and stefin B influence NF-Œ∫B activation and caspase-11 expression in macrophages
Proposed schematic showing targets of SA transcriptional regulation of insulin signaling pathway
The protein at the arrow start denotes the upstream protein and the protein at the arrow end denotes the downstream protein
(A) Activation of Wnt/βcatenin in osteoblasts/o... (B) Activation of Wnt/βcatenin signaling in ost... (C) Activation of Wnt signaling in all osteobla...
The lung capillaries are lined with a basement membrane and mediators of cancer cell extravasation in the lung have been identified (e.g.
Molecular mechanisms linking insulin resistance with neurodegeneration
Schematic presentation of the changes of key enzymes/proteins in central metabolism leading to enhanced carbon flux to glycolysis and subsequent pH regulation in immune cells
This schematic shows our current understanding of how glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation and glutaminolysis are interconnected in cancer cells to form a balance between energy requirements and biosynthesis for cell proliferation
Visualisation of a pathway event extracted by PWTEES
Cell cycle Role of SCF complex in cell cycle regulation which is the third scored pathway map in MetaCore enrichment analysis results
LRRK2 in neurons in Parkinson's disease which is the fifth scored pathway map in MetaCore enrichment analysis results
Development Hedgehog Signaling which is the top scored pathway map in MetaCore enrichment analysis results
Development WNT signaling pathway Part 1
Possible physical interactions (pink), co-expression (violet), pathway (blue), genetic interactions (green), and shared protein domains (yellow) are shown
is a pictorial representation of the intracellular insulin signaling pathway
A. In mammary epithelial organoid culture, augmented PAR6 expression promotes MAPK activity whereas diminished expression induces PI3K/AKT pathway.
PERK preferentially phosphorylates BPIFB4-V229 on serine-75
Wnt/β-catenin signaling and directly related pathways affected by genetic-driven and/or gene expression activation or suppression in primary and/or recurrent tumors of 4 HCC patients
I: The Wnt signaling pathway stimulates the growth, differentiation and activity of osteoblasts
Oncogenic (deregulated) intracellular signaling pathways in germinal center B cell-like (GCB) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Oncogenic (deregulated) intracellular signaling pathways in activated B cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Mechanism-based combinatorial experimental regimens aimed at disrupting known oncogenic cooperation pathways in ABC-DLBCLs
Autophagic signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress
FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway in the KEGG database is the putative pathway which is related to TNF-Œ± and TGF-β1 expression in microglial cells
Networks constructed through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis from nonyolk proteins affected by the deyolking procedure
Genomic and transcriptomic features of central carbon metabolism in C
Schematic overview of the multifactor regulatory network involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during fruit development and ripening
The detail of the IL-6 signaling pathway
Classical pathways of type I IFN induction and HCV mediating IFN resistance
A summary of the relationships between miR-214, UCP2, beclin-1, LC3-II, Bax, Caspase-9, PARP, and PI3K-Akt-mTOR after TAM/FUL treatment
Proposed Model of TRAIL-Susceptiblity in Breast Tumour Subpopulations
Proposed mechanisms of PARP1 activation in response to growth-inhibitory molecules
Schematic diagram of metabolic networks placing mitochondria at the center of anabolic and bioenergetics pathways in cancer cells
Recruitment of HSCs in CML niche requires TGF-beta1 activated PI3K/Akt/NF-Œ∫B/MMP9 signaling pathway
(Left) Hexokinase (HK) and Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) enzymes become activated in response to the sharply increased glycolytic flux, which resulted in increased flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for nucleotide synthesis
Downstream signaling and targeted pathway inhibition for mutant BRAF in melanoma (A) NPM-ALK in ALCL (B).Notes: (A) The dimerization of mutant BRAF in melanoma, activated by RAS, turns on several pro-survival and pro-proliferation pathways driving tumor growth in melanoma, which can be targeted using small molecule inhibitors.
Œ±MUPA mice show a life-long increase in leptin levels at baseline and twice elevated leptin levels post MI
(a) Somatic mutations, copy umber alterations and genomic rearrangements... (b) Network connection of genes involved in cytoskeleton remodelling reg...
Molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer effects of flavone, apigenin, and luteolin on the Akt/FOXO3a/p27 pathway in regulating human breast cancer cell proliferation
The schematic representation of Slit-Robo signaling pathway in gastric tumorigenesis·Öü
DEGs involved in JNK pathway in Tg(RE:HSE:EGFP)
(A) Pattern recognition molecules sense the presence of pathogens and al... (B) Complement activation and amplification are attenuated on host surfa...
(1) Hyperoside decreases the Keap1 protein level, most likely by facilitating Keap1 protein degradation, which resulted in a drop in Nrf2 protein degradation; (2) MicroRNA(s), which has been proposed to target Nrf2 mRNA by binding to its 3′-UTR and result in decreased levels of Nrf2 protein, might be involved in hyperoside-mediated increases in the Nrf2 mRNA level; (3) GSK-3β possibly acts as an integrator of a number of kinases such as ERK, p38 and other yet undefined signaling kinase(s) in hyperoside-mediated Nrf2 activation
Position-dependent regulation of cell fate in the preimplantation embryo: known and hypothetical mechanisms
Schematic representation of the canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor (NF)-Œ∫B activation pathways
Schematic diagram of how ER stress regulates SIRT1 expression
Proposed mechanism of insulin/IGF-1/FBS-mediated stimulation of D2
Working model of the cellular pathways contributing to long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation triggered by intermittent hypoxia
(A) Drugs (left in green) that act over the different circuits defined b... (B) Specific circuits over which the Paclitaxel drug acts in both Blood...
A) Major connections of the... B) Summary of selected resu... C) A resonance model which... D) A feedback model that is... E) A linear model with time...
All enzymes catalyzing the reactions with pyruvate (as substrate or product) are depicted and the pathway shown with dotted arrow is from A. nidulans.
“-” means that transcription of genes and/or pathway activation were diminished by BRP
As indicated NTHi-induced MyD88s expression is positively regulated via IKKβ and CREB and negatively regulated via ERK1/2 creating a negative feedback loop to maintain immune homeostasis
Signaling pathways activated by cytokine receptor binding
Signaling pathways leading to gonadotropin-induced activation of MAPK3/1 in preovulatory follicles or cultured cumulus-oocyte complexes
Schematic summarizing some of the genes and pathways known to influence c-Myc cap-independent translation in multiple myeloma (MM)
Terpenoid biosynthesis via the MEP pathway in engineered Synechocystis
The interaction between HMGB1 and RAGE/TLR4
HMGB1-TLR4 binding and downstream activation
HMGB1-RAGE binding and downstream activation
Released mtDNA activates TLR9 and inflammasome
Two signal requirement for inflammasome activation
This network represents Pearson correlations (R >0.8, p-value<0.005) computed considering expression values of genes of interest according to the microarray data and using Cytoscape tool.
Graphic representation of the network “cell cycle, skeletal and muscular system development”
A NEDDylation-associated pathway controls nuclear localisation and stabilises HuR and activates cullins 1/2/3 proteins involved in the regulation of 23 human homologues related to the carboplatin response
Pathways implicated by the gene expression differences in YAC128 mouse striata
Schematic presentation of butein-mediated signaling transduction modulation
Schema depicting the proposed mechanisms for MTMR14 deletion-induced obesity and complications
Shown is the KEGG  pathway map for ECM‚Äêreceptor interactions
Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) contributes to metanephric mesenchyme self-renewal and its differentiation
The local inhibition of miR‐24 in ECs would turn off apoptosis signalling pathway and improves reparative angiogenesis in post‐ischaemic conditions
Diagram of the signalling pathways downstream of CCK‚Äê8s in pancreatic beta cells
Several transcription factors identified in the regulators study and two genes upregulated in Iberian pigs (PREF1 and GLUT4) are involved in the adipogenesis pathway
The TLR pathway is overactivated in various types of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by ligands binding to the TLR
Schematic representation of the endocrine loops between bone and pancreas, and adipose tissue
Metabogenic and nutriceutical supplements to promote bioenergetical potential and moderate muscle wasting in DMD
Curcumin blocks multiple cancer promoting pathways via miR-21
The crucial role of miRNAs in coordinating vast prostate cancer (PC) metabolic processes
Data upload to Parkinson´s disease (PD) map (June 2015 release)
Processes affecting TOB1 levels and diverse mechanisms underlying TOB1 tumor suppression activity
Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in T cells and its disruption by TALEN
Intracellular detection of viral RNA by PRRs and activation of the innate immune response
A proposed model for Parkin-dependent and-independent mitophagy and mitochondrial spheroid formation in alcohol-induced mitochondrial damage and liver injury
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 4-mediated signaling of innate immune responses
Ubiquitination-mediated signaling cascades in canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B pathways
Gene‐by‐age interaction miRNA–mRNA network analysis
Monocytes from MS patients cluster independently from HV and display enhanced inflammatory pathways
A proposed mechanism for zinc‐mediated inhibition of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) signalling and its role for repression of human T helper type 17 (Th17) responses
Protein kinase C (PKC) involvement in cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways in the immune system
Lines with arrowhead represent upregulation of activity, protein content, and/or expression
The components of each signaling pathway are colored according to their dominant alteration type (see key at lower left)
TXN in the cytoplasm mediated TGF-β induced EMT through Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway, which could be blocked by TXNRD1 inhibitor (BBSKE) and siTXN
A. RNA-Seq was conducted on the A-H, A-L, S-H and S-L cells.
Positive signaling through mTOR, a downstream effector of AMPK, regulates protein translation and cell proliferation
A. Mismatch repair pathway (belong to DNA damage).
SCF triggered c-kit signaling might increase cyclin D1 and decrease p53 through activating AKT pathway, thus enhance tumor cell proliferation
Graph presents functional interactomes constructed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool using lineage specific (B16-MDSCs vs DCs) differentially expressed proteins, which shows detailed interaction relationships between the input nodes (differentially expressed proteins between MDSCs and DCs), and regulatory kinases encircled in blue
The physiological function of EpCAM is to promote activation of the Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway, along with increased MMP-9 expression and activity
Schematic representation of the respective drug targets in the overall architecture of molecular interactions for the top pathways correlating with response to Pazopanib A
Protein-protein interaction network of putative BMIC regulatory genes
STAT3, hsa-mir-21 and their regulatory targets are represented by nodes, while regulatory relationships among these are represented by edges
In certain cell types such as epithelial and neuronal cells, BimEL and BimL are sequestered to the dynein motor complex through interaction with the dynein light chain DYNLL1
HF can downregulate Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway and repress Warburg effect, particularly, inhibit GLUT1 and HK-II through activation of 4EBP1
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by inhibition of pyruvate transfer to mitochondria
Functions of mono-ADP-ribosylating ARTD (ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like) enzymes and of mono-ADP-ribosylating Sirtuins in signaling
Functional role of deubiquitinating enzymes in autophagy
Melanoma cells develop resistance to MAPK inhibitors by mutating (mut) or altering expression of a number of proteins which reactivate MAPK signaling and/or activate alternative survival pathways such as the PI3K pathway
Oncogenic miRNAs involved in the apoptotic pathway
Partially through stabilization of HIF-1α, hypoxia in inflamed and cancerous tissues drives the intracellular accumulation of adenosine by causing decreased ATP and adenosine kinase (AK) activity as well as increasing intracellular AMP and 5′-nucleotidase activity (5′N)
Molecular mechanisms linking ciliogenesis and cell cycle regulation
miRNAs regulate cell metabolism by targeting key metabolic enzymes and multiple oncogenic signaling pathways
Reconstruction of Notch signaling pathway (target instance)
Reconstruction of TGF-βsignaling pathway (target instance)
Reconstruction of TNF-Œ±signaling pathway (target instance)
Cross-talks between TGF-βsignaling pathway and TNF-Œ±signaling pathway (target instance)
Downstream gene targets of predicted cytokine and transcriptional regulators
Lipolysis release TGF-β1 and activate phosphorylation of Smad2 and translocation of Smad4 to nucleus
Overexpression of E2F-2 abolishes the PPP-mediated inhibition of terminal differentiation in Gata1S310A erythroid cells ex vivo
. Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathways that support neuronal differentiation and survival.
BGLF4 up-regulated phosphoproteins that are linked to the DNA damage response pathway were identified using the DAVID bioinformatics resource and manual literature curation
Interactions between immunotherapy and targeted therapy
Schematic representation of the core autophagy pathway and its regulation by miRNAs
CagA mediates dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Synthesis and immunomodulatory effect of gangliosides
Network Analysis for EFEMP1 and WT1 was carried out using the RNA-seq FPKM>30 gene list (see Methods section)
Large nodes represent genetic backgrounds
Converging signaling cascades of Ret and parkin to ensure mitochondrial integrity and SN DA neuron maintenance.Red arrows shows the new found activation of the NF-Œ∫B pathway through Ret via PI3K and Akt leading to stimulation of ATP synthesis through the mitochondrial complex I which enhances cell survival
Working model for Gpr175 function as an enhancer of Hh signaling
Orf306-induced metabolic diversion in MG1655 (pSDP10)
Proposed role of ABHD6 in the late endosomal/lysosomal pathway
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) pathway and inhibitors of the pathway tested in phase I-III clinical trials on solid tumors and/or breast cancer
The putative inhibitory pathway of macrophage-mediated inflammatory signaling responses, as suppressed by KTH-13-AD1
Tetraspanins organize the T-cell immunological synapse
Simplified diagram showing mechanisms involved in activation of the JNK pathway
The signaling pathways of IL-17A in synovial fibroblasts
Mitochondria-derived signaling pathways controlling muscle mass
β-Catenin participates in cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and is a transcriptional coactivator in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Simplified schematic summarizing the BMP signalling pathway and genes that have to date been shown to be mutated in PAH and demonstrating that many of these mutations encode protein involved in BMP signalling
In the cytoplasm, PI3K is activated downstream of receptors that include receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein–coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins
PTEN deficiency is associated with increased sensitivity to PI3K, AKT, and mTOR inhibitors
All data showed in present manuscript are in color pattern: orange for protein expression in cytosol, except for GSK-3β that has activity level represented, and green for nuclear expression of transcription factors and mRNA
Transcriptomic analysis of kidney cortex from 24 wk old db/db diabetic mice and db/+ control mice for genes involved in ceramide metabolism identified altered expression of genes in ceramide synthesis and downstream sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling
Focal adhesion pathway analysis based on the KEGG database
A) The canonical pathw... B) The AHR forms a co-... C) XRE binding by the... D) Through an interact... E) Modulation of estro... F) The novel NC-XRE pa...
Ethylene biosynthesis and transduction pathway
Human dendritic cell (DC) response to Toll‚Äêlike receptor (TLR)2/3 adjuvants
NFŒ∫B/p65 ubiquitination and degradation signaling
Noradrenergic signaling stimulating glycogenolysis (A) or glycogen synthesis (B)
Co-expression network composed with differentially expressed transcriptomes
The profibrogenic role of leptin requires leptin-signaling via activation of the long form of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) and the downstream Jak/Stat pathway
Mechanism linking excess fatty acids to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
Glucose deprivation (GD) affects c-MYC protein levels in a cell-type-dependent manner
Schematic representation of the pathway involving NPR-C, Egr-1, miR199a-3p and miR199a-5p on ApoE modulation upon CC2238/Œ±ANP exposure in VSMCs
Reactions involved in retinoid metabolism are depicted
Schematic representation of the multiple pathways by which proNGF/NGF can contribute to diabetic retinopathy
Ingenuity pathway analysis showing up (green) and down-regulation (red) of miRNAs involved in ovarian cancer tumor samples when compared to endometriosis samples
The role of Nrf2 in the metabolism of rapidly proliferating cells
The PI3K pathway with respective PI3K inhibitors
Diagram illustrating the hypothetical signaling pathway and feed-forward loop in inflammation- and oxidative stress–regulated choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) migration and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) formation
Extrinsic and intrinsic regulators of MuSC function are altered in aging
Signaling pathways involved in the BMP induced osteogenesis, BMPs bind to receptors on cells to activate downstream signal molecules such as Smads, MAPK and JNK
Notch signaling pathway [], notch ligand on cells binds to Notch receptor on the adjacent cells, and then intracellular NICD is released, translocates into the nucleus, and binds to CSL and MAML to induce the transcriptional expression of Hes, Hey and other genes
The scheme of a proposed model of fluconazole resistance by the activation of diverse signaling pathways
Assay for defining the immunostimulatory potential of different RNAs
SAM serves as the methyl donor for numerous methylation reactions, including DNA methylation and synthesis of phosphatidylcholine
A schematic representation of the molecular mechanism proposed for the induction of apoptosis by chrysotile asbestos in A549 human bronchoalveolar carcinoma cells
Main pathways of TRP degradation including enzymes and their potential stimuli (modified after [, , , ])
Schematic illustration of possible interaction between inflammatory IDO activation and AhR-mediated effects
Molecular mechanisms behind HIF regulation and responses in cells
Repression of DNA-damage signaling pathways at telomeres
Monocyte genes associated with the ML ratio are enriched for genes in the interferon signalling pathway
Simplified conceptual model for the central metabolism of oilseed rape and the regulation of carbon partitioning
For clarity, we show the effect of LNX2 on NOTCH pathway with the WNT pathway unaffected
String pathway analysis of the proteins regulated by the identified miRNA fingerprint links elevated expression of the 5 miRNAs with cell survival, cell cycle, and DNA damage pathways
CD147 respectively activates two distinct signaling pathways to regulate [Ca2+]i oscillations
Only correlations with p < 0.0003 are shown.
Squares indicate the signature genes, red outline highlights genes involved in the immune system pathway
Survival genes are diamond-shape nodes, while highlighted nodes are part of the Immune system pathway
The expression of components of the Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in merged glioma datasets was plotted
The activity of GLI1 up-regulates a set of the signaling molecules, CXCR4, CXCR7 and LCP1, leading to enhance CXCL12-induced MAPK/ERK pathway
Nitroxoline induces the activation of AMPK, which in turn inhibits mTOR signaling pathway and cyclin D1-Rb-Cdc25A axis, leading to G1 arrest of cell cycle and apoptosis
This GRN summarizes the results obtained in our study
BAFFR activates the NF-Œ∫B, mainly through the non-canonical pathway whereas TNFR1 activates the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway and TNFR3 activates both pathways
(Left) Upon exposure to moderate oxidative stress, Sp1 binds to the ZNF32 promoter to increase ZNF32 transcription, which, in turn, increases C1QBP expression, maintains the mitochondrial membrane potential and antioxidant capacity, and inactivates the p38 MAPK pathway, consequently promoting cell survival
A. – C. & E. – G. Gene network analysis for key genes involved in age-dependent splenic changes for old mice compared to all other age groups.
Summarized targets for future therapeutic interventions of CRPC within the AR signaling pathway and AR adaptive responses
LEPR-Long contains tyrosine residues (Tyr 974, Tyr 986, Tyr1077 and Tyr 1138)
The Bim expression levels were significantly increased in response to ABT-737 treatment in MC-3 human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells, whereas Bim phosphorylation by ERK1/2 on serine 69 promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation in HN22 human oral squamous carcinoma cells
The scheme shows SP effects on sensitive cancer cells and supposed mechanisms of action as derived from the integration between experimental data and literature background
N-myc amplified NB promotes aggressive tumor growth and correlates with a poor prognosis in patients []
TGF-ß, activin or nodal ligands binds to a type II receptor dimer, which then recruit a type I receptor dimer
Transcriptional control through integrated Ca2+ signal transduction pathways
Key players of the mTOR complex1 cascade in LR asymmetry Cartoon depicting a simplified model of the TORC1‚Äêdependent signalling pathway and its physiological outcome
Stromal signalling pathways affecting epithelial cell stem cell function in the cancer microenvironment
. General mechanisms of action of SDC1 pathway inhibitors are depicted.
Aggressive breast cancer cells secreted IL-1β or other factors that remain to be discovered that activate NF-kB pathway in MSCs
Overcrowding, hypoxia, and nutrient/serum-starved conditions caused the up-regulation of TRIP-Br1 in the cancer cells but not in the normal cells
. Scheme for the proposed mechanisms of deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) promoting cytoskeleton remodeling mediated by the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.
Relevant enzymes and specific inhibitors are shown
During aging or under pathological conditions, α-synuclein A53T can cause mitochondria damage and induce mitophagy
The patient's molecular profiling results were subjected to Ingenuity®Pathway Analysis to identify therapeutic targets
The overall molecular mechanisms of cisplatin cytotoxicity in APL cells involve many steps
AREG induces the activation of NF-κB p65 through EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is restricted to the basal surface of the airway epithelial cells
Hypothesis: central neuroendocrine and peripheral mechanisms in generation of sex bias in PH
Schematic representation of the effects of extracellular CypA and MM284 in experimental BA
A. Shown is a schematic view of the cholesterol synthetic pathway.
Proposed mechanisms underlying nitroglycerin (GTN)-induced endothelial dysfunction
Transcriptional regulation of IL-12p40 (IL12b) in antigen-presenting cells
a, WKM from Tg(β-actin:GFP) donors were dissected, dissociated as single cell suspension, and incubated with chemicals at room temperature for 4 hrs in a round-bottom 96-well plate
Potential pathways and novel targets of TRD
Omega-3 fatty acids enhance BDNF synthesis and signalling in neurons and also influence cannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity
Differential gene expression in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway in AuNR-treated MDA-MB-231 cells
Different gene expressions in regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway in AuNR-treated MDA-MB-231 cells
Man-P-Dol acts as mannosyl donor for the synthesis of M9-DLO, GPI anchors, and C- and O-mannosylated proteins
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and examples of drugs targeting each of its components.Note: RSK, 90 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase
NFE2L2-Regulated Antioxidant Response in Activated Microglia
Schematic pathway of SOCE in neutrophils, leading to activation of the NAPDH oxidase
Cartilage matrix homeostasis is regulated dynamically by the TGF-β signaling pathway
Wnt signaling pathway including microRNA regulation
Schematic representation of main interactions within the regulatory network
IAV infection triggers host cell activation of the NFŒ∫B signaling pathway following endosomal (TLR) and cytosolic (MAVS) IAV sensing
. The process of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and some substrates of CRL4 E3 ligases associated with cancer.
The mTOR pathway scheme was obtained from KEGG_PATHWAY database
A. When Wnt signaling is activated, the Wnt ligand binds to the Frizzled (Fzd) receptor and LRP5/6 (LRP) co-receptor and stimulates LRP5/6 phosphorylation with the help of Dishevelled (DVL).
Proposed mechanisms by which loss of TRAF2 in keratinocytes causes a psoriasis-like skin inflammation
The key components (Table ), such as NF-Œ∫B, MAPK, IRF, and TLR2, were acquired by PANTHER (http://www.pantherdb.org/) and submitted to STRING (http://string.embl.de/) for network construction.
GOS and VPA co-treatment promotes cyclin A2 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading to attenuated Akt signaling
Ellipse, triangle and circle nodes represent genes, miRNAs and metabolites, respectively
Factor(s) secreted by MSCs and CAFs lead to a decline in the IGFBP5 expression
A comprehensive picture showing gene expression changes and crosstalk of pathways associated with Igf1 and Pacap rescue of apoptotic CGNs
Panel A. Along with GenePattern-based identification of candidate markers for stable function (SF) and rejection/injury (AR, CGI, and common AR-CGI), we used IPA for data mining on their interrelations and connections to the kidney-specific functions and the allograft-related signaling.
Major AGTR1 signalling pathways linked to cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis and EMT
Three enriched GeneGo pathways from Figure  were retrieved and reconstructed, and the miRNA-mRNA regulation pairs were also appended
(A) Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes of LNCaP cells treated with 5.0 ŒºM EB for 24 h. (B) Ingenuity pathway analysis of G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation.
Energy balance signaling, leptin and insulin interaction with possible ciliary genes
. Proposed model by which formononetin treatment suppresses tumor angiogenesis and growth via inhibiting FGFR2 signaling pathway.
. Colorectal cancer pathway with interaction between significant up-regulated miRNAs, let-7f-5p, miR-455-3p, miR-98, miR-155-5p, and down-regulated miRNAs, miR-1, miR-127-5p, miR-142-5p, miR-202-5p after radiation and SN38 treatments and their target genes.
Dysregulation of mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR in sleep phenotype of del 2q23.1 and SMS
Schematic depiction on exogenous LIF mediated intra-cellular signaling pathways for robust self-renewal in mESCs
Schematic representation of the biologically relevant candidate genes selected in this pharmacogenomic study
mTOR in sensing autophagy signals : mTOR inhibition integrates amino acid starvation, growth factor deprivation, decreased ATP or oxygen levels, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate autophagy
Mitophagy. Mitophagy can be induced by mtDNA damage, mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial fission or fragmentation, mitochondrial unfolded or damaged proteins.
Glutamate-mediated effects on the cGMP-NO system leading to monoamine release that in turn can be targeted by pharmacological means, eg
Controlling a variety of extracellular and intracellular processes via the phospholipid code
Signaling schematic depicting our hypothesis of how 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) regulates human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) cell-cycle proliferation
Mechanistic scheme outlining how ACBPs induce apoptosis
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanisms of carvacrol cytoprotection against Fe2+-induced apoptosis
(a) The canonical sulfide oxidation pathway found in most tissues reside... (b) Heme-dependent sulfide oxidation pathway. An alternative pathway for...
Pathways involved in the metabolism of DAG and PA described in this review
The various possible mechanisms of Ca2+-ITPR-mediated control of autophagy
Crosstalk between cell cycle regulators and cellular metabolism
Regulation of target genes by the Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry pathway
a) The cell cycle checkpoint machinery. b) T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. The genes with inactivating...
Model of how the source and context of activated GŒ±s and cAMP may determine whether they enhance or inhibit TCR-stimulated IL-2 transcription
GPI-APs in integrin activation and signaling at the uropod
Schematic representation of complementary renoprotective actions of ACEi/ARB and vitamin D in chronic kidney disease
Conceptual schematic of the miRNA signal pathway regulated by TGFB2-OT1 in autophagy and inflammation
Key components of the Rho/ Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) signalling pathway
Key components of the mammalian HH signalling pathway
The signaling pathways of sex-determining region of Y chromosome-related high-mobility-group box 2: WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, Survivin signaling pathway, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway
Orange data points and linear fits result from the overexpression experiment (i.e., NQ1389 grown in glucose minimal medium with different induction levels of LacZ expression), and blue data points and fits are the leaky LacY series (i.e., the WT LacY strain NQ1312 and the Leaky LacY strain NQ1313 grown in glucose minimal medium with 200 μM 3MBA).
Schematic representation of phytic acid biosynthetic pathway (black) and myo-inositol derived pathways for ascorbic acid and raffinose-type oligosaccharides (grey)
The role of ARF1 in mediating gefitinib sensitivity in breast cancer cells
Circulating Dilps, in conjunction with dietary amino acids, promote Dilp6 production by surface glial cells
CAMs can activate neurite outgrowth through different mechanisms
EGFR, HER‚Äê2 and ER with downstream the RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway
Disruption of TGF-β-mediated tumor suppression in SCLC cells
Altered cell surface receptors or members of RAS or PI3K pathways identified in this study are indicated
Model of role of AgNO3 in primary, linear and suggested secondary, lateral ethylene signaling pathway
Red crosses display domains or entire proteins that are present in vertebrates, but have been lost from flatworms, including RIOK-3
A proposed model depicts that canonical Notch signaling augments the expression of Klf4/5, resulting in conjunctival goblet cell differentiation by down-regulating proliferation and up-regulating transcription of Muc 5/ac in conjunctival epithelium
General overview of the class I PI3K signaling pathway
Molecular mechanisms of oncogenic RAS-induced senescence
OGT links cancer cell metabolism and cell survival via regulation of HIF-1Œ±
Mechanism of MAPK inhibitor-induced resistance in melanoma and its reversal with inhibition of mTOR catalytic activity
ER stress induced by oncogenic BRAF and modulation of basal autophagy in melanoma
Targeting the lncRNA-dependent noncanonical Hedgehog pathway by LNA in combination with classical Hedgehog pathway inhibitors
Simplified model for phosphatidylserine receptor-mediated efferocytosis
Arrows indicate activation ‚ä• while indicate inhibition
HGF/c-Met signaling cascades.Notes: Upon binding of HGF to its receptor c-Met, c-Met is dimerized and activated by phosphorylation of Tyr 1234 and Tyr 1235 residues
Schematic view of the TLR4 signaling pathway.Notes: Upon binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the TLR4 complex (TLR4–LBP–CD14–MD2), TLR4 signals through MyD88-dependent and/or MyD88-independent pathways
Hippo pathway signaling in Drosophila and mammals.Note
Schematic representation of HVJ-E-mediated cancer cell death.Notes
Wild-type and mutant VSV induce apoptosis via distinct pathways, but cross-talk does occur.Notes: Wild-type VSV M protein-mediated shutdown of host gene expression induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway involving the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytosol
Integration of RDGN with TGF-β to regulate EMT
A schematic diagram of TRAIL-induced apoptotic signaling cascades
Cellular and molecular targets of MTX, 5FU and irinotecan in the small intestine of the AT
WWOX regulates multiple signaling pathways
Proposed model for the action of KP-A021 on the RANK signaling pathways in osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and cytoskeletal rearrangement
Oncogenic signalling and nutrient availability influence cell metabolism
Complex, compartmentalized pathways of NADPH production
The proposed model of TNF-Œ± induced apoptosis signaling cascades and mitochondrial pathway in hippocampal neurons
Schematic of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)
Model showing the potential role of Lmx1b and miR135a2 in modulating the Wnt pathway and influencing midbrain size, mDA progenitor specification and neurogenesis
Schematic diagram of the main lipid classes and biochemical pathways involved in the production of TAG in developing seeds
Signals from the cell membrane either activate or inhibit the Hippo pathway depending on the cellular of tissue context and upstream regulators
Figure illustrates schematic representation of the intracellular folate biosynthetic pathway and related pathways
Non-canonical TGFβ signaling promotes the phospho-eIF4E dependent translation of EMT/metastasis-promoting transcripts, which are induced transcriptionally by the canonical SMAD pathway
Role of EtOH-mediated cytotoxicity and neuroinflammation in context to HAND via cPLA2signaling in human astrocytes
mTOR-dependent PCK1 expression is associated with cancer cell survival
Proposed model for the synergistic effect of docetaxel and resveratrol
Simvastatin and dLGG mediate formation of oxylipin mediators by regulation of MAPK-induced cPLA2 activation and downstream signaling cascades
Schematic representation of Glut1, Runx2 and osteocalcin pathway by which bone formation, osteoblast differentiation and glucose metabolism are coordinated
Schematic representation of CD4+ T cell activation by antigen presenting cells and the IL-12/STAT4 pathway
High‚Äêrisk human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection disrupts the molecular pathways that regulate epithelial differentiation and cell proliferation
Amino acids, preferred nitrogen sources, carbon sources and phosphate are sensed by yeast cells through various signaling pathways
NAD+ metabolism produces Nam, which is inhibitory to the activity of Sir2 family proteins as NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases
The putative effects of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzyme inhibitors (PHI) in innate immune response.Notes: Hypoxia, inflammation, and innate immunity have intertwined relationships
Modification of the HIF-mediated switch to anaerobic respiration in osteoclasts.Notes: Osteoclasts specifically increase flux through both the glycolytic pathway and mitochondrial ETC to provide ATP and ROS necessary for bone resorption
UPRmt signal transduction pathway in mammals and worms
Mechanisms of miRNA function in the immune system
Cell signalling during Dictyostelium development
Schematic representation of the degranulatory signaling cascade of RBL‚Äê2H3 (adapted from refs
Potential pathways involved in the rapid antidepressant effects of nitrous oxide
Molecular mechanism for neurogenesis activated by 5-HT4 receptors by MOS
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showing the top molecular Network in HSPC-derived myeloid cells collected at 1 week after exposure of mice to 0.1 Gy of 48Ti ions
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showing the top molecular network in HSPC-derived myeloid cells collected at 6 months after exposure of mice to 0.25 Gy of 48Ti ions
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showing the top molecular network in HSPC-derived myeloid cells collected at 6 months after exposure of mice to 0.5 Gy of 48Ti ions
AXL structure and effector pathways.Notes: Shown are the primary structural determinants impacting AXL activation and signaling
Inappropriate activation of the ALK pathway results in uncontrolled tumor growth and proliferation.Note: Ceritinib acts to inhibit phosphorylation of the EML4–ALK kinase domain, deactivating downstream growth pathways and inhibiting tumor proliferation.Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; EML4, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4
Oncogenic mutations for the upregulation of EREG expression.Notes: Oncogenic mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, or BRAF genes result in activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which in turn upregulates EREG expression
Simplified schematic of Notch signaling.Notes: In mammalian cells, Notch receptors are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The diagram reports the KEGG cell cycle pathway (yellow background) annotated with the proteins and interactions from loops of length 3 that have a “cell cycle” GO term
This schematic illustrates key features of the canonical CDK/RB/E2F pathway
Protein interactome involved in neuroendocrine neoplasm proliferation.Proliferative signaling includes a tightly regulated signaling interactome (including RAS/RAF, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt)
The MAP kinase cascade promotes proliferation within melanoma cells
Canonical signalling pathways activated by the EP receptors
Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the self-renewal and migration of CSCs, thereby promoting tumor growth and metastasis/systemic dissemination in breast cancer
Three human signaling pathways predicted to be targeted by HTLV proteins are illustrated as examples:  GO:0007219 - Notch signaling pathway
(A) Regulatory network of tumor cytotoxic genes and shared differentially expressed miRNAs; (B) Interaction network between tumor cytotoxicity promoting miRNAs and components of natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity pathway; (C) Potential impact of tumor cytotoxicity promoting miRNAs in natural killer cells mediated cytotoxicity pathway
Target genes of Tongcheng/Landrace specific DEmiRNAs' KEGG pathways enrichment analysis (a) Landrace specific DEmiRN... (b) Tongcheng specific DEmiR...
Modulation of proliferation and apoptosis by miR-378 in cardiomyocytes
Modulation of proliferation by crosstalk of miR-204 and miR-17/92 in smooth muscle cells
Depiction of senescence-associated alterations reported within A) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in bone marrow and peripheral blood, B) naive CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood, C) senescent (CD28-) CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood and D) senescent (CD28-) CD4+ T-cells in the inflamed joint of RA patients
Throughout the AP axis, epithelial Shh induces Bmp4 expression in the adjacent mesenchyme, with the exception of the distal stomach where Bapx1 represses Bmp4 and Wnt5a expression
The presence of high levels of ROS/NS can lead to downstream activation of cell death pathways
A cellular model for spatial control of GPCR signaling across the plasma membrane and endomembrane system
Schematic of GPCR/scaffolding protein interactions involved in GPCR signaling pathways (individual examples are discussed in the text)
Signaling pathway regulating the initiation of autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes
Potential role of CBX2 in the regulation of sex development
Illustration of the multiple signalling pathways for TGF-β in the VSMC In the normal state, TGF-β is sequestered by microfibrils, bound to fibrillin-1 through LTBP-1 and fibulin-4 interactions, until its required release
Caloric restriction, exercise and AdipoR pathway activate AMPK–SIRT1 and PPAR pathways, which may increase longevity in humans
The regulatory structure of the Snf1 pathway
Working model of pyrithione zinc in oral cancer
In ER-positive breast tumors, genomic ER activity meditated by nuclear-initiated steroid signaling always predominates (see ), although some nongenomic signaling on acting ER that resides at the membrane and/or cytoplasm also occurs
BER is responsible for the repair of cellular oxidative DNA damage
Schematic outline of the experimental approach used in this study (A)
(A) In darkness, photoreceptor metabolism is similar to adult neurons. G... (B) In light, photoreceptor metabolism is similar to that of stem cells....
Possible Nucleic acid sensors participation in HBV pattern sensing in the life cycle of HBV
Summary of potential beta adrenergic signaling pathways in canine hemangiosarcoma and human angiosarcoma
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway
Signaling model of Nef-mediated (A) apoptosis/anti-apoptosis, (B) down-regulation of expression of MHC class I molecules, and (C) down-regulation of the expression of CD4 molecules
TGF-β signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells
. Biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed biosynthetic pathway of TXN-A and relative metabolites.
Schematic signaling pathway involved in fertilization‚Äêinduced autophagy
Proposed effect of polyP and retinol on the expression of the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and leptin/leptin receptor
Molecular interactions and outside versus inside cell identity
Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by viruses and the biogenesis, fission and fusion life cycle of mitochondria
 . Diagram of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Signalling pathways initiated by miRNAs and TGF-β in diabetic nephropathy
Overview of the mechanism of action of statins
Early neurogenesis in cnidarians and basal bilaterians
Summary schematic of eye morphogenesis pathways
雌激素介导的信号通路。注：本图已获得版权所有者John Wiley and Sons使用许可[Chen GG, Zeng Q, Tse GM
Activation of KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase, leads to dual activation of the MAPK (NRAS, BRAF, MEK, ERK) and PI3K signaling pathways
In innate immune cells, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network can be activated via multiple signals
A diagram of gemcitabine metabolism and proposed mechanisms of gemcitabine resistance
Diagrams of the Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch pathways and their roles for gemcitabine resistance
Apoptotic membrane blebbing through DR5/Casp-3/ROCK1 signaling pathway
Glycan processing in the secretory pathway
Analysis of pathways responsible for the expression of TGF-β target genes
Putative biosynthetic pathways of the major secondary metabolites in FF
Illustration of the working mechanisms for FGF21 prevention of spontaneous and diabetes-induced germ cell apoptosis
a | In immature dendritic cells (DCs), up to 75pct of all MHC class II molecules reside in lysosome-like antigen-processing compartments
Nutrient Competition between Tumor Cells and T Cells Controls Immune Function within Tumors
GPI anchor pathway and phenotypic findings of GPI anchor disorders
Hematopoietic deletion of COX-2 increases adiposity and AT inflammation in obesity
T. suis SPs suppress the TLR4 signalling pathways.
Schematic depicting mTOR pathway components
The interaction of the EG F and TGF-β pathways in the control of proliferation in breast cancer
Phosphosites identified in proteins of the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in H3255 (left panel) and H1975 (right panel)
A schematic model of GPCR-mediated gene expression in neurons
Schematic model of morphogenic gradients controlling striatal development and involved in abnormal neurogenesis in Rarb−/− mice
EtOH metabolism pathway regulates KLF4 expression and function
The proposed role of NEDD4 in IGF-1R signaling
The interaction between ER and NFŒ∫B in breast cancer
Hyperglycemic environment activates a number of metabolic pathways in the retina, including PKC, AGEs, hexosamine pathway (Hexosam), polyol pathway (POP), oxidative stress (Oxid stress) and increases inflammatory mediators (inflam)
The modulation of IGF-1R expression levels is sufficient to restore the AKT/CREB and ERK/Elk-1 intracellular signaling pathway activation profile, resulting in SMN expression increase in SMA mice
Extrinsic and intrinsic cues regulate the oligodendrocyte program
Sketch map of the Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling pathway in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) that derives osteoclast precursor migration and differentiation
Cdc37 controls a network of intracellular protein kinases
Proposed signaling pathway modulation in lymphomas by HCS
Phosphoproteins down-regulated in PCP and PCPPPI compared to Sal and SalPPI, respectively, which were significantly enriched in LTP signaling pathway
Simplified pathways of synaptic transmission and effects of nitrergic posttranslational modifications
Effects of NO, H2S, and HNO on heart contractile function
Cardioprotective effects of NO, H2S, and HNO
Involvement of ROS in normal stem cell quiescence and self-renewal
The canonical Wnt signalling pathway implicated in diabetic nephropathy
Detected regulatory influences on the canonical Wnt pathway
Biological interaction network revealed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Detailed metabolic reconstruction of Calditenuis aerorheumensis from OS based on environmental genome sequence and standardized mRNA reads (reported as RPKM; )
Aspirin blocks signaling pathway involved in platelet activation as laid out by our algorithm
Interactions of oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia are described briefly in the figure, which are all involved in polycystic ovary syndrome physiopathology
Tissue‐specific function of Blimp‐1 expression in dendritic cells
Axon guidance pathway involving neuropilin 1
Schematic depiction of the chemo-mechanical coupling and stress-dependent feedback mechanisms in our model
Beclin-1 interaction complexes‚ÄÉAtg14L and UVRAG/Bif-1 activate the Beclin-1 complexes and induce the formation of autophagosomes in a mutually exclusive manner
Autophagy and some of its regulatory pathways‚ÄÉBinding of insulin or growth factors to the insulin receptor triggers the PI3K pathway, converting PIP2 into PIP3 that recruits PDK1 and Akt to the plasma membrane
Effects of ARID1A mutation and anticancer agents on the PI3K/AKT pathway
Anticancer effect of xanthohumol induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of human liver cancer through NF-Œ∫B/p53-apoptosis signaling pathway
Cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is altered in CEM/R2 cells
TGFβ1 inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway necessary for the photoreceptor differentiation of hMSC in vitro
GLP‐1 and Wnt signalling in the regulation of bone formation (A) In the inactive state of the Wnt/β‐cat... (B) The Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is activated...
Bacterial components that affect innate and adaptive immunity in the intestine
Schematic diagram representing MEK inhibitor-sensitive reactivation of MAPK signaling following BRAF inhibitor resistance.Notes: Mutations and dysregulation of factors within the MAPK pathway that contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance include: increased activity of RTKs either through higher levels of ligand stimulation or an RTK mutation providing constitutive activity; loss of NF1 inhibitory function; single point-mutations or increased levels of RAS; copy-number gain, or alternative splicing of BRAF, or increased CRAF; activation of MEK kinase independent of RAF by MLKs; and loss of ERK-dependent negative feedback
Polyphenols activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and increase the expression of detoxification/antioxidant enzymes.Notes: In the cytoplasm, Keap1 protein is always bound to Nrf2 transcription regulator and prevents its signaling
Schematic of the proposed signaling pathway
Enhanced inflammatory gene expression by IL1B; feedback control by DUSP1 and feed-forward control by ZFP36
Proposed cytotoxic mechanisms of NEDDylaton inhibition in human malignancies
Schematic representation of proteins highlighted for their contributions to molecular regulation in diabetes and heart failure
Processes responsible for the synthesis, trafficking, and degradation of membrane proteins
The molecular mechanisms of alcohol-related liver pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
On one hand, Up-regulation of TERT upon the EtOH treatment can induce the expression of M1 macrophage markers including TNF-Œ±, IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2, and CCL2 by interacting with p65, which suggests TERT promotes macrophage polarize towards M1 phenotype via NF-Œ∫B signaling
(A) Schematic showing the approach and datasets used in the study to ide... (B) Literature-derived metabolic pathway model showing the genetic alter...
Signaling affecting stem cells identity and their interplay with chromatin
Gliadin peptides pass through the epithelial barrier paracellularly or transcellularly
Selected potential Rho GTPase functional networks identified in the RNAi screen
Changes in the representation of IGF-Akt pathway
Overview of the signal transduction pathway like mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases signaling pathway
A proposed pathway model of Phd2 regulation on chondrocyte survival and differentiation
Regulation of the Hippo pathway by upstream signals
Cartoon illustration of the role of FZHY during hepatocyte differentiation: After the induction of definitive endoderm (DE) from hESC, DE cells were used to differentiate towards hepatocytes (hEH) in conjunction with treatment with FZHY
(a) Acid-base regulatory strategy in P. fucata is involved in the respon... (b) Anti-oxidative and lysosome pathways in P. fucata are involved in th...
Effects of deletion of the RIM15 gene on the metabolic profile of a laboratory strain during alcoholic fermentation
Gene–gene network category and pharmacological category
Omics datasets containing multiple time points can be presented in the form of omics popups on individual full-detail pathway diagrams
The new pathway collage diagram combines multiple pathway diagrams for a selected set of pathways
‘Wnt Signaling pathway’ from KEGG () (ID hsa04310)
Example of the allosteric network ‘Calcium signaling pathway’
The major signaling pathway sought in the present work is IRE1Œ± signaling cascade, which is responsible for HIV-1 gp120-mediated ER stress
Cellular and molecular interactions between CLL cells and the tissue microenvironment
Low-density LRP1-mediated cell signaling pathways
Proposed mechanism of action of Rasd1 in cAMP-dependent gene regulation
Major hub gene BrPLA2-ALPHA-centered gene coexpression network using probes with at least one  (after correction)
A biological network was created using the Pathway Studio 9.0 program to identify biological functions and disorders associated with potential candidate genes selected from pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs, and from CNVs of unknown significance.
Four steps are involved in the biosynthesis of xiamenmycin (bottom of the panel), and the direct precursors, which are biosynthesized from shikimate biosynthesis (orange box), the non-mevalonate pathway (red box) and threonine biosynthesis (blue box), are mapped
The IL-23/T17 pathogenic axis is an important therapeutic target in psoriasis
Different apoptotic pathways are modulated by PEDF
Examination of Differentially expressed (Progressors vs NonProgressors) and mutated genes in TCGA HNSCC subjects in the context of a stylized pathway representation of the Reactome Integrin Cell Surface Interactions Pathway, which was significantly enriched for the putative DE candidate genes (False Discovery Rate Adjusted P-value = 0.00424)
The IL-10 Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathway is enriched for putative differentially expressed genes (Progressors vs NonProgressors Enrichment False Discovery Rate adjusted P-value = 0.0287) Figure is a stylized representation of the Biocarta pathway
Mechanisms by which mitochondrial DNA activates innate immunity
On the one hand, after binding to GR, ASI inhibited activation of PI3K and Akt, which reduced downstream phosphorylated I Œ∫B and led to the deactivation of NF Œ∫B
In fed conditions, SF-1 sumoylation is increased by activation of the insulin-PI3K signaling pathway and promotes SF-1-mediated transcriptional regulation
The PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway and drug targets
Toll-like receptors, adapter proteins, and signaling molecules
Metabolic regulation of the pluripotent epigenetic landscape
Succinate causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via GPR91 activation
Saturated fats are internalized by cardiomyocytes and transported to the mitochondria to be used as a fuel source for beta-oxidation, causing a low level of mitochondrial ROS
Differences in the cell cycle machinery of β cells (a) and undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells (b)
Altered gene expression in the JNK signaling pathway during diapause
Mechanisms regulating CD4+ and CD4+CD25+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) balance
The results were generated by BLASTing the unigenes of T. tridentatus to known homologues with the e-value cutoff at 1e-10.
A theoretical model of how PRDX floodgate signalling may transduce exercise-induced H2O2 signals in skeletal muscle
Evasion of innate immunity by HCV viral proteins
Scheme showing role of pro and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids in IBD
Activation of autophagy and caspase-independent apoptosis pathway and proposed mechanism of action of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with LL-37 on colon cancer cells
Mechanisms involved in Escherichia coli K1 manipulation of macrophages
Immune evasion mechanisms seen in acute leukemia.Multiple immune pathways and functions are targeted by acute leukemia
Pathway of microRNA-7 in pancreatic cancer
Pathway of microRNA-7 in colorectal cancer
Pathway of miR-7 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Schematic representation of Fas apoptotic signaling pathway and the hypothetic steps inhibited by LFG
Transcriptome array and Real Time-PCR genes mapping to significantly enriched pathways and interactions groups show a highly connected and overlapping structure
p21-activated kinase 4 signaling pathways in gastric cancer
Deregulation of Hippo pathway in gastric cancer
TrkB-mediated signaling pathways and possible therapeutic targets in cancer
Homeostasis and epidermal growth factor receptor downstream signaling pathway in keratinocyte
Schematic of tumor cell interactions in the brain
TLRs play critical roles in gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders at the mucosa
Working model of activation of EGC and induction of a “reactive EGC phenotype,” in ENS: a variety of neurotransmitters and potential gliotransmitters can activate EGC including 5-HT, ACh, GABA, glutamate, lipids, ATP, uridine triphosphate, ADP, and adenosine
(i) Integrin activation eli... (ii) Abl-induced phosphoryl... (iii) Binding of CypA to Pr... (iv) GEFs (for example, DOC... (v) CrkI is a short alterna...
Pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in P enicillium spp
Reprogramming of the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells
Signaling pathways related to the activity of oxaliplatin and 5-FU for colon cancer cell lines
Schematic model of downstream signaling after GPCR activation
Schematic representation of the metabolic pathway in C
Schematic representation of the metabolic pathway in E
Importance of the type I IGF receptor and PI3-kinase\Akt pathway in the IGF-protection from anoikis
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) binding to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) and co-receptor (IL-1RAc) and formation of the signaling module containing MyD88, IRAK (IL-1 receptor associated kinase) and TRAF6 (TNF receptor associated factor)
(A) Local PPIs network between M. tuberculosis proteins (red nodes) and... (B) Schematic of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway. Proteins found to be targ...
Enzymatic reactions are marked by arrows
Molecular signaling and the advantages of Warburg
Toll-like receptor 2’s signalling pathways contributing to hepatocarcinoma
Toll-like receptor 4’s signalling pathways influencing hepatocarcinogenesis
Toll-like receptor 9’s signalling pathways influencing hepatocarcinoma
Metabolic pathway map of Parachlorella kessleri
Length of interaction alters the activation of specific transcription factors
The molecular effects of caloric restriction
Diagram of signaling pathway indicating the possible mechanism by which GEBR-7b reversed CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in rats.Notes: GEBR-7b inhibited the PDE4D activity, and further increased the levels cAMP, PKA, and pCREB, resulting in the upregulation of GLT1 in hippocampus of rats
FMDV entered host cells by macropinocytosis and CME
At the presence of PCP, NMDAR is blocked, which leads to an observed reduction of NRG1 expression
The model illustrates that the fate of Leishmania parasites depend on the availability of extracellular L-arginine
This schematic diagram shows potential mechanisms of calcium role through CaMKK stimulation in chicken sperm
. Schematic diagram showing the proposed autophagic signaling pathways triggered by PP7 in HepG2 cells.
A complex signaling pathway governs self-renewal, stemness, and maintenance of CSGs
Regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway
Interaction between neurotrophins and VEGF
Global view of biological processes and molecular functions of HDL proteins
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism of action for CB1-mTORC1 interaction in islets and its physiological relevance in vivo
Scheme illustrating the proposed HNO‐TRPA1‐CGRP signalling pathway at meningeal arteries innervated by trigeminal afferent nerve fibres (Aδ/C)
. A proposed framework for the neuroprotection of neuron-derived FGF10 against cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting NF-Œ∫B-dependent neuroinflammation and activating PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathway.
Molecular and cellular mode of action of energy disruptors
Lipid rafts as platforms for cell signaling
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) illustration showing upstream regulation of the pathway for NF-Œ∫B
Schematic Diagram Depicting the Proposed Role of P-gp in the Formation of Peritoneal Adhesions following an Abdominal Operation
Targeting of the genes and pathways for stem cell maintenance by miR-200 family miRNAs
Activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by the breast CSC-specific miRNAs
Liver fibro-carcinogenesis-related EMT and phospho-Smad signaling during chronic liver disease
Following TBI, the mechanical injury-stimulated cell membrane releases arachidonic acid (AA), which is metabolized into prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and into leukotrienes (LTB4) by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)
Gene members (green rectangle) in the PPAR signaling pathway that are regulated by maternal high fructose in the male offspring kidney at one day of age (red stars)
Schematic representation of the tryptophan (TRP) metabolic pathway
EGFR function in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation
Outline of melatonin biosynthesis and function
Schematic illustration of EGFR transactivation by GPCR
Induction of DNA repair by EGFR signaling
A schematic representation of the role of HSP27 in the sensitivity to gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer
Generalized model of reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway in bamboo
Wnt expression, modification and secretion
WNT ligands are post-translationally modified in ER with the participation of porcupine (PORC) and secreted into the extraexcellular space, where WNTs interact with receptors FZDs and co-receptors LRP5/6
TNFŒ±-related signal transduction pathway participating in the differentiation of skin appendages
Interaction of proteins involved in signal transduction via the TNFŒ±-related signal transduction pathway (based on http://string-db.org, simplified)
Placental mTOR as a nutrient sensing signaling pathway
NF-Œ∫B is liberated and enters the nucleus of RA FLSs when stimulated with TNF-Œ± or IL-1β
Alterations in the levels of metabolites and mRNA transcripts that are crucial to energy metabolism in NAF-1(‚àí) MCF-7 cells
Graphic representation of relative gene expression between skin CD4+ T cells and skin-tropic T cells derived from blood
Graphic representation of relative gene expression between skin and blood CLA+ CD8+ T cells in the Oxidative Stress pathway (WP408) using PathVisio 3.2.1 and WikiPathways.
BMP/Smad signaling pathway can upregulate FoxC2 expression in the NP cells
A: Blockade of KCNN4 by Clt (red B: IFN-γ preincubation uncouples the postulated transactivation of PI3K...
(A) MAPK signaling pathway, determined using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of G... (B) Sub-network to illustrate the potential lncRNA-mRNA co-expression as...
In HUVECs, 5-HT activates Src, PI3K, NOX, AKT, mTOR, ERK and p38
Strategies evolved by Staphylococcus aureus to counteract innate immune response
Wnt signaling interacts with intercellular junction components
Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (Pim-1) is regulated through the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway and regulates multiple signaling pathways, such as cell survival, cell cycle and cell growth
Ionizing radiation promotes the neuronal differentiation of C17.2 cells via two independent signaling pathways, PI3K-p53 and PI3K-STAT3-mGluR1.
The analysis of metabolic pathways among the microbial community
A schematic working model for presumed mechanisms underlying the effects of Mus81 knockdown on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in response to chemotherapeutic drugs
The first proposed mechanism involves the NO/cGMP pathway: Activation of the endothelial M3 receptor by ACh induces an influx of [Ca2+]i
Overview of the approaches for xylose-based fatty alcohol production and improvement
Schema of signaling pathway involved in IL-1β-induced inflammation in microglia
Synaptic binding partners and signaling pathways of BAI adhesion-GPCRs
Diagram illustrating the hypothetical signaling pathway and interactions in inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis-regulated VEGF expression and CNV formation via activation of β-catenin (TNFR – TNFα receptor)
Changes in genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition after radiation
Regulation of interconnected stem cell signaling nodes by the AR
Model of RNA selectivity and RIG-I activation
The canonical JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Crosstalk between Wnt, Notch, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways
Possible cell death mechanism pathway of antcin K in human liver cancer Hep 3B cells
The network of TREM1 and PTGS2 (COX-2) upstream regulators and their target molecules, evaluated in the peripheral blood cells of breast cancer patients compared with healthy donors (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis)
The mitochondria-synapse signaling loop is modulated by glucocorticoids
Signaling pathways demonstrating the link between Gq-coupled receptors and induction of autoimmunity
Model predicting the possible mode of action of L-menthol
JAK-STAT signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of MPNs
One route (green arrows) for the initial catabolism of choline is mediated by intestinal microbes and leads to the formation of trimethylamine (TMA)
Sirolimus and CNI impact on insulin signaling pathway
ERŒ±-ŒîNp63-integrinβ4 axis promotes cell viability and motility through the activation of phosphorylated AKT (S473) and crosstalk with several documented stemness-related signaling pathways (gray)
Model of cortical microtubule organization regulated by membrane-associated proteins and lipids in response to plant hormones and stress
The mechanism mediating ceramide inhibitory action on insulin signaling in myotubes
A model of G1 or G2 APOL1-induced cytotoxicity mediated by K+ efflux and activation of SAPK signaling
Diagrams are simplified based on known mechanisms
Potential mechanisms of continued AR signalling in CRPC , , ,
Schematic diagram of potential mild freezing shock signaling pathways in barley
. TGF-beta signaling pathway: the display of nine genes on the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
Functional interpretation of the IL-6 gene signature and its relationship to the three main downstream pathways of IL-6.Notes: The 17 genes are part of the Jak-STAT IL-6 downstream pathway
The IDO pathway effects to slow the immune response, anti-CTLA-4 blocks CTLA-4 from binding CD80
Generic signaling pathway involved in plant abiotic stress responses
Expression of genes involved in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway during goat pre-implantation development
The cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6/retinoblastoma (Rb) Pathway and the cell cycle
Step 1: Activation of the PKC-θ pathway by inflammatory signals leads to DUSP4 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation
Two microRNAs miR-125p and miR-501-3p are down-regulated in IR injury when compared to the sham control
Model for BRAF(V600E)-directed recruitment of MAFG and its corepressors to CIMP and HIM gene promoters
Proteomics analysis of exosomes from EBV-driven LCLs compared with exosomes from CD40L-stimulated B cells shows “immune system process” as the most represented pathway, and an enrichment in “integrin-mediated signaling” and “cell adhesion” terms
Molecular mechanisms of survivin in tumorigenesis
The highest confidence network constructed with differentially methylated genes by proton beam treatment on the MCF-7 cell
Shigella exploits Ca2+signaling to delay cell death and to dampen inflammation
. Diagrammatic view of apoptosis pathway.
OSAS is characterized by an irreversible tonsil hyperplasia
Differentially expressed genes (P < 0.005 and fold change >1.5) are grouped with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify affected pathways and key central regulatory genes.
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways mediate responses to a variety of stimuli, including ROS
HIV infection of brain capillary pericytes triggers a biphasic metabolic response
Schematic representation of the Akt pathway and downstream effectors
The EIF2 signaling pathway was identified as one of the top canonical pathways affected by CELF1 knockdown using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
Phospholipid scrambling is a ubiquitous cell signaling process
Ingenuity pathway analysis of GH signaling after hepatectomy
PI3K signaling and common mutations related with ASD and schizophrenia
Phosphoglycerolipid structure and biosynthetic pathway
Scheme of molecular mechanisms that obesity can influence during carcinogenesis of the mammary gland
Scheme of the molecular mechanisms that ethanol consumption can influence during carcinogenesis of the mammary gland
The epithelial/mesenchymal status of MCs is due to the balance of signals delivered by multiple receptors
. Synthesis of 4-Substituted Pyridine Indole Amides 9, 10, and 11.
Pathways for molecular targeting in prostate cancer radiotherapy
Actin associated proteins regulate YAP activity
Abbreviated pathway for the biosynthesis and metabolism of Orn in plants in connection to polyamines, amino acids, TCA cycle metabolites, and alkaloids
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING)‚Äêmediated cytosolic DNA sensing pathway
Metabolic regulation of mitochondrial transport and mitophagy
Diagram summarizing the reviewed mechanisms by which CCR9 induces different aspects of tumor chemoresistance
Diagram summarizing the reviewed mechanisms by which CCR9 induces different aspects of tumor metastasis
KEGG pathway map (cin04310) of the WNT Signaling Pathway with DE genes indicated
Each box represents the substance involved in each section of the pathway
(a) The main signal pathway... (b) Six representative gene... (c) The diagram showed the... (d) Electrophoretic mobilit... (e) The cellular sialic aci...
GAME9 activates the synthesis of sterols precursors and SGAs in potato and tomato
Schematic representation of blood vessel structure and main endothelial functions
Mechanism of fucoidan action.Notes: Fucoidan inhibited HSCs activation that could secrete TGF-β1, thus inhibiting the downstream TGF-β1/Smads pathway
A schematic representation of platycodin D‚Äêinduced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in cancer cells
(A) Gene regulation by peroxisome proliferators (PPARs): the most signif... (B) Biological network obtained from Pathway Miner at fold change =1.5 (...
AAV backbone alone has no effect on interferon activation
Sinergistic effects of PARP inhibitors and mAbs targeting EGF, HER2 and VEGF pathways
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway affecting rRNA synthesis following resistance exercise and where CWI might interfere with this pathway
Proposed model for Usp12 function in the pathway of TCR signaling
Agrin and LRP4 are central to a chondrogenic signalling network
Putative scheme on bisphenol A (BPA) action in adipocyte
Scheme of the role of (+)‐naltrexone and (+)‐naloxone in TLR4 signalling
The pathway network of the 22 TSGs based on GeneMANIA
The RhoGTPase switch at the cell–cell contact
Effect of irradiation (IR) on infected versus uninfected cells
Schematic representation of glucose and glutamine metabolism in cancer cells
General metabolic pathways for Thermococcus paralvinellae
(A) L. lactis biofilm expressing the III7–10 fr... (B) Recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) was added... (C) L. lactis biofilm is able to support hMSCs...
Antagonistic signaling by PI3K and Itpkb controls the kinetics and Notch-dependence of β-selection
Comparison of gene expression data from the FFPE and from the RNAlater® dataset with published results [] and between themselves
Potential signaling pathways involved in diabetic nephropathy (DN) pathogenesis
Metabolic pathway for n-butanol production via reverse β-oxidation in yeast
Nicotine may interact with Œ±5-nAChR on the surface of gastric cancer cells, then activate AKT signaling pathway and up-regulate Survivin and Bcl-2 expressions to prevent cisplatin-induced apoptosis
Schematic representation of lysine degradation pathways in mammals
A proposed model of signaling mechanisms underlying recruitment and activation of bone marrow-derived fibroblasts in renal fibrosis
In epithelial cells, IL-4 activated STAT6 signaling and then PRMT1 expression was up-regulated, while IL-1β increased RKIP and IŒ∫B expression and restrained the NF-Œ∫B signaling (A)
In both the mouse and human activation of the CaSR via the calcimimetic NPS R-568 leads to an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ through activation of the PI-PLC pathway and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores
Green indicates that the transcription of the gene encoding the enzyme related to this reaction was downregulated under anaerobic conditions
Both in vitro and in vivo, CEACAM1 induces mitochondrial translocation of Bax and mitochondria dysfunction with consequent activation of the cytochrome C-caspase-3 apoptotic signaling pathway, which promotes hypoxia-induced apoptosis and of post-infarction cardiac remodeling
Proposed model for B cell responses in secondary lymphoid organs during DENV infection
BDS inhalation/exposure (for 3 weeks, with or without 10 days of recovery) predominantly activates/up-regulates genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress responses and IL-17A signaling in airway cells, according to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Modulation of NF-Œ∫B signaling by oncogenic pathways in GBM
Proposed model of the involvement of Spry2 and Spry2 siRNA in TLR, IFNγ receptor, and growth factor signaling pathways for suppression of M1 polarization and enhancement of M2 polarization in macrophages
Bioinformatics analyses reveal changes in expression of genes associated with the Death Receptor Pathway
BST‐2 in viral infection: BST‐2 tethers viruses to the cell membrane and to each other (1) and (2)
Activation of nuclear factor-Œ∫B: Canonical and non-canonical pathways
(a) Genetic organization of the haliangicin biosynthetic gene cluster (h... (b) A proposed biosynthetic pathway for haliangicin
The fiblobrast growth factor structure and signaling network
Molecular mechanisms for the functions of estrogen receptors
Eosinophils contain and/or release a wide array of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators important for their effector functions
Eosinophils modulate the functions of a multitude of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system
Interleukin-5 plays a fundamental role in the proliferation, maturation in the bone marrow, recruitment and activation at sites of allergic inflammation of eosinophils
Delta-like ligand (DLL), protein jagged (JAG), disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADA), O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (FNG), neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein (NOTC), numb-like protein (NMBL), segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog (DVL), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX1 (DTX), presenilin enhancer protein 2 (PEN), nicastrin (NICA), presenilin-1 (PSN), anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH), E1A/CREB-binding protein (EP300), recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless (RBPJL), SNW domain-containing protein 1 (SNW), C-terminal binding protein (CTBP), hairless (HAIRLESS), nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (NCOR), histone deacetylase 1 or 2 (HDAC), CBF1 interacting corepressor (CIR), groucho (GROUCHO), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES), pre T-cell antigen receptor alpha (PTCRA)
NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC), NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 (SUGT1), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (TAK), TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 or 3 (ERK), p38 MAP kinase (p38), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma (IKKγ), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha (IKKŒ±), nuclear factor kappa beta (NfŒ∫β), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF), Caspase (CASP), baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein (BIRC), tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (A20)
Ubiquitin thioesterase CYLD (CYLD), ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 (RIG-I), interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (MDA5), dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK), ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 (DHX58), autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related protein (ATG12), Nod-like receptor (NLR), mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), transmembrane protein 173 (STING), TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (TAK), TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 or 3 (ERK), p38 MAP kinase (p38), nuclear factor kappa beta (NFKB), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAPK)
Akt-mTORC1 signaling and the activation of M2 macrophages
Summary: Mcl-1 confers protection of Her2-positive BC cells to hypoxia—therapeutic implications
ITK acts as a rheostat for the TCR signaling pathway
Developmental pathways are frequently activated in cancer
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway is depicted with 3,3‚Ä≤-diindolylmethane as a model agonist
Signaling pathway of SFN in U251MG cells
Example pathway (Alzheimer's disease) overlaid with gene expression data from BBB cell line
Wnt. WNT7A promotes proliferation of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) via the canonical β catenin-dependent pathway.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) genes include Col27a1, Lama1, Thbs3 and Spp1
Ingenuity pathway analysis of miR-221 and miR-483 target genes
Signaling pathways involved in cellular response to implant materials
Candidate driving genetic alterations and their druggability in AYA cancers
HCV induces ROS induction, which in turn activates the phosphorylation of JNK
Molecular signaling pathway involved in autophagy.Notes: Autophagy responses are sensed by AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and mTOR1
. Pathway Structure of Insulin-MAPK/ERK Interactions.
Network was generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis by merging up the top canonical pathways with default settings
Metabolic intermediates regulate Yersinia virulence
Schematic diagram of the mathematical model of adrenal steroidogenesis in NCI-H295R cells
Signaling mechanisms through the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway and action point of a JAK inhibitor tofacitinib
Metapristone inhibits EMT by regulating TGF-β or Wnt signaling pathways
Main parts of the biochemical regulation of the G1/S restriction point in normal (non-leukemic) cell cycle
G1/S restriction point alterations and deregulations in BCP-ALL
Schematic representation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in the pathogenesis of SCI.The RhoA/Rho kinase pathway is activated by multiple signals and triggers a series of downstream events including inflammation, neuropathic pain, demyelination, cell death, and axon degeneration, all of which contribute to functional deficits
The apoptosis signaling pathway mediated by chaetominine
Red indicates the genes upregulated in WT compared with WS plants, and green indicates the downregulated genes
(A) Main canonical pathways induced by cigarette smoke extract at 1, 3 a... (B) Deregulated genes (red) in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway (upper panel...
Scheme and coexpression network for a putative flavonol synthesis pathway in tobacco flowers
Hypothetical model for p38 MAPK regulation of the hypoxia response pathway
Downstream network diagrams generated by pairing ligands from light damaged NSR and RPE to PPC cell surface receptors listed in
(a) Using the NSR/rod PPC network pathway to highlight target interactio... (b) With downstream signaling following CXCR4 up-regulation (red) via li...
Modes of action of lipids in enterovirus replication
The shared pathways and processes from enrichment analysis of AD and aging related genes
Genes and miRNAs involved in the regulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathway
Networks for CPS1 and Glycine (77 and 383 nodes, respectively) were built from publicly available databases and subsequently merged
The proposed model of XAV939 in WNT signaling pathway
A schematic diagram of LRP1/Wnt5a-dependent inhibition of intracellular cholesterol accumulation
Following binding with the MR, aldosterone recruits the β-arrestin/c-Src complex thus inducing the endocytosis of the AT1R and then leading to the activation of ‘genomic' and ‘non-genomic' pathways
Pathway map for paramylon and wax ester metabolism in E.gracilis
Changes in the expression levels of genes associated with cell cycle pathway in PC3 cell line after treatment with G
Schematic of ozone-induced lung inflammation and role of IL-6 signaling pathway: ozone-associated lung inflammation is primarily driven by lipid ozonation products (LOP) and generation of free radicals primarily in lung epithelial cells
Cross talk between ROS and MAPKs signaling pathway
Cross talk between ROS and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR or PAM) pathway promotes cell growth/proliferation and cell survival, and sustained metabolic activity
Apoptosis through death receptors: a signaling pathway in TLE(HS)
Model depicting how AMPK regulates cell fate decisions through lysosome-dependent control of Wnt signaling
miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p mechanism of action under normal conditions and early stages of inflammation (, , )
Pathway analysis illustrating the link between PM2.5-associated miRNAs in extracellular vesicles and biological pathways related to cardiovascular disease
The proposed regulatory mechanism of insulin expression by the Wnt/β-catenin/NeuroD1 pathway in the hypothalamus
Regulation of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) expression.‚Ä®Iron abundance (high Fe) induces bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) binding to their receptor (BMP-R) and SMAD-mediated induction of HAMP.
The signature model of immunity signalling
A model illustrating balanced root hair tip growth
Each box represents a protein, within which is the symbol of the gene which encodes the protein
Six miRNAs and their target genes that are involved in milk fat metabolism in bovine mammary gland
Cell-type dependent regulation of AKT S473 phosphorylation by LPA
The highest-scoring and fifth highest-scoring pathway maps for the last two time points post-TBI (24 and 72 h)
Inhibition of Calcium-induced T Lymphocyte Apoptosis pathway
Synthetic model of Plasmodium quiescence metabolism
Functional interaction network of the final set of 50 genes prioritized with the consensus strategy and 100 additional interacting genes
Functional interaction network comprising gene sets prioritized by Limma and ML, respectively
Mechanisms of Kuijie Granule in suppressing ulcerative colitis
P. gingivalis can manipulate both complement and TLR signaling to induce bacterial persistence.
This signal transduction model is general
a) A methanol condensation cycle (... b) A molecular purge valve which d... c) A chimeric glycolysis system wh... d) Glucose to isoprene pathway whi...
In the pathogenesis of RA, the over-expression of Axna2 on vascular endothelial cells could bind Axna2R and activate the HH signaling, causing increasd expression of angiogenic factor, and ultimately promote neovascularization
Top networks activated in the CPu during CIE and acute withdrawal
Both signal 1 and signal 2 are required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation
The position of miRNA targeted genes (red box) in endometrial carcinogenesis pathway (KEGG)
Small molecular drug and their perturbed subpathways in HCC.Notes: The rectangle nodes represent drugs, and the circle nodes represent subpathways
Integrated results of this study to diagrammatically show how LPS-induced systemic inflammation facilitates the onset of cerebral edema under short-term hypoxia in rats by (1) LPS-induced pro-inflammatory pathway which activates AQP4 and contributes to water permeability of astrocytes via TLR4 signaling MAPKs and NF-Œ∫B, (2) short-term hypobaric hypoxia which reduced Na+-K+-ATPase activity resulting in water inflow in astrocytes, (3) LPS + hypoxia-induced leakage of BBB resulting in vasogenic edema
Schematic representation of canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway
Module network of the core network biomarkers in  to investigate the bladder carcinogenic mechanisms from stage 1 to stage 4 bladder cancer cells
The carcinogenic mechanisms from normal to stage 1 bladder cancer cells (a), and from stage 1 to stage 4 bladder cancer cells (b)
Each gene is broken down into three portions and represents the three sequenced samples, with red correlating to overexpressed and green correlating to underexpressed genes
Kinase selectivity profile for 7h when tested at a concentration of 0.1 ŒºM against a panel of 402 kinases
Overlapping canonical pathways map representing shared biology among the identified candidate genes.Notes: Connected canonical pathways share one or more genes in common
Gene–gene networks generated by pathway analysis.Notes: The networks were generated through the use of QIAGEN’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®, QIAGEN Redwood City, www.qiagen.com/ingenuity)
The general role of the proteins used for in silico experiments
Signaling pathways involving the molecules reviewed
Signaling cascades through Twist and their roles in carcinogenesis
a) Schematic diagram showing that the Hippo/YAP and FGF/FGFR pathways in... b) The clinical relevance of the discovered positive feedback loop is ev...
Diagrams showing the MET signaling pathway (A) and aberrant oncogenic signaling as a result of MET exon 14 skipping deletion (B)
Strategies of Brucella to evade the innate and adaptive immunity
Overview of stealth strategies of Brucella
Impairment insulin signaling in endothelial hyperglycemic environment
Crosstalk between the TLR signaling pathway and the Notch pathway
(A) ILG suppresses TNF-Œ±-induced MCP-1 mRNA expression and secretion in... (B) Lipid A- or TDM-induced expression of fibrosis-related genes such as...
NPR2 and cGMP signaling pathway enriched in patients with OSA of the discovery cohort
Select Biological Pathways Significantly Associated with Differentially Regulated Genes
Transcriptome and metabolic flux analyses in the central carbon metabolism in ST687 and ST1 (non-producer) strains
Schematic view of β3 integrin–GSK3β and BMP-2–Smad cooperation
Inhibition of guanylate biosynthesis enzymes limits tumor invasion and growth
Recursive partitioning analyses based on tumor location
Schematic of proposed store-operated signaling mechanisms in end-feet of Müller glia
Network of type I interferon response- and UPR-related genes
(A) The liver DEG interacting networks (after m... (B) Real-time qPCR does not detect Kcne2 transc... (C) The first-ranked disease process/biological...
Pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
KEGG pathway analysis., The integrated pathway showing the interactions of differentially expressed proteins in apoptotic and survival pathways
. RIG-I mediated signal transduction pathway.
Gene networks formed using GeneMania using the top related genes and at most 20 attributes
The reaction schema: NOÀô is synthesized in a generator cell and freely diffuses, either within the same cell or to a target cell, to activate sGC; sGC is oxidized by H2O2 and inactivated
Classes of drugs that modulate the cGMP-PKG pathway within the cardiomyocyte
Store-dependent and -independent Ca2+ entry pathways in smooth muscle
Postulated mechanism of PDGF-C-mediated liver fibrosis and tumor in Smad3-dependent and -independent signaling pathways
An arrow indicates the positive regulatory interaction or activation between two genes, while a blunt arrow represents an inhibition relationship
Construction of ML-hGRN for putative pluripotency renewal pathway in human embryonic stem cells
GeneGO pathway map “Development_TGF-beta-dependent induction of EMT via SMADs” is significantly enriched for genes differentially expressed between MCF-7-Snail and MCF-7-Control cells
Model of Wnt signalling in energy balance regulation
A flow diagram of biosynthetic pathway of terpenoid backbone and sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea
Apt functions as a feedback inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway in CySCs
Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous TLR4 ligands that are among the factors released from stressed and dying cells
Simplified representation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
The canonical or classical NF-Œ∫B pathway
The non-canonical or alternative NF-Œ∫B pathway
A schematic model of the HOG pathway proteins that are involved in the HKR1 subbranch (shown in lavender)
Schematic diagram of FAF1 action on the innate-immunity signaling pathway
(A) Targets of miR-199a/b-3p in the human KEGG... (B) Pathway analysis of miR-200 family using th... (C) MiR-571 is elevated in fibrosis and associa...
BRAF (V600E) mediates immune suppression and evasion through multiple mechanisms in melanoma
Mechanisms and immunotherapeutic targets for glioblastoma (GBM)
Schematic representation of the mTOR pathway, it's classical upstream inputs and downstream targets.mTOR exists as two separate signalling complexes which are structurally distinct
Potential mechanism of DQP efficacy on CHD rats
. The regulatory action of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) on the signaling pathway downstream of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) during vascular calcification.
(A) Schematic representation of metabolic flux distributions in selected... (B) Estimated fluxes and associated 95pct confidence lower and upper bound...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway
Signal transduction that epithelium sodium channels involved in
Schematic representation of GNAQ (encodes for GŒ±q) signaling via RAS/ERK pathway
Proper embryonic brain development and size are achieved through clonal expansion of apical progenitors (APs), followed by expansion of basal progenitors (BPs)
A schematic illustration of GSK3β/eIF2BŒµ and mTORC1 signaling in AKT-induced CNS axon regeneration
Model of GPCRs mediated signaling pathways
Interaction between GPCR and BACE1 in neuronal cell
Proposed model through which chronic stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) may contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology
(a) Hh canonical pathway induced by recShh and SAG
A negative regulatory network inhibits the DLK-1 pathway in C
Schematic overview of the therapeutic targets that are currently being tested in clinical trials among patients with mTNBC.Abbreviations: PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; Akt, v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HSP-90, heat shock protein 90; CXCR, chemokine receptor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; PARP, poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase; Trop-2, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2; GPNMB, glycoprotein nonmetastatic b; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth; PD1, programmed death 1; PDL1, programmed death ligand 1; CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; AR, androgen receptor; CYP17A1, cytochrome P450 17A1; CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; JAK1/2, janus kinase 1 and 2; Sine XPO1, selective inhibitor of nuclear export exportin 1; VDR, vitamin D pathway receptor genes; HMGCR, HMG-CoA reductase; RAS, rat sarcoma; RAF, B-raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
Mechanisms of regulation of SMN2 gene expression in SMA
The molecular mechanisms that mediate neurodegeneration in SMA
Sal B induces miR-17-5p down-regulation, WIF1 up-regulation, the inactivation of Wnt pathway, resulting in the inhibition of the activated HSCs
The transcriptional and non-transcriptional models of androgen action in target cells are depicted
. This schematic diagram summarizes the relationships of 4.1N and related JNK-c-Jun signaling molecules in this study, which are associated with cell proliferation, migration and adhesion.
The p90RSK encoded by RSK1 or RSK2 is activated downstream the RAS-ERK/MAPK pathway, which could be activated by growth factor, such as HGF that stimulates the Met tyrosine kinase receptor
Kinetic models describing the in vivo metabolism of the HDL apolipoproteins on each HDL size fraction
ROS activates inflammatory signaling via activation of redox sensitive transcription factors and signaling
Molecular mechanisms by corilagin suppresses cholangiocarcinoma progression through Notch signaling pathway
Reelin signaling pathway in adult synaptic plasticity
Schematic illustration of the signaling network of JAK/STATs in IBD
Kinase signaling pathways involved in T cell receptor activation
ARE- and GRE-signaling pathways stimulated through growth factors and growth hormones
The effects of virus mediated targeting of PDZ proteins often converge on the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway
Mechanisms of 3Cpro from different picornaviruses suppress the immune response
Overview of the EGFR- and ALK-signaling pathways and their respective inhibitors
Inhibition of innate immunity by arenavirus NP and Z
A model for the selective upregulation of Mcl-1 and HSP27 during HCMV infection of monocytes
A proposed scheme for the protective effects of linagliptin against Aβ-induced neuronal insulin signaling blockade.GLP-1 is synthesized and secreted by neuronal cells
Pathway elements marked in red are significantly downregulated at 37¬∞C
We have previously elucidated a positive feedback loop for the biosynthesis and action of TxA2, i.e.
. Schematic representation of the FAK / PI3K / Akt / mTOR pathway and modifications of phosphorylated proteins after incubation with NC1(XIX).
A. Genes of the SOCG (Serine, One Carbon, Glycine) pathway are shown with the expression levels after inactivation of NF-Y, and the presence of NF-Y binding as in Fig.
SLE risk haplotype upregulates the antigen presentation pathway (APP)
Transfer of parasitic extracellular vesicle cargo to host cells
Proposed model for the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during odontogenesis
Latency-associated nuclear antigen-mediated deregulation of cell cycle
The most correlated signaling pathway was the rheumatoid arthritis pathway (http://www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map05323)
Signaling pathway and biological function of Rap2B, a Ras family small guanosine 5‚Ä≤-triphosphate-binding protein
Shown are modified outputs of the KEGG Mapper tool (v2.1, April 2014) of the WNT signaling pathway for DMRs identified in mothers and children during pregnancy and at time of birth, respectively.
Crosstalk between Autophagy and Apoptosis
Schematic illustration of relevant intracellular signal transduction pathways of local anesthetic-induced toxicity
Schematic representation of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS)-negative cell death induced by arginine deprivation
Pathways that represent potential targets for miRNAs in drug-resistant GC
Cross-regulatory pathways between focal adhesions and cadherins
Influence of TGFβ‐SMAD and TGFβ‐TAK1 signalling on adrenoceptor‐mediated pathways in LV heart failure progression
A, Established relationships between genes involved in response to hyperosmotic stress and heat shock
To ensure successful invasion of the host cell T
Potential mechanisms of NaCl stress mitigation by application of exogenous NO
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) candidate genes cluster into functional networks, and the two most prominent are synapse structure/function and protein translational control
Overview of a proposed model for chloroplast retrograde regulation of heat stress responses
The cAMP pathway in Treg and its regulation by IFN-Œ±
Metabolic pathway overview (from Mapman) for the differentially expressed transcripts specific to N22 (a) and Pokkali (b) rice cultivars under desiccation and salinity stresses, respectively, are shown
Insulin resistance in the fetus from gestational diabetes mellitus
Identified signaling pathways downstream to glycine in NSCs
Hypothesized signaling pathway of DR6-mediated tumor angiogenesis
Visualization of all differentially expressed proteins mapped to the TCA cycle pathway in the development of RAW 264.7 cells into osteoclasts in low serum culture system
Schematic representation of adiponectin signal transduction pathway implicating a crosstalk with the insulin signaling pathway
The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic (a) and death receptor-mediated extrinsic (b) pathway
Notch 1 signaling pathway and proposed mechanism of action of CJ
Targeting of BCR and PI3K/AKT signaling as therapeutic strategy in CLL
Fluid state activation of the alternative pathway leads to C3b that can indiscriminately bind to host or pathogen surface
In plexiform neurofibromas and MPNSTs, neurofibromin loss deregulates multiple proteins from both the classic Ras and R-Ras subfamilies
Regulation of neural precursor plasticity within the classical neurogenic zones
Role of histone PTMs in DNA damage repair
Frequently mutated genes in ErbB signaling pathway
(A) The MAPK signaling path... (B) Cell cycle cluster. (C) Apoptosis cluster (D) Response to organic sub... (E) Response to hypoxia clu...
Ca2+ desensitization: ACh stimulation of muscarinic receptors on the vascular endothelium leads to the production of NO, and NO diffuses into smooth muscle cells to activate guanylate cyclase
Signaling cascades of Cripto-1, Notch/CSL, and Wnt/β-catenin
MYC: regulator of post‚Äêtranscriptional mechanisms
The diagram was manually curated by combining in silico analysis of predicted hsa-miR-196a2-targeted signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of COPD and review of previous literatures
Schema for potential state of canonical Wnt signaling pathway in mouse models
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a TA- and amphetamine-activated GPCR, at a DA synapse
Schematic action model of rutaecarpine which exert caloric restrict acting on cell metabolism at multiple levels and reduce energy-consuming processes in vivo and in vitro
Altered signaling for endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in pulmonary hypertension
Possible mechanism for endothelial–smooth muscle cross-talk via the myoendothelial junctions (MEJs) in pulmonary hypertension exemplified by serotonin actions
Proposed model of the mTOR/TGF‐β1 pathway in the regulation of ceramide synthesis
EGFR and IGF1R signaling pathways.Notes: Binding of extracellular ligands results in autophosphorylation of key tyrosine residues in the C-terminal domain of EGFR, which allows downstream proteins to bind through their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains
Nodes (CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CCNE1, CCND1) that are part of the cell cycle pathway are highlighted in blue
The BCR signaling pathway is the top-ranked network with increasing association with HuR in response to NS3/4A overexpression
Hypoxia activates Siah2 and enhances the secretion of TGF-β
. Identification of molecular interactions of transformation/transcription domain-associated protein (TRRAP) from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.
Glucose promotes tumor growth by activating lipid synthesis and uptake upon N-glycosylation of SCAP
Molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy and NAFLD.Notes: 1
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software indicated that the upregulation of IL-1β following BCG stimulation are primarily implicated in pathways which facilitate cellular communication between immune cells, with a p-value of 5,83E−11
. PPI-network associated with MYC signaling.
. PPI-network related to cell cycle deregulation.
Highly glycolytic cancer cells exhibiting a Warburg phenotype ferment large amounts of glucose into lactate even in the presence of oxygen
Demethylation in PADI4 and a simultaneous restoration of its expression occurred during ATRA-induced differentiation
MicroRNAs downregulated in OSCC target multiple genes in the PI3K/AKT pathway
MicroRNAs upregulated in OSCC repress multiple genes in the p53 signaling pathway
Schematic overview of necroptotic pathway
(a) Representation of the TRAIL-resistant phenotype exhibited by TrkA SH... (b) Representation of NGF sensitisation of TRAIL-resistant TrkA SH-SY5Y...
A schematic depicting the role of Nupr1–Chop/P53–PUMA/Beclin1 signaling pathway in METH-induced endothelial cell apoptosis
Interaction between the genes differentially expressed in response to HDM
NRAS mutant skin cell lines mutations in the TLR3 Cascade pathway
Hypothetical gastrin-cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) signal transduction pathway
Smad and non-Smad transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathways
In the upper diagram, before 24 hours of treatment, TNF activates the production of IL-8 through NFŒ∫B signaling, as previously described []
a. Overlapping genes in calcium and MAPK signaling pathways.
The flow chart in a, summarizes the analyses and related results
Schematic of the regulation of MCT1 by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RBE4 cells
Ingenuity pathway analysis identifies two highly enriched networks for the Tau-interacting proteins
Coordinating muscle-specific gene expression with cell cycle exit
a. Molecular signaling pathways included in the core regularity network.
E-cadherin suppression, which is universally regarded as the hallmark of the EMT process, is mediated by H19/miR-675 through different mechanisms as reported recently
DAB2IP function as a platform protein and exerts its tumor-supressing acitvity by targeting various critical signal pathways
Pathways of DNA demethylation mediated by TET enzymes
Targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by Tat altered miRNAs
Targeting of the axonal guidance signaling by Tat altered miRNA
Canonical Wnt signaling pathway (β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway)
Noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway (β-catenin-independent Wnt signaling pathway)
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates epithelial cell and tissue polarity by regulating the actin cytoskeleton
Activation of the Wnt/Ca2+pathway triggers the release of intracellular calcium stores
Drugs interfering with breast cancer (BC)- and obesity-related pathways
The upregulated and downregulated molecules of the pathway is shown according to the legend
The figure demonstrates the wide array of interactions present in the Wnt signaling cascade
Role of the nNOS/peroxynitrite/AMPK vicious cycle in stroke.Stroke causes necrotic neuronal cell death in the core area immediately after the injury
Gene network of top 50 genes that are closely associated to Egfr in the male mouse liver and their network in the female liver
Genes positively and negatively connected to the expression of Egfr in the mouse liver
Potential effects of elevated CO2 on host plant, and the cascading effects on aphid feeding using Medicago truncatula-pea aphid as examples
Representation of the cross talk among different pathways under water-deficit conditions
A simplified model of ABA signaling in guard cells
Notch canonical and non-canonical signaling
Hypothetical model summarizing the potential signaling pathway of nitric oxide (NO) involved in cold-inhibited C
The role of proteins encoded by genes analyzed in this study in the inhibition of the Wnt signaling
A schematic model illustrating O‐GlcNAc pathway and influence of glucose and O‐GlcNAcylation on chondrogenic differentiation
Proposed mechanism of CCL20 production and function in human non‚Äêsmall cell lung cancer
Hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1 promotes BNIP3 and BNIP3L transcription, thereby activating Beclin 1 by disrupting the Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex
A. 10 most abundant proteins realted to the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and associated molecular and cellular functions.
(A) A pathway of putative molecular activities surrounding NFŒ∫B as pred... (B) We recovered all known molecular interaction mechanisms between NFŒ∫...
Shown is the concluding summary diagram of this study
Genome-wide gene expression analysis for S49 (Neo) and S49 (OS 4–25) cells
Hepatic glycolysis, fructolysis and triglyceride synthesis
Regulation of de novo lipogenesis by SREBP1c and ChREBP
Cellular iron homeostasis and putative involvement of NBIA‚Äêassociated genes
Schematic drawing of the interplay of the COX‐2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) and Toll‐like receptor (TLR)/MyD88 pathways in bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs) for generation of inflammatory microenvironment (left), and the role of TLR2/MyD88 and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) together with the NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway in tumor cells for maintenance of stemness and promotion of tumorigenesis (right)
A representative diagram characterizing the possible pathways by which ghrelin modulates the inflammatory response
Nurr1 pathway and Nurr1‚Äêbased therapies for Parkinson's disease
Different molecules involved in the mTOR activation cascade
Molecular pathways and targets of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and glycosylated EMT targets
The black lines or arrows display the literature-revealed signaling pathway, which is also proven strongly by our using anisomycin in the Jurkat T cell model, whereas the red lines or arrows show our result-revealed novel signaling connection
CR induces many pathways that are involved in changes in mitochondrial physiology by activating AMPK‐ and SIRT‐dependent pathways and inducing mitochondrial turnover by balancing mitochondrial biogenesis with induction of mitophagy of damaged mitochondria
Plausible biosynthetic pathway leading to atisine in A
Positively co-expressed network of shortlisted genes during atisine biosynthesis in roots of A
Control of the FA pathway by SUMO and SUMO-like modifications
An integrated model of the TLR signaling pathway modulated by the multifurcating motif of poeModules M14-M18
This figure illustrates which genes are predicted to be upregulated during torpor (grey boxes) and their putative miRNA regulators (red bars indicate decreased miRNA expression during torpor) within the context of a simplified Akt/mTOR signalling pathway
Predicted target genes (grey boxes) and their putative miRNA regulators (green bars indicate increased miRNA expression and red bars indicate decreased miRNA expression during torpor) are shown in the context of a simplified Akt/mTOR signalling pathway
Schematic representation of the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway as a common regulator of bone and muscle cells
Ca2+-mediated regulation of autophagy in the heart
Proposed mechanism for IL-1β-induced upregulation of IGFBP1
The autophagy pathway and its interaction with HSV-1
Graphic representation of apoptosis signalling pathways
Graphic representation of apoptosis and viral replication
Schematic representation of the butanone biosynthetic pathway
The morphogens involved in BBB development and integrity influence signaling of common pathways
The canonical plant miRNA processing pathway (right panel) and the GO terms that are expected to be associated with the protein components of this pathway (left panel)
(A) T cell receptor signaling pathway from Inge... (B) Plot of mean T cell (CD3+ve) number for the... (C) Mitosis signaling pathways from Ingenuity P...
Genes associated with TCR signaling that are differentially expressed are shaded in grey; genes with a white background represent genes that were not significantly differentially expressed
Model for the SCR-based regulatory circuits that control root meristem size
Involvement of ROS in regulating M1 responsible phagocytic activity and inflammatory response
The active components, target proteins, pathway proteins and metabolites are represented by the red circles, blue hexagons, green round rectangles, and yellow diamonds, respectively
The meso-2,3-BD biosynthetic pathway in B
Scheme representing the functions of ASCs after LL-37 treatment
Illustration of the complexity of the balance between A2A–D2R heteroreceptor and homoreceptor complexes in key brain regions for schizophrenia such as the nucleus accumbens
Schematic diagram of second messenger signaling pathways
Five significant subnetworks of the N-group, associated with (A) glutathione metabolism (B) leucine and isoleucine metabolism (C) pancreatic cancer (D) calcium signaling pathway and (E) the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
Physiologically, stimulus by a low dosage of TNF-Œ± causes cellular ROS production through the activation of NOX and downstream signaling (MAPK/NF-Œ∫B)
Combinatorial effect of a Cancer Terminator Virus (Ad.tCCN1-CTV-m7) and a BH3 mimetic (BI-97D6) in eradicating prostate cancer (CaP): Ad.tCCN1-CTV-m7 was mixed with decorated (targeted) microbubbles (MB) specifically targeting and binding to the prostate tumor vasculature that overexpresses VCAM-1, and injected intravenously (by tail vein injection) followed by delivery to the prostate region by the ultrasound-targeted microbubble-destruction (UTMD) approach
Schematic overview of de novo and salvage dNTP biosynthetic pathways and the mechanism of action of dCK-dependent nucleoside analog prodrugs
1,25(OH)2D3-induced signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in cancer
(A) Polyamine pathway. (B) TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis and glutamine consumption. The genes...
Insulin signaling pathway analysis in subordinate (SUB) and dominant (DOM) mice fed standard diet compared to controls (CON), based on PCR data from tissues shown in
PPARs signaling pathway analysis in subordinate (SUB) and dominant (DOM) mice fed standard diet compared to controls (CON)
Adipokine signaling pathway analysis in the pWAT in subordinate (SUB) and dominant (DOM) mice fed standard diet compared to controls (CON), based on PCR data from tissues shown in
Primary protein networks obtained through ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of the fold change of plasma markers in the identified sub groups versus the control group (25th–75th percentile)
Red box denotes anaerobic respiratory pathway of interest
Diagrammatic representation of the effect of tempol on the oxidative stress-mediated the changes of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and apoptotic signaling in renal I/R injury
Main molecular mechanisms affected in malignant megakaryopoiesis and platelet function defects
The TGF-β signaling pathway and related miRNAs
Id2 network model in insulin signaling, thermogenesis, and adipogenesis pathways
Factors contributing to the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer in a solid tumour cell
TGF-β signaling pathway mediates KLF17 expression
Overview of signalling and muscle proteins synthesis (MPS) responses induced by amino acids (AAs) and different contraction intensities
Phytotoxins and microbial effectors targeting the JA signaling components
Under normal conditions, the secreted by mitochondria is transformed by catalase action and GSH into H2O
Pathogens-induced TLR signaling cascade in innate immune cells may exacerbate autoimmune diseases
Dormancy programs and their potential use in patient treatment
Influence of cellular context on the outcome of E2F depletion
Simplified scheme of the EP4 signaling in PGE2-mediated hypertrophic actions
Resistance mechanisms in MAPK-inhibitor treated melanoma
. Proposed model of signaling pathway involved in compound 20 preventing LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway activation and acute lung injury.
Model for regulation of trophectoderm (TE) lineage specification by mevalonate pathway
Overview of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway
Postsynaptic regulation of the SUMO pathway
miR-223 attenuates hypoxia-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and actomyosin reorganization, and the consequent vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension by regulating the RhoB/MLC pathway
The KEGG pathway analysis for the Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway differentially expressed genes (DEGs) expressed in response to SAV-3 infection in TO-cells
A summary of the Toll like receptors (TLR) and RIG-I like receptor (RLR) pathway genes based on upregulated genes shown in  and  excluding the downregulated genes shown in  and
The KEGG pathway analysis of the RIG-I-like receptor DEGs expressed in response to SAV-3 infection TO-cells
Regulation of lipid metabolism by BAF60a and BAF60c in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, respectively, under the control of nutritional and hormonal signals
Schematic representation of potential molecular pathways and targets mediating the proliferative response to the MF, as from the present and previously published data
HA-CD44 interaction promotes c-Src and Twist activation and miR-10b expression during tumor cell migration/invasion and chemoresistance: In the c-Src-Twist signaling pathway, HA binding to CD44 (step 1) activates c-Src kinase (step 2), which, in turn, induces Twist phosphorylation (step 3)
Schematic diagram of BBR-induced PAI-1 cell signaling pathway in HCC cells
The schematic diagram illustrates the role of matrilin-3 in ECM modulation of cartilage
In this representation, reactions associated with the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways are coloured in blue, reactions associated with glycogen metabolism are coloured in purple, reactions associated with the pentose phosphate pathway are coloured in pink, reactions associated with the Krebs cycle are coloured in orange, reactions associated with fatty acid metabolism are coloured in red and other reactions associated with redox and energy metabolism are coloured in green
(A) Graphical representation of the Rotenone induced response in control and patient-derived cells
A schematic representation of reactions induced by IL-10
The tested Wnt-related genes and proteins and their functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway are shown here
Riboclustering-mediated signaling pathways that regulate innate inflammatory modulators, including cytokines/chemokines
Ligands are: PG – peptidoglycan (gram positive bacteria), LP – lipoprotein, LA – lipoarabinomannan, Z – zymosan (yeast), LPS – lipopolysaccharide (gram negative bacteria), G- – gram negative bacteria, F – flagellin, CpG – umethylated CpG DNA from bacteria
Overview of the molecular networks by which different compounds in cigarette smoke regulate EMT
Recurrent genetic alterations and targeted therapies under investigation in iCCA
Action model of the brown planthopper wing polymorphism regulated by the PI3K/Akt/FOXO Signaling pathway
Insulin resistance and feedback in the Drosophila fat body
Pathway association between TH and metabolic process via ABCC8 (Kir6.2) (A)
Proposed models that potentially link collagen VI myopathy and circadian genes
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
Appropriate activation and feedback control of TP53 activity is critical to effective tumor suppression
Treatments with an AMPK activator (resveratrol) and inhibitor (compound C) demonstrated that AMPK acts as an important regulator of BP through Rac1-NADPH oxidase activity
Genes under multiple regulatory controls in the PTEN pathway
Negative regulatory NLR functions during viral infection
Glucose enters the cell through its glucose transporter, and is phosphorylated and metabolized in the mitochondrion as well free fatty acids (FFA)
Dynamic angiogenic signaling balance and angiogenic switch
Potential mechanisms of androgens in regulating EC and EPC proliferation
Interaction network of innate immunity related proteins
. Effect of Rg1 on the GR-dependent BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
PKC activation induces TNFŒ± production in cells sensitizing them to SMs
Regulation of the apoptosis signaling pathway by NFAT proteins
Down-regulated genes are in green, up-regulated genes in red
. Canonical pathway for transcriptional activation by NFŒ∫B Explanation of symbols as in .
Overview of the main pathways involved in CD40-TRAF signaling
Working model of the regulation of the type I interferon and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway by TRIM9s
A proposed model depicting the opposing roles of type I and type II NKT cells in inflammatory diseases in the liver
(A) The scheme represents possible interconnections among the several as... (B) The scheme focuses attention on the biochemical pathways involved in...
Recycling and regulation of eIF2 by eIF2B
Overexpressed metabolic pathways in the infection
Proposed signaling pathway for histamine-induced resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the SCN
Distribution of pathway sinks on the SOM map depending on pathway topology
Mechanisms by which HIV protease inhibitors (HPIs) enhance radiosensitivity
Analysis of signaling pathways specific to base:apex comparison
The polyol pathway is a two-step metabolic pathway: glucose is first reduced to sorbitol and then converted to fructose when intracellular glucose levels are elevated []
DDX3 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin pathway
RTKs mediate DDR through canonical AKT and RAS pathways
Some RTKs regulate DDR through specific canonical pathways
CE-TOFMS analysis of intracellular metabolites related to nucleotide and to Gly/Ser/Cys metabolic pathway after 24 h of exposure to acidosis: Bar graphs show the relative intracellular amount of metabolites
mTOR signaling pathway regulated by CDDO-Me in Ec109 cells
Protection mechanisms of BPS in diabetic nephropathy
. Putative apoptosis-inducing pathway of KTH-13-t-Bu in cancer cells.
Reelin signaling mechanisms in brain development and function
Schematic illustration represents the potential signaling transduction mechanism by which cancer cell-derived exosomes prevent monocyte apoptosis
The inositide signaling pathway and target agents used to treat gastric cancer and colorectal cancer
Cellular innate response to rotavirus infection
Signaling pathways of sarco-KATP and mito-KATP channels in skeletal muscle
Simplified schematic of signaling junctions that integrate the recognition of pathogen, host or environmentally derived DAMPs and dAMPs by their cognate receptors
Illustration of negative regulators of CaN-NFAT signaling pathway in cardiac hypertrophy
Five important processes in inflammation are combined into one interconnected pathway network
Punctuated evolution of a conserved regulatory network
Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) and Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement (SAFE) pathway model of ischaemic conditioning
The three proposed mechanisms through which inorganic nitrate reduces blood pressure
JAK/STAT pathway and potential therapeutic targets.Abbreviations: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EPO, erythropoietin; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; P*, phosphorylation; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNF, tumor necrosis factor
Schematic depiction of the signaling pathway underlying PA activity as a chemosensitizer for TOP inhibitors
Schematic model of the effects of docosahexaenoic acid on muscle protein turnover and lipid mobilization during 48‚Äâh fasting
Hypothesis on skeletal muscle adiponectin resistance in chronic heart failure
Signaling pathways downstream of Group I mGluR stimulation
(A) The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway of ICL repair. Upon fork stalling at... (B) The HR pathway of DSB repair. DNA ends at a break site are resected...
(A) ICL‐induced fork stalling recr... (B) IR‐induced DNA damage elicits... (C) Low‐dose (e.g. 0.5 mM) HU trea... (D) High‐dose (2–5 mM) HU treatmen...
(A) Leprosy and multiple myeloma (MM) are both... (B) The resulting interaction network can be cu... (C) Leveraging the curated chemical-gene intera...
Circadian rhythm pathway regulated by CTV-B2, CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232
The cluster analysis indicates a potential pathway for MWCNT-induced fibrosis based on two distinct phases
Scheme of the mechanisms by which the lack of ZO-2 triggered cell hypertrophy
Human and rodent adrenal steroidogenic pathways
A, schematic overview of ChREBP and N-terminal (81–196) regulatory region () and representation of important sites, including the nuclear export signals NES1, NES2, and NLS
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway with genes associated with objective PNMS
Cellular complexity reduced in a reconstituted membrane
Principal cell death pathways involved in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration
Schematic representation of the Hippo signal transduction network and its links to exercise-associated signals and signalling modules
Schematic diagram illustrating lipid droplet formation, VLDL secretion, and pathways involving hepatic inflammation
Molecular mechanisms involved in glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract
Notch and Wnt pathway inhibition by natural products
GR cross talk with the TLR signaling pathway
Cross talk of GR with the STAT signaling pathway
Illustrated summary of Hedgehog pathway and its effetcs at different stages in the formation and progression of ductal pancreatic carcinoma
Enzymes with decreased phosphorylation upon HFD were mapped onto known lipid metabolic networks as annotated in the KEGG database
IPA analysis: (Panel a) Top Network Cell Death and Survival, Inflammatory Response,... b) Upstream regulation: evidence of the activation of IL1B pat...
Pathway analysis of the GLUD2 genotype effect on mouse metabolome
Both the EMP (red) and the OPP (blue) pathways share intermediates with the Calvin–Benson cycle (circled in red), but not the ED (green) pathway
Such inhibition elicits a rise of cellular concentrations of acyl-CoA esters of saturated fatty acids and a concomitant decline of cellular concentrations of acyl-CoA esters of unsaturated fatty acids
1. In absence of OCC-MPs, integrins, αV and β3 subunits present on the EC membrane, remain inactivated 2.
TNF-α promotes activation of PKD2 and facilitats the formation of PKD2/PI3K complex via forming TNFR1/TRAF2 complex and thereby accelerates GSK3β/β-catenin pathway
Triptolide induces ER stress, which causes calcium to be released from the ER into the cytoplasm
The destruction complex in Wnt/β-catenin signaling is composed of Axin, APC and GSK3β
Metabolic changes triggered by ischemic insult and possible evolutions of the injury with the crosstalk between chemokines
Hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal epithelial transition factor and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and their inhibitors evaluated in gastric cancer patients
Signal transduction pathways that mediate Treg resistance converge on the PI3K/Akt pathway
Schematic overview of TLR signaling pathway in neutrophilic and eosinophilic asthma
Two possible neural circuits which may underlie the generation of the dual-peak response
Seasonal bias in toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway
The HP diet induced decreased hepatic expression of enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism
The HP diet induced alterations in the hepatic expression of enzymes involved in lipid catabolism and biosynthesis
Position of a gene symbol on the plots reflects time of peak timing (angle; clockwise) and the mean expression level (genes with high expression level are closer to the center)
Downstream effects of miR-145 ectopic expression
The network comprised signal pathway, transcription factor and effectors
The PPAR signaling pathway enriched in miRNA target genes according to the KEGG analysis
Transsynaptic regulation of endocannabinoid signaling by β-neurexins and its implications in synaptic plasticity and diseases
(a) When the ERK1/2 pathway is intact, extracellular cues that are trans... (b) Upon abrogation of MEK1/2 or genetic knockout of Erk1/2, the lack of...
The insulin resistance pathway map in skeletal muscle cells was derived from the KEGG PATHWAY database (Entry No
Our schematic diagram of a WT LG with the PSC in red, the MZ in green and the CT in grey
T Cell Receptor (TCR) signaling pathway activation in endometrium of UNINF fetuses
Expression of genes that function in leukocyte activation in uninfected fetuses
FGF21 induces preventive effect on CVDs through multiple signaling pathways
Genes associated with pattern recognition receptors in virus sensing network activated by (A) WNV NY99 and (B) WNV Eg101 are shown
Genes associated with TREM-1 signaling activated by (A) WNV NY99 and (B) WNV Eg101 are shown
Genes associated with death receptor signaling activated by (A) WNV NY99 and (B) WNV Eg101 are shown
Galectin-3 involvement in tumor progression
(1) HBV infection promoted endogenous miR146a transcription in hepatocytes
Arrows indicate enzyme reactions with enzymes manipulated in the present study indicated in green and italicized
Role of the FGF/FGFR signaling pathway in the development and progression of HCC
(A) Using a gene set derived from the stringent parameters (FDR adjusted... (B) shown is the down-regulation of the four genes mapping to this pathw...
(A) Modified diagram of protein in... (B) Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling (C) Integrin Signaling and (D) Calcium Signaling.
(A) Modified diagram of pro... (B) Axon Guidance (C) Clathrin-mediated Endoc... (D) LTP Signaling (E) Calcium Signaling.
Genes regulated by IL-4 are marked by red and blue thermometer icons representing upregulated and downregulated gene expression respectively
Genetic networks generated from the differentially expressed genes from adipose tissues of mice fed a LF or a HF diet for 12 wk
Schematic model of the MK2/HuR pathway in the post-transcriptional regulation of TNF-Œ±-induced ICAM-1 expression
Shows the schematic presentation of the IFN-Œ±/β and IFNγ receptors linked to the Jaks for the TO-VS-IFN/SAV3 and TO-VS-SAV3
Shows Jak/stat pathway analysis for the TO-VS-IFN/SAV3 and TO-VS-SAV3 using the KEGG pathway software analysis
Schema of IR structure and insulin signaling pathways in vascular cells
Schematic representation of ASS234 targets involved in AD pathogenesis
Signaling pathway diagram generated in Cytoscape software
The proposed model of Cdk2 phosphorylation of Bcl-xL in cisplatin-induced apoptosis
Exposure of MCF-7 cells to 10 nM E2 (A) and 1 μM G-1 (B) induced phosphorylation of proteins involved in cellular processes associated with cell cycle although the specific phosphorylation profiles varied
. Pathway overview of APY606-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and metastasis and invasion inhibition.
Putative fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway in Chaetoceros GSL56 based on functional annotation
Suggested positive feedback loop in SOD3 signal transduction
Summary of NDR/LATS kinase signalling functioning downstream of Ste20-like kinases and upstream of the Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ
Fzd7 receptor complexes and signalling output
Proposed pathway of ASPE signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells
A schematic of flowering regulatory networks in Chrysanthemum morifolium
Components of the TLR signaling network frequently mutated in lymphoid neoplasms
EPO-induced intracellular signaling pathways Erythropoietin and its receptor signaling through JAK2 activate multiple downstream signaling molecules including STAT5, PI3K/Akt, NF-Œ∫B, and MAPK
Diversity in GPCR-mediated regulation of Wnt/β-catenin
The DNA damage response of human cells with differing p53 status discussed in this article
MiRNAs in cardiomyocyte apoptosis pathway
miRNA network regulating cancer metabolism
Cross-talk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the regulation of miRNA expression
Heatmaps for each entities showing expression of key entities from microarray analyses across all animals in the study
Schematic diagram of the signalling pathway activated by B1 receptor agonists leading to the formation of ONOO¯ upon post‐translational activation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase
29 selected genes, whose up- or downregulation were analysed by qRT-PCR after 5d of culturing on the RPM and shown in  and , , ,
The green arrows indicate activating and the red one inhibiting effects
. Schematic representation of BMP-2 signaling pathway negatively regulating proliferation of esophageal cancer cells via induction of p21 through the SMAD pathway and inhibit YAP translocation to the nuclear through Hippo signaling pathway.
Cancer-related cell mechanisms modulated by EGCG: (1) Inhibition of DNA hypermethylation by direct blocking of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT); (2) Repression of telomerase activity; (3) Inhibition of angiogenesis by repression of transcription factors Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-Œ± (HIF-1Œ±) and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Œ∫B); (4) Blocking of cell metastasis by inhibition of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2, -9 and -3; (5) Promotion of cancer cell apoptosis by induction of pro-apoptotic proteins BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL-2 homologous antagonist killer (BAK) and repression of anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and B cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL); (6) Induction of tumor suppressor genes p53 and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and inhibition of oncogenes Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); (7) Inhibition of NF-Œ∫B and subsequent events of cell inflammation, proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis; and (8) Anti-proliferative activity by inhibition of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR)
Upon injury or septic injury, haemocytes release Upd3 into the haemolymph
Proposed model for metabolic pathways interacting with GAPCp activity
Proposed crosstalk between EGFR signaling pathway and Hippo pathway in the diabetic kidney
Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism
Tumor suppressive Notch signaling involved in the tumorigenesis of CSCC
General BMP4 cellular signalling pathway
We inferred a core gene circuit from the CAP-Net analysis
1) Furin cleavage at S1 site can be inhibited
AKT activation through paracrine/autocrine IGFs induces miR-199a-5p inhibition, which in turn causes DDR1 upregulation
RSV Induces a Non-Canonical UPR Response
A proposed model of Ca2+ signaling in PCV2-induced autophagy in PK-15 cells
SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis activation in prostate cancer cells could be driven by oncogenic events (e.g., the loss of PTEN and subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt pathway), or by microenvironmental factors (e.g., hypoxia, fibrosis, inflammation).
Mechanisms of luteolin (Lut)-induced apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells
Luteolin (Lut) modulates cancer cell cycle progression
Mechanism of luteolin (Lut)-triggered TNF-Œ±-induced cancer cell apoptosis
Luteolin (Lut) modulates the Raf/PI3K signaling pathway in KRAS and BRAF mutated cancer cells and HER2-overexpressing cancer cells
Possible molecular targets whereby luteolin (Lut) inhibits the invasion of cancer cells
Schematic diagram demonstrating the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects that grafted stem cells exerted on the recipient upon transplantation
E. chaffeensis mediated activation of Wnt signaling pathway and function.
Cell stress pathway evoked by laser phototoxicity involves specific molecules within the endoplasmic reticulum
Roles of sclerostin, Lrp4 and Wls in Wnt/β-catenin signals in osteoblasts
P2-dependent activation of the IRK/PI3K/Akt pathway
Upstream regulators predicted to be activated in breast muscle (based on expression of downstream molecules) of high FE pedigree broilers shown in orange included progesterone, triiodothyronine (T3), insulin receptor (INSR), insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1Œ±) and nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2)
The MAPK pathway is composed of three levels
Drosophila and vertebrate patched orthologs share a similar cis-regulatory architecture and gene regulatory strategy
Proposed working model for Fbxo21-mediated innate antiviral response
Excess cysteine is converted to sulfate (~80pct of total urinary sulfur), or taurine (~3pct of total urinary sulfur)
Multiple somatic alterations in components within the same pathways
Schematic representation of the mechanisms of action of ANG Secreted ANG undergoes receptor-mediated endocytosis from the cell surface to the inside of the cell where it accumulates in the nucleoli under growth conditions or in the cytoplasm under stress conditions
Following phosphorylation, specific domains in these substrates interact with other proteins
Insulin signalling through Akt1 and FOXO1 can enhance FSH-stimulated steroidogenesis and, similarly, FSH acting through Akt1 can enhance insulin-stimulated glucose transport leading to increased flux through the hexosamine pathway and to the inhibition of aromatase
Effects of high glucose on inflamed human vascular smooth muscle cells
Left: PC lipid levels were increased in the rs9939609 risk allele group
Comparison of cAMP metabolism and intracellular signaling pathway in Treg and Tcon subsets
cAMP intracellular signaling pathways in target cells of Treg suppression
TLRs reside on the plasma membrane or intracellularly on endosomes and act via the MyD88 or the TRIF pathway leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways
Schematic depiction of oncogenic MYC signal transduction
A hypothetical model for the role of SbSLSP in abiotic stress tolerance
Autocrine acetylcholine induced by IL-17A, via NFŒ∫B and ERK1/2 pathway activation, promotes MUC5AC and IL-8 synthesis in bronchial epithelial cells
MWCNTg promote the EMT through the TGF-β-mediated Akt/GSK-3β/SNAIL-1 pathway
During the aging process, FLNB, MAP2K3, CRKL, FOS and JUN play key roles in the MAPK signaling pathway
During the aging process, ATF4 and STMN1 are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, and SMAD4, LEF1, and LRRFIP2 play key roles in the Wnt signaling pathway
In the aging process, DDIT3, MAX, TAOK3, TRAF6, MAP2K3, MAPKAPK2, RPS6KA5, and FOS are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and TRAF6, MAP2K3, MYD88, TLR9, and FOS are involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
a. Induced by SP1, TINCR duplexes with KLF2 mRNA.
A. Schematic illustration of ‚ÄúFABP5 (fatty acids)-PPARγ-VEGF‚Äù transduction axis.
The binding of Shh to the 12-pass transmembrane receptor Ptch leads to the translocation and activation of Smo, a G protein-coupled receptor
Genes and biological processes shared in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cancer
MiRs and their targets in signaling pathway of LSCC
Visualisation of differences in glycolysis, TCA-cycle, valine metabolism and erythromycin biosynthesis at three omics levels
Single-step pharmacologic strategies in chronic respiratory disease of approved and under-development EGFR pathway inhibitors compared to spermidine activity
Role of Spermidine-TCPTP in the complex dynamics of pro- and anti-autophagic factors
Rapid degradation of HIF-1Œ± by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, during normoxia
Overview of the intracellular interplay between Notch signalling pathway and EMT circuit and Notch signalling tissue patterning outcomes
Hypothetical model of WRKY22’s role in plant response to abiotic (left) and biotic (right) stresses
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are defective in multiple sclerosis
G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway
Selected mechanisms potentially involved in TGF-β–mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Cytoscape Pathway Classification Network view of CRC versus adjacent mucosa metabolites
Schematic anti-inflammatory signaling pathways activated by nAChR Œ±7
NF-Œ∫B activation in NK cells required the coordinated engagement of coactivation receptors, such as 2B4 and NKG2D or 2B4 and DNAM-1
FGF-10 stimulated HaCaT to activate FGFR2b signaling which increases IL1Œ± expression through PKC-dependent pathway
Upon thyrostimulin binding, TSHR activates multiple downstream effectors to control ovarian cancer progression
A simplified portrait of the Ras pathway is presented
Schematic of the enzyme modules incorporated into the RBC metabolic network []
Main pathways regulated by the BCR-ABL1 protein
Signaling pathways that control coupling in two types of retinal neuron
The involvement of Notch in the regulation of myelination and axonal growth
NRG/Erb signaling in the control of peripheral myelination and axonal growth
Cyclic AMP immunoregulatory pathways inhibit TCR signaling and T-cell activation
Sorafenib induces autophagy response through modulation of the main downstream factors and pathways
MIF exerts a powerful effect on MCP-1 expression in hepatocytes through CD74 and CD44, which involves the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway
(A) Normoglycemic glucose promotes sustained expression of DKK4 protein.... (B) High glucose diminishes DKK4 expression allowing activation of canon...
The red color labels genes significantly down regulated in stage 1 compared with stage 0(q value < 0.005).The green color labels genes were expressed in sheep skin during secondary HF initiation, but not significant difference.
Model proposing a role for cocaine-induced activation of p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling pathway in the induction of HIV-1 transcription in macrophages
Schematic summarizing the oxidative stress mediated apoptotic pathway through which manganese causes the dopaminergic cell death and is involved in neurotoxic effects
Schematic shows the potential role of epigenetic mechanism that may be involved in manganese induced chronic neurotoxic effects and in pathology of Parkinson's disease
(a) Canonical Wnt signalling involves binding of Wnt to LRP5/6 and its c... (b) Sclerostin inhibition of the Wnt-canonical pathway in osteogenesis....
Model for the role of REDD1 in the regulating muscle protein balance in response to acute alcohol
Points along the Wnt pathway that may be targeted with regenerative approaches
Induction of oxidative stress and defense pathways
Metabolic reprogramming for NADPH production
Constitutive CBM signaling in B- and T-cell malignancies
. Protein-protein interaction network showing uPA and uPAR signaling pathway chiefly deregulated in OTSCC.
Pathway analysis was performed with the Pathway Studio 9 software
Signaling pathways regulating Müller glia cell dedifferentiation and proliferation following retinal injury in zebrafish
Red boxes indicate significantly increased expression
Cilia-mediated signaling pathways whose proper regulation is dependent on the proteasome and the structure of the proteasome
Activation of NF-Œ∫B and STATs signaling pathway in ZIKV-infected hNPCs
Protein pathway driving the migraine process at the tripartite synapse
Model of current understanding of the HOG pathway architecture in W
Schematic diagram of the disturbed metabolic pathway related to NAFLD and HD-TE treatment
Antigen processing through MHC I molecules
Hierarchical protein binding at the rDNA locus and intersections with SUMO
(A) Schematic description of multiciliogenesis. Proliferating MCC precur... (B) Model illustrating the conserved roles of miR-34/449 during vertebra...
Intersection between the Ras and the SUMO pathway in cancer
A common vesicular trafficking module in the assembly of the immune synapse and the primary cilium
Mechanism of retention of BRCA1/BARD1 complexes at DNA double-strand break sites
Regulation of Smad4 by the FGF/MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways
This diagram shows that the induced cancer radioresistance is associated with the activation of several pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK, glycolysis, VEGF, autophagy, NHEJ and HR DNA repairs), the induction of cell cycle redistribution and inactivation of apoptosis pathway after exposure to radiation
This diagram shows that cancer radioresistance is associated with several different pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK, glycolysis, VEGF, Notch and WNT/β-catenin pathway) as well as CSCs
A. Pathway studio network analysis showed that Ly6 signaling is involved in broad range of molecules including growth factor, nuclear receptor, and micro RNAs.
hMENA11a delivers survival signals and promotes resistance to PI3K inhibition
DEP-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 is mediated by the dual signaling pathways of p38 and Akt, which converge on the NF-Œ∫B pathway
Mycobacterial mechanism of MAPK pathway control during C
The ingenuity pathway analysis ‘role of JAK family kinases in IL-6-type cytokine signalling' pathway is shown along with RA drug targets and anti-rheumatic drugs approved for use, in clinical trials or discontinued
The reactome pathway diagram, demonstrating the primary signaling and functional molecular pathways of the complement system on a target cell
Putative model of pVHL-, B-Myb-, and HIF-2Œ±-mediated regulation of tumorigenesis
Paths used to facilitate literature validation
Inactivation of apoptosis pathway and CPR in cervical cancer.Note: Multiple molecules and signaling pathways that inhibit apoptosis can lead to CPR.Abbreviations: CPR, cisplatin resistance; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor-Œ∫B; TNFAIP8, tumor-necrosis-factor-Œ±-induced protein 8
SBGN representation of the haematopoiesis gene regulatory network generated by ChiBE () based on our BioPAX model
SBGN representation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway generated by ChiBE () based on our BioPAX model
Schematic showing the effects of RBE on LPS-activated microglia
Innate sensing of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium sp
Molecular mechanisms whereby RAS promotes cell senescence
Mechanistic consequences of PREX2 truncating mutations
(a) Glucose consumption and... (b) Alterations in the prot... (c) Cellular suspensions of... (d) Cell viability under ca... (e) are shown. A representa...
Overlapping type I, II and III IFN signaling pathways
Therapeutics in development target the IFN pathway in SLE
Differentially expressed proteins involved in the pathway of Alzheimer׳s disease
Mechanisms involved in the interactions between autophagy and inhibitory cytokines
The union of active TF-miRNA regulatory pathway in CDDP resistance
The network highlights proteins involved in immune response
Interaction and expression pattern of SDEGs involved in canonical interferon signaling pathway in Mtb-infected mouse lungs with or without CC-11050 treatment
PMs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/Nox2/p47phoxpathway, which increases generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and in turn activates two separate signaling cascades; one involving ERK/p38-dependent activation of NF-Œ∫B and another involving JNK-dependent activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors in HaCaT cells
A model of the regulatory network governing L1 development in response to nutrient availability
PI3K/Akt/mTOR has been considered as a central regulatory pathway of protein translation in the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, migration and survival
Early after infection, TGEV stimulates the phosphorylation of cofilin and the polymerization of F-actin through the EGFR-PI3K-Rac1/Cdc42-PAK-LIMK signaling pathway
A. The EML4-ALK variant 1 fusion protein constitutively activates PI3K/Akt, MAPK/Erk and Jak/Stat signaling, which promotes cell proliferation, survival and tumorigenesis.
A. The presence of “gatekeeper” L1196M resistance mutation hinders crizotinib binding to the ATP binding domain of ALK kinase, which sustains the downstream PI3K/Akt, MAPK/Erk and Jak/Stat signaling in the presence of crizotinib.
SMARCB1 and the other subunits of the SWI/sucrose non-fermenting (SNF) complex play a critical role in regulating the WNT/B catenin signalling pathway (A) and several cancer-related genes including retinoblastoma (RB)-mediated repression of E2F target genes (B)
Schematic representation of the colonocytes showing how deficiency in intestinal CaSR results in increased gut permeability and inflammation
This figure describes the molecular pathways involved in microbiota-host interactions and the development of oral mucositis
The DE proteins caused by JA treatment and COI1 mutation during AAL toxin induced PCD were used to construct the model, and the impairment of COI1 induced protein changes were presented with the contrary change patterns
Schematic representation of the biologic role of TRIM11 in lung cancer
A schematic of the mechanisms by which A29-V40 peptide activates Nox2
Cell signaling pathway through which DD complex elicits a balance between survival and programmed cell death
Melatonin pathway and melatonin candidate genes
Schematic representation of PC cycle and routes of PCho accumulation
Autophagy and apoptosis in the early and late stage of IAV-SP mixed infection
Protein changes of the central metabolic pathway in C. tyrobutyricum
The number of each metabolite corresponds to the metabolites labeled in the UV and fluorescence chromatograms in
(A) Link between DNA damage and transcription, and pathway of DSB-induce... (B) Models of collaboration between ENL/AF9 and PRC1 in DSB-induced tran...
IPostC significantly protects hearts against I/R injury, but its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood
Metabolic pathway of aerobic glycolysis, FAS and FAO
(a) The MyD88-independent pathway. (b) Crosstalk between the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways...
EPA, but not AA, therapy induces adaptive autophagy in Dex-induced apoptotic mBMMSCs and maintains the proliferative ability via GPR120-mediated AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway
The underlined genes (gray) and sterol intermediates (black) were measured in the present study
In vitro- At a low concentration (10 μM) Resveratrol activates the MAPK signalling pathway with a subsequent increase in the expression of p-CREB leading to proliferation, cell survival and differentiation
Networks of candidate cancer genes predicted by MUFFINN and their direct neighbors on HumanNet
MiR-548, miR-27, miR-346, miR-218, miR-34a, miR-21, miR-22 and miR-29b promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through Wnt/catenin, Notch, TNF-Œ±, TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways
MAPK signaling pathway (orange nodes are associated with upregulated or only whole dataset genes and green nodes have no significance)
Schematic of the podocyte and the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB)
Schematic of TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) signaling: MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways mediate TLR4 signaling
The OxPhos-related genes significantly altered in PTC LNM-P compared to PTC LNN were depicted with red star
Reported is the cross-talk among the transcription factors (TF) in bovine liver uncovered to be either activated or inhibited by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA; from )
Reported is the cross-talk among the transcription factors (TF) in bovine liver uncovered to be either activated or inhibited by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Reported is the cross-talk among the transcription factors (TF) in bovine mammary tissue uncovered to be either activated or inhibited by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Summary of cellular synthesis pathway for free DXA3 by human platelets
Regulation of AMPK by metabolic stress, LKB1, and intracellular Ca++
Representative signaling in the AMPK pathway by various AMPK activators
Overview of the O-GalNAc glycosylation pathway
An illustration showing roles or functions of analyzed retinal disease-related genes
Predicted FA and TAG biosynthetic pathways in perilla seeds
Distribution, variety, and frequency of fusion events in riboflavin biosynthesis
Mechanisms responsible for aldosterone synthesis in zona glomerulosa cells under normal physiological conditions and excess production in primary aldosteronism
Working model for the regulation of early embryo cleavage by SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 in CFTR/HCO3−-dependent activation of miR-125b
Red color indicates down regulated genes and green color indicates up-regulated genes
Illustration of metabolic pathways reported to have altered gene and metabolite expression by integrated pathway analysis (MetaboAnalyst)
YAP/TAZ mechano-sensing signaling pathway network
Classification pathway for primary lymphedema
Glucocorticoid-mediated modulation of pro-inflammatory pathways
Minocycline-activated anti-inflammatory response through NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
. Model for non-cell-autonomous neurotoxicity of neuron-released α-synuclein.
Summary of the signalling pathways known to control the switch between dauer and growth in C
Nucleoprotein complexes associated with mammalian and A
. The signal pathway consists of the miR-23a cluster and important regulators during M1 and M2 polarization.
After binding with the FGFR1, bFGF stimulates the phosphorylation of FGFR1 and its downstream signaling component, leading to the upregulation of GLI2 expression and its transcriptional activity
Icariin, icaritin, and icariside II exert apoptotic effects through multiple mechanisms, which include the inhibition of β-catenin-dependent signaling, EGFR signaling, MAPK/ERK signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, JAK/STAT3 signaling, and COX-2/PGE2signaling
Tyrosine kinase receptors and their signalling pathways involved in angiogenesis
Conserved components unique to microorganisms, like bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and bacterial lipoproteins (BLP), are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Genes involved in circadian rhythm pathway constructed in the IPA program colored according their correlation with circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-Œ±)
The top three networks enriched for genes with statistically significant interconnection between the molecules present in our dataset have been presented
MYB silencing in pancreatic cancer cells led to downregulation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma pathway in our IPA analysis (Z score = −0.333).
LNT activated the immune system to promote tumor cell apoptosis through caspase 3-dependent signaling pathway, and inhibited tumor cell proliferation possibly through targeting p53 via enhancement of p21
VacA interferes with T-cell activation and proliferation by manipulating the T-cell receptor pathway and the cell cycle
Schematic overview of viruses that subvert the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
Tax hijacks the ubiquitin E3 ligase, ring finger protein 8 (RNF8) and E2 conjugating enzyme UBC13: Uev1A/Uev2 to activate transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), I kappa B kinase (IKK), canonical NF-Œ∫B and other signaling pathways
Alphavirus nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) reduces interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) expression by inducing transcriptional shutoff via RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II)-mediated host cell transcription by degradation of RNA polymerase subunit RPB1 and blocking the IFN-induced janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway
Models. Epithelial cell fate decision in the lower FRT.
Schematic model illustrating the signaling pathway by which angiogenin (ANG) reduces the inflammatory responses involving TANK-binding kinase (TBK)1- and IkappaB kinase-epsilon (IKK-ε)-mediated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs)
The mechanism of stimulated VSMC proliferation through the Wnt4/Dvl-1/β-catenin signaling pathway
Schematic overview of DNA damaging agents, radiotherapy, DNA damage, the cellular response upon DNA damage, genetic variation, epigenetic regulation and cancer therapy response
Hedgehog signaling pathway and the primary cilia
Schema of the central carbon metabolism pathway, including the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas-pathway (EMP pathway), the pentose-phosphate pathway (PP pathway), and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Mechanism of cell death in murine lung epithelial cells after repeated cycles of hyperoxia, radiation, and double-hit combination challenge
An illustration of the genesis of exosomal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in renal collecting duct principal cells
Signaling mechanisms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in renal fibrosis
Summary of the mechanisms by which stress-related immune alterations may precipitate depression
In response to DSBs, Ku80 and Ku70 associate with the broken ends, forming a clamp-like complex, and then recruit DNA-PKcs to the damaged site
. Biphasic regulation of Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling mediated by MeHg.
The gene with the highest average intensity was selected as the representative of each pathway
The zebrafish/tilapia divergently expressed genes were highlighted by blue color
Schematic diagram of potential drought response signaling pathways in sheepgrass
The sites indicated are: the pentose phosphate pathway and reactions involving intermediates of the Krebs cycle
Tumor cells have aberrant activation of mTORC1 that induces an anabolic growth program resulting in nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis
Glucose metabolism generates glycolytic intermediates that can supply subsidiary pathways including the hexosamine pathway, PPP, and one-carbon metabolism, all of which support cell growth
Current genetic interaction model of the PHO pathway in H. polymorpha
Schematic diagram showing identified extracellular and intracellular signals involved in regulation of NPCs and OPCs
The regulation of Hippo signalling in Drosophila melanogaster
The cross-talk of mammalian Hippo signalling with the MAPK, PI3K and intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways
DNA end resection dictates the pathway choice for both DNA repair and checkpoint response DSBs can be repaired by NHEJ or by HR that requires 3′ ssDNA generated by end resection
Schematic pathway of apoptosis-induction by KTH-13-Me
Signaling pathways important for stem/progenitor cells regulation
Schematic Representation of the Main Sinks for Biomass Precursor Metabolites in Central Carbon Metabolism, Related to 12 precursor metabolites in glycolysis, the PPP and the TCA cycle serve as metabolic branchpoints, in which flux branches out from central carbon metabolism to build the components of the cell’s biomass
p53 integrates metabolic stress signals to direct cell metabolism
p53 regulates carbohydrate metabolism during glucose starvation
p53 directs lipid and amino acid metabolism during stress
Gene circuits for biomedical applications
Disruption of miRNA biogenesis by estrogens and cigarette smoke can lead to oncogenesis
Relationships between longevity genes affected by the diabetic milieu
Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways and points of therapeutic intervention
Diagrams showing signal transduction pathways used by chemokines and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6
Schematic representation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Schematic representation of the Wnt signaling pathway and possible points for therapeutic interventions to restrict S100A4-mediated tumor progression and metastasis
The canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway (left) induced by signals including antigens, TLR ligands and cytokines such as TNF uses a wide variety of signaling adaptors to engage and activate the IKKβ subunit of the IKK complex
NF-Œ∫B signaling consists of two main branches: canonical and non-canonical
Circuitry of amino acid signalling to MTORC1
RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibition
Genes which are involved in the telomere maintenance and telomerase activity pathway
Pyruvate, generated from glucose by glycolysis in cytosol, undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to yield acetyl‐CoA
Contractions initially lead to activation of NADPH oxidase (probably Nox2) within muscle
TGF-β drives glucose flow through HBP promoting aberrant glycosylation during EMT
Mapping of gene expression changes in NK cells by IL-15 priming and hypoxia onto Hif-1 signaling and glycolytic pathways
Proposed signaling pathway by which FSH promotes the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of YB-1 on Ser102 to enhance expression of select FSH target genes
Schematic illustration of the proposed T835M-UNC5C- and V642I-APP-induced neuronal death-signaling pathways
(a) Sustained exposure to AA is harmful for proximal tubular epithelial... (b) Design of study using anti-TGFβ antibody (1D11) evaluating the effec...
. Proposed mechanism of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) involvement in early activation of PDGFRβ+ pericytes in aristolochic acid induced acute kidney injury in Wistar male rats.
A model for TNF-Œ±-induced expression of the inflammation-associated genes mediated by PLCœµ
A model for the role of the 20E-induced cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling in 20E-regulated gene expression
Signaling pathways involved in platelet-mediated NET formation
Multiple modes of action of Mg2+ in attenuating Pi-induced VC in HAVSMC
Mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway
Potential mechanism of PDGF-induced SphK1 expression and proliferation of hPASMCs in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Differentially expressed genes in BA, JA and UA groups mapped on the TNFR signaling pathway (1 denotes JA, 2 denotes UA, and 3 denotes BA)
Proposed model of miRNA regulation by simvastation and possible protective role of ubiquinol
Angiocrine mechanisms during fetal lung development
Model of Na+-Cl‚àí cotransporter (NCC) regulation by the cullin-3 (CUL3)/kelch-like 3 (KLHL3)-with no lysine (WNK)-STE20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress response kinase (OSR1) pathway
Genes with mutations detected in tumor samples are colored blue
LumA-R2 samples overexpress genes in the T cell receptor signaling pathway
Proposed scheme to describe how  are interconnected with Ca2+-pH signaling components in polar growing cells
Genes up- and downstream of flavonol biosynthesis are also affected in the Œîy mutants
Connection between chloroplast redox/ generation and cytosolic signaling pathways
Pathway diagram of the glycolysis pathway
Pathway diagram of the genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle
. Current hypothesis on the protective mechanism of spironolactone on podocytic adhesive capacity damage under mechanical stress.
cGMP-PKG signalling in the cardiomyocyte
Surviving problems during chromosome replication
Candidate SCI biomarker input for Systems Biology and pathway network analysis
Three pathways identified as altered based on the 12 SCI biomarker candidate proteins as input
Hypothetical scheme of AhRR repression on AhR activity and the consequences in endpoints
Signals shared after brain injury and in the NSC niche
The role of enhanced Ca2+ and ROS levels in cardiac hypertrophy
Dysregulation of Ca2+ and redox signalling in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Primary nodes depict GO term pathways enriched for deletions in TP53 mutant, high copy number variation endometrial cancers
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) signal transduction pathway in the collecting duct
Nineteen metabolites were identified as differentially regulated between control and patient cells; these were used to define a network with inferred protein and metabolite interactions (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software [IPA])
The effect of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Represented is the canonical pathway “Circadian Rhythm Signaling” overlaid with the expression data from the following: (a) DEX versus Con at 1 week, (b) TAA versus Con at 1 week, (c) DEX versus Con at 1 month, and (d) TAA versus Con at 1 month postinjection
Signal pathways of migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
Composite changes in markers of the insulin-signaling pathway and their relationship with insulin sensitivity in the liver (left panel), muscle (middle panel), and adipose tissue (right panel) in GD90 fetuses
Differentially expressed gene distribution in the rno03320 pathway
Differentially expressed gene distribution in rno03320 pathway
Regulation of HH and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by 1,25(OH)2D/VDR and calcium/Casr
Proposed hypothesis for in vivo antifibrotic signaling pathway of serelaxin in kidney
Potential strategies for modulating the BMP pathway
The cognitive impairment mediated by the Reelin-Fyn-NR2B signaling pathway in 12-month-old ApoE4-TR mice that underwent early-life early CUMS intervention
Knockdown of RGMs facilitates BMP signaling through the Smad1/5/8 pathway and partly through Smad2/3
LSS could induce Cav-1 activation and cluster from cytoplasm to cell membrane, and triggered the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to upregulate MT1-MMP expression and accelerate ECM degradation
. The suggested pathway for AQP3 in inducing the stem-like properties of GC cells.
The green rectangle nodes and black arrows show the KEGG genes and their interactions while the blue nodes and red arrows show the miRNAs and their interactions with the genes, respectively
The green rectangle nodes and black arrows show the KEGG genes and their interactions while the blue nodes and red arrows show the miRNAs and their interactions with the genes
Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as an upstream regulator
This pathway was enriched among the 615 DEPs, with a p-value of 9.398 E-06.
Pathway analysis using IPA software suggests β3-adrenergic receptor signaling activation in T1D-MSCs, with upregulation of several downstream molecules
Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system pathway ©PharmGKB
. The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Melanocyte differentiation pathway dependent on MSHŒ± and ACTH
Long-term DHEA administration could promote glycogen storage and accelerate glucose catabolism in rats on a high-fat diet
A schematic model of the transcriptional regulation of different TFs playing key roles in cellular dehydration in plants
KEGG pathway (pathways in cancer) analysis with predicated target genes from upregulated miRNAs
KEGG pathway (pathways in cancer) analysis with predicated target genes from downregulated miRNAs
KEGG pathway (pathways in cancer) analysis with predicated target genes from all selected differentially expressed miRNAs
Schematic representation of the proposed mode of action of tumor necrosis factor Œ± (TNF-Œ±) on the L-type voltage dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) of the guinea pig airway smooth muscle
CRT-knockdown correlates with the modulation of p53 and MAPK pathways
Crosstalk between leukemia cell and BM MSCs
Aminoglycerophospholipids and CL biosynthetic pathways in yeast
PKA signaling pathway in adrenal tumorigenesis and related mouse models
WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in adrenal tumorigenesis
Schematic of major cholesterol metabolism pathways in the liver
The red arrow represents the decreased metabolites and the green arrow represents the increased metabolites, as measured by GC/MS
LinA inhibits cancer cell growth and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway and modulating the expression of key proteins involved in regulating cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA damage
The PI3K/PKB/mTOR signaling pathway regulates cancer cell metabolism
Physical factors regulating lineage commitment of MSCs
Network of transcriptional regulation and ligand receptor signaling
Schematic of the proposed model for production of IFN-β in response to extracellular dsRNA
Schematic presentation of gene network implicated in TLR signaling pathway
In the presence of TAp73 (right panel) and following TGF-β receptor activation by TGF-β, SMAD-dependent pathway is activated, promoting tumor-suppressive functions including BGN secretion, which traps TGF-β within the ECM
Non-canonical autophagy in the clearance of dead cells
SOX2-mediated sensing of cytoplasmic DNA and the associated signaling pathway in neutrophils
Interactions between coagulation and inflammation during IAV infection
Model for signaling in neutrophils to induce NETosis
Cancer stem cells supporting activities of CD44v6
CXCR4, a marker of migrating cancer stem cells
The EpCAM-palmitoylated claudin7 complex in pancreatic cancer stem cells
(A) Pathway analysis of network signaling of some of the identified prot... (B) The functional characteristics and disease relatedness of some of th...
Horizontal cell fate and cell type formation
Impact of periostin on cancer with regard to metastatic dissemination
Putative signal transduction pathway: RSV attenuated TNF-Œ±-induced MMP-3 expression in human nucleus pulposus cells by activating autophagy via the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway
There are numerous strategies currently under investigation as anti-cancer therapies that target cell proliferation
The canonical pathway driving myofibroblast differentiation is driven by TGF-β-mediated Smad and MEK/Erk signaling14
Molecular and physiological defects in mice lacking BRAF and RAF1 in the epidermis
A. Autophagy, regulated by AMPK-mTOR signal pathway, benefits the detached cancer cells to overcome anoikis.
As depicted in the model, miR-206 targets c-Met and through PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade modulates: 1) Angiogenesis of HUVECs
Green, name of the enzymes down-regulated by PE5; blue, metabolites that are the main source of energy for cancer cells depending on their status; blue arrows, catabolic pathways; blue dashed arrows, potential gluconeogenesis not still proved in cancer cells (see text for more details); red arrows, biosynthetic pathways critical for cancer cell grow and division; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; OAA, oxaloacetate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; 2PG, 2-phosphoglycerate; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; R5P, ribose-5-phosphate
The checkpoint response is dependent on three effector axes coordinated through the transcription factor FoxO3a
. Representation of G protein-coupled receptor related signaling pathway affected by the hypermethylated promoter CpG island (CGI) genes.
Diagram of the main posttranslational modification events involved in the activation of response to ICLs
A working model of the molecular mechanisms of HDACi (e.g., abexinostat) on human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cell differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts
(A) Interplay between VEGF and Notch signaling is important for tip and... (B) The balance between VEGF and Notch signaling is lost in tumor endoth...
Schematic diagram illustrates the putative mechanism for BDNF signaling in mediating CGRP expression in DRG
Only the predominant pathways involved in post-UVR regulation of ATR and ATM recruitment during G1 and S phase of cell cycle are considered
NF-Œ∫B-mediated regulation of inflammatory and immunosuppressive CD4+ T-cell lineages
Proposed IGF‐interaction with PPAR‐γ signalling in CVD epigenetics
(A) Ingenuity® Bioinformatics pathway analysis... (B) The most highly represented molecular and c... (C) The chemotaxis molecules were highly connec...
Changes in transcript abundance of genes involved in central metabolic pathways and bioprocesses in response to elevated CO2 in C-169
The molecular mechanism of disc cell senescence
The role of actin and myosins in mammalian autophagy
Proposed model for E. chaffeensis TRP120-mediated activation of canonical Notch signaling pathway and inhibition of TLR2/4 expression
Variations on aerobic methionine salvage pathway
MT functions and regulation at the presynaptic terminal of Drosophila NMJs
6-MP, 6-mercaptopurine; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; DHF, dihydrofolate; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; FA, folic acid; Gly, glycine; GNMT, glycine N-methyltransferase; Hcy, homocysteine; ITPA, inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase; MAT, methionine adenosyltransferase; ox-B12, oxidised form of vitamin B12; Me2Gly, dimethyl-glycine; MeMP, methylmercaptopurine; Met, L-methionine; 5-Me-THF, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate; 5,10-methylene-THF, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate; 5,10-methenyl-THF, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate; MTHFD1, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP + Dependent) 1; MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MTR, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase; SAH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine; SAHH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase; MTRR, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase; SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine; Sar, sarcosine; THF, tetrahydrofolate; TGN, thioguanosine; TIMP, thioinosine monophosphate; TITP, thioinosine triphosphate, TPMT, thiopurine S-methyltransferase; TYMS, thymidylate synthetase
Overview of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway
De novo SL biosynthesis and S1P metabolism
Nogo-B regulates de novo SL biosynthesis through the inhibition of SPT activity to control vascular tone and BP
Summary of the most reproducible deficiencies in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) and its related cellular signaling in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD)
Model for HRPII recognition by human brain endothelial cells and the intracellular pathway that leads to BBB leakage
VNN1 expression and function can be regulated by Ox-LDL to promote atherosclerosis
The schematic mechanism of L5 on STRA6 cascade suppression and kidney injury
Pathway involved in crosstalk among diverse pathways putatively functional in disease responses of Tomato-Scleretonia interaction
Schematic representation of putative metabolic pathways of plant 14-3-3 genes involved in abiotic stresses
The presumed neuroanatomical mechanism of the arousal effects of Ca2+ in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)
Overview on the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in the three main pathways of plasma lipoprotein metabolism
Schema of upstream and downstream signaling pathways of mTORC1
Quantification of the input-response function of LAT:Grb2:SOS assembly in TCR signaling
The SDF1/CXCR4 signaling pathway: A new player involved in DiGeorge/22q11-deletion syndrome malformations
Willin, merlin and ezrin are all FERM containing proteins that can influence proper functioning of the cytoskeleton, cell to cell junction complexes (TJ: tight junctions, AJ: adherens junctions) and the hippo signalling pathway
Replicative aging cooperates with other aging mechanisms to activate the p53 and/or Rb signaling pathways
In the vernalization pathway, AGL19 acts as an activator of the FM identity genes (LFY and AP1), while both MAF2 and FLC repress SOC1 expression; VIN3 and VRN1 shut down FLC transcription by methylating the histones of the FLC-associated chromatin
A hypothetical model proposing maintenance of glutathione homeostasis as a common effector for various interventions that support the survival of NADPH-depleted OPCs including physiological levels of DHEA, stimulation of GPER or activation of the cAMP pathway
Proposed model for tumor-suppressive effects of ES-CMs
Schematic representation of G protein activation and signaling
Schematic representation of the possible signalling pathway for the compounds (comp#1 and comp#2).AKT: Protein kinase B; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; CREB: cAMP response element binding protein; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated potein kinase; P: phosphorylated.
Examples of biological networks (A) Protein-protein intera... (B) Co-expression network.... (C) Gene regulatory networ... (D) Signaling pathway. EGF...
The representation of the effects of ADAMTS on Tau production
Schematic illustration of IL-6 and IL-11 signaling
Biosynthetic pathway of essential oil biosynthesis in C
A schematic illustration of the canonical Wnt signal transduction cascade
A schematic representation of the Wnt pathway in off (A) and on (B) conformations and the non-canonical Wnt pathway (C)
Comparison of the Drosophila and vertebrate non-canonical Wnt pathways applicable to this proposal
Regulation of genes of Cell Cycle pathway during senescence induction in HFF strains
Regulation of genes of cell cycle pathway during senescence induction in MRC-5 strains
S. Chinensis polysaccharide-0-1 (SCP-0-1) induced molecular events of mitochondrial apoptosis rather than autophagy.
Proposed positive feed-back loop of lipid mediators and HIF1Œ± signaling in hypoxic prostate cancer (PCa) cells
Schematic diagram of Flii involvement in inflammation
The mechanism and pathway map of the prostate cancer (modified based on KEGG database)
Regulation of HER3 and downstream signaling
StRAnGER pathway analysis exploiting KEGG database, based on the up-regulated genes after MNU-treatment in A549 cells
a) Systems modeling framework used... b) Constraint-based modeling for t... c) Kinetic modeling for the mutant... d) Kinetic modeling for the mutant...
TK, tyrosine kinase domains; FRS2Œ±, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2Œ±
The red diamond denotes EBV proteins and the green circle denotes human proteins
IL-7RŒ± pathway mutations provide potential targets for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy
Viral oncolysis dependent on RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) inactivation
Signaling pathways activated by ET-1 in cancer
(A) Pathogenic infection induced increased level of TNF-α, which was att... (B) Although 2-APB attenuates LPS-stimulated TNF-α production, different...
Schematic representation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway
The role of SKN-1 in the development of C
Regulation of mRNA translation initiation by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1) signaling pathway
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-related fasting response in heart
MMP-9 signaling begins at the extracellular-cell membrane interface, where cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, or ECM proteins engage cell surface receptors to transmit signaling cascades that culminate in MMP-9 release, activation, and proteolysis of substrates
Schematic summary of novel TXNIP-NFYA-SREBP2/miR-33a-AMPKŒ±/CROT/CPT1/HADHB signaling pathway conferring TXNIP regulation of myocardial fatty acid oxidation
Gene repertoire for sterol biosynthesis in unicellular holozoans
Epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling pathway
Role of guanylate-binding protein-1 in colorectal carcinoma and inflammatory bowel diseases
A. Glycolysis and associated carbon fates.G6P: glucose-6-phosphate; F6P fructose-6-phosphate; F1,6BP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; GAP glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate; 1,3bisPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; 2PGA 2-phosphogycerate; PEP phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr pyruvate; OAA oxaloacetate; AcCoA acetyl CoA; Lac lactate; Ru5P ribose-5-phosphate; HK hexokinase; G6Pase glucose-6-phosphatase; PGI phosphoglucose isomerase; PFK1 phosphofructokinase 1; FBPase fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase; ALD aldolase; GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK phosphoglycerate kinase; PGM phosphoglycerate mutase; ENO enolase; PK pyruvate kinase; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; ALT alanine transaminase; PC pyruvate carboxylase; PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase; PPPox oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway; PPPnx non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathwayB.
Schematic illustrating Mekk1 signaling and the regulation of Cdkn1b expression in T cells
Retinoid regulation of early lung development
Overview of autophagy process, apoptosis process and the site of action of sauchinone
Proposed model for IFNγ-induced apoptosis of HNSCC cells
STRING v10.0 protein–protein interaction network based on input of 164 proteins of interest
A model deciphers molecular mechanisms by which PRMT5/p44 controls cell growth
A model summarizing the role of the HH signalling pathway and its primary transducer, GLI2, during mES cell cardiomyogenesis
MACC1 participates in multiple biological processes inside and outside of gastric cancer cells, functioning as an important mediator of the tumor microenvironment
The neurologic pathway from the eyes through the pineal gland.After adrenergic stimuli, intracellular synthesis of melatonin in the pinealocyte and its effects are summarized.SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus; PVN: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; SCG: superior cervical ganglion; RZR/RORŒ±: Retinoid-related Orphan nuclear hormone receptor
Roles of hBVR in activating IRK/PI3K/Akt pathway
Regulation of cancer cell functions by hyaluronan (HA)‚Äêreceptor interactions
The feedback loops that form the molecular clock
Red rectangles represent active gene expression
Proposed model for increased IL-6 and leptin production caused by global Zip14 deletion
Oncogenic addiction versus synthetic lethality to explain GSK621-induced cytotoxicity in AML
A model for FERONIA signaling and related pathways
Bright light exposure causes retinal degeneration that is associated with perturbation of retinal transcriptome homeostasis manifested as dysregulation of multiple gene sets, including but not limited to down-regulation of the phototransduction pathway and up-regulation of the apoptosis pathway, p53 signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and chemokine signaling
Dual regulation of GSK3 by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 pathway and PLIN2
Downregulation of PPAR pathway and bile acid biosynthesis and secretion pathway
Differentially expressed genes (p-value ≤ 0.01 and log2 |fold change| ≥1) were shown in different metabolic pathways using heat maps with gene names or accession IDs.
(A) Tyrosine kinase receptors involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogen... (B) Biologic pathways and markers in renal cell carcinoma: AKT/PKB = akt...
Involvement of AKR1B1 in pathophysiology
These genes code for proteins that are key elements of excitatory transmission, including ionotropic NMDA (Grin2a) and AMPA (Gria3), and modulatory metabotropic receptors mGluR1 (Grm1) and mGluR8 (Grm8)
Proposed signaling pathway in retinal detachment leading to rod terminal retraction
Schematic representation of the biosynthetic pathway to nicotine and tropine indicating the common and unique steps
Signal transducer and activator of transcription tyrosine kinase domain c-Kit in normal cell.Notes: Ras/Erk pathway directs to activate of the proliferation genes
Signal transducer and activator of transcription tyrosine kinase domain c-Kit in cancer cell.Notes: The Ras-Erk pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway, and Src-signaling pathway have been demonstrated in this schematic picture
Exposure of H2O2 induces ROS accumulation, which in turn activates TNFR1 and PI3K level
By using the tool microRNA Target Filter of QIAGEN’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®, QIAGEN Redwood City, www.qiagen.com/ingenuity), the software generated a network including the selected miRNAs and their mRNA targets, filtered by connective tissue disorders.
Hypothesis of “The regulation of H3K27me3 on S
Differentially expressed proteins regulated cellular processes/diseases and hypothetical depiction of BPA action
Gene expression, proteome, and metabolome contrasts in young and immature tissues, assigned to the central carbon metabolism
Red arrowheads indicate the sites of pharmacological interventions used
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway
PI3K-AKT (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-AKT) signaling pathway
JAK-STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway
Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway
Cytoskeleton remodeling and axonal transport
LINP1 regulation and role in the NHEJ DNA-repair pathway
(A) In the normal colon, Wnt signaling is inactive and Hath1 is transcri... (B) However, in colorectal cancer, active Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signal...
. Overview of the p53 and p53-related IGF-1 signaling pathway regulators through which exercise may impact for cancer prevention.
Molecular alterations cause metabolic switching in cancer cells and severe metabolic changes in the tumor microenvironment
Regulation of the Hippo pathway by multiple upstream signals
Multifaceted regulation of T cell responses by ROS
Thumbnail image of MAPK signalling pathway
Main WNT/β-catenin pathway involved in cancer and stem cells
P4 activated the cSrc/AKT signaling pathway, which in turn induced activation of RSK1, subsequently causing p27 phosphorylation at T198 and increasing formation of the p27-RhoA complex, and eventually enhanced migration of breast cancer cells
Signaling pathways regulated by SHP-2 in the gastrointestinal tract
Mechanism of action of PIs, immunomodulators, and HDACi.Notes: Proteasomes are intracellular structures which catabolize proteins that are marked with ubiquitin
Proposed mechanism by which xCT is down-regulated in response to chronic SH-4-54 treatment, resulting in resistant clones of a subtype of aggressive, triple-negative human breast cancers cells (represented in the current study by MDA-MB-231 cells): (1) inhibiting constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation via continuous SH-4-54 administration (2) increases the level of intracellular ROS, resulting in (3) de-SUMOylation of STAT5 (details shown), which (4) enables STAT5 to be phosphorylated
Possible mechanism for the antagonistic effect of Lpp and RNA in innate immune stimulation in monocytes and macrophages
Overall organization of JNK signaling pathways
Roles of different bacterial SMases and PLases in virulence
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the existing molecular targets for therapy, which was indicated by ‚àÜ
Proposed regulation of HSC quiescence by paternally imprinted DMRs
Mitochondrial dysfunction in gliomas- Evasion of Apoptosis: Impaired mitochondrial function due to the genomic mutations in mtDNA leads to impaired function of electron transport chain thus enhancing generation of ROS
Pathophysiology of Diabetic neuropathy: Glucose induced osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant depletion results in the formation of intense oxidative stress inside neuronal cells
Hypoxia‚Äêinduced changes in mitochondrial metabolism
Signaling network of drug-induced glioma differentiation
Non-activated canonical Wnt signaling pathway and the drug targeted components
Activated canonical Wnt signaling pathway and the drug targeted components
Signalling pathway and targeted therapy in gastric cancer
Proposed Model of PI3KŒ± Resistance in SGK1-Expressing CellsPIK3CA-mutant breast tumors depend on the PI3K pathway, which mainly signals through AKT
Processes involved in particle-induced pro-IL-1β expression
(A) Members of receptor tyrosine signaling pathways that are predicted a... (B) Indispensable nodes that are targeted by all three inputs (cancer mu...
Model of bunyavirus-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling
A model of the HGF/Met-FOXM1 positive feedback loop
In the pre-diabetic state, WAT and skeletal muscle produce more activator (WNT3a) and less inhibitor (WNT4) of canonical Wnt signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of Wnt signaling in pancreatic β-cells in an endocrine-dependent manner
Representation of the top Canonical Pathways, Functional Annotations and Upstream Regulators detected upon analysis of target genes and their co-regulated genes
The germline Nf1 gene mutation independently determines astrocyte and microglia dysfunction relative to optic glioma formation and growth
A mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis promotion via HBV-induced ROS accumulation
Model for SRSF1's roles in transformation in breast cancer
Model for the regulation of cell motility by the RSK-SH3P2-Myo1E axis
Activation of the NF-Œ∫B and JAK-STAT signaling pathways are crucial for proper antiviral response
The regulation of rhein on the crosstalk of MAPK signaling pathway
The regulation of rhein on the crosstalk of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway
The processing of engulfed dying cells requires LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and promotes an anti-inflammatory response
Antibody-mediated blockade of the PS signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment
Overview of the cellular and molecular events of autophagy–lysosomal pathway
Role of innate immunity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression
Sulforaphane regulates Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and induces phase II metabolic enzyme expression
Schematic model depicting how ERK1/2 activity is transduced through the Shoc2 scaffold
Activation and molecular crosstalk amongst signaling pathways
Network motifs that are coordinately regulated by the miR-17–92 cluster
Functional biased pattern of gene loss by coelimination of genes of the retinoic acid metabolic gene network (RA-MGN)
Schematic representation of the RA-MGN in vertebrates that establishes the levels of atRA, whose signaling regulates developmental genes (e.g., Hox1) through nuclear receptors (e.g., RAR and PPAR).
A comprehensive model showing how HIV-gp120 and cocaine effect energy sensor AMPKs signaling mechanism and epigenetic signature lead neurotoxicity
Schematic diagram of the linear in silico activation pathway of CD8+ T cells
Model depicting proangiogenic lactate signaling in cancer
RNF8 and RNF168 promote the accumulation of 53BP1 and RAP80 at DSB sites
Proposed pathways for colorectal tumorigenesis in proximal/whole-colon (upper panel) and distal serrated polyposis (SPP) associated with a family history of SPP and/or polyps/colorectal cancer (SPP-FHP/CRC) (bottom panel)
The canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways have differing effects in cancer
Colorectal cancer progression is a multistep process during which several phenotypic changes occur, leading to enhanced proliferative abilities, the activation of survival signaling, the loss of differentiation status, resistance to death, and the acquisition of invasive and migratory abilities
High levels of intracellular fructose 6-P fuel the hexosamine pathway by generating substrates (UDP-GlcNAc) for MGAT5
Bufalin inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis by inhibiting the EMT and angiogenesis
Adipocytes in pro-inflammatory conditions produce high levels of IL6, that could be a potential regulator of WNT5a expression and secretion in MiaPaCa2 through IL6-STAT3 signaling pathway
Mutations involved in DNA damage checkpoint were shown in red, and mutations involved with TGF-β pathway were shown in blue
(A) Dynamically alternative pathway network. (B) Calcium signaling pathway; the pink rectangle and blue pentagram den...
Simplified model for the symbiotic signaling pathway in legumes
Cellular stresses (i.e., hyperoxia, increase in Tb) activate Akt, which inhibits Foxo translocation to the nucleus through phosphorylation on several residues for Foxo1 and 3a.
mGluR5 and CB1 cooperatively activate cell signaling pathways to promote neuroprotection
5 nM PhIP activates STAT3-mediated transcriptional regulation
Model of HIV-associated disruption of tight junctions in initial HIV entry and systemic HIV/AIDS disease
Schematic of Tarp protein mediated signaling pathways implicated in chlamydial entry and development
YAP1/TAZ activation in Sav1-depleted cells induces TGF-β and TβRII mRNA expression, thereby synergistically enhancing responsiveness to TGF-β
Summary diagram illustrates a hypothesis for how ZSTK474 exerts its effects on ischemic reperfusion injury
Unigenes involved in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in SAM of Oriental hybrid lily
Sealing pathway schematic for multiple proteins and pathways involved in vesicle mediated repair of plasmalemmal damageSee text for references
Schematic of “Inhibition of MMPs” signaling pathway at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after nerve crush injury.Differentially expressed genes are shown in red (up-regulated) and green (downregulated)
Network of reported candidate genes associated with GTS
Norepinephrine, a catecholamine synthesized and released by the sympathetic nervous system, binds and activates α1 and α2 adrenergic receptors (α1R and α2R) on target cells
mf regulated mTOR signaling pathway in human DC
The impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal spine dynamics
Expression of eIF2Œ± signaling pathway genes
The effects of silica NPs on Wnt signaling
Upstream regulatory analysis of weight-loss‚Äìassociated genes identified strong C/EBPŒ± activation
Schematic representation of the insulin signalling pathway with years of discovery of the key elements in the pathway
Promoter-specific DNA methylation of genes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway
. Graphical representation of the dual functional role of wedelolactone in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.
Canonical Wnt signaling pathway (reproduced with permission from[])
A model describing the mechanism of TLRs in cancer therapy
Main components of innate immune system in epidermis and their role in atopic dermatitis (AD)
The quantitative change in the levels of phosphopeptides in the BCR signalosome after anti-IgM treatment is indicated on the left half of the circle for each protein; the change from pretreatment with TG is shown on the right half
Association of the Wnt pathway with stress responses and aging
Sinularin-induced apoptosis in the AGS and NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells
Proposed model illustrating how KLHL21 modulates the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway via targeting IKKβ
The levels of enzymes involved in the tick hemoglobinolytic pathway vary in a tissue-specific manner in response to A
FGFR signalling and model for the role of cholesterol biosynthesis in the maintenance of lysosomal membrane integrity under CQ- and BafA1-induced stress
Mechanisms of beneficial effects of increased-based therapy
The proposed signal pathway activated by HMDB in HeLa cervical cancer cells
Kallistatin inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis through inhibiting TNF-Œ± signaling and promotes NO production through eNOS stimulation
Kallistatin inhibits angiogenesis and inflammation through blocking VEGF signaling and NADPH oxidase activity
Kallistatin inhibits Wnt canonical pathway induced angiogenesis and inflammation
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway
Simplified representation of canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog(HH) signaling
Outline of the PKC regulation of COX-2 and IL-8 production and the potential acting points of ghrelin (GHRP-2) in ovarian granulosa cells
Schematic representation of the proposed cellular signaling pathways regulating DSM excitability and contractility
Regulation of TLR4 signalling by the ubiquitin-proteasome system
(A) Domain organization of the CrRLK1L proteins. Domains are to scale an... (B) Overview of CrRLK1L protein kinase signaling pathway components as d...
Cross talk between multiple signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and resistance
Overlapping RAS/MAPK and PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets
Thermodynamic and kinetic framework of P4-P6 folding (5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM KCl, 23 ¬∞C)
Proposed mechanisms by which the genes associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; based on emerging genetic sequencing studies) and the Wnt signaling cascade (based on the current study by Hemnes and colleagues) functionally interact with the Ca2+signaling pathway to cause pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) contraction and pulmonary vasoconstriction, PASMC proliferation/migration and pulmonary vascular wall thickening, and inhibition of PASMC apoptosis resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling ()
Simplified cartoon diagram depicting the high-level interactions between the TLR or IL-1R superfamily of receptors, the co-receptors and adaptor proteins, and the protein kinases within the NF-Œ∫B canonical signalling pathway
. Schematic diagram of pathway involved in vitamin K2-induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells.
Working model of consequences of PREX2 truncating mutations
Schematic summary of general roles of RAS-RAF-MEK pathway in protecting dendritic atrophy caused by dynein malfunction or mitochondrial dysfunction
Schematic diagram of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway and its regulation by Ca2+signaling in myocytes
Main mediators of NVC responses to distinct cortical afferent pathways
Cortical neuronal networks recruited by different afferent inputs
The cyclic AMP-dependent signaling pathway
Aberrations in the cyclic AMP-dependent signaling pathway in adrenocortical tumors
The genes marked with red color indicated their value of genetic expression were significantly changed in the 100‚Äâmg/l NaF group
A partial picture of) the SREBP regulatory network
Schematic showing proposed mechanism of ECM synthesis following CDH11 engagement
A model for threshold-setting by noise canceling and overriding pathways in 1-MeAde signaling
Current view on T cell NNCS in regulation of immune function
Effects of metabolism on Foxp3 expression and the generation of Treg cells
The regulation of molecules in the NMDAR signaling pathway on learning and memory
A proposed mode for the mechanisms and functions of IL-10-producing B cells induced by TRAPs
The left‐hand side indicates many (but not all) of the known interactions, modifications and outcomes following binding of TNF to its receptor and includes the new player identified by Wagner et al (), SPATA2 (red)
Many of these pathways such as the Wnt, hedgehog and MAPK signaling pathways are involved in bone formation
BMP attaches to extracellular matrix (A) through the binding of integrins (B)
Schematic illustration of MAPK/MSK1/Histone H3 pathway on target gene transcription
Working model of PRL-3 involvement in TNF-R1 pleiotropy
Diagram summarizing the proposed mechanism by which MACC1 drives resistance to trastuzumab
A model cell illustrates the Gq-mER signaling pathway in hypothalamic PVN CRH neurons that mediates the modulatory effect of E2 (or STX) on the M-current and on mEPSCs (1)
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors and signal transducers
MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis pathway and its regulation by Smad proteins
On the left, DKK-1 blocks the formation of the LRP5/Fzd heterodimer, resulting in maintenance of the Axin/APC/GSK-3β/β-catenin complex, which mediates proteosomal degradation of β-catenin
The interconnected network of sphingolipid mediators composing the sphingomyelin/salvage pathway (also known as the sphingomyelin cycle) and the corresponding sphingolipid-modifying enzymes are shown
KEGG in Graphviz view of T-cell receptor signaling pathways on a canonical signaling pathway with gene methylation chip data
KEGG in Graphviz view of Jak–STAT signaling pathways on a canonical signaling pathway with gene methylation chip data
Model for the Wnt-5a effects at the postsynaptic region
Expression changes of p53 target genes are mapped by colours; green colour–increase in expression, red colour–decrease in expression
The Notch pathway is enriched with the network proteins, labeled in orange (panel A)
. Schematic representation of negative regulation of the TLR-triggered inflammatory response pathway by CK8.
NF-Œ∫B pathway genes with correlation to HOXA1 expression in breast cancer
Wnts bind to their receptors Fzd/Lrp5/6, recruit Dvl and block the destruction complex from degrading cytosolic β‐catenin
The transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases Rnf43/Znrf3 negatively regulate Wnt signalling by ubiquitinating the cytoplasmic tails of Fzds to promote their membrane clearance by endocytosis and degradation, ultimately downregulating Wnt signalling
Summary of interactions involved in Wnt signaling cascades inferred to regulate NC biological functions
Impact of heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering and oxygen levels on native central carbon metabolism in Z
Sensing of HMPV by different PRRs and modulation of the IFN response by viral proteins
a Representation of Canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Importance of Wnt/miRNA network in the regulation of cancer stem-like cells
Insulin receptor signal transduction via PI3K/PKB pathway
Model for inhibition mechanism of antioxidants, cyclosporine A (CsA) and SB203580
The junctional mechanosensory complex regulates cytoskeletal stiffening and inflammatory signaling in response to force
Known and predicted mechanosensitive genes in the aortic valve endothelium under disturbed flow (A) and laminar flow (B)
. The representative cardiovascular-gastrointestinal disease pathway and therapeutic modules.
Regulation of wingless/int-1 signaling by crosstalk in hepatocellular carcinoma
Physiological effects of ROS on synaptic plasticity
Pathway map of quantitative comparisons of metabolic proteins in DLD-1 cell lines
Pathway map of quantitative comparisons of metabolic proteins in RKO cell lines
Mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin upregulation in CRC and PDAC
Proposed model for plasma long‚Äêchain acylcarnitine contributions to the heart failure phenotype
(A) T cell development. (B) B cell development. Each lineage is represented with distinguishing...
Schematic illustration depicting Ca2+/CaN-dependent NFATc4 activity on the modulation of neuritin-induced Kv4.2 expression and the subsequent increase in IA channel density
Schematic diagram of Na+/K+-ATPase pumping and signaling functions in cardiomyocytes (Liu et al., , ; Wu et al., )
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathway by which TGF-β1 increases DNMT1 and DNMT3a
Proposed model for the impact of CCL2 on HDL internalization and cholesterol efflux and regulatory mechanisms in HCAECs
Model of the signaling pathway by which FSH, via PKA, regulates the PI3K and ERK pathways in GCs
Differences in enzymes involved in central carbon metabolism between Synechococcus 7942 and Synechocystis 6803 were included
. Potential scheme for the Ca2+-CaMKII-CREB signaling pathway that is involved in ES-induced neurite outgrowth and BDNF transcription.
Schematic illustration of GLP-1R signaling in GnRH neurons and its proposed action on presynaptic GABA release
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways
The Wnt signaling pathways regulate gene expression and cell movements
A schematic model was proposed to describe the promotion of cardiac differentiation of BASCs by CNTs through the β1 integrin-dependent TGF-β1 signaling pathway.Notes: CNTs activated β1-integrin residing in the cytomembrane to release the active TGF-β1
The dengue virus interacting proteins are mapped to the KEGG pathways using the “Search&Colour Pathway” tool from the KEGG database
. Phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway in the M. javanica transcriptome.
Selected metabolic pathways involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation where there is evidence for the action of (poly)phenols
The signaling of δ-catenin is highlighted in brown arrows
Negative regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling
(A) Plot of key glycerolipid metabolism subpathway (path:00561_1, P = 0.... (B) Plot of key cysteine and methionine metabolism subpathway (path:0027...
All factors are based on molecular transport in IPA (p = 2.44e-09).
Potential regulating signal pathway related to gastric lipase (LIPF) and diacylglycerol kinase Œ± (DGKA) in gastric cancer (GC)
The coloured box with the black boundary is a representative cell in the RA synovium
Possible mechanism for cross talk between P2X7 nucleotide receptor and canonical Wnt signaling pathways in cells of the osteoblast lineage
The TNF-Œ±-activated canonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-Œ∫B) signaling pathway
Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of the identified methylated targets
Simplified model of the canonical Wnt pathway and inhibitors
Potential mechanism for HKa-induced endothelial apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis
. Boolean Network of the Jak-STAT signalling pathway.
Schematic illustration of the role of FOXO3a in GC-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses
Schematic showing the sources of NADPH in the mitochondrial matrix
Cripto is one of the earliest EPI markers
Complement activation and immune regulation
Possible antioxidant response of flavonoids compounds combined with Nrf2 pathway
Left panel shows the zonal organization of the adrenal cortex with capsular (orange) and subcapsular (red) progenitor cells, ZG cells (purple), ZF cells (green) and transiting cells with double identity (purple and green)
The Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA damage repair pathway
Hypothesized model showing the effect of GPEP on lipogenesis in adipocytes
The proposed molecular model of circadian rhythms in S
. Signaling pathway and action of lactate in myotubes.
Red nodes indicate the query proteins and the proteins present in the dotted circles, VTN, PRKACA, RELA, EP300, AKT1, EIF2C1, are the common proteins associated with the query proteins
NOD2 senses MDP and elicits immune responses
Central carbon metabolism and other relevant metabolic pathways identified in SAR11 genomes
First, CD147 colocalizes and interacts with integrin in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells via integrin α3β1-mediated FAK-paxillin and FAK-PI3K-Ca2+ signal pathways and integrin α6β1-mediated PI3K-Ca2+signaling pathways, respectively
Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment induces the upregulation of CD147 expression by a combined effect of transcription factor HIF-1 on HRE of CD147 and SP1 on the activation of CD147 promotor
A. Radiation initiates at least four molecular effects: 1) radiation activates the canonical NF-Œ∫B p65/p50 and p50/p50 complexes that directly bind to the TNFŒ± promoter to activate its transcription; 2) radiation-activated canonical NF-Œ∫B p65/p50 and p50/p50 complexes also directly bind to the FAS promoter to activate its transcription to increase tumor cell sensitivity to apoptosis induction by FasL of tumor-infiltrating Tc1 cells; 3) radiation-activated NF-Œ∫B also up-regulates the T cell chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 to attract T cell infiltration to the tumor microenvironment; and 4) radiation-generated dsDNA fragments activate the STING pathway, as characterized by increased IRF3 and IFNβ expression, to induce T cell activation.
. The diagram of uPA-mediated signal pathway for VM formation and the molecular mechanisms of cRGD inhibited VM formation in ovarian cancer.
Notes: (A) A schematic represent... (B) A schematic represent... (C) The enhanced transpor... (D) The active targeting... (E) The apoptosis pathway...
Netrin-1 is expressed in the exocrine acini of normal pancreatic tissue, and this expression is impaired in early-stage PDAC
Major metabolic pathways anticipated to participate in spore germination process in N
A model of the regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy by cathepsin B in response to infection with F
Diagram showing the regulation of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs)
Apical signals inhibit nuclear YAP localisation
Current knowledge on the cell type/context-dependent regulation of NF-Œ∫B signaling by Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Current knowledge on the cell type/context-dependent regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by NF-Œ∫B pathway
Regulation of connexin- and pannexin-based channels by cytokines released from activated microglia
(A) Ionizing radiation of young (early passage) human breast stromal fib... (B) The highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 enhances SDC1...
Some of the most common oncogenes (depicted in green), including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), oncogenic fusion proteins formed by chromosomal translocations, PI3K, Akt, Ras and Raf, and tumor suppressors (depicted in red), including PTEN, NF1, and LKB1, lie within signaling pathways that share mTORC1 regulation as a downstream target
E. coli K1 infection triggers IbeA-dependent activation of the vimentin signaling pathway at the host cell membrane.
Glycolysis inhibition by accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
The TGFB signaling pathway is represented with gene expression (log2 fold-change) values overlaid
Schematic diagram of an apoptotic cell death induced by M
KEGG pathway analysis of the validated miRNAs
(A) Schematic presentation of the N-linked core oligosaccharide structur... (B) Schematic description of N-glycosylation, endoplasmic reticulum-asso...
TFs selected by the LASSO-based statistical framework were sorted by the number of their predicted DNA repair targets; only the top ten TFs and their targets are shown
Proposed mechanistic scheme of CA4 suppressing the Wnt signalling pathway in colorectal cancer
Schematic illustration of CXCL3-induced signaling pathway in adipocytes
Apoptotic signaling networks in hepatocyte lipotoxicity
A schematic overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic arms of apoptotic signaling
A schematic overview of the molecular pathways involved in necroptosis
Illustration showing the mechanism by which NDRG1 mediates activation of the Wnt signaling pathway
The HumanCyc MAP kinase cascade, a signaling pathway diagram
Schematic representation of the IMD pathway and its regulation by Die and WntD
The molecular mechanisms contributing to liver steatosis following hepatitis B virus infection
Proposed model for how mTORC1 activity controls pro-IL-1β expression
Modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by the ubiquitin system
Red: upregulated gene expression after AHR activation, green: downregulated gene expression after AHR activation
(a) Hypothetical mechanistic network derived from predicted upstream reg... (b) Using the same elements a protein-protein association network consis...
DY and 5-FU synergistically promoted the generation of ROS in CRC cells and triggered a mitochondria disruption (cytochrome c release) by boosting the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, which then activated caspase-9/3 and PARP
Model of a glutamatergic synapse and the molecular circadian clockwork
Pathway analysis of the gSkM transcriptome for the comparison of HFD-ED and HFD-corn oil fed mice
Apoptosis signaling pathways induced by icariin and icariside II
Signaling pathways in EGF-induced AREG mRNA expression
ZnO NPs pathways and effects in kidney cells
Hypothetic mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) progression
A brief comparison of NAFLD/NASH prevention and therapy between astaxanthin and vitamin E
Pin1 has biphasic effects on insulin signaling
Pin1 regulates multiple signal transductions in metabolic organs
The Dock3 signalling pathways in optic nerve regeneration
In response to various stressors, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated and phosphorylates c-Jun, which increases the activity of activating protein-1 (AP-1)
Schematic representation of the Fas–FasL pathway
Flux map of central carbon metabolism for free-living R
Schematic diagram of the IGF-1R downstream signaling cascades
Molecular pathways associated with inflammatory bowel disease
Schematic representation of the Notch pathway in ovarian (A) clear cell carcinoma ES2 and (B) serous carcinoma OVCAR3 cells following exposure to vorinostat
Proposed mechanism by which V8 induces apoptotic cell death in human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cells
Schematic representation of Wnt signaling pathway: We hypothesize, externally added vimentin binds to Ryk receptor that activates Wnt signaling pathway by enhancing S675 phosphorylation of β-catenin that increases its accumulation in the nucleus thereby inducing Wnt downstream targets through TCF/LEF factors
Overview of the DNA-damage response pathway-network
(A) Predicted compound-target interactions between 33 major components i... (B) Predicted interaction network between the three selected constituent...
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells
Modulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells by acidic (APS) and neutral (NPS) exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum N14 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii TUA4408L
The relative expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation, TAG assembly and degradation were analysed through qRT PCR
The TGF-β signaling pathway and its gene interactions and mutations were displayed
The p53 signaling pathway and its gene interactions and mutations, along with the distribution of the expression of some important genes in the mutated and non-mutated samples were shown
This schematic diagram illustrates the mechanisms by which activated GLP-1R elevate repair of oxidative DNA damage and increase neuronal survival
A The signaling pathway involved in 4-1BB
Major regulatory pathways involved in the regulation of Runx2, a chief transcriptional regulator of osteogenesis
. Cytokines & Inflammatory response pathway; shows the significant affected genes (yellow color) across all time points post heat stress.
Illustration of role of differentially regulated proteins involved in different pathways in rice for sustaining during drought stress
Possible adverse effects of obesity on osteoblasts
Possible adverse effects of obesity on osteoclast
Possible antagonistic effects of obesity on myocyte signaling to accelerate muscle atrophy
The proposed mechanism of mechanical stretch-induced VSMC hypertrophy demonstrates that the RhoA/ROCK pathway activation, calcineurin activation, NFAT nuclear translocation, and leptin synthesis are involved in this process
Activation of NF-Œ∫B and STAT signaling pathway
Patents and clinical trials involving the Wnt signaling pathway
Schematic diagram of the IFN signalling pathways induced by IFN-α/β and IFN-γ (see text for details)
Gene network analysis was performed in GeneMANIA
CD95-mediated cell migration occurs through a Bcl-2/BclxL/VDAC1/MCU-driven mitochondrial calcium loading
CB1 cannabinoid receptor signaling and regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation
Pathway interaction network of targets of apoptomiRs in breast cancer
Polarity proteins localize to the leading edge, where they regulate Rho GTPases
The Rho/ROCK pathway is the most prominent signaling hub during the amoeboid migration
A depiction of the signaling transduction pathway in EMT-MET process stimulated by 5-FU
The triangle and rectangles in the network correspond to miRNAs and pathways respectively
FMN alleviates hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis through suppression of the HIF-1Œ±/VEGF signaling pathway.Abbreviations: FMN, formononetin; NV, neovascularization
Schematic overview of the Hippo signaling pathway
Regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway in mammalian cells
Pathways leading to lignin and heteroxylan in maize pericarp at stage R3
The node and edge represent the proteins and their interactions, respectively, while the intensity of the node color indicates degree of up- (red) or down- (green) regulation
(A) Molecular subclassification of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)... (B) Schematic molecular pathway identified in TNBC. Multiple signaling c...
Links between altered glucose and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in breast cancer
1800MHz microwave activates p53 signaling pathway through enhancing ROS production and DNA damage, p53 further upregulates cytochrome c-mediated caspase-3 activation that leads to cell apoptosis
Cabozantinib provides dual inhibition of MET and VEGFR2 preventing the MET pathway from acting as an alternative pathway in the development of VEGF TKI resistance
An increase (⇑) or decrease (⇓) in phosphorylation levels at baseline is indicated by white arrows
A. General analysis was based on protein-protein interaction and pathway databases with the nucleocytoplasmic transport-related genes (1.29-fold; P,0.05).
Notch receptors have an extracellular domain comprising a variable number of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats (36 for Notch1-2, 34 for Notch3 and 29 for Notch4) and three Lin-12 Notch repeats (LNR)
Depiction of the organization of the major steroid biosynthetic pathways in the adrenal cortex
Potential BDNF-dependent and BDNF-independent mechanisms of pain in uninjured and injured spinal cord
Molecular regulation of MSCs during bone formation
The HBP (right) generates Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as the end product that is used by the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) to covalently attach O-GlcNAc to hydroxyl groups of serine/threonine residues of proteins
Only probe-sets displaying a fold change >1.5 and a p-value <0.01 were considered.
(A) Based on previous studies, it is known that Ang-1 clusters Tie2 at c... (B) When Tie2 is not at junctions, it is likely capable of associating w...
Summary of interactions between diet-induced obesity and tumor growth in Drosophila
(a) Normal TNFŒ±-dependent signal propagation is capable of proceeding t... (b) Here we demonstrated that P. gingivalis dysregulates TNFŒ±-dependent...
Schematic representation of the major proinflammatory glial-mediated alterations to excitatory synapses within the spinal dorsal horn that contribute to central sensitization
Schematic depicting the major proinflammatory glial-mediated changes to inhibitory synapses within the spinal dorsal horn that facilitate central sensitization
After sensing damage such as DSBs, an ATR‐dependent pathway contributes to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting CDK/cyclin complexes needed for the G2/M transition
The metabolic pathway for the production of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO)
Signaling pathways associated with differentially methylated candidate genes were predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis™
Integrated grapevine HY5 and HYH community gene co-expression and cis-regulatory subnetwork
Schematic model representing MSP as a negative regulator of NASH in hepatocytes and macrophages
Schematic diagram of CTHRC1 function in the tumor microenvironment
The interaction between stress, the autonomic nervous system, the immune system and the kynurenine pathway in the etiology of depression
Multitargeted modulation of estrogen carcinogenesis by botanicals
Blue and red boxes indicate annotated transcripts expressed in LR and HR fish exclusively
The pathway has been divided into three subgroups as terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis and cardenolide biosynthesis
Illustration of proposed mechanism underlying GNMT deficiency induced triglycerides accumulation and insulin resistance in the liver
A simplified diagram of the adaptive and apoptotic pathways of ERS
ErbB/HER downstream signaling pathways may influence the ability of ErbB/HER and other kinase inhibitors to modulate MHC expression
Areca nut acts on muscarinic acid receptors to release calcium and activate CAMKII
Role of miR-9 in zebrafish brain development.Notes
Model for the Pga1-mediated signal transduction pathway, showing the effectors AC and PKA previously reported in different fungi, along with newly identified effectors and proteins and their relation with the cellular processes regulated by Pga1
The extracellular domain of FGFRs consists of three ligand binding Ig domains (IgI-III)
. Network analysis of differentially expressed proteins with changes of 2.0-fold or greater in irradiated by 0.2 Gy of carbon-ion radiation with an LET of 12.6 keV/Œºm.
. Network analysis of differentially expressed proteins with changes of 2.0-fold or greater in the cells irradiated by 2 Gy of carbon-ion radiation, with an LET of 12.6 keV/Œºm.
Meningitic E. coli penetration of the BBB follows the microbial-host interactions contributing to HBMEC invasion, via exploiting specific host cell signaling molecules.
The life cycle of blebs is governed by 2 small GTPases
(A) The JAK/STAT pathway. The JAK/STAT pathway... (B) The PPP1R15A pathway. Growth arrest and DNA... (C) The DUSP pathway. DUSP1, 8 and 10 demonstra...
Gene expression changes in neurotransmitter signaling pathways
Overview of gene expression changes in the elements of postsynaptic signaling cascades
Schematic representation of the signalling pathways mediating PTH and BMP-2 induced regulation of Phospho1, Smpd3 and Alpl in osteoblast cells
A possible function network of SolyWRKY Group III TFs in response to TYLCV infection
Schematic representation of a probable signaling pathway of folic acid mediated modulation of inflammatory response in microglia cells
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway with downstream effectors
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a critical pro-survival cell signaling pathway within NETs that mediates cell growth and peptide translation
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling along with co-activated other receptor tyrosine kinases
Possible resistance pathways to epidermal growth factor receptor blockade; gain of mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA and upregulation of other receptor tyrosine kinases
Signal transduction pathway mediated through CLEC-2
In NSCLC cells harbouring activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Gefitinib, Ras/ERK and PI3-kinase-Akt signalling are inhibited
Circadian oscillations in intracellular organelle’s structure and function
Based on the gene set enrichment result of up-regulated genes during aging, we analyzed the integrated expression of genes and pathways
HIC1 expression is impaired in NSCLC due to the hypermethylation modification, leading to the higher secretion of IL-6
In cancers, highly active receptor tyrosine kinases such as MET and EGFR phosphorylate Src that then interacts with FAK Y397 through SH2 domain
Model for EtOH-induced BK channel internalization via Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Wnt/β-catenin signalling is active in PN, but inactive in MES GBM, and upregulates expression of miR-125b and miR-20b that in turn repress APC and FZD6 to sustain Wnt/β-catenin signalling, thereby leading to cell growth and self-renewal of PN GSCs
The possible signaling cascades of NOB in cells
ER stress response could effectively sensitize human esophageal cancer to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via TRAILRs and AMPK pathway
This study has elucidated that a tight coupling interplay underlies CII-induced apoptotic remodeling
Osteosarcoma cell proliferation is regulated by lncRNAs, including H19, MALAT1, ANCR, and PACER
The metabolic pathways were constructed based on the KEGG pathway analysis
EGFR signaling pathway modified from MetaCore®
Overview of the HER2/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC pathway and potential sites for intervention with small molecule membrane‚Äêpermeable inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)
Cellular signalling upstream and downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes
Fast action antidepressants activate mTOR
Mechanisms involved in the delay of therapeutic response to classic antidepressants in MDD patients
Targeting mTOR for neurodegenerative disorders
Comparative model of transcriptional activation of ERŒ± by cognate ligand versus cAMP signaling in the absence of estrogen
(A) The complete network showing interaction between genes at 0 hours af... (B) Cluster 2 from MCODE network clustering algorithm showing the intera...
The extracellular dopamine (DA-e) concentration of 400 (relative unit) under a healthy state (HS) was first obtained from the kinetic model
The role of the kynurenine pathway in inducing tolerance in immune-privileged sites, in tumors, and in the tumor microenvironment.Notes: The production of kynurenine by the IDO enzymatic activity of tumor cells and of APCs leads to immune tolerance in immune-privileged sites and in the tumor microenvironment
The kynurenine pathway enzyme IDO plays a central role in testicular immune privilege.Notes: IDO expression by Sertoli cells and by macrophages contributes to testicular immune privilege, resulting in tolerance to spermatozoa and to infectious agents
Model of how Thbs4 functions as an intracellular regulator of muscle cellular attachment and membrane stability
Hypoxia stimulates TGF-β activity and downstream Fbln5 expression in PDA
In addition to previously identified JAK‚àíSTAT6 pathway, IRF4 and PPARγ, we demonstrated the essential role of a metabolic signaling axis consisting of the amino-acid sensing pathway (Lamtor1, v-ATPase and mTORC1) and downstream LXR in polarization of M2 macrophages
Prox1 is expressed in mature slow muscle fibres, where it regulates NFAT signalling and muscle fibre type gene programs
Upstream and downstream mechanisms of the ERK5 signaling cascade in DRG neuronsDashed lines indicate the need for further examination of possible signaling or the mechanism, which is complicated and abbreviated in this text
The signaling network connecting RAS and mir-200 regulates apoptosis and EMT in cancer cells
Our working hypothesis of regulatory mechanism of GLUT4 translocation to the PM is shown
Role of the CaSR, GŒ±11 and AP2 complex in the regulation of PTH secretion and renal tubular calcium reabsorption
Chemerin/GPR1 signaling suppresses progesterone synthesis and secretion during follicle/corpus luteum development and luteolysis in mice
Current hypotheses for IFNγ-mediated effect on NSPC activity.Notes: IFNγ binds to the IFNγ receptor (IFNGR1 and 2) and activates Janus-activated kinases 1 and 2 and signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (JAK-STAT1) pathway.
Schematic diagram of the mechanisms through which rolipram (ROL) attenuates pain behavior in bone cancer pain
Interrelationship among signaling pathway, gene regulatory network and metabolic pathway in a cell
The SCPL phosphoproteins identified in our study were used to construct the putative pathway under drought stress
(Opposite and overleaf) Visualizing drug action
Proposed model for the profibrotic regulation of GLUT1 expression by TGF-β
Inositol mechanisms of action in cancer cells
Reelin signaling pathway in the developing cortex
Reelin signaling pathway in the adult brain, which regulates synaptic function
Relationships between miRNAs and their targets associated with (a) drought response, (b) plant hormone signal transduction pathway
APG treatment induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and subsequent c-Jun and p53 activation in NSCLC cells
Newly synthesized FGFR1 can enter either the constitutive membrane pathway or regulated nuclear pathway in membrane pathway the receptor is processed and glycosylated in Golgi and accumulates in plasma membrane
Model of Cpb1–C3–C3aR pathway amplifying p38 MAPK signaling downstream of TLR4 and Ifnar activation in macrophages
A model illustrating the mode of action of RLTPR in T cells
MSKE treatment of C4-2 cells promoted an unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in a mitochondria-specific stress response (UPRmt) with pro- and anti-apoptotic protein signature triggered by ER stress
Bmi1 represses p16ink4a, which in turn inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) from binding to cyclin D. CDK4/6-cyclin D complexes are required for the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins.
Regulation of TLR folding, trafficking, and cleavage
A schematic model of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway
A schematic model of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in Alzheimer disease
A model for nutrients-mTOR-miRNA signaling in skeletal myogenesis
SCFFBW7α together with GSK3 regulate SOX9 protein levels through the ubiquitin–proteasome system
Pathway analysis of genes upregulated after RSV infection
Epigenetic mechanisms mediate DEP effects on asthma pathogenesis
The core pathway for anthocyanin biosynthesis
Molecular signaling events of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and depression
Major pathways affected in cancer- and drug-induced cachexia
Relevant aspects of complement activation and inflammasome activation with their possible interconnection
The levels of miR-146a and miR-146b are regulated by innate immune signaling
Schematic model of metabolic regulation by S6K1 in two ways
RTA up-regulates JAG1 expression by disrupting LEF1/TLE suppressive complex via competitively binding with LEF1
A diagrammatic representation of the integration of leptin and insulin signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis in the central nervous system
Activation of glycerophospholipid metabolism-related genes in response to cold storage
Proposed mechanism by which miR-125b regulates ALS microglia phenotype and toxicity
Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ferroptosis
An arrow shape edge represents activation and a flat-head edge means inhibition
The scheme shows the most probable interactions between different transcripts according to KEGG pathway criteria
Stimuli for degranulation of mast cells and basophils and interplay/overlap with type II-IV reactions
The subnetwork corresponds to the region in the global metabolic gene network where the most significantly differentially expressed genes between the LBF and HBF are located
A diagram of pathways by which AGEs affect genes involved in steroid synthesis and follicular development
Signal transduction mediated by the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR)
A: Memory formation in Drosophila larvae occurs through at least two dif... B: Memory formation in Drosophila larvae after classical olfactory condi...
ERK1/2 MAPK signalling in response to different oncogenic stimuli
Loss of negative feedback contributes to resistance to Raf and MEK1/2 inhibitors
(A) Ligand activated Insulin growth factor rece... (B) There are some mutations due to radiation o... (C) An alternate pathway of ER-α signaling with...
Toll-like receptor signaling during ischemia–reperfusion injury
(a) The prior knowledge pathway wa... (b) The signaling pathway learned... (c) The signaling pathway learned... (d) The curves of the best LSE and...
The transcripts encoding NQO1, CREBBP, p300 were decreased in aged Atp8b1 mutant mice
The scheme of the SUMOylation pathway and regulation of PKCŒ∂ to increase EC dysfunction by atheroprone flow
Regulation of parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP)/Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling on cranial synchondrosis development
Functional cross-talk between the signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer.Each molecular signaling pathway represents a target for precision therapy, and specific proteins can be used as predictive molecular biomarkers that are essential in the characterization of colorectal cancer as a disease, for determination of personalized care
Regulation of IRF1 and IRF1-dependent late-phase gene expression by IL1B after DUSP1 silencing and glucocorticoid treatment
A possible model of TIPE2 inhibition of activation of TAK1 signaling
Schematic of genes downregulated (green) or upregulated (red) by miR-7-5p in melanoma, as a summary of data from the NF-Œ∫B PCR array and further validation by RT-qPCR and ELISA
Zymosan induces ROS production through a TLR2/MyD88/c-Src/NADPH oxidase pathway, which in turn caused the activation of p38 MAPK and consequently the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-Œ∫B
InuA inhibited cancer cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway and modulating the expression of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA damage response
A. Heatmap and fold change in expression of all genes associated with NF-λB signaling that were identified as being significantly up-regulated in the spleen following urethane treatment of Nlrx1−/− mice compared to the urethane treated wild type animals.
Upon relevant ligand binding, RTK, such as EGFR, is activated and subsequently inducing a series of cascade reaction
Mechanosensation of olfactory sensing neurons shares a common signaling pathway with odorant perception
Dopaminergic miRNA nodes in a rich network of connections in synaptic plasticity pathways
Ca2+Signaling Pathway Proteins that Are Regulated by Homeostatic ScalingIntracellular signaling pathways
Cancer pathway targets affected by curcumin
The three major pathways governing sugar perception and signaling in S
Modulation of PD-L1 expression by EGFR-mediated signaling
Proposed model for the targeting of NRAS-mutant melanoma by ERβ ligands
Functional implications of Cav2.3 R-type VGCC in cellular epileptiform activity, excitotoxicity and thetagenesis
A model showing association of PAX5, CD19, CD3, p53, Ras, Raf, MAPK and Zap70 in B-cell and T-cell type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Potential Wnt/β-catenin signaling therapeutic targets
Hypothetical mechanism for the stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in cumulus cells of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) derived from small follicles (< 4 mm)
Pathway depicting β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)-modulated genes identified in the present analysis, which could directly or indirectly affect skeletal muscle cell functions
Putative therapeutic mechanisms of action of 11-de in 6-OHDA-induced cell death
The IL-17 F signaling pathway is epigenetically altered in malignant COPD and non-malignant COPD lung airway epithelial cells
Proposed mechanism of TGF‐β1‐induced fibrogenesis
The Ras1-cAMP-PKA signaling cascade is a known master regulator of C. albicans filamentous growth.
(A) Heatmap of 23 genes differentially expressed between LMP and HGSOC t... (B) The “cellular movement, cancer, and cellular development” network is...
(A-I) Subnetworks include genes such as TP53, BRCA1, and MYC, which are mutated in ovarian carcinomas although their expression level is not significantly altered (white nodes)
In the dark (not pictured), PET and phage replication are stunted because the cell is not receiving light energy
Upstream and downstream signaling in the mTOR pathway
Mechanisms of canonical Hedgehog signaling in cancer: (A) Ligand‐dependent paracrine signaling, (B) Ligand‐dependent autocrine signaling, (C) Ligand‐dependent reverse paracrine signaling, (D) Ligand‐independent signaling
Hedgehog signaling activation in TNBC: interplay of ligand‐dependent and ligand‐independent mechanisms
Anticancer and analgesic activities of β‐caryophyllene (BCP) and β‐caryophyllene oxide (BCPO)
(A) Canonical pathway; and (B) heat map of the genes related to the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice treated with green tea extract for 12 weeks
(a) Putative molecular pathway that links GSK3β activity with the resist... (b) Regulation of MGMT expression by GSK3β signaling in glioblastoma. GS...
Proposed model for the accumulation of BRCA1 complexes at DSB sites
Immune therapy and targeted therapy of melanoma
The figure shows the simplified CREB signalling pathway in neurons
(1) Increased hepatic canalicular cholesterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 associated with higher biliary cholesterol saturation index; (2) Increased expression of key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis pathway and high level of hepatic total fatty acid content and fatty acid composition
cAMP is produced by various pools of soluble and membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases (sAC and AC)
Schema showing that 14-3-3ζ overexpression activates the MEK/ERK/CREB pathway and transcriptionally upregulates LDHA which contributes to increasing glycolysis and promotes cancer initiation and growth
The model showing how decreased expression of SRSF2 affects apoptotic pathways in renal cancer cells
Crosstalk between EGFR and nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) signaling pathway
Model of mTOR signaling network in mammalian cells
Schematic diagrams illustrating the mechanism by which GSPE protects against IR-induced renal insult by inhibiting the HMGB1-TLR4-p65 pathway
Potential molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas
Stages of cancer cell colonisation of the bone
Schematic drawing of the possible mechanism underlying the effects of resveratrol in relieving (a) nociceptive and(b) inflammatory pain
Schematic model of drought responsive proteins involved in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and nitrogen and amino acid metabolism
Functions of three members of the UBXD protein family (UBXN1, P47, and FAF1) that are potentially involved in the prevention of cancer
Major protein cascade and miRNAs in insulin signaling pathway
Schematic representation of maternal chromium restriction on the insulin signaling pathway and β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway
Mechanisms of ecdysone receptor B1 (EcR‐B1) signaling to trigger pruning in MB γ and da neurons
Regrowth in MB γ and CCAP neurons requires TOR signaling: in the MB, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibits the formation of a stable E75/UNF complex
Models depicting consequences of PNH-related mutations on NEDD4L stability and PI3K/Akt/mTOR and TGF-β/Smad pathways
TNF signaling pathway anomalies through antiapoptotic signaling by TNFR1 helped by upregulation of TRAF1 and inhibition of proapoptotic TNFR1 signaling by BIRC1/3 caspase inactivation
Quercetin induces tyrosinase and stress response proteins in melanocytic cells
Immune effector cells induce tumor cell death through apoptosis and necrotic-like cell lysis
Cell migration and focal adhesion disassembly
Regulation of cellular tension and adhesion by autophagy
The Gene Annotator (GA) tool displays detailed information about a list of genes and their functions, allowing commonalities in functional annotations between different genes to be explored
Cellular pathways currently being targeted in the treatment of endometrial cancer (EC) and the potential actionable genes in EC identified via Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
Proteins modified by lysine methylation from the PhosphoSitePlus database were mapped onto the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) prostate cancer pathway
Figure showing the NOTCH Signaling Pathway and the transformation into a network using Path2enet: (a) the canonical map included in the KEGG database (hsa:04330), showing all the distinct proteins that are included in each node of this pathway (total 48 proteins); (b) transfromation of the canonical pathway to a network done with Path2enet, that produces a new view incorporating all the information about the gene products that are expressed (i.e., active) based on the pathway and on the expression data sets of lymphocytes that are incorporated (163 samples: 32 B cells and 131 T cells).
Pathway-expression-networks produced for B cell CD19+ (top), T cell CD8+ (bottom left) and T cell CD4+ (bottom right) based on the transformation of the NOTCH Signaling Pathway done with Path2enet
Biosynthesis pathways of acetyl-CoA and NAD cofactors, and their involvement in chromatin-related processes
Signaling cascades implicated in developmental cell death and tissue homeostasis
Schematic diagram of MAPKs, TGF-beta and TNF-Œ± dependent pathways involved in GFNs toxicity
A schematic diagram elucidating signalling pathway of TLR4 and TLR9 responsible for GFNs-induced cytotoxicity
Mechanism of appetite regulation by the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues
Models of Hippo pathway in fly and mammals
Schematic representation of the p,p‚Ä≤-DDE-induced effects in promyelocytic HL-60 cells
The JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway cascades.In the JAK/STAT pathway, JAK2, which can be inhibited by AG490 and/or SOCS3, can phosphorylate STAT3 through downstream signalling
Proposed signaling mechanism underlying the neuroprotective role of tPA.tPA enters the cell where it indirectly activates cellular signaling mechanisms, including Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and/or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
The SnTox1 and SnToxA proteins are secreted by the fungus
Fronto-striatal circuits originate in the frontal cortex and pass through the basal ganglia, which project via the thalamus back to frontal brain areas
Neuromodulation of the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse
PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is regulated by intrinsic feedback
Genes and interaction relationship in the module 31 (a) and 35 (b)
Metabolic pathways that may be affected by lactate flooding of brain after traumatic brain injury
Pleiotropic effects of hyperglycaemia‐induced miR‐126 underexpression and insulin resistance
. Downstream effect analysis: Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) Downstream Effect Analysis-based network presenting the mapping of most significant genes connection with renal associated diseases and functions.
A network schematic depicting the key pathways and aberrations present in HEL cell line that has JAK2-V617F as a key driver mutation along with a mutation of P53, deletion of RB1 and CDKN2A and amplification of E2F1
EZH2 promotes cell proliferation and tumor formation in cervical cancer cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reveal a molecular mechanism by which EZH2 mediates the transcriptional repression of GSK-3β and TP53, which are inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
This model suggests three positive feedback loops: 1) STIM1 following its phosphorylation by EGF stimulation and Akt, is the trigger of SOCE and promotes migration mediated by the translocation of TRPC1 and Orai1 into lipid rafts where SK3 is concentrated
MIR126 targets the expression of IRS1 resulting in the insulin signaling pathway disruption
PDAC cells secrete various soluble factors, among which include TGF-β1, VEGF, FGF-2 and sonic hedgehog to recruit and activate PSC
Schematic diagram illustrating inhibition of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway by dexamethasone in renal ischemia reperfusion injury
A potentially novel olfactory signal pathway existing in AWC olfactory neurons
Impact of miR-140 overexpression on proteins involved in the NFKB signaling pathway
TLR signalling pathways regulating p38Œ± MAPK activation
LUBAC and UBE2L3 regulate NF-Œ∫B response
Model of redox homeostasis and metabolic changes during the adaptation to proteasome inhibitors
The model of signaling pathways in RTK-expressing cells
cAMP signaling in the mitochondrial matrix
Signaling pathways involved in cell-cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin in physiological and pathological conditions
T3-actions from genomic and non-genomic effects on cell adhesion and differentiation during vertebrate development
Regulation of myofibroblast formation by TGF-β1
The signaling pathway of high-fat diet induced IR through TRIM72 and PI3-K/AKT in skeletal muscle
Only the PPIs that are predicted with novel activation/inhibition relationships are illustrated, and the other PPIs in BDNF signalling pathway are omitted
Only the PPIs that are predicted with novel activation/inhibition relationships are illustrated, and the other PPIs in AR signalling pathway are omitted
Only the PPIs that are predicted with novel activation/inhibition relationships are illustrated, and the other PPIs in IL signalling pathway are omitted
CCI-779 treatment induces expression change in mTOR signaling pathway components
Biosynthetic pathway of pharmaceutical terpenoids
Model of multiple signal transduction pathways and transcriptional networks during cold acclimation in D
Canonical and noncanonical Notch signaling pathways
Relationship between visceral obesity, sphingolipids, and metabolic abnormalities
Isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways and enzymes in Arabidopsis
Genes associated with the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway that were differentially regulated in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) vs zona glomerulosa (ZG) and ZG vs zona fasciculata (ZF)
Gene expression shifts are projected as comparison of sarcosine treated and non-treated prostate tumors
The detailed information on genes involved in the pathway of circadian rhythm
Putative pathological production of Aβ and NF-Œ∫B signaling in neurons
Schematic signaling pathways elicited by VEGF
Pathway analysis using the KEGG Pathway database
Apoptosis signaling activated by Cap and DHC in U251 cells
Pathway map of NOD-like receptor signaling in independent JU-RME
Schematic diagram illustrates and the mechanism b) underlying the inhibition of A549 cells by SiO2@LDH‐VP16
Top significant network generated by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) showing the the down‐regulated genes (green) and up‐regulated genes (red) in the hippocampus (score: 39) in response to the overall and cumulative effects of pre‐ and post‐natal exposure to B regardless of timing (gene lists obtained by vector analysis, behavioural categories I and II combined together)
DGKŒ± and DGKŒ∂ in T cell activation and anergy
STRING analysis of metabolic and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways
Edges colored in red indicate regulatory relations functional for the ER- phenotype, green for the ER+ phenotype, and black for relations that are functional for both phenotypes
During pathogen infection, BLI-3-generated ROS may be utilized (A) by SKPO... (B) to main... (C) to acti... (D) as a si... (E) facilit... (F) Alterna...
(A) Necroptosis signaling pathway includes RIPK... (B) Analysis of cpd 1pct inhibition of 403 non-mu... (C) Cpd 4 inhibits none of the 403 non-mutant k...
Classical view of progressive linear cascades in the asymmetry-determining pathway
Overview of the pathways for equol-induced apoptosis in MGC-803 cells
Zn-exporters were subjected to IPA to generate gene-gene interaction networks
Possible mechanisms for neuroprotective function of exercise and differences between sexes
Model for the role of LET-99 signaling in EMS spindle positioning
Two NetPocos associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Two NetPocos associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD)
(A) Reported scheme of A2AR agonist promoting Aβ production. Agonist bin... (B) A scheme of A2AR antagonist-modulating Aβ generation revealed by our...
Amide-linked local anesthetics induce apoptosis through apoptotic pathways (the extrinsic death receptor pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway) and MAPK pathways in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Red nodes represent up-regulated proteins, green nodes represent down-regulated proteins upon protein limitation, and grey nodes represent unchanged or undetected proteins in the present study
A model for TSAb generation triggered by cell damage-derived self-genomic DNA
a Toll-like receptor signaling pathway color-tagged by co-morbidity findings
Schematic representation of biosynthetic pathway leading to taxol along with corresponding enzymes catalyzing steps in taxol biosynthesis [TS: taxadiene synthase; TAT: taxe-4(20), 11(12)-diene-5α-ol-)-acetyltransferase; DBAT: 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyl-transferase; BAPT: baccatin III 13–O-(3-amino-phenylpropanoyl) transferase]
The diagram of possible GPC3-mediated signaling pathway in HCC progression.Abbreviations: GPC-3, glypican-3; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; P, Phosphorylation
Following virus infection, dsRNAs are produced in the cell cytosol as a byproduct of the virus life cycle
Inhibition of the complement system by pathogenic fungi
Cancer cells express a2V on the surface and secrete a2NTD in the released microvesicles
miR-101 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by targeting EZH2, which results in the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Overview of the differentially regulated genes discussed in this paper
Abbreviations: mTORC mechanistic target of rapamycin complex; PI3K phosphatidylinositol kinase; PtdIno Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PDK1 Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog
Type I interferon signaling and type I interferonopathies as currently assigned
DEGs at 10 dpi and 14 dpi are associated with neuronal development
Proteins with known or inferred roles in autophagy that underlie muscle pathologies in mice and humans
Mitochondrial reversible reaction between AcCT and CT and between CoA and AcCoA in skeletal muscles
Arrows represent potential carbon fluxes
Hypothetical pathway regulating the response of skeletal slow twitch muscle to endurance training: myogenesis, fuel usage, and myosin fiber type change
The Akt-protein phosphatase signaling pathway involved in regulating GSK3β phosphorylation
Schematic illustration of how autism-risk genes regulate neuronal structure and their sites of action
Green line denotes stimulatory or inhibitory effect of luteolin, black line denotes stimulatory effect, and red line denotes inhibitory effect
Endogenous levels of cytokinins, gibberellins and jasmonates in rice tissues at seedling stage, tillering stage, grain-filling stage and mature grain stage
Molecular mechanisms supporting the proliferation of HCC cells despite serum withdrawal
Proposed metabolic role of RubisCO, with genes identified in the PER-1 (blue line) and WS6-1 genomes (purple line)
Cancer cells are exposed to diverse stress stimuli that activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic pathway that aims to restore ER folding capacity under ER stress conditions, but can induce cell death when restoration fails
Mechanotransduction through integrins and primary cilia
A working model for the regulatory function of SNIP1 SUMOylation in the TGF-β signaling pathway
Diagram illustrating the canonical cyclin D1/cyclin E1/RB1/E2F pathway in regulating G1- to S-phase progression (top) in comparison with proposed models for the consequences of ZBTB33 depletion on these pathways in HeLa (left) and HEK293 (right) cells
The results in Table  were used to identify the pathways presented here
Summary of simulations on the effect of complex I deficiency on metabolism.As flux through complex I was inhibited in the simulations (grey), capacity to oxidise mitochondrial NADH was reduced, affecting the quinone pool, and decreasing ATP production
Inferred origins of enzymes are represented by colored boxes with flags where applicable
(A) Sirt1 reduces the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)... (B) Sirt1 interacts with the liver X receptor (LXR) and promotes its dea...
We analyzed the signaling pathways network of dynamic regulation during somitogenesis at three different time points including12h, 24h and 48h
There is experimental evidence for two independent functions of PRG3
Schematic representation of some of the known pathways linking DDR to autophagy
A conceptual model how soil S status affects GSL accumulation in Brassica crops
Pathway analysis of DEGs that were putative target genes of differentially expressed miRNA and lncRNAs was carried out to assess their putative biological functions ()
(A) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to generate gene interacti... (B) Shortest path gene interaction network of growth factors (FGF-10 and...
A schematic model illustrating amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism control by the nerve growth factor/tyrosine kinaseA NGF/TrkA signaling system in healthy basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) (anti-amyloidogenic route, left), and the consequences of its perturbation in Alzheimer's disease (amyloidogenic route, right).Anti-amyloidogenic route
Inhibition of MAPK and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways by YopJ effectors produced by animal pathogens
YopJ effectors produced by plant pathogens manipulate diverse cellular processes through acetylation
Signaling pathways associated with differentially expressed proteins as identified by Pathway Studio
Viral sensing pathways that trigger host immune responses
The five pools from  are coupled into a gearwheel-like mechanism
Schematic overview of proposed molecular host-symbiont interactions
Molecular pathways implicated in the neuroprotective effects of bile acids in neurodegenerative disease models
A schematic model to summarize Wnt5/PKC signaling pathway in lung cancer
(A,B) A schematic summarising the potential role of nitric oxide in larval settlement of Amphimedon queenslandica
Schematic indicating the role of cellular and EBV miRNAs in EBV latency and reactivation
Major autophagic regulatory signalling pathways
AE alleviates hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis through suppression of the HIF-1Œ±/VEGF signaling pathway
Factors Implicated in Insulin/Growth Factor-Induced Regulation of Mammalian or Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complex-1 (mTORC1)
Schematic diagram of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function
Diagram depicting kinase pathways activated by gp120
Model for mechanosensitive P2X7/IL-3 signaling in neurons
Positive regulatory signaling for Tfh differentiation
A schematic model of the three apoptosis signaling pathways
Signaling pathway of liver fibrogenisisThe injured liver produces various cell factors, which can activate transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-β), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Network model for CTNNB1 and related genes
Transductional pathways associated with 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) activation in neuronal and neuronal cell lines
Transductional pathways associated with the activation of the 5-HT1AR overexpressed in non-neuronal cell lines
Green boxes represent proteins that were only down-regulated at 6 h after benzothiazole treatment, red boxes represent proteins that were only up-regulated at 24 h after benzothiazole treatment, and blue boxes indicate proteins that were down-regulated at 6 h and up-regulated at 24 h after benzothiazole treatment
P. gingivalis and its presumed contribution to periodontitis via adaptive immune suppression.
AZD1208 treatment inhibits PIM activity; thereby elevating ROS levels which subsequently results in resistance through activation of p38, AKT, and mTOR signaling
Incubation of tumor cells with PI-103 for 24 h prior to IR (A, C) leads to a reactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway at the time of IR, most likely due to the inhibition of the negative feedback loop mediated by ribosomal protein S6
The up-regulation of MR and TLR4, which was achieved via PI3K-Akt-mTOR-p70S6 pathway, lead to the endosomal translocation of internalized antigens, and the endosomal recruitment of TAP via TLR4-MyD88-IRAK4 signal, respectively
. An overview of RAS-MAPK pathway regulation by microRNAs.
Aldo, aldolase; Eno, enolase; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUTs, glucose transporters; HK, hexokinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PGI, phosphoglucose isomerase; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; PGM, phosphoglycerate mutase; PK, pyruvate kinase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TPI, triose phosphate isomerase
HIF-1Œ± serves as a key activator of glycolysis through the induction of GLUTs and many glycolytic enzymes
Dab2 modulation of Ras/MAPK pathway at the endosomal membranes, and Dab2 function in a feedback mechanism of the Ras/MAPK pathway
Multiple signaling pathways underlying hyperglycemic cellular damage
IPA Canonical Pathway analysis showing the interferon signaling pathway across the NC vs
Schematic diagram of LRRC4 as a tumor suppressor in glioblastoma
Synthetic Lethality of PARP-inhibitors in BRCA Tumors
Schematic presentation shows the Adiponectin signaling pathway in neuron under normal (left) and disease (right) conditions
Role of adenosine receptors in osteoclast differentiation
Changes in the VE response to inflammatory stimuli during sepsis
Production of aromatic compounds via shikimate pathway in microbes
The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
EMS induces dendritic spine formation in the ARH
Potential signaling pathways through which KOR agonism could enhance remyelination
A proposed model for podoplanin signaling in the brain neurons
A schema graph for the critical roles of KCs in the pathogenesis of ALD
Overview of TLR-4/LPS signaling pathway activated by LPS in ALD
Mechanistic pathway of KSHV infection negatively affecting lipoxin secretion
Low pO2 affects the activity of biomarkers of CRC
. Functional gene networks and their interactions, showing the relationship between 13 genes (green).
Gene expression changes overlaid upon the KEGG p53 signaling pathway for all differentially expressed genes with an FDR corrected p-value <0.05.
A molecular overview of our Shh-deregulated mouse model, characterized by the genetic disruption of hedgehog signaling resulting from a heterozygous mutation in the negative regulators Ptch1, whose effects are enhanced by the homozygous deletion of the Tis21 tumor suppressor gene
Huntington's disease pathway from KEGG database
Lipid metabolic disorder impairs the basal autophagy, leading to activation of ER stress-JNK-mitochondrial pathway
Roles of Kv1.3-channels in the activation pathway of cellular immunity in the respiratory tract and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Insulin receptor (IR) and insulin‚Äêlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling pathway
Transcriptional regulation of glucose metabolism during active TB disease and in PBMCs stimulated with Mtb
Model of starch synthesis in pollen grains
Simple scheme of photosynthetic energy-metabolite supply for isoprene synthesis and processes inducing oscillations in photosynthesis and isoprene emission
Red means this molecule was up-regulated in ALL, while green means down-regulated
The ENPs generate excessive ROS, resulting in the peroxidation of lipids, protein and DNA
Scheme depicting the possible mechanism of VEGFR-2-mediated vascular effects (cell proliferation, survival, migration, and enhanced permeability) related to vascular formation
Fibrotic stress such as UUO can induce TGF-β1 expression, which causes phosphorylation and upregulation of Smad2/3 or MAPK (JNK2, ERK1/2, or p38) protein expression
YAP mediated gene expression in liver fibrosis
. Key enzymes encoded by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway enriched by KEGG analysis.
(A) Targeting of SDE2 to PCNA-associated replic... (B) The cleaved C-terminal SDE2 functions as a... (C) Degradation of the cleaved N-terminal and C...
We propose that AgNPs interact with SR-B1 leading to recruitment of PDZK1 (SR-B1 adaptor protein), which activates downstream signaling cascade involving PI3K and PLCγ
The edge in this network represents a relationship between two genes based on Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base
. The “Role of NFAT in cardiac hypertrophy” pathway.
A) the Wnt signalling pathway in canonical and non-canonical contexts, B) the Hedgehog signalling pathway and C) the Notch signalling pathway
Hypothesized mechanisms of cancer recurrence or death induced by JAG1‚ÄêNotch pathway activation following increased JAG1 expression regulated by various factors
MMP3 activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by cooperating with Wnt3a or antagonizing Wnt5b function, which is a non-canonical Wnt ligand and inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling
The antennal lobe circuitry underlying long-term central adaption (LTCA) presentation
The RAS-MEK-ERK pathway represents a chain of protein signalling pathway that responds to a mitogen binding to a cell surface receptor
The relative levels of detected metabolites in PLC/PRF/5 cells are mapped in the indicated metabolic pathways including central carbon metabolism (A), urea cycle and related amino acid metabolism (B), lipid and related amino acid metabolisms (C), and nucleic acid metabolism (D), as line graphs at 0, 24, 48, and 72‚Äâh post-treatment with VOR
TM expression is increased soon after PMA induction in THP-1 cells
A simplified model for how AhR mediates the RANK/c-Fos signaling axis of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption
‘Apoptotic execution phase’ gene enrichment in cisplatin-treated samples
RBM5 targets in the EGFR Signaling pathway
Wnt5a activates intracellular calcium in the presence of Fzd receptors
Differentially expressed proteins involved in HIF-1 signal pathway
11-epi-SA-induced apoptotic pathway in HA22T cancer cells
Regulation of inflammation-driven pathological angiogenesis by CC-chemokines
Collagen XVII (C XVII) ectodomain (Ecto) shedding modulates Œ±6β4 integrin-driven motility and proliferation of wound keratinocytes
Proposed mechanism for Œ±-MG action against fat infiltration of the liver
Osteoclasts arise from hematopoietic monocyte/macrophage precursors upon interaction of RANKL with its receptor RANK
The proposed effect sites of kallistatin through integrin signaling pathway
Reconstruction of purine biosynthetic pathway in C
Schematic representation of the main findings of the study
Involvement of cellular miRNAs in the signaling pathway of the immune response in sepsis
Innate immune response against rotavirus in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
Beneficial effects of immunobiotic bifidobacteria on the innate immune response against rotavirus in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
Diagrammatic representation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
Schematic representation of the main molecular and genetic alterations present in hepatocellular carcinoms (HCC)
Summary of genetic and pharmacological evidence implicating Wnt signaling in developmental cognitive disorders
Proposed signaling pathways leading to ET-1-induced sustained vasoconstriction of the renal afferent arteriole
Pictorial representation of altered GABA receptor signaling due to PCP-SI treatment
The phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K)–AKT PI3K‐AKT pathway is activated upstream by ligand binding to a growth factor receptor, in this case a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
Model for extracellular actin-induced JAK/STAT pathway activation
FAT4 participates in tumor transformation through the Hippo–Wnt signaling pathway by inducing YAP–TAZ activation.Notes: Src-mediated tumorigenesis also results from Src activation to repress FAT4 gene expression via MEK/ERK or cofilin1
Each example shows a major mechanism that makes them a source of signaling diversification: paralog-specific interaction profiles, expression patterns, and protein regulators
CF airway epithelium and pathogen adaptation
Linking identical processes found between two metabolic maps
Details of the PMF network model showing deregulated miRNAs and genes that participates to specific connected pathways, linked in turn to biological processes and functions germane to the disease
The schematic diagram of HGF/c-MET signal transduction pathway
Enzymes and Transporters Involved in Mammalian CNS PLP Synthesis and Homeostasis and Known Human Genetic Vitamin-B6-Dependent EpilepsiesPyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP); pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP); pyridoxal (PL); pyridoxine (PN); pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP); pyridoxine-5′-β-D-glucoside (PNG); intestinal phosphatases (IP); transporter (identity unknown; T1); pyridoxal kinase (PK); pyridox(am)ine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO); tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP); pyridoxal-phosphatase (PLPase); aldehyde oxidase (Mo cofactor)/β-NAD dehydrogenase (AOX/DH)
A summary of extrinsic, intrinsic and membrane stress apoptotic pathways
Model for inhibition of HCO3‚àí absorption by HMGB1 in the MTAL
Schematic of the canonical and noncanonical pathways by which the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated and elicits an inflammatory response
In silico analysis of Noggin interactions with other proteins
A schematic representation of AHR signaling pathway
A schematic representation of reactions induced by oxytocin
Cellular metabolic pathway involved in redox homeostasis
A hypothetical model of TMEM2 exerting its antiviral functions
PIN1 dysregulation and targets in hepatocellular carcinoma
Signal transduction pathways in cranial development
Astrocytes and neuronal activity play distinct, cooperative roles in neuronal redox homeostasis
The redox states of the mitochondrial NAD and NADP pools are determined by a range of interconnected pathways
Postn binding to its receptor Itgavb3 leads to dephosphorylation of FAK inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathways that regulates the expression and activity of p27Kip1
The colours of ellipses were shaded according to significance level
After LTŒ±1β2 expressed by activated B and T cell binds to LTβR, stromal cells up-regulate the secretion of chemokines (e.g.
Systems Biologt Markup Language (SBML)-compliant network diagram displaying the three main pathways, CSF1R, CX3CR1, and IL-10R, controlling cytokine production and macrophage phenotype commitment
Inflammation, oxidation, and NO secretion have been demonstrated to play a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial injury
Binding of TGF-β to the TGF-β receptor induces activation of SMAD2/3 and p38 MAPK via phosphorylation
Several transcription factor identified in the regulators study and one gene upregulated in Iberian pigs are involved in the adipogenesis pathway, most of them regulate PPARg expression or activation
PKB associated signal transduction pathways
Effect of PD-1 on major signaling pathways and subsequent metabolic reprograming in T cells
PD-1/PD-L1 blockade enhances tumor rejection by activating T cells
Molecular events that connect inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity
Metabolic pathways expressed in the deep subsurface
Changes in flux through several EcoCyc-19.5-GEM glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and core biosynthetic pathways during a simulated transition from anaerobic to aerobic conditions
In wild-type (WT) chondrocytes, NPR3 binds CNP thereby promoting its internalization and degradation, and reducing its availability to bind to NPR2 to stimulate the MAPK signaling pathway, whose activation inhibits termination of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) and bone formation
Proposed model of the interaction of leucine, metformin, and sildenafil on the AMPK/Sirt1/eNOS network
The four cornerstone conditions investigated in this study result in distinct progression of the hPSCs during exit of pluripotency
The diagram depicts the effects of SRGAP2C, SRGAP2, and ENAH that have been reported on cell motility in the Slit-Robo pathway
Mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 release from enteroendocrine L cell
Model for an APP-induced short circuit in FXS
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed to describe functional relationships among miRNAs and genes based on the known associations in the databases, and some differentially expressed miRNA and mRNA were found to be associated with nonobstructive azoospermia
Schematic of signaling events involved in Tat-induced changes in NMDARs
MetaCore Immune response_IL-17 signaling pathway
Proposed models of two separable mTORC1 pathways
RA pathway is differentially regulated in stem cells from VS and SC fat depots
Summary of the mechanisms for LAPTM4B promoting cancer development
A model for EGFR activation during CRC progression through demethylation and subsequent upregulation of EREG at the adenoma–carcinoma transition
Working Hypothesis of mechanotransduction in EC cells
A simplified schematic depiction of a hypothetic PrPc-induced signaling cross-talk between PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathway under hypoxic conditions
Major flowering pathway genes of Arabidopsis thaliana
Major flowering pathway genes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
Major flowering pathway genes of rice (Oryza sativa)
The role of CTHRC1 in multi-signaling pathways
Baicalein reduced metastasis of cancer cells by targeting the MAPK pathway, TGF-β/ Smad4 pathway, GPR30 pathway, ezrin, Zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) or special adenine-thymine (AT)-rich DNA-binding protein 1 (SATB1)
In addition to participating in the IKK complex to activate the canonical antiviral signaling pathway, IKKŒ± mediates type I IFN expression (a long dashed dotted line: A)
Maladaptive corticostriatal synaptic plasticity mechanism in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID)
Network structure for RAS signaling pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC)
Network structure for PI3K signaling pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD)
CHA1, ILV1: L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase, IRC15: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, LPD1: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, LEU2: 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, ILV1: L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase, ILV2: acetolactate synthase, ILV5: ketol-acid reductoisomerase
. Potential signaling pathway utilized by miR-374a to suppress proliferation, invasion and migration in colon cancer.
Gold symbols indicate phosphoproteins whose weighted scores were input into Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to generate the most likely downstream interactions
Ary induces cervical cancer cell apoptosis through mitochondrial
. Schematic description of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in PC3 cells following KB-R7943 treatment.
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway transcriptionally activates the expression of miR-150, and miR-150-5p subsequently suppresses the CREB pathway by directly targeting EP300 and CREB1, thereby inducing EMT in CRC cells
Upon TGF-β1 stimulation, pri-miR-135a-5p expression is able to induce through Smad2/3 or Smad1/4 which is processed into mature miR-135a-5p
. Schematic representation of MAPK protein cascade downstream of BCR-ABL transformed cells with miRNAs that target MAPK signaling pathway components.
Cytokines like M-, G- and GM-CSF stimulate myeloid cell development from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
OPG can bind to various cell surface receptors such as Syndecan-1, membranous RANKL, and Œ±Vβ5 integrin in order to trigger different cell survival pathways particularly, ERK, PI-3K/Akt pathway which results in expression of various cell survival favorable genes
(A) A 48h NP assay was performed i... (B) Axon regeneration assays were... (C) A summary model of the results... (D) Reduction of caspases, increas...
Innate and adaptive immune responses induced by Avian leukosis virus (ALV)
Illustration of the likely apoptosis pathway in action following C1q binding to SKOV3 cells
It has been reported that IFG binds to IFNAR-2 and activates the tyrosine kinase Jak-1 and Tyk-2
Zrf1 controls the temporal expression of the genes related to cardiomyogenesis
Schematic representation of the canonical RB/E2F pathway in cell cycle progression
MAPK represents the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and AKT represents the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway
(A) Metformin supplementation induce differentiation of goblet cells and... (B) Chronic inflammation induced by activated pro-inflammatory macrophag...
. A schematic diagram describing the anti-inflammatory action of naringenin through AMPK-dependent upregulation of ATF3.
Hypothetical model depicting a potential role of SMAD3 activation in GCT development
Graphical representation of potential metabolic activities of acidophilic Sideroxydans strains
Sap2 and Sap6 activate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway through an early cascade of events, causing upstream NLRP3 inflammasome activation and downstream caspase-1-mediated cytokine production
Interferon (IFN)-λ polymorphisms are associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) spontaneous resolution and response to treatment
The insulin signaling pathway: intracellular insulin signaling is initiated by insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity leading to the activation of both the PI3K-Akt pathway and the MAPK pathway
Acetylation of central metabolic enzymes in desiccated embryos
Upon stimulation with CCR5 Ab Pos, the CCR5 receptor associates with G protein and G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) induce receptor phosphorylation
Schematic representation of roles of various regulatory mechanisms in loss of ERŒ± expression and function in ER-negative breast cancer
(A) Two sets of peripheral proteins (blue and red) with the same core pr... (B) Most of the core-proteins (green) were involved in the Wnt signaling...
Functional gene sets associated with innate immunity and inflammation are enriched in resting HD monocytes
Specific intracellular signalling pathways are predicted to be abnormally activated in resting HD monocytes
TGR5 regulates different cell signaling pathways
Schematic diagram of the context-dependent TGF-β signaling pathway
Possible modulation of CBF by pharmacologic agents in COPD
Extracellular and intracellular triggers of inflammation in CF airways cells
Schematic representation of the regulation of skeletal muscle protein metabolism through the COX pathway
Schematic representation of the integrin outside-in signaling
Role of integrins in tumor cell proliferation
Acceleration of osteoblast differentiation through the p53–Akt–FoxO pathway
Hypothesized mechanism of procyanidin-mediated mitigation of OA pathogenesis
Possible mechanisms of estrogen or EED action
Schematic diagram representing chromosomal DNA and the major components of the DDR signaling pathway (top)
The effect of Pb on the signaling pathway TLR4-MyD88-NF-Œ∫B and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglial cells
The Wnt signaling pathway is activated following the binding of extracellular Wnt ligands (often secreted by the cell) to Frizzled transmembrane receptors
The magnetic properties of GML or OML particles guide the gemcitabine or oxaliplatin to the tumor area of nude mice under an external magnetic field (Nd2Fe12B magnet tablets)
AKR1B10 activates Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, which upregulates integrin α5
The two major apoptosis signaling pathways to induce apoptotic cell death are shown: extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptosis pathways and intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) apoptosis pathways
Nimbolide induces apoptosis through diverse molecular mechanism(s)
Mechanisms of action of blockade of inhibitory pathways or activation of costimulatory pathways to promote CD8+T cell priming after vaccination
Inhibition of ribonuclease L (RNase L) activation by picornavirus proteins
Nrf2 affects mitochondrial function at multiple levels
Simplified mechanistic schematics of signaling pathways affected by various agents in TAMH: (a) glutathione, (b) Bcl-2 protein family, (c) Nrf2 pathway, and (d) MAPK signaling
Metabolic stress-mediated induction of an inflammatory response via ER stress signaling pathways
Hypothetical summary of the proposed events occurring in tissue injected with B
Functional diagram of the calcium-calmodulin kinase/histone deacetylase 4/5 signaling pathway (according to Liu et al
The cell cycle controls developmental decisions
Schematic depiction of aspects of adult olfactory GBC regulation
A hypothetic model illustrating the pivotal role of CD37 status for R-CHOP outcome in DLBCL and the important molecular mechanisms for R-CHOP resistance in CD37‚àíDLBCL and CD37+ABC-DLBCL
p53 suppresses the cell proliferation mediated by the Rb-E2F pathway
Current model of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway activation.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is constitutively produced in the cell, however, in the absence of environmental stress, Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitory protein, Kelch-like ECH associated protein-1 (Keap1), which promotes continuous ubiquitinylation
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), a novel signaling mechanism in ASM known for its activity in the parathyroid gland
(A) Domain structure of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). RIG-I be... (B) The cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptor RIG-I is essential for...
Theoretical mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) pathways
Summary of NAE metabolism via hydrolysis, oxidation, and glucosylation-malonylation
Proposed model of the mechanism by which GPCRs signal via PKA and PP1 to promote PI3K/AKT pathway activation
Proposed model on the cross-talk between HGF/c-Met and SphK1/S1P/Spns2/S1P1signaling axis in HGF-mediated lamellipodia formation
The protein–protein interaction (PPI) of identified 28 ERGs by STRING and Cytoscape software, and was also widened by adding 9 partners (BCL2L1, BCL2L11, HSP90AA1, TP53, MCL1, BAD, BIK, BECN1, and IGF1), which had similar physiological function with included DEGs
Gluconeogenesis is a multistep metabolic process that generates glucose from pyruvate or a related three-carbon compound (lactate) and glutamine
Tetrahydrofolate (THF) synthesis, C1 metabolism, and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in plant cells
Summary of the mechanism of Dicer regulation in osteogenesis
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway: Activation of class IA/B PI3Ks occurs through the stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, which is induced by insulin and the concomitant assembly of receptor–PI3K complexes
The classic mechanism for E2 action is E2 diffusing into the nucleus, binding to the nucleus estrogen receptor (ER), combining with ERE on DNA, starting transcription translation and inducing the cycle of multiplication in cancer cells
Schematic representation of inflammatory players implicated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced M1 polarization of N9 microglial cells and of exosome upregulated microRNAs
Schematic illustration of the proposed signaling mechanism involved in irisin‚Äêmediated vasorelaxation and lowering blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)
Scheme of mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways as proposed by Karu
The potential regulation pathway of the genes associated with OB morphology, oil content and FA compositions
Four possible pathways (circles) by which CNP could activate CFTR
Regulatory feedback mechanisms govern Etv2 expression
miR-222 transcription is increased via the PKC and PI3K pathways and partially via the MAPK pathway
Network of interactions was constructed using IPA software
LPHN1 transcription and translation is induced in AML cells
The signaling pathway sought in the present work is ER stress signaling cascade, which is responsible for MA-mediated cell death in astrocytes
Simplified schematic view of β-catenin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways and the crosstalk between each other
The mechanisms of action of the three anti-angiogenic drugs (bevacizumab, aflibercept and regorafenib) commonly used in mCRC treatment are shown in the lower part of the figure
. Schematic diagram of the humanin-mediated signaling pathway and its biological functions.
Following interaction with the ovarian tumor environment, circulating tumor cells acquire a p53 Mutation
Kidins220, regulated by miR-4638-5p, binds to the VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 and promotes interaction between VEGF and VEGFR as a co-receptor (auxiliary receptors) of VEGFR, so that VEGF/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated to promote proliferation and mimicry formation and suppress apoptosis of PCa cells
The PKR recognizes and binds to double-stranded RNA molecules resulting in its auto-phosphorylation and the subsequent downstream phosphorylation of eIF2α
In this map, NF-Œ∫B upregulates the transcription of miR-130b, which decreases CYLD expression and disrupts the negative feedback of CYLD on NF-Œ∫B activation
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulates Sirt 1-mediated release of adiponectin from adipose tissue with relevance to NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome
Thyroid cancer-related signaling pathway relational graph
IPA-mapped CVD pathway for the 1890 compounds distributed in the top 10 herbs
The role of the HH signaling pathway in lung cancer
Metabolic pathways for methane oxidation (A) and FA synthesis (B) in M. buryatense 5G(B1) based on a gene inventory study, transcriptomic data analysis, and genome-scale modeling (De la Torre et al., ).
Nuclear factor Y controls flowering time
CGRPergic neurotransmission at the vascular level
TLR and the related TNFR and IL-1R signaling pathways
Proposed mechanisms of kefir peptides-mediated modulation of the lipid metabolism pathway in 30pct fructose-induced NAFLD mice
The anti-apoptotic signaling pathways are involved in the neuroprotection of inhalational anesthetics against cerebral ischemia.Note: Inhalational anesthetics exerts anti-apoptotic effects through several classical apoptotic pathways: 1) isoflurane preconditioning activates the p38- MAPK pathway, which subsequently inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes cell survival; 2) sevoflurane preconditioning attenuates neuronal apoptosis by decreasing the activation of caspase 3 and AIF, and thus robustly suppresses pro-apoptotic protein and increases anti-apoptotic protein in Bcl-2 super family; 3) sevoflurane preconditioning attenuates the activation of JNK and p53 pathway; 4) inhalational anesthetic proconditioning reduces the expression of Bax, which can induce neuronal apoptosis after ischemia; 5) sevoflurane postconditioning increases JAK-STAT signaling, which is an anti-apoptotic pathway; 6) isoflurane postconditioning increases the phosphorylation of GSK3β to exert the anti-apoptotic effect.
The mechanisms of regulated neurotrophin secretion
A schematic diagram showing the role of RAP1A in regulation of tumor metastasis capacities
Natural killer (NK) cell/tumor cytotoxicity pathway
VEGF/VEGFR signalling pathway in normal vs
The diagram of the anthocyanins biosynthetic pathway
A non-canonical function of CDK4/6 that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit
The upstream activators of MST1/2 are not defined although cell–cell contact probably is an important stimulus
Gene co-regulation analyses demonstrate that the co-regulation networks between the Carbon Metabolism and the Cancer Cellular Pathway genes are greatly altered in HCC
This highlights that miR-4731 has the potential to play a critical role in modulating cell cycle progression
In response to changes of nutrients, energy and intracellular calcium and calmodulin, LKB1 and CaMK activate AMPK following direct modulation of downstream TSC2, raptor and ULK1
Activated TLR2/6 and TLR4 led to increased p62 and activated autophagy through generation of ROS, MyD88 and TRAF6
Type I interferon signaling triggers the production of IL-10, which in turn acts on cells in an autocrine or paracrine manner to suppress the intracellular concentration of pro-IL-1β via the stat3 pathway
. Hypoxic related biomarkers that may play a role in the hypoxic pathway leading to increased tumor aggressivity.
Activation of PI3K/AKT pathway can stimulate mTORC1, meanwhile mTORC1are negatively regulated by AMPK
(a) Sub-mDrNet associated with Pathways in cancer. (b) Sub-mDrNet associated with Spliceosome. (c) Sub-mDrNet associated with chronic myeloid...
The organ of Corti harbors HCs, which are vulnerable to infections and many pharmaceutical drugs such as aminoglycoside antibodies, for example, streptomycin and neomycin, and the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin
Schematic diagram of cordycepin function in chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy of MSCs
Illustration of the Wnt signaling pathways
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction of secreted cytokines
The most highly-rated network of microRNA-1297 target genes in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
MicroRNA-gene interaction networks of the MAPK signaling pathway
Roles of TBX2 and TBX3 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression
Cytokine signalling, the Wnt pathway (canonical and non-canonical) and Hippo-independent Src family kinase (SFK)-YAP signalling connects inflammatory signals to the regenerative response
Canonical and non-canonical hippo pathway in ischemic heart disease
A schematic representation of glioblastoma radiosensitisation by inhibiting FGFR1 and PLCγ signalling ()
NADPH can be produced by the isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) IDHl (cytoplasm) and IDH2 (mitochondria); the one-carbon cycle enzymes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases (ALDHlL) ALDHlL1 (cytoplasm), ALDH1L2 (mitochondria) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MLHFDlL, mitochondria); the rate-limiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) at the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); and the NADP-dependent malic enzymes MEl (cytoplasm) and ME3 (mitochondria)
The stages of autophagy are depicted in the middle; initiation, maturation (elongation), and degradation; with intersections of both the apoptotic and necroptotic pathways
Induction of eIF2Œ±P in cells subjected to oxidative stress leads to ATF4 upregulation at the translational level, which in turn inhibits the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases NEDD4.2 and WWP1 that target LATS1 for degradation [, ].
Schematic diagram depicting the most representative KRAS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and its connection to cellular metabolism
Intracellular signaling pathways in lymphangiogenesis
Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R)– and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)–induced alterations upon the canonical IGF-1R signaling cascade, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and receptor tyrosine kinase RTKs in Ewing sarcoma (ES)
The cell signaling transduction pathways controlled by WISP-1 in different cancer cells
Schematic illustrating the G protein-independent role of RGS6 in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and antiproliferative signaling in the breast
The differential methylation network of schizophrenia
The proposed Mtdh-modulated apoptosis induction network in MPC5 cells miR-30s target Mtdh in HG-induced MPC5 cells
Model of the serglycin–CD44 signaling pathway in NPC
EMT. (a) Morphological changes in epithelial cancer cells undergoing EMT un... (b) Schematization of TGFβ signaling pathways driving EMT in cancer. T...
Signaling pathways at the crossroad between autophagy and EMT
The gene network associated with ‘cell death and survival, DNA replication, recombination, and repair' in sPIF-treated EVT
Microarray analysis reveals alterations in the expression of major pathways of cellular metabolism in response to changes in collagen extracellular matrix density.A
TP53-centered protein–protein interaction network identified based on the Level 2 gene set using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Atorvastatin inhibits insulin synthesis by inhibiting the Ras complex (Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/CREB) in INS-1 cells
rno-miRNA-mRNA network affecting VEGF signaling pathway based on the first global prediction.VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor
Beneficial effects of hepatic CAV‚Äê1 on atherosclerosis protection in DKO mice
(A) Expression of OLIG2 is inducted by SHH and... (B) OLIG2 cell cycle impact. (C) OLIG2 interacting with RHO pathway [].
. The mTOR/AP-1/VEGF signaling pathway regulates vascular endothelial cell growth.
MiR-550a-3p exerts its tumor-suppressor role by directly targeting and repressing ERK1 and ERK2 and thereby suppresses the oncogenic ERK/RSK cascades, reducing cell viability, survival, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis in breast cancer cells
Note: →indicates promotion and ┤indicates inhibition
Liganded AR binds in the vicinity of the IRE1α, RAMP4 and EDEM1 genes to increase their expression, thus activating the IRE1α pathway but at the same time inhibits pro-apoptotic JNK signaling which is also activated by IRE1α
Pathway analysis of serum markers that change in response to treatment
A: Structure of (—)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate... B: Figure IB: EGCG regulates NF-κB signaling pa... C: : EGCG attenuates the apoptosis in the kidne...
Impact of pridopidine treatment on BDNF signalling, AKT activation, and the glucocorticoid pathway
The activation of Akt by PI3KŒ¥ leads to the phosphorylation of the BACH2 and FOXO1 transcription factors and their retention in the cytoplasm
Activation of GCs suppresses myocellular protein synthesis via inhibiting mTOR and stimulating AMPK; leucine relieves GCs-induced inhibition on protein synthesis by evoking mTOR and suppressing AMPK pathway
. A proposed model of PGRN-stimulated mTOR signaling in the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer.
Nutritional lipids lead to increased synthesis of TG-rich particles and export by the gut
Interaction network of the noncanonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Interactions of NIK wild-type and mutants
(A) Tumor hypoxia model of pleural mesothelioma: hypoxia arising in soli... (B) Hypoxic cancer cells switch on target genes involved in cell prolife...
A. The network predicted with methods of neighborhood, gene fusion, co-occurrence, co-expression, experiments, databases and text-mining.
(Left) IGF-1 binding to IGF-1R leads to phosphorylation and activation of the IGF-1R and recruitment of IRS-1 for the activation of the PI3-K pathway
a. The expression of GAS5 is decreased and regulates cell proliferation.
In the process of vertebrate segmentation, Tbx6, Mesp2 and downstream Ripply1/2 are important genes involved in somite segmentation
Under normoxia, the energy metabolism is mainly govern by MYC, which activates the glycolytic flow by transcriptionally expressing a series of glycolytic enzymes, such as GLUT1, HK2, PKM2, and LDH1
IL-6 binds to its receptor which then forms a complex with GP130
ATM, which could be activated by TNF-Œ± in autocrine or paracrine manner, up-regulate MMP-13 expression via ERK/p38-NF-Œ∫B pathway and thereby augment lung cancer metastasis
In the KEGG PATHWAY database pancreatic cancer pathway (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html), 11 key mRNAs were regulated by 5 microRNAs that were up-regulated by DHA.
NQO1 activation induces rapid downregulation of LAT1, resulting in decreased de-novo NAD+synthesis, together with PARP-1 hyperactivation to induce a rapid depletion of intracellular NAD+
Growth factors activate PI3K/Akt pathway, resulting in FOXO factors phosphorylation, impairment of FOXO binding activity to DNA and promotion of FOXO interaction with the chaperone protein 14-3-3, which in turn causes FOXO nuclear exclusion, cytoplasmic accumulation and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-dependent degradation
Glutamate binds NMDAR that allows a flow of Ca2+ making nNOS to produce NO
The schematic shows the signaling cascade from a receptor tyrosine kinase to the nucleus
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) are important regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases
The PI3K signaling pathway is triggered by activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) in cell membrane
MSCs have been demonstrated to exert direct effects upon tumour cells via secretion of factors like plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and neuregulin (NRG)1, or by activation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/3 receptor
. Biosynthetic and metabolizing pathway of arachidonic acid.
Coupling of toxic and pro-inflammatory lipids and innate immune response
Hypothetical TRPC4- / TRPC6-mediated signaling pathway downstream of TGF-β1 in InMyoFib cells
(A) Oxidative stress induces the phosphorylation, acetylation and monoub... (B) Fluoride induces ROS generation resulting in cell apoptosis. Meanwhi...
. Schematic diagram shows the working model of iron-mediated inhibition of VEGFR-2 signaling pathway and angiogenesis.
In the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway, receptor activation (left of dashed line), the TNFŒ± stimulates TNFR in a Ubc13 dependent manner that either leads to NF-Œ∫B activation or apoptosis
Possible route of central mediation of stress induced signals by NUCB2/nesfatin-1
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originate through different mechanisms
A combination therapy of gemcitabine and a SOD mimetic inhibits IDO, GCN2, and mTOR pathway activation in IDO-expressing MDSCs and LLCs
Newly synthesized β-catenin is immobilized by E-cadherin at adherens junctions []
Diagram showing key components of the IL‚Äê6 signal transduction pathway that could account for lipogenic gene expression in hepatocytes
Assays for the identification of G protein signalling pathways using the constitutive activity of an orphan GPCR
Activation of mGlu5 receptors triggers diverse distinct and converging signalling pathways
Blue boxes indicate genes up regulated in TP53 mutant samples, green boxes indicate down regulated genes
Schematic illustration depicting microRNAs that have been reported to regulate major signaling pathways involved in EMT in prostate cancer
MYC pathway activation, glutaminolysis, and the oncometabolite 2HG stand in a functional relationship to each other and are associated with stem-like features in cancer cells
The network was obtained from proteins showing significant (t-test) variations between IL-27 treatment and control
From the microarray results, 1338 genes (fold change > 1.5, ) and 146 signaling pathways () were screened out.
Combination with miR-128 and gefitinib inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway and induces the cell apoptosis by suppressing the expression of c-met in PC9-CSCs
MDA-9 regulates stem cell survival and pluripotency by regulating several molecular activities and promoting defined gene expression changes
PAX3 increases the expression of FOXO3a at transcriptional levels through up-regulating ZIC1 expression or other unknown mechanisms
Genes (blue) are mapped from contributing SNPs in PLINK set-based test
Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) can be enriched after chemotherapy
A. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) has intra-cellular tyrosine kinase activity triggered by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligand.
Endothelial cell-specific loss of NRP-1 down-regulates and deactivates TGFβ signaling and its receptors leading to reduced pSMAD2, Slug, CTGF and Collagen 1
Ellipse, triangle and hexagon nodes represent genes, lncRNAs and miRNAs, respectively
A diagram was generated to display the speculated signaling network downstream NTR1 and the interaction among a series of molecules regulating the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Molecules detected at altered levels in T24MshPFN1- versus T24MshSCR transduced cells are marked
During breast cancer progression, upregulated GPR81 is activated by extracellular lactate, which leads to PI3K/Akt pathway stimulation and the regulation of cell survival
Desulfation action of sulfatase-1 on heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) leads to the inhibition of formation of HSPG-Wnt1 complex
p53 dependent and independent tumor suppressive functions of ARF
. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showing the main gene network interaction of 12 out of the 26 miRNA panel identified.
The blue frames and lines represent stage I HCC, while the yellow frames and lines represent stage II HCC
The yellow frames and lines represent stage II HCC, while the dark green frames and lines represent stage III HCC
The dark green frames and lines represent stage III HCC
VOSL exerts antitumor efficacy by inhibiting EGFR signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma
BBD inhibits upstream signal TLR4 expression, and via MyD88 dependent pathway in LPS-induced HSCs
. Different signaling pathway of androgen.
A. Autophagy plays dual roles in ovarian carcinoma.
On one hand, BDMC promotes cell death by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, activates GRP78, and facilitates cell transition from ER stress to apoptosis
Functional long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in inflammatory pathways
miR-22 directly targets 3‚Ä≤-UTR of YWHAZ mRNA to inhibit YWHAZ expression
Red arrows represent the increased metabolites in MCAO rats and blue arrows represent the decreased metabolites in MCAO rats, as measured by 1H NMR
As previously described docetaxel inhibits microtubule depolymerization and induces cancer cell death while sustained SK1 activity/expression contributes to cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance [–]
When activated by an apoptotic stimuli the intrinsic apoptosis pathway causes accelerated degradation of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (BCL-2, BCL-XL, BCL-W and MCL-1) resulting in activation of the pro-apoptotic BH3 only proteins (PUMA, NOXA, BID, BIM, BAD, BAX and BAK)
Schematic diagram for the molecular basis of DACT1α as a tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer
Activation of TLR-mediated signaling may induce HMGB1 Cys23–Cys45 disulfide bond formation
Curcumin inhibits the activities of Akt/mTOR, ERK1/1, leading to induction of autophagy, while ROS production is rendered by curcumin, resulting in activation of apoptotic signaling []
Gene targets involved in cancer are shown
RAPA inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway
Inhibition of miR-4534 leads to induction of PTEN that leads to inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway causing inhibition of growth, survival, proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells
In general, the hypermutated group had higher mutational frequencies in most genes in the affected pathways
. Signaling pathway analysis of proteins involved in the cell cycle.
(A) Drug treatment profiles were generated from MCF7 cell lines that were treated with three different PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway inhibitors (LY294002, wortmannin, sirolimus)
SPS-7 inhibits the activation of PI3K/Akt, which in turn inhibits mTOR signaling pathway and activation of c-Myc-cyclin D1-Rb axis, leading to G1 arrest of the cell cycle and apoptosis
In normal cells MST1 and LATS1 activated by extracellular signals like cell-cell contact phosphorylate YAP at S127, retaining YAP in cytoplasm for sequestration and degradation
BMP signaling influences cancer cell progression through canonical SMAD and non-SMAD signaling pathways
Schematic diagram of TLR4, MyD88 and TRAF6 down-regulation following glutamine administration in LPS-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes of pancreatic cancer patients
In cellular contexts that favor HIFŒ± protein instability (normal oxygen levels, but also low ID2 expression and high DYRK1 expression) prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1) is active and positively regulates DYRK1 kinases
During infection, manipulation of host AMPK activity is essential in the establishment and/or maintenance of infection
BTK in involved in the signaling of multiple receptors that together control cell migration, adhesion, survival and proliferation
Signaling pathways relevant to glial neoplasms in adults and children
Proposed mechanism for WIN-induced inhibition of prostate LNCaP cells NE differentiation
The influence of CB1 and CB2 activity on angiogenesis in cancer: After binding to a specific agonist, both CB1 and CB2 receptors are activated
ECS system-related pathways: The activation of CB1/CB2 receptors has an immense effect on the fate of cells, leading them to apoptosis
The transcriptional and posttranscriptional influence of hypoxia on NOS3 mRNA levels
The ceRNA network modulates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
BAG2 interacts with the molecular chaperone Hsp70, which plays a prominent role in protein homeostasis
Following TLR2-ligand interaction a signaling pathway is started using MYD88 as an adaptor molecule
A proposed mechanism of action by the combination of VCP inhibitors and ER stress‚Äêprolonging agent Salubrinal
Schematic representation of AGR2 signaling pathway
Visual representation of the network generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
A, The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and additional branches downstream of Axin/GSK-3
The effects of PI3K/Akt modulation on neuropathic pain development and morphine-induced microglia migration, as well as the expression of pro- and anti-nociceptive factors
TGFβ factors are secreted as complex inactive protein bound to latency-associated peptide, and the latent TGF- TGFβ1 binding protein-1, called latent TGFβ (L-TGFβ)
Effects of hyperinsulinemia on the tumor cell microenvironment and intracellular signaling that contribute to tumor growth and progression
RAS pathway is prognostic in breast cancer
Schematic showing the mechanisms by which CO and bilirubin affect VSMC proliferation
Interaction of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), Hmox1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to vascular injury
Diagrammatic summary of the principal ways by which the Unfolded Protein Response pathway may interact with the mTOR/AKT pathway to modulate protein synthesis within the placenta
Signaling pathways involved in keratinocyte growth and differentiation that are perturbed by SbIII and AsIII
Predicted changes in the flux distributions as computed with FVA between pH 7.5 and 6.5 involving protons
Visualizations of Wnt pathway reconstructions
A schematic graphic model of the topotaxis in invasive and non-invasive cells
Genes associated with paclitaxel (A) and gemcitabine (B) mechanism of action (direct targets, metabolizing enzymes), genes previously associated with resistance, and stable genes in the biological pathways targets
Schematic illustration of the Shh signaling pathway
The diagram specifies potential mechanisms of bioactive components from dandelion (CGA, CRA, TS, and SEL) on insulin secretion and cAMP pathway
USP15-mediated type 1 IFN response is a common pathway regulating infection and autoimmune neuroinflammation
Metabolic pathways for (A) mammals and (B) fungi are shown
Comparative microarray analysis of Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2−/− neonates followed by bioinformatics suggested downstream Nrf2 target genes bearing functional AREs in the lung undergoing saccular-to-alveolar transition and BPD-like pathogenesis
GO biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of the differentially modulated proteins at 6 and/ or 12 h of treatment with A233 peptide
Proposed mechanism of vitexin and isovitexin triggered apoptotic death of HeLa cells
Wild-type p53 is expressed at low levels and inactive in most cells
p53 activated by DNA damage can inhibit the IGF-1R/AKT/mTORC1 pathway at multiple points to block proliferation, growth, and survival
The IGF-1R/AKT/mTORC1 pathway can be activated in response to DNA damaging stress
(Left) DNA damaging stress stabilizes p53 and activates the IGF-1R pathway
(Left) DNA damaging stress activates the IGF-1R pathway in p53-null cells
(A) A model of interaction of environmental factors with epigenetic modu... (B) Schematic representation of mechanistic pathway indicated in (A).DNM...
The fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in E. coli
The classical pRb pathway demonstrates the utility of CDK inhibitors, such as palbociclib, in RB+/+ osteosarcoma
Overactive JAK-STAT pathway signaling: Mechanism of disease
Wnt signaling in implantation and decidualization events
Schematic showing the roles of EGFR ligands and NRG1 in the regulation of timing of ovulation and oocyte maturation
RAS signaling and Wnt signaling in aging process
Self-renewal pathways in CSCs (A) Wnt signaling pathway, (B) SONIC Hedgehog signaling pathway, and (C) Notch signaling pathway
Model for excitation–transcription coupling responsible for maladaptive metabolic and antioxidant remodeling in HF
Distribution of fluxes in the central metabolism predicted by pFBA for the models: iFF708 (green), iMM904 (blue), iTO977 (orange) and Yeast 6 (black)
Flux distributions simulated with lMOMA for the mevalonate mutant (A) and the acetate mutant (B) using the improved flux distribution as the reference
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes) Adherens Junction pathway
Simplified scheme of the cilia-mediated HH signal transduction pathway in vertebrates
Major players implicated in the phenotypes associated with the deletion of GUP1 in S
Parallelism between MAPK signalling cascades in yeast and in mammalian cells
Schematic representation of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway and the miRNAs involved in feedback loops to modulate the pathway activities
Macroautophagy: an overview of the molecular pathway and mutations associated with congenital disorders of autophagy
(A) Schematic representation of apoptosis regulation by the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway, along which (B) the regulation of MST1/2 involves the inhibition by ARAF and CRAF kinases, which do not contain a SARAH domain, leading to p73- and p53-mediated apoptosis (see text for details)
The role of ILC3s in the context of cancer
A. Diagrammatic and pie chart representation of cell cycle, G1/S transition, AR axis and PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and proteins altered by expression of the SiM-miRNA mimetics in LNCaP cells.
The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway and the potential sites of action of RAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors discussed in the text
SOCS抑制JAK-STAT信号通路的作用机制Mechanism of SOCS inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Role of RAS enzymes in the EGFR signaling pathway
RSV infection induces a response balanced by pro-inflammatory and tissue repair pathways
Proposed model illustrating the mechanisms by which AMPK functions as a central metabolic switch that governs glucose and lipid metabolism and activation of this master switch serves as a danger signal to alert NKT cells to infection and malignancy
Sclerostin and the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway
The currently approved and available IBD therapies include: four anti-TNF agents, namely infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, and two anti-integrin agents, natalizumab and vedolizumab
Schematic depicting how PC1/3 knockdown impacts macrophage activation
Fibroblast growth factor receptors and genes that are involved in FGF pathway were analyzed by IPA in KC iPSC compared with normal iPSC
A proposed model of signaling pathway in KC cornea that leads to keratocyte apoptosis during KC
Expression of SOX2 is orchestrated by crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways such as Wnt, Shh, TGF-β and FGFR
The frequency of genetic amplifications (red), mutations and deletions (blue) are indicated in percentages
Integration of non-coding RNAs in regulation of canonical JAK/STAT network
. Schematic representation of a selected part of the PPAR signalling KEGG pathway using PathVisio 3.2.0.
. Pathway analysis (STRING): networks created from proteins differentially regulated in male and female rats (controls) in ET animals (A) or HT rats (B).
. APAP-sensitive proteins related to protein synthesis (a).
(A) In normal melanocytes, N-Ras is inactive until a stimulus (e.g., gro... (B) In NRAS mutant melanoma, the N-ras protein is unable to hydrolyze GT...
Signaling Pathway of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorImportant functions of this pathway involve antiapoptotic actions and regulation of actin-myosin interaction
Inflammatory events, such as those induced by traumatic brain injury, activate signaling cascades (including NF-Œ∫B and JNK) that phosphorylate and inactivate insulin receptor substrate proteins
(a) Domain architectures of RIG-I/MDA5 and MAVS. This article focuses on... (b) Schematic of the signal activation processes of RIG-I/MDA5. Upon vir...
Inflammasome activation and purinergic signaling in Chlamydia-infected cells
Aberrations in the Ras signaling pathway that lead to excessive proliferation
A) A simplified schematic of the Wnt signaling pathway. Without Wnt liga... B) Structure of β-cat. Four S/T residues at the N-terminus can be phosph...
Potential mechanisms contributing to the repression of hepatic gluconeogenesis by Wnt signaling activation
Role of HDACs and associated pathways involved in the processes of autophagy during the progression of DN
Combination therapy targeting the MAPK pathway and GPNMB in BRAF mutant melanoma
Schematic of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway
Hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation canonical pathway
BMP signaling pathway overlapped with the results of the comparison BAVc vs
HDL undergoes substantial modification during an acute-phase response
Deregulated Signaling Networks in Pancreatic Cancer
Overview of parts of the signaling pathways of the five mutated proteins in the 5 syndromes of this review
Insulin deficiency/hyperglycemia (type 1 diabetes), insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia (type 2 diabetes) and other metabolic signals in the diabetic heart silmultaneously activate mTOR and inhibit AMPK, which inactivates ULK1 complex, a kinase essential for the activation of Vps34-Vps15-Beclin1 complex
Putative pathway for the inhibition of inflammatory signaling events by AQCA in in vitro inflammatory responses
Effect of SPN on hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis
Model for the molecular metchanisms of natural polyphenols effects on metastasis
The hypothetical mechanism of ursolic acid against MRSA
Proposed signaling pathways for betulinic acid (BA)-induced eNOS activation through phosphorylation of the Ser1177 residue in EA.hy 926 cells
Genistein (0.01–10 μM) stimulates breast cancer cell proliferation acting through the classical genomic ER pathway and/or through the fast, non-genomic GPER1-mediated pathway
Schematic illustration of the possible inhibitory mechanism of ethyl acetate fraction of M
G2/M DNA damage check point signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
Apoptosis signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
mTOR signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
Tight junction signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
Remodeling of epithelial adherent junction signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
UPR signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
ER stress signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
ERK-MAPK signaling pathway was regulated by vancomycin in HK-2 cells
A schematic diagram of the mechanism by which asiatic acid prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis
The possible signaling pathways for tetrandrine-induced apoptosis in NPC-TW 076 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Capsaicin mediates saliva secretion via transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1)
Proposed mechanisms of 3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol-induced cell apoptosis in hepatocyte L-O2 cells
Extension of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterologous reticuline biosynthetic pathway for the production of precursors of the berberine- and sanguinarine-type benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (in black) and the morphinan alkaloids (in red)
Upstream signal transduction pathway leading to activation of canonical p50/p65 NF-Œ∫B upon stimulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-Œ± (see text for details, scheme realized with ScienceSlides)
a | During direct conversion into induced neurons (iNs), fibroblasts progressively convert into neurons through an as yet poorly defined transient intermediate state
Ion transport regulation by mTORC2 and SGK1 in renal principal cells
Common PI3K pathway aberrations found in a variety of solid tumor types
Common nodes of resistance to targeted therapies within the PI3K pathway
Targeting the PI3K pathway in cancer with small-molecule inhibitors
Collagen upregulates MMP-14 through activation of the TGF-β/TβRI/Smad3/Snail pathway
Molecular pathways associated with thyroid cancer
Effects of BRAF mutations on tumor cell survival and the tumor microenvironment
Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) of ASS234 (5 ŒºM) treatment
MCD genes and cytoskeletal regulatory pathways
Binding of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to its cognate receptor TNFR1 triggers the assembly of complex I, which comprises TNFR1, TNFR1-associated death domain (TRADD), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1/2 (cIAP1/2), and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC),,
Adaptive and pro-apoptotic pathways of the UPR
The potential role of a melanocyte antigen within the complex psoriatic inflammatory pathway
mTOR shapes antigen-presenting cell (APC), natural killer (NK) cell, T cell, B cell and endothelial cell homeostasis, growth and function
Proposed mechanism of action and impact of sustained Gq-protein signaling on striatal circuitry
Schematic diagram illustrating the UPR signal transduction pathway
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the predicted model for the process of melanin biosynthesis
Conceivable mechanisms of resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide
Schematic representation of cholesterol biosynthetic/protein prenylation pathway
Schematic representation of the mechanisms underlying contributions of YAP/TAZ/β-catenin to the spinal central sensitization after nerve injury and regulation of dCTB on YAP/TAZ/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways
Panel A: Overview of the interaction between inflammation and the component... B: The intracellular pathways involved in insulin resistance. In insu...
In adipose and muscle capillaries, TG in VLDL (from liver) are hydrolyzed into FFA by endothelial-bound LPL and GP1HBP1
A cartoon of Wnt signaling pathway contributed by []
Influence diagram of  contains partial prior biological knowledge and epigenetic information in the form of methylation and histone modification
Influence diagram of  is a naive Bayes model that contains minimal prior biological knowledge
Examples of genes (in red) within the HIF pathway in which positive selection has been identified in high-altitude populations
Differentially expressed genes between young and aged tibiae are significantly enriched for ECM-receptor interactions, TCA cycle and cell cycle pathway components
Pathway end products are shown in green, factors affecting expression of metabolic genes or their regulators in blue (letters and arrows)
Oncogenic BRAF activity induces formation of ketone body acetoacetate, which enhances MAPK pathway activity by promoting binding between BRAFV600E and MEK1
Distant metastasis causes oxidative stress in melanoma cells
Neurotransmitter targets for therapeutic development in psychiatric disorders
Putative mechanisms for activation and regulation of MAPK cascade by ROS
Putative regulation of ROS-related genes by MAPK cascades
Schematic representation of MAPK pathways in ROS signaling and responses
Suggested model for modulation of Wnt pathway by OCC-1 splice variants
Central metabolic pathway of Rlv3841 showing the metabolism of glucose and succinate
Different signalling pathway targets already used for interventions to reverse immunosenescence
Dysregulated Toll‚Äêlike receptor signalling associated with advanced age
Age‚Äêassociated defects interfering with function and survival of activated T cells
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) signaling: Pathway figure that depicts normal activation of ALK through ligand binding
The roles of nucleus PRDX1 in the H2O2‚Äêinduced apoptosis
Schematic diagram depicting the possible molecular mechanisms by which mitoQ prevents renal tubular cell injury by maintaining mitochondrial integrity under HG conditions
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in UgU-induced NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the following molecular events in human monocytes
Selected metabolic pathways of the putative novel SAOB unFirm02_FrBGR cluster 2
Cross talk between the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family and Wnt signaling at multiple points
let-7c and miR-10b target multiple genes in regulatory networks
(a) Cumulative probabilities of surgery accordi... (b) Networks of overlap between intestinal BD (... (c) Networks of overlap between intestinal BD (...
Loops captured in the model are shown with solid lines
Green and red coloured genes indicate down or upregulation, respectively
Schematic illustration of the effect of delphinidin on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling
Examples of G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated downstream signaling pathways on GPCRs
Schematic diagram representing the signaling pathway for βAR-mediated cardiac insulin resistance
Working hypothesis of the mechanism through which different miRNAs regulate the PTEN pathway, PI3K/AKT and STAT signalling in sperm
The relationship between alginate biosynthesis and the cellular metabolism in P
The insulin signaling pathway is significantly enriched in human cycling genes (the hypergeometric test, p-value = 9.70E-7, E-ratio = 2.26)
KEGG pathway maps for (A) non-small cell lung cancer (hsa05223) and (B) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance (hsa01521)
Photoperiodic regulation of FT expression by CO, and FT protein movement
Proposed renoprotective mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy (DN) through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation
Schematic overview of glycolysis and the fates of pyruvate in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 (serotype 2)
Interaction map representing CNV-altered genes enriched in GO classes and grouped on the basis of their main biological processes
Cross-regulation between interleukin-1 (IL-1) and type-1 interferon (IFN) inflammatory pathways as exemplified during Mtb infection
Our model depicting the role of the AIM2 inflammasome in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and how loss of Aim2 promotes dysbiosis and colitis
Comparison of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathways in humans and zebrafish
Mitonuclear gene groups associated with disease in GWAS are significantly enriched for protein–protein interactions
In IL-1β-stimulated fibroblasts, phosphorylation of JNK1 leads to the activation of MEK/ERK signaling, which contributes to COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, whereas JNK2 pathway suppresses COX-2 expression
. CDK5 signaling pathway after treating Suit-2 cells with fisetin.
Various death stimuli or viral infection can lead to permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane causing the release of cytochrome c, which binds to Apaf-1 leading to assembly of the Apaf-1 apoptosome and activation of caspase-9
In purple are genes affected by splicing imbalances between basal-like tumours vs NBT, with no evidence of whole-gene differential expression
Wnt signaling is activated by binding of the Wnt3a ligand to its receptor, Fz, and to its co-receptor, LRP6
Loss of Axin2 can cause MVD by shifting TGFβ/SMAD3 pathway toward WNT/β-catenin and BMP signaling
(A) The experimental design for iTRAQ proteomic analysis. (B) Illustration of VEGF signalling pathway in condylar cartilage accord...
The effect of CIL-102 on the activation JNK1/2, and p50 NF-Œ∫B/p300 pathways, which leads to p21 and GADD45 expression and cdc2/cyclin B inactivation and increases cell cycle arrest in human DLD-1
A link is created between a target and a pathway if the pathway is lighted at the target, where blue, green and red nodes represent compounds, targets and pathways, respectively
Processing and presentation of MHC class I and II restricted antigens for CD8+ and CD4+ T cell recognition, respectively
Proposed model for the role INPP5E plays at cilia
Model of transcriptional response to H2O2 or diamide (and Cd) and the stress induced nuclear localization of Oxs1
Cholesterol was biosynthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a metabolic intermediate of the mevalonate pathway
The red box indicates hypermethylated gene
Intracellular energy relocation in fat body cell of Drosophila and immune cell of human
Hypothesis of intercellular energy relocation triggered by gut microbiota
Possible roles of lncRNAs played in the context of RNA-RNA interactions
Mechanisms underlying SQ induced self-renewal
Transmembrane ion transport proteins and mechanisms thought to be involved in the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) of sperm
Kidney infiltrated CD8+ T cells directly contact DCT cells on the basolateral side; stimulate DCTs via ROS-Src signaling; enhance salt retention via the Kir4.1-ClC-K—SPAK—NCC activation pathway and consequently lead to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
The colored components of the pathway were quantified in this study and remained altered after late glycemic control, indicating that these constitute part of the diabetic kidney metabolic memory
Diagram of genes in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Schematic representation of terpene biosynthetic pathway, and heatmaps displaying the expression (log2 FPKM) of enzymes involved in the different reaction steps
The differentially hypomethylated genes found in the 450k microarray study were input into GeneMANIA for co-expression analysis, which revealed that they are related to type I interferon pathways, including “response to type I interferon” (FDR = 1.45e-34), “type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway” (FDR = 1.45e-34) and “cellular response to type I interferon” (FDR = 1.45e-34).
(A) In turn, stimulation of dopaminergic D1R signaling with dopamine or... (B) Stimulation of D1R with fenoldopam and subsequent activation of AMPK...
Deptor depletion is associated with different pathway
Summary of three key signaling cascades that may mediate the link between inflammation and epileptogenesis
Potential mechanism of UA-induced inflammation in endothelial cell
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis
Myocardial injury activated the AT1R/p38 MAPK pathway that disrupted the ACE/ACE2 ratio and further imbalanced ACE-Ang II-AT1R and ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas axes, including increases in ACE, Ang II, and AT1R and decreases in ACE2, Ang(1-7) and Mas
(a) A schematic representation of a truncated transsulphuration pathway... (b) Absence of cystathionine confirms a disrupted TS pathway in Plasmodi...
miR-22 services as onco-miRNA to promote tumor malignant transformation
Integration of non-genomic signaling and canonical signaling of androgen receptor (AR)
NRF2 as a hub connecting proteotoxic-derived emergency signals to a protective transcriptional response
A model of cell fate decision by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in NSPCs
Phylogenetic and conserved synteny analysis of PTH related proteins
Evolutionary history of the PTH family in vertebrates
Schematic model of the proteostasis network via the HSF1-SQSTM1 axis
Autocrine and intracellular complement activation
The role of systemic complement in metabolism
Several signalling pathways can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells for example Notch, transforming growth factor-β, Midkine, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α
Negative regulation of TLR4 signaling by BCAP and PLCγ2
(A) Network of Common Cardiomyopathy regulated... (B) Oncostatin M (OSM) pathway, highlighting th... (C) Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) sign...
The pathway map is based on the KEGG Cell cycle pathway
Proposed model for OPG signalling events driving PAH pathogenesis
Activation and regulation of complement pathways relevant to Borrelia spp
Suggested model scheme of the c-Src signaling pathway being induced and hijacked by IBDV to facilitate its infectious entry
Model for the mechanisms by which PRRSV infection upregulated miR-373 expression and miR-373 facilitated PRRSV replication
The EGFR, Raf and MEK inhibitor is represented by the small green, blue and yellow colored node with a letter D respectively
(a) In gastric cancer cells, cytoplasm ChAT protein catalyzes ACh synthe... (b) When the function of M3R was blocked by specific antagonists (such a...
Scheme of PI3K pathway with candidate regulators of mTORC2 colored in green
Model depicting roles of Sufu in chaperoning Gli functions during Shh signaling
By binding to its G-protein coupled receptor and activating the C-Raf-ERK1/2 signaling cascade, nesfatin-1 antagonizes MPP+-induced apoptosis induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons by preventing collapse of the ŒîŒ®m, inhibiting cytochrome C releasing from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, interacting with Apaf-1 and caspase-9, abolishing caspase-3 activation, and attenuating karyorrhexis
The mechanisms by which alteration of normal miRNA profiles can occur, leading to aberrant miRNA profiles in childhood solid tumours
Allobathynella bangokensis transcripts coding for the corresponding enzymes of the A) Toll-like receptor and B) JAK-STAT signaling pathways from the KEGG database
Mechanisms of UPR activation in the spinal cord from an X-ALD mouse model
Overview of oncogenic pathways in glioma and possibilities for pharmacological interventions, relevant for the models described in this article
Note that small colorful dots, blue lighting, black arrows and black hammer-head line represent the Jellyfish hexane extract, Jellyfish hexane extract-induced stimulus, direct reactions and each inhibiting reaction, respectively
Schematic illustration of the unique biochemical aspects of MET-mediated bypass signaling driven by cell surface RTK aggregates leading to de-coupling of EGFR oncogenic function from its tyrosine kinase activity (alternate signaling)
Key affected pathways, components and inferred functions, are summarized in the main text
CNF toxin, Rho activator; C3 toxin, Rho inhibitor
A proposed model for the role of GAS6 in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis
The metabolic network was reconstructed based on KEGG pathway analysis
Representation showing the mutations associated with the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway observed in melanoma
Schematics of multitargeted actions of T1AM on metabolic and steroidogenic pathways
Significant deregulated key signaling nodes of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Focal Adhesion and Actin Cytoskeleton pathway
(A) Energy metabolism in anaerobic mitochondria of F. hepatica by malate... (B) Parasite specific enzyme usage in TCA cycle. The KEGG module for TCA...
Scheme of the interaction between the intrinsic apoptosis, autophagy and stress response pathways governing the HepG2 response to CdS QDs
Possible mechanism of connexin responses associated with acute exposure to fatty acids (FAs)
(A) c-Myc mediated apoptosis signaling, (B) 14-3-3-mediated signaling, and (C) protein kinase A (PKA) signaling
Elevation of intracellular ROS leads to activation of signal transductions mediated by p-EKR, p-P38, and subsequent Nrf2 activation
Canonical Rho signaling pathways were identified in a phosphoproteomics screen of HIV-1 signaling via CD4 and CCR5
Pathway map for selected proteins encoded by genes that were upregulated in baseline systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) samples
DAB2IP in TNFŒ± signaling: activation of ASK1/JNK
A proposed function of CDK1 in regulating pluripotency
Mechanisms of canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation
The intracellular signaling pathways of Œ±7nAchR in anti-inflammatory response
Model depicting the proposed mechanism by which FT-A exert antipyretic effect
Working model representing the proposed signaling pathways induced by vitamin D signaling in regulating skeletal muscle mass
Hypothetical model of bacteria-mediated EGR1 induction in host epithelial cells
The interorgan crosstalk involved in β-cell failure
Molecular regulation of macroautophagy and targets for pharmacological stimulation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway
Non-canonical control of GLI activity by oncogenic mechanisms involving kinases, and epigenetic modulators
. Pathway analysis result in of PEO1TaxR (top) and PEO1CarbR (bottom) cell lines.
IDO pathway and inhibitors.Notes: Tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway involves IDO an intracellular rate limiting enzyme and possible natural and synthetic inhibitors of this enzyme acting through various routes
(A) MG1655 Δtig ΔdnaKJ mutant containing plasmi... (B) Schematic representation of previously iden... (C) Transformants of MG1655 PTetONdnaKJ contain...
Schematic diagram depicting the KRT19-mediated regulation of NUMB expression, NOTCH signaling pathway and cancer/cancer stem-like cells (CSLC) properties in KRT19-overexpressing breast cancer cells
Reelin's role in stabilizing the cytoskeleton
Schematic representation of the HCV interactions (both direct and indirect) on the hepatocyte insulin signaling pathway
Network analysis using key molecules in VL pathogenesis
Regulation of expression and role of ANGPTL4 in lipid metabolism
Potential cross talk between lipid/glucidic metabolism and cancer
Neutrophil crosstalk with immune and humoral cells and relevant chemical signals that influence and compose the inflammatory response and pathway to resolution via the neutrophil
miRNAs enriched with OSCC target mRNAs of the neurotrophin signaling pathway
Regulation of Ciliogenesis by Inputs from the Cell Cycle
Regulatory Roles of the Cytoskeleton at the Base of the Cilia
Relationships Between Cellular Proteostasis and Ciliogenesis
Human EGF signaling pathway (reprinted from Biocarta [])
Schematic diagram of the proposed mechanism underlying HSYA-SDT-induced autophagy and inflammation inhibition in THP-1 macrophages
A model. Trex1−/− leads to chronic activation of the STING–TBK1–IRF3 signaling pathway, leading to inflammation through IRF3 and mTORC1 inhibition by TBK1.
The pathway for heme biosynthesis and indeterminate trafficking of heme in the cytosol
(A) The pathway of photosynthesis. (B) The process of oxidative phosphorylation. Red numbered boxes indicat...
. Schematic representation of the mechanism of TRAIL-induced apoptosis sensitized by lovastatin in human glioblastoma cells.
The predicted pathway was constructed based on the references [, ]and the knowledge of mammalian species
Molecular mechanisms of JNK1 and JNK2 in obesity-driven insulin resistance
Metabolic control of macrophage activation
APP-Go signaling can regulate alternative downstream pathways in a context-dependent manner
Induction of interferons (IFNs) and establishment of an antiviral state in a model chicken cell
Summary diagram of JAK/STAT and MAPK signal transduction
Schematic representation of the proposed model of regulation of flp-19::GFP expression in BAG neurons
Biosynthetic pathways of tetrapyrrole compounds
Signaling involved in CSCs that mediates melanoma progression
Schematic representation of IGF signaling regulation in EMT
The critical factors involved in IGF-IR-mediated EMT process
IGF-IR signaling in CSCs-like cells biology
*This pathway begins with a mitogenic stimulus binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase, activating it
*The sodium Iodide symporter is a transmembrane protein that plays a crucial role in the uptake of iodine by thyroid cells
. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in papillary thyroid carcinoma is depicted along with statistical information regarding mutations and specifications at distinct points on the pathway.
Ubiquitin signaling during lesion recognition in the GG-NER pathway
Schematic presentation that demonstrates a link between purinergic receptor-mediated signaling and cellular metabolic pathways
Enhancement of the eNOS-mediated vascular signaling by H2S
A: a simplified model showing basic differences in the myogenic molecula... B: different mechanisms by which RhoA/ROCK can increase p-MLC20 for the...
Wnt3 promotes apoptosis in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and the activation of the Wnt pathway in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Mutual regulation between miRNAs and the Wnt pathway determine the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M
The Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M
The first reaction of the EMP converts glucose (Glc) to glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P), which is either converted to fructose 6‐phosphate (F6P) or shunted to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which converts G6P to 6‐phosphogluconate (6PG)
Palmitic acid (PA)-induced endothelial dysfunction is characterized by increased ROS production, decreased NO level and reduced eNOS phosphorylation
Regulation of key cancer stem cell signaling pathways by epigenetic mechanisms
Summary of DNA damage-induced breast cancer by estrogen and stressors
The interferon signaling pathway as differentially regulated by ZIKV and HCMV in maternal-decidual and fetus-derived chorionic villus tissues
The SCFFBW7 ubiquitin ligase targets SOX9 for proteasomal destruction
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced activation of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and the IŒ∫B kinase (IKK) pathway
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway
Schematic diagram illustrates the apoptotic pathway being examined and where each drug acts
Model of group I Paks as components of the Ncad/Cdo signaling pathway
Activity on macrophages and other mononuclear cells
The TLR6 variants associated with KD are predicted to yield lower levels of NFKB upon stimulation, thus resulting in lower levels of IL6
Hb redox reactions cause lipid peroxidation that leads to release of uncontained nucleic acids from either necrotic cell death or excision of damaged mitochondrial (mt) DNA
Schematic representation of the crosstalk between the Wnt and FGF signaling pathways in fibroblasts
Schematic representation of major phagocyte modulation pathway induced by gliotoxin from fungal: spore internalization by phagocytes is an essential mechanism to prevent hyphae formation by pathogenic fungi
MYC regulatory networks in pluripotent stem cells
The MYC-driven self-reinforcing loop in ESCs
Macrophages activated by the classical pathway act as inflammation inducers and are called M1
Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor (NLR) pro‐inflammatory signalling pathway
The fold change of the key molecules are showed in the right part of corresponding genes
Proposed mechanism whereby RET/PTC3 regulates IDO1 expression in thyroid cancer cells
The oxidative damage occurs via the reduction of the N → O group of MEQ, which activate the MAPKs (e.g.
Orange boxes: WM-266-4 melanoma proteins identified in the present study
Orange boxes: WM-266-4 melanoma proteins that have been identified in the present study
A. The four-layered hGRN constructed with the BWERF algorithm.
Ingenuity pathway analysis of uniquely hypomethylated promoters
Functional interaction network analysis by GeneMANIA of candidate mouse and human genes related to brain metastasis
Schematic representation of jasmonic acid signaling and activation of defense genes (phenylpropanoids biosynthesis) in response to MeJA elicitation
Overview of human myeloid cells identified in the bone marrow, blood, and tissue of cancer patients
Immune response in the polar clinical forms of leprosy
Iron homeostasis pathway depicted in green (LIP, TfR1, Fpn, Ft, IRP1, IRP2, Hep), iron utilization depicted in orange (Mfrn, LIPmt, Ftmt, ALAS1, heme, HO-1), oxidative stress response depicted in blue (ROS, Keap1, Nfr2, Antioxidant enzymes), and oncogenic pathway depicted in pink (EGFR, SOS, GAPs, Ras, ERK, c-Myc)
Mechanistic model of carbohydrate metabolism manipulation by A
Proposed model for the CD271 regulation and potential downstream effects mediating drug resistance and metastasis
Paradigms of cancer–immune cell interactions
Schematic illustrating the pheromone-dependent MAPK pathway in budding yeast
Yeast use memory of past exposure to pheromone to decide to reenter the cell cycle
The functional network of the interferon signaling pathway by IPA
Sexual dimorphism in the axonal signaling pathway
Canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways
Proposed model of selected miRNA action on the regulatory T cell pathway
Schematic representation of β3AR signaling activation in cardiomyocytes
Proposed model of CXCL12 signaling to mTORC1 in BMM
(A) Schematic representation of th... (B) Schematic diagram showing PST... (C) Catestatin (CST) stimulation o... (D) Summary of PST and CST actions.
The most significantly relevant pathways and highly linked molecules relevant to the merged bionetwork
Working model for cocaine-recruited signaling axis that broadens t-LTP timing window in the PFC
Pathway analysis of the G-protein, cAMP/PKA signaling alterations found in the ZMEL-R1 cells
The pathway of ecto-F1-ATPase-mediated holo-HDL endocytosis
Representative apoptosis pathway and associated factors
Schematic showing the synergistic relationship between PARP inhibitors and BRCA1/2
The crosstalking network of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer development and progression: estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway, PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, angiogenic pathway, SRC pathway and JAK/STAT pathway
Unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in mammalian cells
The mTOR signaling pathway as a target of molecular therapies
Regulation of metabolism and metabolically-regulated signals by integrins
Schematic representation of the mTOR signaling pathway
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR), retrovirus-associated DNA sequences/mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathways and c-MYC are master regulators of cell growth and proliferation
Pathways involved in the vasodilator effect of affinin
Functional analysis of the network containing validated segregating variants
A. Species with domain structures labeled.
Algorithm for the investigation of patients with elevated cardiac troponin concentrations in the context of an alternative acute illness
. Factors that direct sensory hair cell fate in the inner ear.
Fold changes of sty6pH (left) and bala12pH (right) genes are represented by a color scale
Pathways are shown by grey circles and the component enzymes are shown as: 1, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase; 2, phosphoglycerate kinase; 3, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; 4, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; 5, phosphoribulokinase; 6, triose-phosphate isomerase
Nuclear β‐catenin is the hallmark of canonical Wnt signaling
Metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with pancreatic cancer
Apoptotic Recognition and Clearance Signaling in the FlySeveral transmembrane proteins have been identified that allow detection of apoptotic corpses in the fly (A) including Croquemort (homolog of vertebrate CD36 scavenger receptor), the CED-1 homolog Draper, Six-microns under (Simu), and βv/Œ±PS3 integrin heterodimers. Draper and Simu have been shown to bind phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells, but how activation of any of these receptors upon binding to their ligands leads to the activation of Rac and the subsequent actin rearrangements required for engulfment remains largely unknown. In the case of Draper, activation of Rac could be through the Syk kinase homolog shark and in other cases will likely involve ELMO/Ced12 and Myoblast city. Two signaling cascades have been identified in the fly macrophage downstream of apoptotic engagement. The... (B) involves a calcium signaling pathway driven by intracellular store operated calcium entry (SOCE) downstream of Draper. A junctophilin (undertaker), an ER calcium sensor (Dstim), a calcium release activated channel (DOrai), and a TRP channel (Pkd2) are all required for this calcium signaling event. Again, how this calcium signaling leads to the activation of Rac remains unknown. The... (C) involves an F-box protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase called Pallbearer. This interacts with phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (RpS6) to promote its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, which leads to Rac activation and subsequent actin remodeling required for engul...
A Three-Part Signaling System Drives the Inflammatory Response in the Fly(1) In Drosophila, macrophages are initially primed to respond to a wound by engulfing an apoptotic corpse
Potential mechanisms of nicotine plus HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in obese mice
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NFŒ∫B signaling pathway
Hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT signalling commonly occurs following dysregulation of the PI3K pathway regulatory proteins including PI3K, AKT, mTORC2, PDK1, PTEN, PIPP, INPP4B, PHLPP and PP2A
CSF3R mutations activate kinase signaling to promote the expansion of neutrophils
Schematic representation of IL-3 receptor signaling in K11bL cells, illustrating the differences in rpS6 phosphorylation observed in MYBWT/WT versus MYBKD/KD cells and how this appears to relate to changes in the signaling pathways utilized and the MYB-regulated signaling modulator SPRY2
Experimental data suggests that pro-phagocytic signals (including calreticulin, Mfg-e8 and Mertk) are reduced in atherosclerosis due to inflammation, post-translational modifications and/or genetic variability
(A) Schematic diagram of the Notch- and APPL-based reporter transgenes.... (B) Transcriptional switch in the Drosophila canonical Notch signaling p...
Schematic view of FLT3 and FLT3-ITD signaling.Notes: FLT3 and FLT3-ITD receptors are expressed at the cell Mb
Mechanisms of cell death induced by benzopyran compounds by minor chemical modifications of the benzopyran scaffold
Canonical and alternative pathways for NF-Œ∫B activation
Possible cell-cycle checkpoint pathways in centrosomal (centriolar) integrity or morphology
The proposed working pathway for ginsenoside Rg5 action in hypoxic adipose tissue
Activation of the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway
Schematic illustration of complement activation and evasion by NS1 protein of flavivirus
Model indicating the two-step increase in ex vivo lymphocyte Fas surface expression
Summary of the pathogenesis of inflammation and scarring in ocular MMP
Downstream effects analysis enables prediction of the effect of gene expression changes in each treatment
Phosphoproteomic analysis of SK-ChA-1 cells after ZPCL-PDT
Mechanical loading is sensed through a diverse group of membrane‐anchored mechano‐sensors, including stretch‐activated ion channels, focal adhesion complexes and cell surface receptors
Interaction of lactobacilli with transformed cells
Estrogen metabolism pathway including enzymes (blue field) and chemical compounds
PD genes and autophagy-endolysosomal pathway(s)
Sustained inflammation leads to activation of osteoclast differentiation through proinflammatory cytokines TNFŒ± and IL1, followed by MAP Kinase and Calcium signaling
Red and green represent upregulated and downregulated genes
In the proposed model, mGluR1/5 stimulation activates calpain-1 following calcium entry through T-type voltage dependent calcium channel
(A) In the general model for metabolosome function (2, 3), the signature... (B) Specific enzymes encapsulated in GRM3: The GRE-type 1,2-propanediol...
Changes in upper glycolysis, glycerolipid metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway during aging
Figure illustrating five pathways putatively causing pathological remodelling in ACM: 1) Deficits in EB-1 ID protein trafficking provoke disturbance of the ID morphology
Schematic representation of the proposed cellular functions of cellular NLRC5
ROS derived from mitochondria reduce NO bioavailability, impair NO-mediated signalling and induce the activation of inflammatory signalling, such as NFŒ∫B and p38 MAPK pathways
Four top-scoring networks from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma specific genes
Genes identified from the sea trout skin transcriptome are shown in yellow
Our strategy to increase seed oil accumulation by overexpressing the plastidial pyruvate transporter BASS2 under the control of a seed-specific promoter in developing A
Shown is an integrative view of all core signalling components of the growth factor signalling pathway
(a) Multiple core comp... (b) Firefly luciferase... (c) Fluc activity down... (d) or Ptch1 5′-UTR. (e) uORF overlapping w... (f) uORFs that are in...
A glucocorticoid-driven network links many of the top-ranked PLSR genes
Diagram of immune responses induced by Leptospira sp
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolome
Tgfbr2 cKO CD34+ SCC cells upregulate genes implicated in invasive human cancers
(A) Generalized model of the ROS signal transduction pathway
FAK can be activated in ischemic and hypoxic conditions; its downstream PI3K/AKT pathway is then activated through phosphorylation at the Tyr397 site, followed by mTOR/P70S6K activation
Schematic model of TREM2 in the regulation of β-catenin signaling and microglial survival
Similar signaling cascades involved with neuroprotection for insulin-like peptides and sex hormones
Model of the Wnt signaling pathway and the role of Mule during its constitutive activation
CORM-2 influences IBA-1- and GFAP-positive cells and many nociceptive factors and signaling pathways as measured on day 7 after CCI
Signalling molecules affected in FXS, translation of direct FMRP mRNA targets (including Adcy1), and translation under control of Adcy1–ERK1/2 signalling are marked in maroon font
Schematic model summarizing the findings of the proteomic and metabonomic profiling analyses
MapMan overview of significant (FDR adjusted p ≤ 0.05 & log2 fold change ≥2) differentially expressed loci (SDEL) involved in biotic stress pathway, unique to PB1+Pi9, upon M
General overview of the Wnt signaling pathway
Proposed molecular talking points between TLRs, Wnt, and nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B)
The plant pathogen interaction pathway, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG): fve04626, in Fragaria vesca (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/genomes-maps/)
Nrf2-mediated mitogen activated protein kinases signaling pathway contributes to antioxidant capacity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in hepatic stellate cell-T6 cells
A number of mechanisms involved in neural tube closure (NTC) are depicted
Dual functions of IRF3 in antiviral defense
Pathways of HIF-1Œ± and its target genes involved in retinal neuroprotection
Proposed mechanisms of Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in GC progression
BM-MSC modulates inflammation response through mTORC1-p70S6K/mTORC2-Akt Signal Pathway
Schematic molecular mechanisms of EGCG and curcumin activity
. Canonical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in mammals.
. The role of nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resolution.
A schematic representation of carbon metabolism in wine yeast, including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Effect of Salmonella infection in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients
Nitric oxide dose effect on mitochondrial function and endoplasmic reticulum stress
(A) WNKs phosphorylate the two related Ste20 ki... (B) Schematic of the nephron showing sites of W... (C) Summary of Wnk1 function in in zebrafish. D...
The effects of TAMs on tumor progression
Heterogeneous responses of normal and malignant B cells upon CpG ODNs stimulation
The SOLLI model predicts targets of therapy
(1) The presence of therapeutic recombinant antibodies that block the PD-1/PD-L1 axis allows for signalling of the TCR of a CD8+ T-cell with its associated antigen presented by the cancer cell through a MHC-I molecule
(A, B) Different viruses possess or generate RNAs that can be detected by RIG‐I and/or MDA5
LSS improves cognitive function and prevents neuronal injury of AD rats via inhibiting the neuronal apoptosis signaling pathway
Proposed anti-inflammatory mechanism of chlorogenic acid (CHA) and caffeic acid (CA) in human intestinal epithelial cells
ChREBP regulates fructolytic gene expression
LncRNAs network in malignant transformation of HCC stem cells
The roles of LncRNAs in the malignant transformation of breast CSCs
Schematic comparison of different oncogenic Ras signaling in RasMUT and RasGRP1-overexpressing T-ALL
The metabolite changes detected with 1H NMR midgut analysis, and the pathway referenced to the KEGG database showed the interrelationships of the identified metabolic pathways in the experimental Eri silkworms
Schematic diagram of the canonical WNT signaling pathway
Proposed roles of AR and WNT signaling in mammary gland development and breast cancer
Diagrammatic representation of the EGF signaling pathway
The fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) signal transduction pathway governs trophoblast proliferation and differentiation
MNT and its place in the MAX-MLX network of interacting proteins
Proposed biosynthetic pathway of sex pheromone production in female DBM moths (adapted from [, , ])
The pathway schematic was adapted from the KEGG database with permission [,]
Schematic representation of the possible role of the polyol pathway in diabetes atherosclerosis
Schematic representation of the compensatory β‐cell proliferative signaling network mediated by insulin resistance
Proposed model for the role of ADAP2 in antiviral response
Proteasome-related events potentially participate in the RAD6-mediated DNA damage response
Pathway analysis of enriched canonical pathways identifies opposing regulation of Rac signalling by 18/1 and 90/5 patterns of stimulation
Theoretical concept of combined application of checkpoint blockade therapy and DGK-inhibition
Schematic of PAF-mediated endotoxin tolerance
Proposed mechanistic model for TGF-β1/Smad3-mediated control of hepatic gluconeogenesis via targeting of PP2A, LKB1, AMPK, and FoxO1
Hypothetical model of differential phosphorylation of YBX1 on Ser-176 and Ser-165 and their role in NF-Œ∫B activation
Venn diagram of keloid disease (KD) centre, margin and extralesional expression vs normal skin (NS), where A) refers to the epidermis and B) refers to the dermis
Proteomics and tracing experiments reveal the presence of previously unappreciated metabolic pathways in mature RBC
Diagram of signaling pathways that control Notch expression in PC
Putative crosstalk among Ca2+, ROS and apoptosis in cassava storage roots during PPD
Regulatory networks of selected lncRNAs involved in the development of HBx-HCC
Role of Krüppel-like factor 15 in podocyte differentiation
Example of a visualisation of a significant pathway using the SetRank package
A model of interactions between the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma under aerobic glycolysis conditions in colon cancer
A schematic representation of interactions between PPAR gamma and the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in type 2 diabetes and colon cancer
Schematic presentation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) pathway and amino acid biosynthesis, as affected by the chlorotic mutation
FASN-regulated ERŒ± signaling in breast cancer cells: a working model
Model for EGR1 regulations and functions in the central nervous system in the context of synaptic plasticity
Schematic diagram depicting proposed mechanism for the Wnt signaling pathway activation during differentiation of ADSCs into insulin-producing cells
Regulatory network depicting molecular interactions of EMT genes in CTCs across three cancers
(A) In thyrotropes, TGFβ1 activates TGFβ receptors (TBRs) and stimulates... (B) In gonadotropes, activin A binds activin receptors (ActRs) and stimu...
The role of the endothelial cell and monocyte in early stages of atherosclerosis: potential mechanisms of milk derived bioactive peptides
The schemes of kinetic model used as a base for simulation of isotopologue distribution
MMP1 which is secreted by MSCs binds to and cleaves the extracellular N terminus of PAR1 to release a tethered ligand
A model illustrating how Hippo pathway regulates JNK-dependent cell invasion
Schematic diagram of proposed mechanism of reciprocal interaction between IP3 and ryanodine receptors in the induction of hyperalgesic priming
A) Carbon flux into the energy production is favored by CsrA, whereas pr... B) CsrA can act as a negative regulator of the translation initiation pr...
JAK-STAT and chemokine signaling pathwaysA
Direct, indirect, and combined epigenetic pathways of Integrative Medicine
Schematic representation of the intracellular folate biosynthetic pathway and the gene polymorphisms detected in previous studies (in green), the polymorphisms included in the present meta-analysis were highlighted in red or blue, and the SNPs in red showed associations with the MTX effectiveness in RA patients
(a) 5 h after r-I/R in the myocard... (b) 5 h after r-I/R in the non-isc... (c) 24 h after r-I/R in the myocar... (d) 24 h after r-I/R in the non-is...
Representative illustration of the therapeutics used to promote the pathway of cell survival and to inhibit the pathway of apoptosis.Abbreviations: Aβ, β-amyloid peptide; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK5, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5; MEK5, MAP/ERK kinase 5; NGF, nerve growth factor; TrkA, tyrosine kinase receptor type 1
NO has pre- and postsynaptic effects in ACs
Role of DHT- and EST-regulated proteins in energy metabolism
(a) TCA cycle, (b) urea cycle, (c) glycolysis pathway
Regulation of the Hippo-YAP pathway by extracellular biophysical cues
BMP4 cellular signaling pathway including activators and inhibitors
Cellular NAD+ biosynthesis and consumption processes
Adipose tissue pathways regulated by sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) based on current literature in mouse models, adipocyte cell lines and human studies
Fatty acid (FA) and cholesterol sensing in T cell immune responses
Schematic diagram of potential mechanisms involved in T helper type 17 (Th17) differentiation under T‐bet over‐expression conditions
Phylogenetic relationships of algae thiorredoxin-like ferredoxin domains
Summary of cross-talk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment mediated through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway
The molecular mechanisms associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress in response to chronic exposure to PM0.1
Sonic Hedgehog Pathway: Shh acts on Ptch to inhibit the repression of Smo by Ptch
Wnt Pathway: In the presence of Wnt ligands, Dsh blocks the β-catenin destruction complex consisting of Axin, APC, CK1, GSK3β
Notch Pathway: Interaction of Notch with Jagged on the neighboring cell, leads to the release of NICD that translocate into the nucleus and binds to CSL thereby aiding in transcription of Hes family of repressor proteins
Proposed interaction of AQP1 with Wnt/ β-catenin signalling and cadherin-catenin complex
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is potentially deregulated in PCas
p53 promotes apoptosis and inhibits autophagy
Overview of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway
The putative cellular signaling pathways responsible for the lipid emulsion (LE)-mediated inhibition of toxic-dose bupivacaine-induced vasodilation during sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4)-induced contraction in isolated endothelium-denuded rat aortae
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-mediated signaling pathway
Mutation in the von Hippel–Lindau gene (VHL) induces loss (red ×: HIF-2a is no longer inhibited) of the regulatory tumour suppressor p-VHL and catalyses the “von Hippel–Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor” VHL-HIF pathway
Molecular functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) at different stages of prostate cancer, from prostate adenocarcinoma (A) to ongoing castration resistance (B) to a castration-resistant state (C)
When GPER is activated by G-1, it activates Gs protein
Pathways of androgen and AR in the pathogenesis of NASH, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.Note: Visual Art: © 2015 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.Abbreviations: AR, androgen receptor; CCRK, cycle cycle-related kinase; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; STAT 3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; GSK3b, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; FFA, free fatty acid; HBVX, hepatitis B virus protein X; TGF1, tumor growth factor 1
Pattern recognition receptor signaling that leads to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs)
Molecular mechanisms of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling cascade related neurodevelopmental diseases
IFN-γR partitioned diffusion at the plasma membrane
Analysis of candidate genes using MapMan
Connectivity of genes that were upregulated in astrocytes by Meth
CXCL5-centered gene network upregulated in astrocytes in response to Meth exposure
MAP2K5-centered gene clusters exclusively based on pathway and physical interactions
The occurrence and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in a cell
Diagram of the mechanism of action of dioscin against pancreatic cancer
Different molecular mechanisms that can induce time-delay necessary for the generation of oscillations in transcription factor activity
Scheme summarizing the protective effects of Xn on LPS-induced acute lung injury via activation of the AMPK/GSK3β-Nrf2 axis
Targeting Notch signalling pathway regulates angiogenesis in the pathological ovary
Signal pathway integration that regulates Hsp90 expression
Metabolic reprogramming drives: (A) T-cell fate and function and (B) antitumor-immune response
Diagrammatic presentation of the mechanism of EMAP-II in combination with TMZ suppressed malignant biological behaviors of GSCs via miR-590-3p/MACC1 inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
An HC diet increased the concentration of GC in the plasma and AMPKŒ± activation
The Hippo signaling pathway is the only pathway enriched with up-regulated DEGs
Percentages of genetic change is described
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and possible involvement of rare diseases in the pathway
TOCI. An illustration demonstrates the cellular and molecular events associated with PWMD in the septic developing brain.
Proposed metabolic pathway for C4-dicarboxylic acid production by A
Working model illustrates E2 and CTNNB1 signals in the oviductal ciliated (blue) and secretory (orange) epithelial cells regulating embryo transport
Genes involved in adipose tissue TLR‐ and insulin receptor signaling correlated with changes in plasma concentration of fetuin‐A and FFAs
Genes involved in skeletal muscle TLR‐ and insulin receptor signaling related to changes in plasma concentration of fetuin‐A and FFAs
AM966 reduces pulmonary microvascular cell barrier integrity through LPA1/GŒ±12/13-mediated phosphorylation of MLC and VE-cadherin
Proposed molecular model of VCAM-1 regulation in ccRCC-VHL–expressing cells
The illustration shows the proposed overall mechanism by which butyrate inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in hepatic cells
(a) Differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells. (b) 1. BMP2 binds to the BMP receptors on the plasma membrane causing th...
Cordycepin treatment stimulates extrinsic apoptosis pathway by inhibiting the expression of c-FLIPL
The red and green colors represent the log2(FC) of the corresponding genes
Details of Wnt, Notch, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Hedgehog, MDM2, and mTOR signaling pathways, including common regulators and pathway interactions
Each gene box is equally divided into ten pieces, sequentially representing the five stages (IA, IB, II, III, and IV) of LUAD and LUSC
As a thymidylate synthase inhibitor pemetrexed causes DNA damage and increases the levels of ZMP due to inhibition of AICAR
Binding of IGF-IR to its primary ligand, IGF-I, causes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues present in the intracellular portion of its β subunit
SIRT6 inhibits insulin receptor, IRS1 and IRS2 to inhibit AKT and insulin signaling
Microtubule stabilizers polymerize tubulin in the microtubule, thereby inhibiting cell division
GC upregulates miR-103 expression by direct binding of activated GR to a GRE sequence in the promoter of its host gene PANK3
Enriched cellular genetic pathway for candidate genes from all genome wide association analyses (squares), allowing one missing gene (white triangles) or compound (white circles)
Increased expression of N-cadherin stabilizes certain growth factor receptors (e.g., FGFR) to activate their downstream signaling pathways including MAPK/Erk and PI3K/Akt pathways through interacting with their extracellular domains in thyroid cancer cells.
Left: Cancer cells in glucose medium with or without glutamine
. Schematic representation of Aflatoxin B1 induced apoptosis through Death Receptor Signaling.
The activation of AMPKŒ± in human EAC cells inhibits mTOR and p70S6K, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest
Red boxes highlight the tumor suppressor genes, and blue boxes highlight the oncogenes
Possible interaction between N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activation and iron overload
The figure was modified according to Pathway mapping tools (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/mapper.html).
FIR inhibits MMPs and leads to interference with collagen degradation
A. Diagram showing related genes association in the cell signaling pathway.
The FoxO1 upstream signals including IGFs, insulin and IRS regulate FoxO1 transcriptional activity through phosphorylating FoxO1 in a PI3K-Akt dependent manner
a. The lncRNA-ROR promotes tumor chemoresistance by repressing P53 expression.
A, PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells binds to PD-1 on T-cells recruiting a phosphatase, SHP-2, which blocks the PI3K pathway and leads to down-regulation of T-cell survival proteins, including IFN-γ, BCL-XL and IL-2, resulting in T-cell anergy or “exhaustion”, thereby “braking” the T-cell immune response
Key molecules and derivatives of the pathway are denoted as yellow ovals; transporter proteins and regulatory enzymes as blue rectangles
Genes forming cAMP signaling core are shown in yellow; blue denotes upstream genes that regulate cAMP metabolism and activity of the signaling core; green – downstream genes that are affected by cAMP-signaling system; pink – genes which have an inhibitory effect on cAMP signaling pathway; genes that can form a positive feedback are shown in red
Carcinogenesis is orchestrated by a combination of HCV as well as ROS-mediated processes
HBV-induced oxidative stress promotes liver carcinogenesis via modulation of signaling cascades, resistance to ROS-triggered apoptosis, promotion of genome instability and metabolic adaptation of infected cells
(A) Regulation of AKT and ERK in KRAS mutant cancer cells
Overexpression of CUG2 together with NPM1 activates Sp1 and Smad2/3 transcription factors, which bind to the TGF-β promoter
A. HOTAIR acts as a scaffold by binding the PRC2 complex or LSD1/coREST/REST complex, leading to gene regulation via histone modifications.
Insulin increases free IGF-1 levels by displacing IGF-1 from its binding protein
a, Cytoscape display of the largest interconnected regulatory network of PARADIGM pathway features differentially activated between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas connected through hubs with ≥ 10 downstream targets
MiRs activate or inhibit canonical Wnt pathway at multiple levels by targeting Wnt ligands/receptors and ligands/receptors associated proteins, β-catenin, β-catenin interacting complex, Wnt pathway transcription factors, multiple Wnt signaling pathway components and components in other signaling pathways
Glucose which across the plasma membrane via Glut-1 is phosphorylated by HK-II bound to VDAC located on the outer mitochondrial membrane
Upon binding of growth factors to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the receptor gets activated through the phosphorylation of YXXM motifs
Two pathways activated by growth factors include the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways
On top of GSK-3 are transcription factors which are inactivated by GSK-3 phosphorylation that are indicated in grey diamonds
Panel A. GSK-3 can phosphorylate and activate TIP60 which is a histone acetyl transferase.
Abbreviations: CH25H = cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, GSK-3β = glycogen synthesis kinase–3β, IFN = interferon, LXR = liver X receptor, PARP = poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, PAR-4 = Prostate Apoptosis Response 4, SREBP = sterol regulatory element-binding protein, TLR4 = Toll-like receptor-4
Epigenetically silenced genes of the calcium-signaling pathway were based on the KEGG pathway database
Schematic illustration representing the microglial intracellular Ca2+signaling mediated by canonical transient receptor potential 3 (TRPC3) channels and the tripartite synapse
A putative mechanism for the interaction between miRNA and the Ago2, Pum2, and REST proteins
Pathway alteration scores in corn1 mice vs
The TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway is probably one of mechanisms underlying the immunoregulation and anti-tumor effects of APS
Model describing the effect of a synergy between extracellular TGF-β1 and Hsp90β on downstream signalling in colon cancer cells
Following activation of receptors, through ligands such as growth factors or cytokines, PI3K is recruited to the membrane where the regulatory subunit interacts with the receptor
Examples of inhibitors in clinical development which target various nodes of the PI3K signalling pathway, including class I PI3K (pan or isoform), AKT and mTOR
Notch signaling results in the transcriptional upregulation of NF-Œ∫B, which induces EMT by upregulating SNAIL1 and by inducing stabilization of β-catenin
Top networks related to NHE1 knockdown according to the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Hematological Diseases, Hereditary Disorders and Metabolic Diseases)
(A) Cell cycle pathway (from KEGG). (B) p53 signaling pathway (from IPA). Objects with pentagrams in sub- an...
A. 24 lncRNAs interacted with 8 mRNAs in the vascular smooth muscle contraction pathway.
Once ejaculated, removal of cholesterol from the sperm plasma membrane by albumin occurs first
In response to partial hepatectomy, the liver shows an acute phase response, during which the liver is enriched in several chemotaxis mediators for macrophages, such as osteopontin (mainly secreted by biliary epithelial cells []), MCP-1 (mainly secreted by hepatic stellate cells and biliary epithelial cells [, ] ), and ICAM-1 (mainly secreted by sinusoidal endothelial cells [])
TAK1 is involved in the activation of signaling cascades mediated by IL-1, TNF-α, TGF-β in physiological conditions (black arrows)
Intracellular trafficking path for SORLA
Schematic overview of the proposed iOGN:TLR4 signaling pathway
Cross talk of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Interactions of the AKT signaling pathway with the GSK3β signaling pathways
Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch canonical signaling pathways
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–related signaling pathway in metastatic colorectal cancer
Overview of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling
Currently tested pharmaceuticals targeting the Wnt pathway in cancer
FcγRIIIb initiates signaling pathways to the nucleus
Model for FcγRIIIb signaling to induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation
Increase of lactate metabolism in response to Cy3G-induced PGC-1α upregulation enhanced exercise performance and reduced fatigue
Cellular localization of the autophagy genes regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software) in MCF-7 cells
Identifying myasthenia gravis (MG) risk genes regulated by drugs and miRNAs in the hsa05200 pathway
Layered network between rituximab and myasthenia gravis (MG)
Layered network between adalimumab and MG
Layered network between sunitinib and myasthenia gravis (MG)
Layered network between muromonab and myasthenia gravis (MG)
ReactomeFIViz: from disease pathway to PPI network
Schematic diagram showing the mechanism of action of NSAIDs like aspirin in inhibiting the metabolism of arachidonic acid by blockade of the cyclooxygenases (COX) pathway and the prostaglandins (PG) synthase pathway, thus suppressing PGs synthesis
Enrichment analysis for pathway map ontologies revealed significant biological processes associated with the most promising targets commonly deregulated in mouse and human ALS
Schematic representation of Gab2 regulation by the Ras/ERK pathway
TRPM2 channels are expressed in microglial cells as Ca2+-permeable cationic channel on the cell surface
Core metabolic pathways and enzymes in cancer cells
Reciprocal impact of cancer cell metabolism on TME
Main signaling pathways involved in vasculogenic mimicry
Expression estimates for core enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Achimenes
Expression estimates for core enzymes of the plant carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Achimenes
Title: In PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, PI3K inhibits autophagy via activation of Akt
Title: For UPR signaling pathway, PERK and IRE1 activate autophagy through endoplasmatic reticulum stress
Visualization of selected miRNA targeting events on the insulin signaling pathway (from WikiPathways)
Binding of Ang II to AT1 receptor induces activation of MAPK, which increases the expression of TGF-β1
. Schematic outlining the possible mechanism of PFC inhibition of blast-induced A549 cell injury.
Diagram summarizing the effects of effector proteins on inflammatory signaling pathways in host cells
Red dots indicate biochemically characterized enzymes in strawberry fruit: ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; CA4H, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; 4CL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; FGT, flavonoid glucosyltransferase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; GT1, anthocyanidin glucosyltransferase; GT2, (hydroxy)cinnamic acid and (hydroxy)benzoic acid glucosyltransferase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase
Following activation of the “aconitine receptor”, the Gs-protein, cAMP/PKA, p38β (but not ERK, JNK or p38α) MAPK and CREB (but not NF-κB) signals are successively activated, which mediates prodynorphin expression
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing.APP preferred processing is the non-amyloidogenic pathway which digests with Œ±-secretase followed γ-secretase and takes place at the plasma membrane (PM)
Schematic showing the pertinent findings reported in by Aznar et al
Our data show that resveratrol down-regulates ERŒ± and lowers the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome in HER2+/ERŒ±+ breast cancer, leading to an increased accumulation of Œî16HER2, which efficiently couples to HER3 and activates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway
Examples of functional networks of regulated genes shared by different tissues
. The role of p38MAPK/HA pathway in the tumor microenviroment.
A number of proteins identified and included as ‘signatures’ for low glucose (LG) conditions or androgen sensitivity (AI v AS) have known roles in regulation of the glycolysis pathway A. and TCA cycle B.
. Schematic illustration of miR-27a in ATRA/RARŒ± and GSK-3β-involved Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
Node color is proportional to the differential degree (fold-change value) of lncRNAs/PCGs; edge width corresponds to the degree of change in the correlation
The FGFRs dimerize upon ligand binding and trigger a downstream cascade of signaling pathways
A. Hotair promoted angiogenesis through directly activating the transcription of angiogenic factor VEGFA as well as through GRP78-mediated upregulation of VEGFA and Ang2 expression.
A. The phosphorylation cascades of Hippo core components reduce the activation of the transcriptional co-activator YAP.
A. Modulation of the actin cytoskeleton affects YAP activity.
(A) Possible interplay between insulin-like gro... (B) consequences of IGF1 or IGF1/VEGF treatment... (C) Consequences of IGF1 or IGF1/VEGF treatment...
Schematic of myomiR interaction with Akt-mTORC1 signaling pathway
Top regulated Pathway Maps and Network processes
There are two components for Ca2+ elevation in response to elevated external protons, one is ASIC/TRPV1 channel and another is OGR1protein
Diagram of the Current StudyIn the AD brain, HDAC2 is upregulated and induces the deacetylation of the HNF-4A transcription factor, which leads to the inhibition of HNF-4A and the suppression of miR-101b expression
Proposed role of RUNDC3B in the MAPK signalling pathway
The Top Network Associated with the DERs Selected by the Criteria of 4-fold Change in Whole BloodThe functions related to this network are defined as cancer, organismal injury and abnormalities, and reproductive system disease
Simplified scheme of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Binding of PRL to PRLR induces activation of JAK1/2
Shigella modulates the innate immune response in epithelial cells
Dual signaling pathway model for BDNF action at glutamatergic synapses
Putative transcription factor network for estrogen signaling
. Mechanism of activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway via lithium released from Li/CPC.
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways associated with T2DM and T2DM candidate genes regulated by the differentially expressed miRNAs
Notch gene signaling pathway interactions
HMGB1 binding with high affinity to several receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), Toll-like receptors TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 which activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway leading to tumorigenesis
The relationship between 18 DEGs in network 1 in the Holsteins
The relationship between the nine DEGs in network 1 in the Jerseys
Cartoon illustrating a novel signaling pathway for the coordinated regulation of Rho and Rac signaling in epithelial invasion
Representative view of the iNKT/innate CD8(+) T-cell axis hypothesis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Suggested signaling pathways for induction of the immunosuppressive catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in vertebrate dendritic cells (DCs)
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)–3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) pathway
PDK1 contributes to polarization of signaling downstream to PI3K during cell migration
miR-9-5p negatively regulates the androgen receptor (AR) and oestrogen receptor (ER)
A model depicting role of miR-432 in regulating myogenesis
Diagrammatic scheme depicting targeted p53 pathway-related genes by upregulated miRNAs in prostate tumor cells
Diagrammatic scheme depicting potential survival pathway-related gene targets of the downregulated microRNAs and their signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells
Mechanism of action of Artonin E on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.Abbreviation: ROS, reactive oxygen species
Overview of the Wnt signaling pathway and targets of small‚Äêmolecule inhibitors
Schematic illustration of nanotechnology-based therapy for prostate cancer
Model for LIN28A/ZCCHC11 regulation of let-7 microRNA biogenesis, promoting cellular proliferation and modifying bioenergetics
Alterations in histone methylation in pediatric and adult high-grade glioma
Pro-inflammatory response through TLR: various antigenic molecules are recognized differentially by TLRs, which produce pro-inflammatory responses
Physiological functions of PD-related Rabs
Signaling pathways of ATM and ATRThe DNA damage response is activated by ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs
STAT-5-dependent activation of ATM and ATR pathways, required for HPV genome amplificationHigh-risk HPV activates STAT-5 to mediate TopBP1 transcriptionally to promote ATR pathway
. Signaling pathway network mined for proteins identified in pediatric ependymoma.
Summary of detected genes associated with the MTX toxicity in RA patients in previous studies
We propose that caspase 3-dependent activation of TFEB might be a protective mechanism from cellular aging through activation of chaperone-mediated or selective autophagy following an increase in lysosome biogenesis in absence of autophagic flux
As an HDAC inhibitor, AR42 causes DNA damage and causes inhibitory chaperone acetylation
(A) The numbers of the total pathways and enriched pathways in three gro... (B) DEGs in AMPK signalling pathway.
(A) Calcium signalling pathway. (B) Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. Genes with red border are up-...
As illustrated in the figure, cell cycle has four distinct phases: G1 or gap 1(cells grow and prepare to synthesize), S or synthesis (DNA Synthesizes), G2 or second gap (cells ready to divide) and M or mitosis phase (cell division occur)
A proposed model that Œ±-MSH activates mTORC1 and protects against H2O2-Induced loss of dendrites in human skin melanocytes
The mechanism of signaling transduction of vascular permeability
Differential functions of different isoforms of NKp30 and NKp44
Scheme describing potential roles of AOX and COX metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Involvement of DENV NSPs in the evasion of host innate immune response
Schematic of outer membrane protein-mediated pathogenesis
Schematic metabolic model showing important pathways after proliferation of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in porcine blood (A) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (B)
KEGG pathway hsa05200 “Pathways in cancer”
Phospho-sites identified in proteins of the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line harboring a L858R mutation in the kinase domain of EGFR, which is reactive to treatment with erlotinib
Schematic diagram of the microRNA-mRNA interaction networks in pancreatic islets
Schematic diagram of the microRNA-mRNA interaction networks in adipose tissue
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its Tyrosine Kinase A receptor (TRKA) are involved in several signaling pathways in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)
Schematic summarizing how ANE decreases cisplatin toxicity in OSCC cells by inducing autophagy, and that the ROS and AMPK/mTOR pathways were involved in this process
The interaction and localization of proteins belonging to the integrin signaling pathway and found in samples 2 and/or 3
The interaction and localization of proteins, belonging to the angiopoietin signaling pathway and found in samples 2 and/or 3
RAS/RAF/MEK aberrant signaling and mechanisms of resistance to inhibition in melanoma
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway
Modulators and signaling pathway of group I mGluRs
Localization of Moco biosynthesis, FeS cluster biosynthesis and tRNA thiolation in humans
Overview of the lipolytic and lipogenic pathways in white adipose tissue
Effect of chronic alcohol intake on mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in white adipose tissue from mice
Pathway for synthesis of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine-1 phosphate
(A) Schematic representation of the general phenylpropanoid pathway lead... (B) Schematic representation of biosynthetic pathway of volatile terpeno...
Activation of the RAS/ERK and phosphoinositide cell signaling pathways following the binding of cell survival signals to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
Schematic illustration of regulatory networks that control intrarenal RAS activity
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was utilized to generate network connections of the EHE secretome
Bio-chemical pathway of UBE2D4 and its role in cancer progression
Type I interferons (IFNs) and different other cytokines are essential for natural killer (NK) cell homeostasis and function
Step-wise tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer
Genes frequently mutated in colorectal cancer and their relationships with miRNAs
Relationships among miRNAs and canonical Wnt signaling, metastasis, and tumor-initiating cells
CK2-centered functional association network represented with the database STRING v10.0.
Molecular signaling involved in nephrogenesis
Schematic model of the survival and proliferative effects of AOF extract on RSC96 Schwann cell
Schematic summary of genetic abnormalities in ATL cells
Proposed pathway of TGFβ2‚ÄìTLR4 signaling crosstalk in the glaucomatous TM
(A) The autophagy pathway. Autophagy induction is controlled upstream by... (B) The cell cycle. The cell cycle can be divided into G0, G1, S, G2 (in...
Model of the Wnt-IFN signaling intersection
Predicted mechanism by which chloroquine kills the malaria parasite
The schematic shows a summary of our findings in a proposed simplified mechanism for the effects of AT-RvD1 on VSMC migration
Emerging signaling pathways in HCC: chromatin remodeling: restricting transcriptional and DNA condensation occurs as a result of histone deacetylation catalyzed by HDACs in nucleosome
(a) Reconstruction process of LCSC and non-LCSC... (b) Scheme of metabolic simulation using flux r... (c) Transcription factors that potentially regu...
Proposed model demonstrating a possible mechanism for BAY to intervene in the TGFβ signalling pathway in renal fibrosis
Regulatory network construction for the overlapped genes
Conceptual framework of CDKN2A expression during persistent LPS senescence induction
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway and its context-dependent regulation
Regulation of cellular senescence by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling
How do plant-parasitic nematodes alleviate the stress of an apoplast ‘on fire’?
Simplified signal transduction pathway diagrams for representative NLRs and STAND proteins
Schematic of a hypothetical mechanism for the anti‚Äêtumor effects of verteporfin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells
Proposed model of how MUC1 promotes the progression and tumorigenesis of HCC and the targeted therapies in preclinical and clinical trials
ATRA treatment induces cell apoptosis by controlling cell death regulators (survivin and bcl-2) via RAR-β, inhibits VEGF-VEGFR signaling pathway via RAR-Œ±, and regulates the expression of angiogenic factors (Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2) and angiogenesis
The polygonal boxed enzymes and the hollow arrows indicate significantly up- or down-regulated enzyme activities, respectively
(a) Activation of the MAPK signall... (b) Activation of the Ras signalli... (c) Activation of the NFŒ∫B pathwa... (d) Activation of the NFŒ∫B pathwa...
Simultaneous stimulation of BAFF and TLR4 appears to enhance NF-Œ∫B activation through phosphorylation of the NF-Œ∫B 65 subunit (Ser276) through the MAPK(ERK/JNK)/MSK pathway, without affecting the LPS-induced degradation of IŒ∫B or NF-Œ∫B nuclear translocation
A model whereby both uracil glycosylases and the Pms2/Mlh1 complex enable A-T base pair mutagenesis with a distinct strand bias
Related cell process and diseases with potential disease biomarkers induced by particulate matter visualized by Pathway Studio
Schematic representation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-induced apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells
Differential signaling pathway by membrane-bound FasL (mFasL) and soluble FasL (sFasL)
The ethanol-induced decrease in Œ±-MSH drive and its impact on glial inflammation and hemichannel/pannexon-dependent gliotransmission
Proposed model for activation of IFN by doxorubicin bypassing IFN antagonism by Ebola virus VP35 protein
TRIM38-mediated negative regulation of TLR3/4-mediated and TNF/IL-1-triggered signaling
Costimulatory molecules that positively or negatively regulate immune responses
Proposed mechanism by which B7-H3 promotes the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells
MiR-93 activates the PI3K/Akt pathway by targeting LKB1/PTEN/p21
Schematic representation of the hypothetical signalling pathway leading to endothelium-dependent dilation in static versus pulsatile pressure conditions
All 106 differentially regulated kinases were analyzed by integrated pathway analysis using IPA
Biosynthesis of anthocyanins, flavonols and catechins via the flavonoid pathway in Rubus spp
Fish retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptor (RLR) ‐mediated signalling pathways in response to viral and bacterial infections
Significantly up-regulated genes during analysed training periods in Arabian horse blood that belong to the FoxO signalling pathway (KEGG ecb04068)
Significantly up-regulated genes during analysed training periods in Arabian horse blood that belong to the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway (KEGG ecb04151)
. Construction of the altered metabolic network associated prostate cancer model based on KEGG pathway database.
(a) Preparation of the CNCs. (b) Proposed mechanism for the cancer cell killing. The CNCs enter the b...
IRS4 signaling in malignant cells and therapy resistance
(A) Proposed model of organization of small airways. In lung epithelium,... (B) Simplified, hypothetical concept of differential cytokine-dependent...
Low-avidity signaling of β2-integrin regulates toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling in macrophages
Cross talk between immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-associated receptor signaling and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), MŒ¶, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs): an ITAM-centric view
Depiction of RAS-ERK signaling pathway and primary and secondary connections to substrates identified by time-resolved phosphoproteome profiling
2-Cys Prx A,2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1; 40S-RP-S7,40S ribosomal protein S7-like; Œ±-Gal,Alpha-galactosidase-like;Actin,actin-97-like; AtPDIL2,protein disulfide-isomerase-like isoform 2; CAB-8,chlorophyll a-b binding protein 8; CPN-60 beta 1,chaperonin 60 subunit beta 1; EF-Tu,elongation factor Tu; FBA,fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; GSTs,glutathioneS-transferase; L-APX,L-ascorbate peroxidase; MDH,malate dehydrogenase; OEE1,Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1; PDH-E1-beta,pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta; PGAM-I,2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase-like; RuBisCO,ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit; Tubulin beta-3,tubulin beta-3 chain-like
tmTNF-Œ±-induced STAT1-dependent apoptotic signaling via TNFR1
Regulatory roles of Gsdma3/GSDMA in autophagy or apoptosis
Adaptive resistance and innate resistance
Functions and its signaling pathways of Panx3 in osteoblast differentiation
Proposed mechanisms for the antioxidant effect of Baccharis trimera
Possible roles of Mgs1 and WRNIP1 in DNA transaction
Schematic diagram of the neuromuscular junction illustrates presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic proteins associated with CMS
Differential expression of proteins in the dorsal hippocampus generates specific network interactomes in ENT1−/− mice
Differential expression of proteins in the nucleus accumbens generates specific network interactomes in ENT1−/− mice
Comparison bioinformatic analysis of the top physiological development-functions associated with the dorsal hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of ENT1−/− mice
Diagram of glycolysis is shown, including enzymes whose transcripts were more highly expressed in GRMD (red) or wild type dogs (green)
Pathway analysis of genomic alterations in malignant melanoma
HMGB1 release regulated by the PLCγ1–IP3R–SOC signalling pathway during calcium overload in hepatocytes
Schematic of major pathways associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and site of action of current treatments
Cell migration induced by EGF via regulated alternative splicing of the Rho GTPase Rac1
Schematic diagram showing the mechanisms of action of cordycepin based on the findings of this study
A model for s-RNY mode of action in lipid-laden monocytes/macrophages that exerts signaling pathway effects enhancing cell death and inflammation
A working model summarizing the role of Survivin in adipocyte homeostasis
Model of ATG5-ATG12 involvement in FMDV-induced type IIFN signal pathway
Scheme depicting a molecular pathway by which Cdc25A is induced/activated and promotes neuron death in disease and development
A, B. Gene networks for cluster 5 (A) and cluster 7 (B).
Gene expression for a subset of genes in the p53 signaling pathway is enhanced by lysine-specific demethylase1 (LSD1) depletion
Chemoattractant (ADP or ATP) triggers signaling by activating its specific Gi/o-coupled receptor, P2Y12, which leads to the elevation of PI(3,4,5)P3 by the activation of PI3KŒ± via GŒ±i and PI3Kγ via Gβγ, leading to the activation of Akt
(A) Upon antigen encounter T cells differentiate into effector cells. An... (B) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD...
Immunometabolic regulations mediated by coinhibitory receptors in innate immune cells and cancer can impact T cell immune responses
Japanese encephalitis virus infection in dopaminergic neurons
Regulation of hormone synthesis, signaling and transport in seeds by histone deacetylation
Predicted positions of the directly connected nodes and connected cytochrome nodes on the glucosinolate metabolic pathway
Schematic picture of the oxLDL regulation of MCP‚Äê1 release, and the mechanism of the regulatory effect of oxLDL antibody
A simplified schematic of the possible mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in cancer cell metastasis
Gene networks associated with intestinal processes and diseases
An integrated network for phenylpropanoid regulation in the grape berry
Regulation of Akt signaling pathways after (A) vehicle, and (B) melatonin treatments following ischemic-stroke
(A) Schematic model of the inhibition of the VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway in HCC cells by BD0801
let-7c is predicted to target the RAS signaling pathway and miR-98
Reduced activity of the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme transaldolase has several consequences, including inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, induction of a mitochondrial stress response, alterations in redox homeostasis, and activation of a starvation-like metabolic response
Schema of interactions between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma under aerobic glycolysis conditions in cancer
Synthetic diagram of opposing effects of PPAR gamma and canonical WNT/beta-catenin signaling in cancer
The release of growth hormone (GH), Wnt, or RANKL, as stimulated by progesterone (P4), promotes interaction with various signal transduction pathways
Interaction of HER-activated pathways with canonical Wnt signaling
Schematic diagram of the downstream signaling pathway of cytokines sharing the common γ chain receptor: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21
Host-Helminth interaction: There are two sides of immune response against a parasite invasion, one leads to worm survival in host and the other to worm killing
PRIP regulates thermogenesis in brown adipocytes
Regulatory signaling of osteocyte phenotypes mediated by extracellular DMP1
Schematic diagram of the regulation of Fn expression in macrophages after S
Cross effects of AMPK and AKT on the cellular metabolism and redox state: The targeted proteins regulated by AMPK and AKT and their regulatory effects are depicted, AMPK is a key player in response to metabolic stress by regulating the metabolism of glucose, lipid and protein
Signaling of AMPK and AKT on the ROS homeostasis via mTOR and FOXO regulation: Under metabolic stress, AMPK inhibits mTOR mainly via two ways:phosphorylates TSC2 at Ser-1387 which stimulates the TSC1-TSC2 complex to inhibit Rheb’s ability to activate mTOR; phosphorylates Raptor at Ser-792/Ser-722 to inhibit mTOR1
Interaction between AMPK and AKT on the phosphorylation: Growth factor activates TKR and promotes the activation of AKT via IRS1/PI3K/PDK1 signaling
The AMPK and JNK signaling pathways are shown above
The Notch signaling pathways are shown mainly above
Extracellular LPA activates the LPA5 receptor and membrane lipids are metabolized mainly by PLD
A, gene network corresponding to genes associated to DMRs exhibiting higher DNA methylation in the LG‐IH group compared with the LG‐RA group
WNT ligand is palmitoylated by Porcupine (PORCN) in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transported to the plasma membrane via Wntless (WLS)
The binding of all the components of the pathways to IQGAP1 facilitates sequential phosphorylation, leading to ERK or Akt activation
Activation (sharp arrows) or inhibition (blunt arrows) in normal signaling is indicated in black
Analysis of genes related to the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway showed they were mostly up-regulated in peritoneal macrophage (PM) co-culture with muriform cells (B), but not conidia (A), leading to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines genes
Interplay between autophagy, apoptosis, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway
The TGF-β signaling pathway: at the blood-brain barrier, TGF-β signaling is mediated by 2 distinct receptors designated activin receptor–like kinase 1 (ALK-1) and ALK-5
. The cartoon of the mechanism underlying the SNHG1-miR-101-3p-SOX9 axis in NSCLC.
Schematic model of NKILA functions during the invasion-metastasis cascade in NSCLC
Protein interactions during the flavivirus life cycle elucidated by MS-based proteomics
Network analysis for the RS fraction proteins with increased secretion upon intracellular LPS stimulation
REACTOME diagrams of the type 1 interferon signaling pathway with highlighted and regulated proteins from the in vivo and in vitro experiments
Several selected NCs from the GC datasets by PATHOME network-derived network clustering method
The pathway analysis was conducted using Pathway Studio (v 11.2.5.9) following a database search based on PubMed/Medline hyperlink.
mTOR signaling is activated by a variety of environmental cues including growth factors, high cellular energy, and amino acids
Although a myriad of intracellular signaling is involved in passive therapies, their pathways show some overlap
Schematic representation of the autophagy pathway and core autophagy proteins
(A) The network represents the co-expression correlations between the si... (B) KEGG analysis suggested that lncRNA-coexpressed mRNAs were mainly ta...
GnRH signaling pathway containing PLCB1 and MAP2K6
Canonical pathway and upstream regulator effects analysis identifies inflammatory response, migration, and proliferation pathways enriched in trkB.T1 KO astrocytes
Left: norepinephrine (NE) released in response to physiological stimuli (e.g.
Phosphopeptides from the MOE and FOE phosphoproteomes are represented in some distinct signaling pathways, including Rho signaling for MOE (A), GABA signaling for FOE (B) and amyloid processing for FOE (C)
Proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis in haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20), otulipenia/otulin-related autoinflammatory syndrome (ORAS), and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) deficiencies
Effects induced by l-dopa in the striatal MSNs of the direct pathway
The recognistion of NOD1 and NOD2 of the bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) promotes the formation of the multi-protein complex named inflammasome
The most significant molecular network by IPA pathway enrichment analysis in SPARC overexpressed cells
As a result of FcγR clustering, two separate pathways lead to phagocytosis, through a calcium independent way, or to the oxidative burst in a calcium dependent manner
Misregulated expression of members of the ubiquitin cascade contributes to the aberrant signaling of various pathways in cancer
The central role of RTA in reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latency leading to lytic cycle
Latex biosynthesis pathway and heat maps of scaled expression values (log10(FPKM + 1)) for genes associated with latex biosynthesis
A simplified schematic depiction of the canonical hedgehog (HH) signal transduction pathway within the primary cilium
Protein-protein interaction network generated with STRING
The exposure to a high salt condition decreased the protein abundance of IFNGR1 in the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells
The visible model is an excerpt of the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) FoxO signaling pathway in humans as appears after importing in bStyle
The network was constructed based on 16 candidate genes identified in current study by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software
Scheme showing hyperglycemia-induced VEGF expression regulated by PRR, RAC1, and miRNA signaling
Schematic overview of underlying pathophysiology and targeted therapies in neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs)
There are many possible forms (a–g) of the evolutionary process (I–III)
MAPK cascade and pathway components in mammalian cells
The diagram was created using QIAGEN's Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis software
Idazoxan induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation by increasing the phosphorylation of Akt, leading to the expression of antioxidant proteins, thereby blocked ROS-induced Smad2/3 signaling, resulting in the inhibition of HSC activation
Combination with miR-519d and cisplatin induces the damage of mitochondria, resulting in the release of cytochrome C and Smac/DIABLO
PRDX5, CALR, CTSD, and S100A6 were identified in the proteomics analysis and validated with western bot
TGF-β signaling pathway is initiated by binding of TGF-β ligands to TβRII and TβRI
IL-6 secreted by Kupffer cells or hepatocytes binds to IL-6RŒ± and induces the homodimerization of IL-6RŒ± with gp130, activating downstream signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, which promote proliferation and survival of cells, inflammatory amplification and tumor invasion and metastasis
In the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway, IL-1, LPS or TNF-Œ± activate IL-1R, TLRs and TNFR respectively, leading to the activation of the IKK complex which can phosphorylate IŒ∫B-Œ±
The blue oval represents normal; the orange ovals represent lncRNAs involved in the interaction with miRNAs; the red rectangles represent miRNAs
. The PI3K signaling pathway's key players and inhibitors under investigation in HNSCC trials.
In synthetic lethality two different pathways participate to sustain a cellular function
Arrows and blocking bars indicate respectively the positive or negative regulation of MAPK signaling on a sets of miRNAs
(1) GBM cells can release low levels of L-Glu mainly by xCT antiporter [, ]
Downstream signaling pathways activated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)
Adiponectin signaling via AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 activation
Biotic stress pathway analyses of DEGs in A
Signaling pathways activated by peptides and amino acids involved in cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion and synthesis in enteroendocrine cells
Signaling pathways activated by peptides and amino acids involved in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and synthesis in enteroendocrine cells
Schematic signal transduction network representing the observed changes in protein and lipid metabolism in eWAT during sepsis-recovery
Proposed model for PECAM-1/PI3K-mediated activation of the integrins FAK, p38, COX-2, and PGI2 in ECs exposed to FSS
The putative agar biosynthetic pathway was modified from Lee et al
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFŒ±) ligation to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) results in receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) mediated formation of complex-I, which is mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP1/2) (and/or X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein XIAP) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), as well as linear ubiquitination complex (LUBAC)
Mechanisms of oxidative stress injuries in COPD.Notes: Oxidative irritants including tobacco smoke directly affect the epithelial cells, macrophages, and edematous basal membrane
The canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway and the effects of inhibition through loss of function mutations and sclerostin inhibition.Notes
Mechanism of action of romosozumab.Notes: Romosozumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds sclerostin (an inhibitor of Wnt pathway signaling)
Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway
The proposed mechanism for oridonin-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells
Schematic drawing demonstrating the previously uncharacterized mechanism involved in the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses by ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) through the nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) pathway
Enrichment of gene expression changes (p < 0.05) shared by the TCF4 small interfering RNA (siRNA)#1 and TCF4 siRNA#2 conditions in the “cell cycle” KEGG pathway (p = 0.006, Bonferroni-corrected)
A hypothetical outline of chemokine signaling cascade relayed by the urotensinergic system inducing cell migration
Pathological effects of chronic oxidative stress
Summary of the interdependency of EGF and GLP-2 signaling to attenuate mucosal atrophy in a mouse TPN model
HFD/FFA induced the expression of cAMP-EPAC and the downstream MAPK and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways, which towards the adipose tissue macrophages to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype and contributed to the systemic inflammation and insulin resistance
Mechanism of action of various Hedgehog pathway inhibitors
The hypothetical mechanism of action of BoNT/A is achieved through the modulation of TLR2 and SNARE proteins, and minocycline occurs through the modulation of p38 and MMP9 in glial cells
The Kreb's Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are central to cell metabolism
(A) Functional p53 control of cell growth and oxidative metabolism. p53... (B) Differential response of p53 to different forms of damage. Activatio...
(A) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) maintenance b... (B) ROS cycle of AMPK activation and resolution... (C) Oncogenic factors contributing to ROS produ...
Simplified genetic modules controlling production of the florigens in leaves
Construction of regulatory network associated with genes up-regulated under WD
Schematic diagram of SRT1720 action.SRT1720 improves glucose homeostasis and protects against metabolic disorders by activating AMPK and Sirt1 via interlinked pathways
Network analysis of apoptotic genes modulated in response to V3000 and V3034 infections in spleen at 24 h pi
Network analysis of inflammatory genes modulated in response to V3000 and V3034 infections in spleen
Network analysis of inflammatory genes modulated in response to V3000 and V3034 infections in brain
Eleven out of the 12 significantly differentially expressed exosomal proteins, derived from the inflammatory culture conditions compared to the normal culture conditions, associate with a cell to cell signalling/inflammatory response pathway identified by the Networks function of IPA
Cataloguing and functional clustering of DEG human orthologs through engagement of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tool
Effects of insulin‚Äêlike peptide 3 (INSL3) on osteoblasts
T cell immune checkpoints for anti‚Äêtumor immunity
General mechanism of the action of CIS, SOCS1, and SOCS3
Schematic models of multiple mechanisms of action underlying the antitumor activity of combined treatment with lenvatinib plus everolimus in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft mouse models
Hypothalamic circuits regulating thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT
EGFR family members contribute to cell survival through multiple mechanisms
EGFR family members regulate autophagy affecting cancer cell survival and death
Schematic representation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway
Spatial localization of functional NG2 interactions
PI3K pathway targeting agents in development for the treatment of prostate cancer
Targeted Inhibition of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-Met Signaling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
Schematic representation of ways of targeting MYC and its transcriptional output using specific signaling pathway, BET bromodomain, and complex inhibitors in MYC-dependent malignancies
Summary of the survival and growth phenotypes in breast cancer
Crosstalk network amid Alzgset-overrepresented pathways
In the CNS IL-33 is expressed by endothelial cells, astrocytes and prominently by oligodendrocytes
Mechanisms of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can be broadly categorized into central nervous system (CNS) sanctuary, target alteration, bypass pathway activation, histologic transformation, and downstream pathway activation
. Positive and negative regulation of MAVS-mediated antiviral signaling pathway.
The role of calmodulin (CaM) with phosphorylated tyrosine 99 (pTyr99) in KRAS-driven adenocarcinoma
Metabolite and transcript pathway network analysis of soybean responses to R
Tumor necrosis factor-Œ± (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR)-mediated cell signaling
The TNF/TNFR pathway is targeted by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) proteins
A schematic diagram of the proposed signaling pathway
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and Src-YES-associated protein 1 (YAP1) crosstalk
. Schematic illustration of nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway and its downstream effects.
. Proposed effect of vasodilatory-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) on insulin resistance and inflammatory signaling in multiple organs.
The network “Hereditary Disorder, Neurological Disease, Lipid Metabolism” was the most significantly altered network between socially defeated group (n = 9) and control group (n = 8), with a score of 26
(A) Under basal condition, the catalytic cycle... (B) In the absence of TDP1, TOP1mt-cc accumulat... (C) When excessive TOP1mt-cc are formed (for ex...
Possible mechanisms of action of BRB in esophageal cancer prevention
Curcumin induced autophagy via the ERK1/2 signal pathway to protect chondrocytes from apoptosis
. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by KEGG as involved in the apoptosis signaling pathway.
. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by KEGG involved in the melanogenesis signaling pathway.
. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by KEGG involved in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway.
Salinomycin (SAL) and gefitinib (GEF) acted together to enhance production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and lysosomal membrane potential (LMP)
. The involved mechanism of parthenolide against NSCLC cells.
Schematic presentation of the prion protein scrapie (PrPSc) accumulation and subsequent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated activation of the iinositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), double stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)
Schematic presentation of a single neuron affected by the prion fibrils and oligomers
Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis
Hypothesized altered feedback control of the POMC gene promoter in cells having USP8 or RASD1 mutations (mut) versus wild type (wt)
Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in the primary cilium
Postulated interaction between enzastaurin and erlotinib in the EGFR pathway
Role of PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in TUS attenuates intrinsic apoptosis in HUVECs
Combined gene expression and predicted activation information for the mTOR pathway in the heart and small intestine
IPA generated pathway prediction for the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response in the small intestine
Antifibrosis mechanisms of QSKL on the RhoA/ROCK and MAPK pathways
DEGs protein–protein interaction (PIP) network complex and modular analysis
Current strategies for targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway
Schematic representation of the VEGF/VEGFR/HIF-1Œ± signaling pathway and the effects of melatonin treatment leading to the activation or repression of downstream molecules in OC cell
Specific elements of the canonical pathway for modulation of gene expression that are activated after 15 min of exposure of U118MG cells to 25 µM of PK 11195, as uncovered by “Regulator Effects” analytic (IPA®)
Ceramide metabolism in desipramine-pretreated mice undergoing septic cardiomyopathy
Schematic diagram of a possible mechanism for the regulation of adipogenic differentiation by RAR agonists and RXR agonists in hBMSCs
Panx1- and Cx-dependent mechanisms leading to platelet aggregation
Schematic representation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway
Overview of isotopomer formation through carbon distribution of [1,2-13C2]-glucose
Model of direct or indirect protein-protein interaction of AmotL2, FKBP51, IQGAP2 and interacting partners
Schematic presentation of the postsynaptic structure and function on the basis of acetylcholine receptor clustering centered on agrin- and Wnt-signalings, trans-synaptic communication and synaptic stabilization
Left, prevalent model based on spatial hierarchy
Neural ectoderm and neural crest specification in deprivation of the external signals.A
Activation of the WNT pathway inhibits phosphorylation‐induced degradation of β‐catenin mediated by Axin/APC/GSK3β, which precipitates nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and activation of target genes
Inhibiting the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway with napabucasin is illustrated
The canonical (NF-Œ∫B1) pathway requires the NEMO (NF-Œ∫B essential modulator) complex (IŒ∫B kinase Œ±, IŒ∫B kinase β, IŒ∫B kinase γ) to phosphorylate IŒ∫B, leading to its degradation
(A) An example of innate immune response induced by E2 in ML-1 cells. Re... (B) HSP network induced by HCV E2 protein in human thyroid primary cells...
Generalized schematic of checkpoint molecule structure and expression, and the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling
TNF-induced canonical NF-Œ∫B and apoptosis pathways
The TLR5 signaling cascade on the cell surface is stimulated by the binding of bacterial flagellum which is composed of flagellin
Canonical pathways form groups for each individual protein
RICTOR is upstream of multiple canonical pathways
Red boxes, genes up-regulated in the musk secreting season; green boxes, genes down-regulated in the musk secreting season; blue boxes, genes that were both up- and down-regulated
Green boxes, genes down-regulated in the musk secreting season; blue boxes, genes that were both up- and down-regulated
(A) In both flies and mammals, the gut epithelium produces immune effect... (B) Gut microbes and viruses coordinately stimulate a PDGF-VEGF Receptor...
Negative feedback regulates the RAS/MAPK pathway
The insulin/insulin growth factor signaling pathway and its activation by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Potential roles and modulations of toll-interacting protein (Tollip) in acute and chronic inflammation
PD-1:PD-L1 mechanisms between T-cells and tumor cells
Tumour angiogenesis: molecular pathways and potential interventional strategies
The proposed potential mechanism of the cardol-induced apoptotic pathway in SW620 cells
Physiological Nitric Oxide (NO) formation pathways
Diet supplies nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide riboside as well as the essential amino acid tryptophan
Nicotinamide/NAD and tryptophan metabolism are linked by the ‘de novo’ pathway
Model. Gq activates NCA-1 in a linear pathway via the RhoGEF Trio and small G protein Rho.
Proposed model of the interplay between the GŒ±Spathway and the K2P channel TWK-7 in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic motor neurons of C
Loganin blocks TNF-Œ±-induced Smad2 signalling activation, activates the p15Ink4b-cyclin D1-CDK4/6 pathway, and promotes EF2-1-dependent survivin expression to attenuate reductions in SW10 cell viability and SW10 cell apoptosis due to TNF-Œ± released by inured tissue
Canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway: “WNT ON state”: WNT proteins, by binding to frizzled receptors and the LRP co-receptor, act to suppress the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)
Therapeutic targets in Wnt/β-catenin pathway and developmental therapeutics
Mechanisms of immune exclusion through Wnt/beta-catenin pathway: Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in tumor leads to noninflammatory milieu through multiple mechanisms
mTOR signaling pathway in podocyte autophagy
Gene expression changes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Gene expression changes in the TGFβ signaling pathway
Synthesis of the LLO analogs used in this study
(A) Enriched gene ontology... (B) Pathway enrichment anal... (C) Transcriptional module... (D) Transcriptional activit... (E) PPI network induced by...
MiR-124 inhibits the expression of SphK1, which leads to the accumulation of ceramide in cells
A visual overview of the c-MET/HGF signaling pathway with different biological effects and also of representative imaging agents targeting to either extracellular or intracellular domains of c-MET receptor
P53-mediated regulatory network via Ingenuity pathway analysis
TGFB1-mediated regulatory network via Ingenuity pathway analysis
Autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of Graves’ orbitopathy
Proposed signaling pathways involved in TP-induced hepatotoxicity
CD40-mediated apoptosis in carcinoma cells
Hippo–YAP pathway mediates physiological resistance to gemcitabine
Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which HSF1 regulates pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis
Hunger-satiety circuit and energy balance
Molecular mechanisms involved in macrophage inflammatory protein-2 secretion of macrophages
The metastatic niches in the bone marrow
Alterations in DNA methylation patterns as a source of cancer progression traits
Illustration of three major metabolic pathways responsible for plasmalogen reduction
Hypothetical pathways through which albumin overload promotes renal fibrosis via epigenetic regulation of miR-184
Pathway hyperactivation defined by alterations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
The role of Hsp70 in signal transduction pathways
Schematic comparison between glucose (orange) and xylose (blue) metabolisms in engineered S
The analogue signalling pathway of TXNIP mediated by ER stress may be a novel therapeutic target in SAH-related EBI
In control colon S1P activates S1PR1 and S1PR2 and induce contractions that are dependent on calcium influx via L-type calcium channels, calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium sensitization pathways including PKC and Rho kinase (A)
LG2055 induces the activation of JNK signaling and the subsequent Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway
Proposed signalling pathway showing that genetic loci deregulated through altered methylation in Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome are upstream of pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma susceptibility genes
The Reactome pathways displayed in Figure  were converted into a functional interaction network using FI network view
Nitric Oxide generated through microwave plasma penetrates inside the cell through the cell membrane that activates the myogenic specific gene as well as protein via a oxidative related signaling pathway, which leads to cell proliferation and differentiation in L6 skeletal muscle cells
Schematic overview summarizing the functional significance and regulation of COX-2 in PDAC
Schematic representation of the putative signaling pathways underlying the migration-stimulating effect of c-MWCNTs on RAW264.7 macrophages based on the present study and related reports
Proposed model for the suppression of inflammatory cytokine production by globular adiponectin in LPS-stimulated macrophages
A model depicting the involvement of autophagy-lysosomal system in apigenin-induced degradation of β-catenin during Wnt signaling
Transcriptome pattern differs between two oil biosynthesis tissues in oil palm
Meta Core pathway analysis indicated that cardiac hypertrophy signaling was significantly associated with sesamin-treated samples (P=1.148E-10)
The genes in colored rectangular box are DEGs in RT vs
Mechanisms of action of branch‚Äêchained amino acids (BCAAs)
Oestrogen receptor and polyphenols – a proposed mechanism of action, taking into account two main ERs regulatory actions; classical (direct) and tethered pathway
The main potential molecular mechanism of the antitumour effect of anthocyanins in vitro
KEGG analysis of upregulated and downregulated promoter DMGs showing involvement in a metabolic pathway
Differentiation of naïve Th cells into Th2 cells
Signaling transduction pathway of AMSC differentiation to ECs and negative crosstalk between ERK and JNK
Proposed mechanism of neuroprotective action of MMP-9 in preventing Aβ-mediated impairment of the insulin survival pathway
Schematic representation of the mechanism of Salvia fruticosa-induced relaxation of rat isolated aorta
Graphical summary of inter-variable connections for the entire BiliHealth study population
Host miRNAs that favor viral replication via the inhibition of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway
Mechanisms involved in the antagonist effect of sinapic acid against UVA-induced attenuation of stemness and differentiation properties of stem cells
Distribution of Turkish galls target proteins on the compressed UC pathway
A pathway showing role of Ror1in promoting tumor-cell growth,
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a double-edged role in cancer
Glycerophospholipid metabolism is induced in parasitized A
A representative schematic of the proposed TRIF contribution to NF-Œ∫B-dependent TNFŒ± promoter activation
Integrative analysis of DNA methylome, transcriptome and functional enrichment data
Schematic model of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and pharmacological compounds used to modulate its activity
Summary of the main effects of diabetes and NRG1 treatment in gastrocnemius muscle
A proposed mechanism by which HBV hijacks IFN/JAK/STAT pathway via activating SOCS2 to facilitate immune evasion and viral infection
The pathway of “aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling”-initiated smoking-related cancer
Schematic representation of sequential molecular mechanisms involved in FLX-induced cholestasis
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis cancer network from RNA-Seq breast cancer samples
The one-carbon metabolism pathway score was significantly increased (red) and the proline degradation pathway score was decreased (blue) compared to benign and both were associated with decreased biochemical-free survival in the MSKCC subset
NaB inhibited HDAC activity and improved AMP expression, even following challenge with the TLR2 ligand peptidoglycan
AG treatment inhibits Akt phosphorylation via the PI3K; this inhibits IŒ∫BŒ± phosphorylation and degradation, suppresses the translocation of p65, and, in turn, decreases the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression, leading to apoptosis of NSCLC cells
Potential action network of predicted targets of miRNAs overexpressed in GML mice stomachs
Schematic of nucleotide excision repair and the ATR-CHK1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint
Showing the TRAIL signalling pathway: A) the apoptotic pathway induced by TRAIL; and B) the resistance to TRAIL induced apoptosis
Hypothetical schematic of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Notch signalling in articular cartilage
Gene expression level changes in ethanol synthesis pathway
The relationship between the 3 pathways are shown and genes/metabolites involved in each pathway are indicated either by their original names or by numeric and alphabetic proxies
Positive and negative effects of GPC3 on its two main signaling pathways
Potential mechanisms of GPC3 in acute lung injury
A schematic diagram of Bc-specific induction of regulatory T cells via suppression of mTOR signaling pathway
Top ranking gene network by P‚Äêvalue from the gene list uploaded from the NRI versus Control analysis
Top ranking gene network by gScore from the gene list uploaded from the NRI versus control analysis
Association between the gene list and known processes pathways reveals a role for Glucocorticoids
Top ranking gene network by P‚Äêvalue from the gene list uploaded from SSRI versus control group analysis
Top ranking gene network by gScore from the gene list uploaded from the SSRI versus control analysis
The most significant canonical pathway from the gene list obtained from the esciptalpram versus control analysis
Pathogen Effector Proteins Enhance Susceptibility by Interfering with PRR-Mediated Signaling or Mimicking Peptide Hormones.Different effectors and molecular patterns are colored in purple
Main genetic and signaling pathway alterations in UMs and CMs
Curcumin plays a protective role at the priming and the activation stage of renal fibrosis
Model depicting the mechanisms by which TIEG1 modulates canonical Wnt pathway activity in osteoblasts
Upper panel: Under normal physiological conditions, both EGFR/MAPK and InR/Pi3K/TOR pathways act in progenitor cells to control their proliferation and growth
Representative network images of (A) ‘Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Reproductive System Disease, Cancer’ with an IPA score of 41, focusing on 17 molecules, and (B) ‘Cancer, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Cell Death and Survival’ with an IPA score of 23, focusing on 11 molecules
Differentially expressed miRs, comparing medulloblastoma with normal cerebellum tissue, revealing the network of ‘Cell death and Survival, Gastrointestinal Disease, Hepatic System Disease’ with an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis score of 9, focusing on four miR molecules
Several roles of scrapie responsive gene 1 (SCRG1) suggested in this study and our previous reports
Retrograde communication from myocytes to axon terminals through BDNF/TrkB signaling
Interstrand crosslinks can be repaired by replication-independent (left) and replication-dependent (right) mechanisms
Repression of or mutation in several upstream regulators of homologous recombination (HR) can be synthetically lethal with PARP1 inhibition because they can cause a variety of HR repair defects that prevent fork restart
CTLA-4 regulates CD28 ligand-binding while PD-1 inhibits CD28 signaling
The red nodes represent the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs, and the green nodes represent the involved KEGG pathway
Canonical Pathway of ‘CREB Signaling in Neurons’ (IPA, p-value 3.02E-05)
Canonical Pathway of ‘Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer’ (IPA, p-value 0.0199)
Illustration of autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways in colorectal cancer
Schematic of the tentative pathway involved in IL-33 augmentation by PGE2
Immune deficiency (IMD) pathway members in malacostracans
RNA interference (RNAi) pathway members in malacostracans
A simplified scheme depicting the potentially damaging effects in retinal cells that can initiate degenerative changes in the retina during AMD disease process
KA receptors contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission and presynaptic LTP in cingulate cortex
Predicted synthesis pathway for the t6A modification and its derivatives in H
Metabolic changes in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) providing energy and affecting their innate immune functions: glycolysis versus fatty acid oxidation coupled with OXPHOS
Cholesterol metabolism controls plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) innate functions
The log2 (fold change [intestine/inoculum]) in the number of transposon insertions within C. jejuni genes encoding enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis, and the acetate switch pathways are shown and are derived from the raw data in .
Artocarpin-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of the Nox2/p47phoxpathway leading to enhanced ROS production, which then induces the activation of two distinct signaling cascades, including ERK MAPK/ p38 MAPK/p53-dependent activation of PUMA/Cytochrome C/ Apaf-1/ caspase 3 pathway in A549 cells and PI3K/ Akts473/ p53-independent activation of NF-kB/ c-Myc/Noxa pathway in both A549 and H1299 cells
Schematic showing MYCN down-regulation by didymin and based on network analyses of our proteomic studies that focused on cancer-related pathways active in NB cells
Regulation of IL-1/18 production and current IL-1/18 antagonists
Redding’s summary of RT and/or chemotherapy (CT)-induced oral mucositis pathobiology ()
Enhanced anabolic PI3K/Akt pathway in a cancer cell
Schematic representation showing the link between the choline synthesis and the Wnt-mediated β-catenin pathway
Using primary skin fibroblasts, we demonstrated that IL-6 stimulates the p38 MAPK-Akt signaling pathway and promotes fibroblast migration
The biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed biosynthetic pathway of A201A (1) in M. thermotolerans SCSIO 00652.
CD19 is the linchpin between CXCR4, the BCR, and the actin cytoskeleton
Transcriptional regulation of hepatic mIndy mRNA levels in model organisms and humans
Role of WIP1 phosphatase in termination of DNA damage response
KEGG pathway for Hippo signaling pathway
KEGG pathway for PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
Simplified scheme of ‘the metabolic map of cancer cell'
Diagram of the potential usage of nanoparticles for splenic targeting
Illustration of the chondroprotective effects of sUA and the mechanisms underlying these effects
Signaling Pathway for Tat-haFGF14–154 NeuroprotectionTat-haFGF14–154 binds to its receptor, activating the PI3K pathway, leading to CREB activation followed by the splicing of XBP1u mRNA to XBP1s mRNA in the ER
The PS are taken up by the malignant cells and populate in various organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum
The phenylacetic acid (PAA) biosynthesis pathway used in this study
Regulatory T cell (Treg) action mechanisms
Genes involved in B-cell receptor signaling which converges to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, nuclear factor Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) pathway, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are the therapeutic targets of B-cell lymphomas
Endosomal transport channels and regulation of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in hepatocytes.In many models, it was thought that cholesterol from all sources would enter a common regulatory pool before subsequent trafficking and regulatory steps
C. elegans cellular pathways and their crosstalk, relating to aging and the stress response.
Characterization of central metabolic model in developing L
EGF-R and TGF-β signaling pathways interfered by E5
Interferon synthesis and signaling pathways
T cell gene expression analyses of T cells from sargramostim-treated or placebo-treated PD patients
The intracellular signaling pathways associated with IR-induced cell death modalities
The role for the MAPK p38 signaling pathway in cellular response to 5-FU
Bioengineering of CD8+ or CD4+ ACTeff cells with vastly improved capacity for homing into widespread, metastatic tissues is now possible by combinatorially leveraging and integrating new glycoengineering and genetic engineering technologies with the latest knowledge on immune cell homing and cancer metastatic circuitries
FcγR-mediated phagocytosis canonical pathway utilisation per condition
A proposed model for P2Y6-mediated suppression of gastric tumorigenesis through SOCE/Ca2+/β-catenin signaling pathways
Biochemical and metabolic changes within the tumor
The schematic diagram of the cross-talk between SDF-1Œ± and TGF-β1 during SDSCs migration and chondrogenesis
Adipocytes export fatty acids during times of energy deficit (involved pathways are marked with green arrows)
The disease module predicted by GLADIATOR for hyperinsulinism
HMGB1 released from NAFLD liver reaches and binds to RAGE receptors in the intestines activating it via circulation, leading to NADPH oxidase complex assembly on the membrane generating Peroxynitrite, The Peroxynitrite thus generated phosphorylates AKT leading to TLR-4 recruitment in the lipid rafts in the cell membrane, where it can bind to HMGB1 leading to transcription of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β
AUTS2-Rac signaling pathways in neuronal migration and neuritogenesis
The possible biosynthetic pathway of ambuic acid and its analogs
Model of ubiquitin editing in the Imd-signaling pathway
Amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing of the APP
PPI network of new predicted LUAD-related genes
Possible schematic model of SNIPER(TACC3)‚Äêinduced death in cancer cells
A schematic model of the regulatory role of ADAR1 in liver homeostasis
The proposed role of ARRB1, CALM3, FLNA and HTT in OSCC
Integration of metabolic and fatty acids (FAs) metabolizing enzymes pathway in mitochondrial dysregulation, fibrotic hypertrophy, and chronic inflammation
Signaling and crosstalk associated with relaxin activation of its receptor RXFP1
Potential mechanisms governing TGF-β1–induced HASM contraction
(A) Known KEGG pathway knowledge in cancer. (B) A common mutated pathway model for BRCA and... (C) Only local parts of the common mutated path...
Hypothetical driver pathways for BRCA carcinogenesis and progression
Schematic depiction of uPAR/suPAR-Œ±vβ3 integrin signaling at the glomerular filtration level in health and diabetic disease
The neuroimmune interface and the role of glia in the pain response
The signaling pathways of TLRs include MYD-88 independent and MYD-88 dependent pathways
Key enzymes in the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, pyruvate, and UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine pathways are upregulated in the in vivo Giardia foci
A model for transcriptional regulation of RGC differentiation
Proposed model for the effects of GSK3β inhibitors on HCV virion particles’ assembly/release
The congenital heart defect BioCore (CHD-BioCore): strategy and frame work
A schematic pathway illustrating the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on PDGF-induced calpain-2 activation, cell proliferation, and collagen synthesis in normal and PAH PASMCs
Role of WNT/beta-catenin pathway on aerobic glycolysis in gliomas
Opposing effects of PPAR gamma and canonical WNT/beta-catenin signaling in gliomas
In neurons after entering the cell via glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) to glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), which is subsequently routed in the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
Exercise and fasting affect subcellular processes in neurons by brain‐intrinsic mechanisms mediated by increased neuronal network activity, and via signals coming from the periphery including 3‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (3HB), cathepsin B, and irisin
. Schematic representation showing some interactions between the plant hormones abscisic acid (A), auxin (B), brassinosteroids (C) and ethylene (D) under heavy metal exposure.
The scheme showed the probably metabolic pathways in patient with PH2 and AGXT2 deficiency
Operating mode of the E-cadherin-catenin complex in tumor metastasis
Visualization of a protein interaction network identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis as being altered by adolescent brain development (p score = 31)
Visualization of a protein interaction network identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis as being altered by adolescent brain development (p-score = 22)
Map of DEGs in Oncopig leiomyosarcomas and their functions within the TP53 signaling pathway
Map of DEGs in Oncopig STS cell lines and their functions within the TP53 signaling pathway
Both HPV E6 and E7 interfere with p53 function
GLP-1R signalling promotes β-cell glucose metabolism via mTOR-dependent HIF-1Œ± activation
Regulation of autophagy by nutrients and hormones via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
Suppression of BCR signaling is detrimental to growth and sensitizes B-ALL to dex
A proposed regulatory signaling network for HCV entry
Catalase andnucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK2) played important regulative roles in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades pathway
Microbiota mediates T-cell differentiation in homeostatic or pathogenic conditions
‘Eat-me' signals, phagocytic machinery and signaling pathways
Schematic representation of the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis
Schematic presentation of ROS scavenging pathway in chloroplasts
TrkA activation promotes anti-inflammatory pathways
Proposed action mechanisms of glutamine in intestinal cells
Biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin
Gasotransmitters as messengers in vascular heterocellular signaling pathways
Nematode stylet penetration into the plant cell results in production of extracellular adenosine-5’- triphosphate (eATP) which signals for calcium (Ca2+) influx
Phosphoproteomic analysis of CCL2 treated DCs and confirmation of relevant signaling pathways
Précis of signaling pathways involved in glioma and inhibition by mTOR, AKT, PI3K and ERK inhibitors and genetic configuration of TSC1 and TSC2
Ethanol impairs Akt signaling by disrupting the interaction of Akt with the plasma membrane, disturbing the interdomain conformational change of Akt, which normally exposes Thr308 and Ser473 for subsequent phosphorylation and activation
Different color shows different meanings: Red represents this protein upregulated, Green represents this protein downregulated, Yellow represents the proteins function
. Visualization of carboplatin-related genes (highlighted in red color) enriched in the hematopoietic cell lineage KEGG pathway.
In the absence of inhibition HOX and PBX dimerize, enter the nucleus, and bind to HOX/PBX consensus sequences present in numerous target genes
Fucose metabolism pathways and variation in types of fucosylated glycans
ZIKV genome structure and signaling transductions underlying ZIKV infection
(A) Schematic diagram of the Wnt s... (B) Diastolic intervals in seits1/... (C) Systolic intervals in seits1/... (D) Fractional shortening, a measu...
Possible mechanism of BBr for ameliorating the cognitive impairment in DM rats
Lipotoxicity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in TEC
Schematic diagram of the effect of PKM2 on GC and the related pathways
Network model describing association of hyperactivated mTOR signaling with developmental and morphological defects in forebrains
Representation of the molecular interaction pathway analysis of the associated and causal genes linked to aneuploidy
Metabolic fates of glucose in mammalian cells
A schematic drawing that illustrates the likely signaling pathway by which laminin Œ±2 at the basement membrane regulates Sertoli cell BTB dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium of rat testes
Preterm birth results in alterations in gluconeogenic gene expression and hepatic insulin signaling impairments
Inset: Network generated by pathway studio software showing interaction between metabolism related components
Inset: Network generated by pathway studio software showing interaction between signaling regulatory components
Model for congression via DCP and integration with checkpoint signaling
Schematic of the approach to assessing cancer characteristics
Sub-network of cell cycle pathway regulated by C1orf132 and TMPO-AS1
Conserved ABA signaling pathway in epidermis of H
Exploration of chorismate and isochorismate metabolism
A, The GI-FKF1-CDF1 module during flowering in Arabidopsis
Alamandine inhibits leptin expression, which is mediated by Gq/11 and cytotoxic signal transduction pathways, ultimately resulting in the induction of NO expression
YAP protein interaction, activation, and inactivation within the canonical Hippo Pathway
A working model of β-Lap in acute pancreatitis
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showing a network biology system for the interaction between both the miRNAs and the metabolites identified from the metabonomic analysis
Illustration of mechanistic action of quercetin in L6 myotubes
Metabolic traits of KF-JG30-18 (A) and DA052 (B) as derived from the genetic potential of RH2 MAG 17b and RH1 MAG20
Location of BHP biosynthetic genes and gene clusters in the genomes of SD1, SD3, and SD4 Acidobacteria and a number of selected environmental genomes as determined by BLAST protein searches
A snapshot of some of the transcriptome changes in S
(A) Ubiquitination mediates the NF‐κB activatio... (B) Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of MITF... (C) Ubiquitination of proteins in cell cycle.CD...
Endogenous sources and consequences of ROS overproduction
Overview of microglial M1 and M2 signaling in neurodegeneration, and potential targets for neuroprotection
A proposed model showing the mechanism of action of PPAR-γ agonists (TRG and RSG) on TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic activation in human primary intestinal myofibroblasts
Schematic diagram of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and relevant PI3K inhibitors
T-type calcium channels in spontaneous myogenic tone development in the rat middle cerebral artery and mouse small mesenteric artery, as explained in the text
Several signaling pathways, including those involving ERK, and PKA have been associated with the regulation of de novo protein synthesis in the context of synaptic plasticity, converging on the phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133 residue
Lung cancer cells which express low but adequate levels of TLR3 protein engages polyI:C, which in turn activates TLR3-mediated caspase 3/8 apoptosis pathway
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is at the center of carcinogenesis and tumor progression
Overview of the MOA of CHST15/CS-E and STNM01 in tissue remodeling in IBD
Potential crosstalk between leptin signaling, cancer stem cells, histone deacetylases and microRNA
Schematic outline of intracellular Ras signaling pathways in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulating circadian clockwork
(a): Mevalonate (Mev) pathway of untreated DC generates isoprenoids (IPP: red circles; FPP/GGPP: yellow circles) and cholesterol (blue circles)
Model summarising metabolic changes in sentitive versus resistant melanoma cells upon BRAF inhibition
Crosstalk of hypoxia-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) signaling pathways
Illustration of a proposed signaling pathway of innate and adaptive immune activation in the Nx model (A)
The putative biosynthetic pathway of nocamycins
Major Anti-tumorigenic pharmacological properties of thymoquinone
Working model portraying the effects of WNT/β-catenin signaling in PTENWT melanoma cells under nutrient starvation conditions
Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptosis of hepatocytes via the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway
Pathway of Huntington’s disease enriched in target DEGs of DEmiRNAs of AD
Pathway of AD enriched in target DEGs of DEmiRNAs of AD
Genes associated to tumorigenesis and/or cancer progression found differentially methylated in HA22T/VGH sorafenib treated cells
MDA-MB-231 cells (4 X105 / well) cultured with low serum medium were treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (50 Œºg/mL), followed by RNA extraction and analysis of gene expression by oligonucleotide microarray assay
Major intracellular pathways leading to Type-I-IFN production
Network analysis obtained from IPA of differentially regulated proteins (p ‚â§ 0.05) between recurrence (R) and recurrence-free (RF) patients.
Viral RNA detection by RLRs and TLRs, signaling pathways and overview of FMDV strategies aimed at its supression
Proposed model for the HGH solution-induced HPMC death
The mTOR-associated BRN: abstraction of mTOR signaling pathway (Figure ) in BRN
Summary of signaling events and downstream transcription factors driving specification of the blood stem cell lineage
The protective or pathogenic roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in liver diseases
Intracellular protease activity during mesenchymal transition and fibrosis
Interconnected processes of (i) S1P synthesis and degradation within the sphingomyelin/salvage pathway, (ii) S1P export and (iii) signaling through binding to five specific G-protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1-5
The role of signaling pathways in self-renewal and differentiation of in vitro pluripotent stem cell populations
Proposed IL-6 Transsignaling Pathway and Proposed Impact of JAK1V310I Mutation
Several hepatic receptors are involved in Lp(a) catabolism
WebGestalt was used to analyze the expression profile to find patterns that matched known KEGG signaling pathways
(A) DE genes are significantly overrepresented in the Toll-like receptor... (B) Genes in the Measles pathway show a concordant up-regulation in T2DM...
The molecular effects are shown in red boxes
1) E/R regulates the phosphorylation of STAT3 via activation of RAC1, resulting in the transcriptional induction of MYC
Overview of the interaction network model
Regulatory network model of DNA replication coupled with nicotinamide
Insulin resistance in LMC metabolism, inflammation, and contractility
The metabolism of lipids, specifically triglycerides, produces glycerol and occurs via triacylglycerol lipase (TAGL)
Left, treatment with a radiation regimen that causes dsDNA accumulation in the cancer cells cytosol without inducing the DNAse Trex1 activates interferon type-I pathway via cGAS/STING
The DSBs in S/G2 cells can be processed by two competing factors, the Ku heterodimers and the MRN complex
Effects of adding Asp, Glu and Met on the metabolic pathway of A
Working model of enhanced phrenic pLTF in end-stage SOD1G93A rats
Schematic Overview of the Norrin-β-Catenin PathwayMutations in the genes encoding the ligand Norrin, the receptors FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12, and now the transcriptional activator β-catenin all cause FEVR
The fifteen most up-regulated and down-regulated proteins produced by a 28-day exposure to 10 µM of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (a)
Modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor and nitric oxide signaling pathways
Under normal circumstances, RASGRP1 and CRAF are bound to the HSP90 chaperone complex, which stabilizes them and facilitates signaling through the MEK/ERK pathway to induce phosphorylation-dependent BIM degradation
Network pathway: pathway enrichment analysis was performed
Nodes linking the enriched KEGG pathway by hub genes
Schematic representation of the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway in Panax ginseng; AACT, acetoacetyl CoA transferase; CAS, cycloartenol synthase; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; DDS, dammarenediol synthase; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; FPP, farnesyl diphosphate; FPPS, farnesyl diphosphate synthase; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase; HMGS, HMG-CoA synthase; IDI, isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; LSS, lanosterol synthase; MEP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; MVK, mevalonate kinase; MVA, mevalonic acid; MDD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase; MVP, mevalonic acid 5-phosphate; MVPP, 5-diphosphomevalonate; PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase; PPDS, protopanaxadiol synthase; PPTS, protopanaxatriol synthase; SQE, squalene epoxidase; SQS, squalene synthase; β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
DSBs are recognised by the MRN complex (i.)
Scheme for the relationship among stress, inflammation and stress-related diseases
(A) In times of no stress, ATF-7 is bound to the CRE-like sequence locat... (B) Upon the introduction of stress PDK-1 is phosphorylated which leads...
Model of mito-xenophagic degradation of bacterial structures in chlamydia-infected DCs
Schematic illustration depicting the potential pathways associated with the anti-inflammatory effects of ESEAF on LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells
The proposed metabolic shift during biofilm induction in B
The proposed signaling pathway activated by CTS in CCA cells.Notes: The potential mechanism of apoptosis induced by CTS in HCCC-9810 and RBE cells
Underlying mechanism for the renoprotective effect of salvianolic acid B (SAB)
Schematic view of UPR response in mammals
Regulation network of the lectin genes related to immune activities
Current model for selective compound families to promote neuronal compensation in HD via a stress response system centered onto FOXO and its co-factors
CoQ biosynthesis and effect of 4-HB analogs
Extended regulatory network to describe Nanog multistable dynamics in serum/LIF []
a The Janus kinase (JAK)- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway
MEKi treatment (B) reduces pERK levels and leads to increased cell death
Flavonol 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) activates the antioxidant MnSOD gene via the PKA/CREB pathway, which is potentially augmented by high affinity binding of 3HF to CREB
Proposed model for persistent fibrosis in mice after lung injury
Upon Wnt signalling activation, DOT1L-containing complexes bind Wnt target gene chromatin
Diagram of KATPHI β-cell glucose and amino acid metabolism
Diverse cellular functions of arrestin scaffolds
Ten differentially expressed genes between human bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation and osteochondroma enriched in the TGFβ signaling pathway
Gene networks for COL4A1 (top) and COL13A1 (bottom) and several of their interaction partners were generated through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Prolactin or estradiol activate Akt and MAPK signaling pathways via their membrane receptors
In well-oxygenated cells, the hydroxylation of HIF-α catalyzed by PHDs triggers VHL-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation into the proteasome
Immunomodulatory properties of craniofacial MSCs
Protein traffic steps mediated by PACS-1 and PACS-2
The PACS-2 Akt site and NLS together modulate membrane traffic, TRAIL-induced apoptosis, MAM integrity and the response to DNA damage
A schematic illustrating the role of Nupr1 in METH-induced apoptosis and autophagy in neuronal cells
Strategies of effective targeting of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Mechanisms linking folate to cellular function
The microRNAs in the red box indicates co-deregulated microRNA genes in our list
This analysis revealed that TCF3, MYC, MAX, CYP26A1 and SREBF1 are significantly interacting with candidate miRNA genes
. The schematic summary of cortisone-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses to LPS.
Signaling pathways that are key regulators of pluripotency in mESCs
Model-II signaling Pathway and Logical Network of the Speract-Activated Signaling Pathway (SASP)
Network representation of the signaling pathway with CatSper channel as the only source of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration
Top Left: Gene expression networks activated whilst differentiating cells are treated with varying doses of escitalopram
Schematic model of miR-200c accelerating hepatic stellate cell-induced liver fibrosis via targeting the FOG2/PI3K pathway
The mTOR signaling pathway and the possibility of curcumin's pharmacological action on the pathway in the treatment of SCI
Modulation of AMPK and mTOR pathway by Sestrins
Protective effects of Sestrins in cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer
Graphical representation for Mel regulation in DRG neurons
Schematic model of BRAFV600E signaling-induced epigenetic silencing by H3K27me3 in tumorigenesis
Histone modifications regulate gene transcription involving renal fibrosis of diabetic kidney disease
Interferon (IFN) type 1 signaling; regulation by methylation
Therapeutic Wound Healing Targets of miR-21Schematic diagram of miR-21 targets TIMP3 and PTEN
(A) A scheme showing the association of epithelial polarity and ROS prod... (B) Summary overview of the signaling pathway in non-polarized breast ca...
A better way to slow AD: Co-activation of the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system and neurotrophic signaling pathway
Schematic overview of the melatonin/CRH signaling pathway in hamster Leydig cells
Schematic representation of the human 42 Kb INK4-ARF (CDKN2A/B) locus (not to scale) and its participation in two pathways controlling cell-cycling and differentiation
Examples of two pathways of histone modification by polycomb complexes leading to suppression of selected TSG
Key miRNAs in the resistance to BC treatment
Schematic model for chemotherapy-induced oocyte death via the TAp63 signaling pathway
Schematic model for regulation of primordial follicle activation via the PI3K signaling pathway
Scheme representing major factors of CWIP and the calcineurin signaling pathway
Schematic overview of the autophagic pathway and potential drug target points of the pathway
Schematic representation of adiponectin signal transduction implicating a cross talk with the insulin signaling pathway: Insulin and adiponectin interact with their respective receptors, which trigger a cascade of signaling events
Schematic representation of thyroid cancer hystotypes and their causative genetic events
Overview of the miRNAs involved in the regulation of autophagy-related signaling pathways
Schematic illustration of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, as well as the inhibitory effect of various IAPs on pro-apoptotic molecules
Genes in the pathway are represented with rectangles
Genes in the WNT signaling pathway are represented by green circles and predicted transcription factors by blue octagons
Signaling pathways in innate recognition of fungal pathogens and differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells
Links between m6A regulation and cancerSchematic representation of m6A pathway components and targets involved in cancer progression
Regulation and execution of the autophagosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway
The subcellular location of genes in the canonical pathway, termed as “Signaling by Rho Family GTPases”, as determined via IPA analysis to compare transcriptomes in the APs of pre- and post-ovulation heifers
Biogenesis of microRNA (miRNA), extracellular vesicles (EV) and uptake mechanisms
Representation of cilia-associated molecules that have been implicated in DNA damage responses (DDR)
DNA substrates and protein factors required for S-phase checkpoint activation
Overview of cellular glucose and glutamine metabolism
Paraquat hijacks the pentose phosphate pathway to induce oxidative stress and cell death
Role of ROS in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis
The reciprocal regulation of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery by the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways
General scheme for non-polar and polar lipid biosynthesis (based on Ref
Model of BMP–Notch interaction in intestinal homeostasis and CRC disease subtypes
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a well-studied example of a pathogen manipulating host PAK1 signalling
Neuroprotective function of cellular prion protein
Increase of P2X4R expression through the actions of fibronectin in activated microglia after nerve injury
Action of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in mammals and mosquitoes
Schematic summary of the mechanisms by which tick-borne Phlebovirus NSs proteins inhibit the canonical IFN induction and signaling pathways
Gene interaction network related to lipid metabolism of DEGs between WC and WRR chickens
Activation pathways for canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signalling
Levels of crosstalk between the HIF and the NF-Œ∫B pathways
Upstream regulators identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, predicted to participate in the regulation of gene expression upon Œ±2B-adrenoceptor activation in A7r5-Œ±2B vascular smooth muscle cells
A schematic overview of the angiogenesis gene signaling pathways.Notes: Three signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis are the FGF signaling pathway, the VEGF signaling pathway and the Ang-1/Ang-2 signaling pathway.Abbreviations: FGF, fibroblast growth factor; FGFR, FGF receptor; PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; PDGFR, platelet derived growth factor receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor
Simplified diagram of the lipid metabolism canonical pathway
Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways is mediated by a complex array of proteins
Pro-inflammatory signaling pathway influences by zinc
Anti-inflammatory signaling pathways influenced by free zinc
The toxic AGE (TAGE) theory for the pathophysiology of NAFLD and ALD: The chronic ingestion of an excessive daily diet (SSB and commercial products, which contain HFCS/sucrose) increases the levels of the sugar metabolite, glyceraldehyde (GA), while the chronic consumption of an excessive number of alcoholic beverages increases the levels of the alcohol metabolite, acetaldehyde (AA) in the liver
Ubiquitin enzymes in the TCR signaling pathway
Ubiquitin enzymes in the regulation of T cell-mediated autoimmunity
Ubiquitin chains and ubiquitin enzymes in the TNF-induced NF-Œ∫B and apoptosis pathways
TRIMs in the regulation of the immune response
Model of Izb regulation of PTHR signaling cascade in bone
A schema of the putative mechanisms by which myostatin may influence the function of bone cells
Mechanisms of intestinal FXR and TGR5 cross-talk in the regulation of GLP-1 secretion, hepatic bile aid synthesis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin and glucose sensitivity
. In the absence of IPC, reactive oxygen species such as superoxide inhibit HDACs causing hyperacetylation of HMGB1 in the nucleus.
Schematic model describing the CD99 peptide-induced signal transduction pathway
Transcriptional changes of genes involved in basic metabolism in Bgt during asexual development on Chancellor
Schematic representation of N-myristoyltransferase functions during T cell activation
The role of myristoylation in regulating Fas/Fas ligand pathway during cytotoxic T cells activation: binding of a death ligand to Fas receptor leads to the formation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)
Schematic diagram representing the essential role of Epac/PI3K/Akt for A2B receptor-mediated antifibrotic effects
Molecular networks between genes involved in NB development by the data mining IPA software
Electrochemical oxidation pathway of MPA in the presence of sulfone compounds
Improvement of the reprogramming process and replacement of c-Myc by small molecules and chemical compounds
GH/INS/IGF signaling-dependent metabolic pathways that impact aging in all somatic cells and stem cells
The SUMO pathway plays a crucial role in IBD: model representation of importance of SUMOylation in intestinal health and disease
Regulation of the zebra finch RLR pathway
The pipeline of cell cycle and MAPK signaling pathway
The main methyl-reducing pathway is shown by thick magenta arrows
The BRD4 pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells
Differences and commonalities in TLR4- and FcŒµRI-activated production of proinflammatory cytokines
Predicted interactions among proteins encoded by genes expressed differentially in late proestrus
Schematic of mechanisms on EET-mediated signaling in response to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
The miR-15 family members regulate the progress of hepatic fibrosis by following ways: (1) miR-16 targets HGF and Smad7 to promote TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway; (2) miR-16 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting CD1; (3) miR-195 downregulates cyclin E1 to inhibit cell proliferation; (4) miR-15b and miR-16b promote apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2
mTOR is the essential signaling pathway for nutrient sensing and apoptosis protection in the β cell
Signalling by Rho GTPases (upper panel) and Neuronal system pathway (bottom panel)
DS events in AA PCa versus EA PCa were frequently detected in multiple oncogenic signalling pathways
Ca2+ regulates different steps of autophagy
Summary of the canonical Th2 pathway and “new spins” on the pathways that lead to allergic inflammation
Model of the arrest of pollen-tube growth by self-S-RNase in Pyrus pyrifolia
Examples of subnetworks in network reconstructed from injured swine brain treated with VPA
(i) Biogenesis and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as MVs... (ii) Uptake of EVs by recipient cells or binding of surface ligands of E...
Potential mechanisms by which 8-pCPT-cGMP improves the outcome of fatty partial liver transplantation
Schematic Illustration of DBZ-Releasing NPs for Intracellular Induction of Browning through Inhibition of Notch Signaling after Local Injection into Inguinal WATActivation of Notch signaling involves binding of Dll or Jag family ligands to Notch receptors (Notch1–Notch4), the release of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) via γ-secretase-mediated proteolytic cleavage, and translocation of NICD to the nucleus where it binds Rbpj transcriptional complex and activates the transcription of Hairy/enhancer-of-split (Hes) and Hes-related with YRPW motif protein (Hey) family genes
Schematic of the assayed components of the IIS/TOR pathway and their proposed interactions in D
XREP stress pathway components and relationships
Mechanisms of action of lenvatinib and everolimus.Notes: Lenvatinib inhibits RTKs on endothelial cell and cancer cell
Gene network constructed based a 27-gene VDD panel identified to mammalian genes based on their gene symbols, showing key regulators (IFNG highlighted in green) and nearest neighbors (no highlight) overlaid onto the cell to show localization of protein activity
Force transmission and mechanotransduction from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the nucleus
Model summarizing regulation of glycolysis and its contribution to photoreceptor physiology
Red and green backgrounds indicate genes that were up-, down-regulated, respectively, in fed female compared to starved female
Summary diagram of the novel role of Znf179 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell cycle regulation and differentiation
Asiatic acid (AA)-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway protects lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses
Schematic illustration of lysine acetylation events involved in carbon fixation (A), tricarboxylic acid cycle (B), and photosynthetic pathway (C)
Schematic depiction of the strategy employed for mining the O-Man glycoproteome in cell lines with knock-out of COSMC, POMGNT1, POMT1, and POMT2
Complex and context dependent functions of the Slit/Robo signaling in angiogenesis
Major flowering genes in the photoperiodic and temperature network in Arabidopsis, rice, wheat and orchids
Potential scheme depicting the influence of Angiotensin-(1-7) on the AGE-TGF-β signaling pathway: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) binds to the receptor for AGE (RAGE) and induces TGF-β potentially by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through activation of the NADPH oxidase complex [NOX, p22phox (p22), p47phox (p47), Rac-1]
The sketch of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway
Signaling events in the T cell maturation and differentiation pathway at (A) 32, (B) 35, (C) 39 and (D) 46 days in infected Vh treated (Sm_Vh) mice
Signaling events in the T cell maturation and differentiation pathway at (A) 32, (B) 35, (C) 39 and (D) 46 days in infected PZQ (Sm_PZQ) treated mice
Signaling events in the fibrotic and stellate cell activation pathway at (A) 32, (B) 35, (C) 39 and (D) 46 days post infection in infected Vh treated (Sm_Vh) mice
Signaling events in the fibrotic and stellate cell activation pathway at (A) 32, (B) 35, (C) 39 and (D) 46 days post infection in infected PZQ (Sm_PZQ) treated mice
(A) Overview of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway (adapted from []). A broad range... (B) Activation of ERK1/2 was directly tested in 293T cells transfected w...
Model of Endocytic Regulation of TGFβ/BMP SignalingActivation of TGFβ family receptors by ligand binding (i) leads to formation of receptor oligomers, receptor phosphorylation, and internalization (ii)
Scheme depicting mechanisms of resistance observed to BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo
The interaction network of cancer cells and their microenvironment associated with the EMT process
Metabolic profiling of intracellular glycometabolism
mRNA expression of enzymes and factors involved in glycometabolism
Rescuing the BMPRII signaling pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension
. Hypothesized model of hierarchical signaling events leading to apoptosis of AML cells after treatment with CPPTL.
. A figure shows the SIRT3-KLF15 signaling pathway.
UCA1, PRNCR1 and CCAL could regulate the apoptosis pathway in CRC
MALAT1 and lncRNA-p21 were supposed to promote cell proliferation, invasion and migration by activating Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway
Potential therapeutic targets that regulate YAP/Hippo activity in mesothelioma
Schematic representation of metabolic pathways of Staphylococcus aureus glucose and galactose catabolism
(A) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) controls the placental “survei... (B) Maternal behaviors resulting in decreased hypothalamo-pituitary adre...
Circadian metabolites have pleiotropic mechanisms by which to maintain cellular rhythmicity
Reactions involving ROS, antioxidant systems and energy metabolism
Signaling pathways assigned to the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) category “molecular mechanisms of cancer” that have been linked to ovarian cancer and targeted by epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG)
Overview of IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor signaling at the nexus of endocrine function: illustrative examples
Modeled mechanism by which FSH via PKA inhibits MKP3/DUSP6 to promote the accumulation of phosphorylated ERK in preantral GCs
The functions of experimentally verified target genes of miR-17-92 were analyzed by GeneMANIA using genetic interactions, pathway, and physical interaction parameters
A number of genes including those downstream of HIF-1 signaling pathway were up-regulated in the pancreas in response to HFD
Schematic model showing glucose sensing signaling pathways that might modulate neuronal activity of central olfactory areas
Schematic model showing AA sensing signaling pathways that might modulate neuronal activity of central olfactory areas
T cell signaling, activation and antigen recognition
PKC/Nedd4-2 signaling pathway regulates the activity of drug transporter hOAT1
Signaling mechanism by which kallistatin inhibits EndMT by preventing the TGF-β-induced miR-21-Akt-NF-Œ∫B pathway and oxidative stress and stimulating eNOS/SIRT1 expression in endothelial cells
Schematic overview of the MAPK signaling pathway
BRAF mutations in the context of mitogen‚Äêactivated protein kinase (MAPK) molecular alterations
Hypothetical model for the role of ASXL1 in cell cycle progression through the cooperation with AKT1 and EZH2
TLR7/TLR9 and B cell receptor (BCR) ligands incite B cell signaling cascades
Hypothetical model of gravity-regulated cellular processes
Schematic presentation of the basic catabolic and anabolic processes of a typical heterotrophic prokaryotic cell: glycolytic pathway (GL), pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) with its oxidative and non-oxidative arms, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
Quiescent (A) and activated (B) metabolism in differentiated mammalian cells
(A) Important regulators of the mammalian cell metabolism are (proto)-on... (B) A schematic overview on the catabolic pathways including glycolysis...
Bipartite metabolism of IBPs aiming to avoid the exclusive use of glucose (an indispensable carbon source of their mammalian host cells) by the IBPs for their intracellular metabolism
Working hypothesis of uridine nucleotide signaling in human EC cells lining the GI mucosa
Mechanism of regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression
Arachidonic acid is first metabolized by COX-1 or COX-2 to synthesize PGH2
The regulatory network of lipid accumulation with significant characteristics in Wagyu cattle
Pathway analysis of statistically differentially expressed genes
Protein-protein interaction networks of metabolism related pathway enriched genes
Protein-protein interaction networks of lipid metabolism related pathway enriched genes
Relative abundance of KEGG expression genes in pyruvate metabolism related to genera Pichia, Schizosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, and Lactobacillus in different stages (Stage I: samples from days 5 to 15 and Stage II: samples from days 20 to 30 (n = 6)
Upon stimulation of Gq‐coupled receptors, the α component of the G‐protein activates phospholipase‐C (PLC), which cleaves membrane‐bound PIP2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
VEGF, oestrogen and its metabolites via interaction with distinct receptors activate the MAPK pathways, leading to endothelial cell proliferation during pregnancy
(A) The central part of the scheme shows the regulation of the β-catenin... (B) A schematic illustration of the APC gene, showing the location of th...
Dendritic cells being one of the major IL-1β producers in pulmonary H. capsulatum infection, the pathogen is recognized preferentially by Dectin-2 and less so by Dectin-1 in dendritic cells.
Schematic representation of mechanisms underlying crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and insulin signaling via Irs1 during hepatocarcinogenesis
Mediation by Menin of milk protein synthesis through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mammary epithelial cells
Schematic of the mechanism and magnificent background involved in this study
Cardiac hypertrophy (a) and cardiac fibrosis (b) signaling pathways
BMP-2 induced EMT and breast cancer stemness through Rb and CD44 signaling
Schematic representation of the downstream signaling cascade initiated by a hypoxic microenvironment
Model of the role of BMP4 in regulating hyperandrogenism development
Schematic overview of p90RSK-mediated regulation of UBR5-containing miRISC
PTH binds to the 7-transmembrane PTH1R, which is a GPCR
Major and minor ethanol-oxidizing pathways in the liver
Principal effects of chronic alcohol abuse on anabolic and catabolic mechanisms that maintain skeletal muscle mass
Alcohol’s effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress response
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I antigen-processing and presentation pathway
Reconstruction of essential metabolic pathways and functions, based on TraDIS-predicted essential genes in B
A putative blue light signaling pathway in M
HOXA11-AS co-expressed genes were significantly overrepresented in the non-small cell lung cancer pathway, revealed by KEGG pathway analysis– (http://www.kegg.jp/kegg/kegg1.html)
Involvement of sirtuins in lifespan/healthspan elongation pathways
Low-dose triptolide and aspirin suppress NF-Œ∫B survival pathways
Before heme iron can be utilized, heme must be extracted from hemoglobin by proteolytic activity in the stomach and duodenum
Coordinating reactions in the intestine elicited by LGG in response to S
Transcriptomic analysis of HBCs reveals that the Notch pathway is differentially regulated during activation from dormancy
Key pathways perturbed by AuNRs related to cytoskeleton identified with MetaCore from Thomson Reuters
In response to activin stimulation, IKBŒ± proteins are degraded in a PI3 kinase-dependent manner
Up-regulated PLK-1 inhibits the damage repair mechanism and releases the cells from G2/M arrest with damaged DNA
EZH2 regulates CSCs through multiple pathways, including BMP signaling, WNT/β-catenin signaling, AKT/EZH2/STAT3 signaling and Notch signaling
Posited future direction to elucidate the epigenetic basis of alcohol-cannabinergic pathway associations
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified a major protein network associated with drug metabolism, glutathione depletion, protein synthesis, immunological disease and endocrine function
TNF-α/TGF-β2 co-stimulation activates the ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK pathways, Smad2/3 pathway, and mTOR pathway
AD immunopathology and mechanisms of action of targeted therapies
(A) Number of genes involved in the relevant methanogenesis pathways in... (B) Schematic representation of anaerobic carbon mineralization in DS wi...
Working model for the regulatory effect melatonin in osteoblast differentiation
The CO2-responsive elements in the Ptca1 and Ptca2 promoters and the putative CO2signalling pathway
Genes uniquely modulated in Hhip+/‚àí mice are involved in the connective tissue development and function network
Genes uniquely modulated in Fam13a−/− mice are involved in carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, and molecular transport network
Sepsis inhibits fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-mediated repair of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx
Ethanol induced changes in all n = 117 transcripts in the KEGG p53 Signaling pathway are shown
Overall, ethanol exposure altered more genes in this KEGG pathway in WT mice than p53 KO mice
Hypothetical pathways based on the results of the suppressive effect of butyrate depends on the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated pathwayCited from the reference 73(A) The effect of butyrate on PGE2 production in the interaction between co-cultured macrophages and adipocytes
Figure illustrating cumulative flux index in glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain in glucose metabolic pathway
Differently expressed protein-coding genes and lncRNAs participating in the AMPK signaling pathway via DAVID KEGG analysis
Regulatory mechanisms of WBP2 in breast cancer
The orange reactions are part of the linear synthesis route in the databases
Histidine synthesis starts from ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) from Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and consists of 10 reaction steps
[1] Glycolysis, [2] tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, [3] fatty acid oxidation, [4] pentose phosphate pathway, [5] ornithine cycle, and [6] glutamine metabolism
Mechanisms of anti-metastatic effect of PAM
Network of canonical signaling pathways that are individually associated with CpG-ODN responsiveness, host gene coexpression modules, and microbial community features
The regulatory role of ubiquitin on RIP1 and RIP3-dependent cell death
Schematic illustration of the functions of miR-26a/b-Jagged/Notch axis in modulation of EMT and fibrosis
Schematic depiction of reported effects of mammalian caspases in autophagy-related effectors
CD70 signaling enhances NK-cell antilymphoma responses
Classical and new Wnt/β-catenin pathway canonical and non-canonical pathways
The PI3K/Akt signalling and its activation in cancer
Diagram of the inferred Cx32 anti-apoptotic mechanism
Proposed mechanism of HF targeting autophagy and metabolism in CRC cells
A schematic diagram of G0/G1 phase arrest and ROS-dependent MAPKs pathway in which furanodienone induces cell growth inhibition and cell death in CRC cells
mTORC1 controls cell growth and is regulated by the lncRNA-encoded polypeptide SPAR
Schematic diagram of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT and the mechanism of autophagy.Notes: UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT exhibits an autophagic response through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that is regulated by ROS, which causes the ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux
Schematic diagram of OA-induced growth inhibition of colon cancer via reprogramming fatty acid metabolism under hypoxia
Schematic illustration of the lithium targeted cellular and molecular mechanism by activating several neurotrophic and associated signaling in Alzheimer’s disease
A. PCSK9 molecular network; Red represents a close relationship; B. PCSK9 signaling pathway and associated changes in mRNA levels assessed by microarray analysis.
During AD, the formation of Aβ deposits not only stimulates the activation and aggregation of microglia and astrocytes, but also triggers the neuronal injury and synaptic damage, which induces a progressive neuritic dystrophy
The ErbB signaling pathway was the highest over-represented pathway among key pathways
In non-ampullary lesions of the duodenum, Wnt/β-catenin pathway is associated with intestinal type adenoma in the proximal and distal duodenum, while the pathway was independent of gastric type adenoma in the proximal duodenum
In contrast, dynamin 3 has tumor suppressive role
PPI networks based on mutated genes detected by WES analysis, which were classified as deleterious in at least three dbNSFP pathogenicity predictions, and their interactions partners identified in IID and visualized with NAViGaTOR
TGF-β signal is involved in many steps of Wnt signaling pathway, which ultimately accumulate β-catenin and then promote the EMT and fibrosis
The schematic model for mechanism involved in Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis
Representative gene networks that were significantly regulated (P < 0.05 with the Fisher's exact test) in response to cocaine in WT compared to SERT Met172 mice
Interleukin (IL)‚Äê13RŒ±1 in myocardial metabolism
Proposed mechanism by which 5‐HT/catecholamine signaling facilitates the membrane trafficking of N‐glycan
DSH, Disheveled; GSK-3, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; CK1, Casein kinase 1; PP2A, Protein Phosphatase 2A; APC, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli; ß-TrCP, ß-Transducin Repeat-Containing Protein; Ub, ubiquitin
Schematic representation of protoporphyrin IX biosynthetic pathway in the shell gland of brown egg laying hens
Angiotensin II signaling pathway underlying vascular aging
cAMP-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway activated by the adenosine A2B receptor is important to dendritic cell inhibition and lesion development in mice infected by L
Working model of metabolic risk factor-induced two-way stimulatory immune checkpoint amplification and systemic/tissue inflammation
Schematic diagram of the pathway linking SSTR2 activation to the prevention of occludin decrease induced by high glucose
Activation of the MET receptor by its ligand triggers tyrosines within the multifunctional docking site to become phosphorylated and recruit signaling effectors, including the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2)
The extended Kegg Pathway for PI3K-Akt signaling
A proposed model for the contribution of JNK, JAK/STAT and Nrf2 pathways to cell competition
Representation of the putative signaling pathways involved in B-cell clonogenicity induced by interaction of S75X/p17R76G with p17R(s)
Schematic representation of functional involvement of Hh signaling molecules in estrogen- mediated endometrial hyperplasia
Mechanisms of action of PGD2 in allergic inflammation
Detailed molecular network of pathways of the cell cycle (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ID, has04110)
CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and related pathways in HCC progression
Considering the spectrum of colorectal cancer (CRC)—conventional adenomas progress by the sequential accumulation of genetic mutations and chromosomal instability causing microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours
The KEGG pathway of apoptosis.Notes: The red-colored genes are differentially expressed genes enriched in the pathway in the study
Proposed mechanism of action of PPARγ ligands and p38 MAPK on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1–induced β-catenin signaling in corneal fibroblasts
Glycolysis is downregulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs, with possible shuttling of intermediates to the sorbitol and pentose phosphate pathways
Scheme of the pathway mediating the VEGF-induced disassembly of adherence junctions and its regulation by NDPK-B
Possible interactions between signaling molecules
The DAVID online tool was used to download the pathway and show the position of the DEGs in the pathway using the pathway ID of hsa04010
. DAVID KEGG pathway analysis; miR targeted genes (red star) are involved in the FoxO Signaling Pathway.
. DAVID KEGG pathway analysis; miR targeted genes (red star) are involved in the Hippo Signaling Pathway.
Schematic diagram showing the RhoA pathway in cryopreservation of dormant murine embryos
Schematic and simplified representation of the class I PI3Ks/Akt/mTOR pathway, some of the main cellular functions regulated by it, and the main family of inhibitors targeting it
MET regulated signaling pathways implicated in the hallmarks of cancer
Linking processing of clustered DNA damage and immune response
(A) Possible effects of 10 µM glabridin and (B) 100 nM glabridin with 1 nM 17β-E2 on the estrogen pathway after 72 hours treatment on Ishikawa cells
Integrated salt response pathway network in P
Signaling pathways underlying podocyte injury in DN
Up-regulation of BIRC3 transcription by NPD1-dependent c-REL expression
Redox regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and lipid peroxidation
Schematic diagram showing the pathological cardiac functions of ANKRD1 in relation to hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis
Schematic model proposing a differentiated cell as the cell of origin of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Functional overview of ANRIL and pathways
A schematic of the miR-206 regulatory mechanism during adipogenesis
Schematic representation of the Hox-dependent initiation and potentiation of the EGF signal
(A, B) GRK2 knockout attenuates regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN) transcription and thus NFAT activation following transverse aortic constriction
Benefits of physical exercise (PE) act through or require a healthy, functional endothelium (beige cells)
(A) Transduction of platinum-induced DNA damage: DNA repair or apoptosis... (B) Main repair pathways involved in platinum-induced DNA damage repair...
APC-dependent role of CtBP in the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway
Top Ingenuity Pathway Analysis networks associated with genes whose expression is altered by high levels of miRNA expression associated with both TP53 and CpG island methylator phenotypehigh and/or microsatellite instability
Schematic representation showing downregulation of miR‚Äê205 by ErbB2 signaling via Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway
The underlying mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs protecting metabolic syndrome
Outline of the pathway of conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids
Molecular map of pathways that lead ROS to cause OPC dysfunctioning in SZ
Multiple different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been reported to trigger Calcineurin–NFAT signalling upon ligand binding
(A) Endothelial cells (ECs) line blood vessels... (B) In normoxia, endothelial cells (ECs) are ch... (C) During venous EC‐to‐lymphatic endothelial c...
A schematic diagram summarized as a possible mechanism of action of melamine causing tubular cell injury via CSR-mediated Ca2+signaling pathway
Model of cell mechanisms by which MPLA prevents inhibition of  absorption by LPS in the MTAL
Representative model of some signaling pathways in a human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) that can be modulated by γCdcPLI
The host/pathogen cross-talk mechanism through core pathways at the early stage of C
Signalling pathways underlying excitation-contraction coupling
PSMA-dependent regulation of signal transduction in prostate cancer: In the canonical (A) pathway, a stable complex... (B) model, it physically asso...
Oxygen regulation of ESC metabolism and epigenetic landscape
PD-1 pathway signaling and the targeting of the PD-1 pathway during cancer immunotherapy
Primary immune checkpoint inhibitors in cells
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of Zika virus (ZIKV) and strategies to limit it
Illustration of AHR activity in pituitary cells
A proposed model illustrating ATRA directs breast cancer cell state changes to diminish the CSC pool through regulation of RARβ-TET2-miR-200c-PKCŒ∂ pathway with schematic showing AD or SC cell fate decisions are made over accumulated CSC divisions to sustain or diminish the CSC pool
Proposed mechanistic scheme of MUC13 regulating NF-Œ∫B activation, related to , ,  and
A snapshot of PiiL in group-wise view mode, showing the “cell cycle” pathway
The “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction” subsection of the “pathways in cancer” pathway, with (a) DNA methylation data, and (b) gene expression data
Effect of selecting different subsets of CpG sites in the “TNF signaling pathway”
Details from the STRING interaction diagrams within the global transcriptome profiles of Pink1-deficient mouse cerebellar tissue
Systematic analysis of key factors in the mitochondria-associated innate immunity pathway, using acute starvation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to reveal the transcriptional regulation of stress responses and their dependence on PINK1
Mechanisms involved in initiation, perpetuation, and resolution of inflammatory responses
Simplified diagrams of putative signaling pathways responsible for the different migration patterns (i.e
The following abbreviations are used: PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1; TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex proteins 1 and 2; Pheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain; S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1; BAD, BCL-2-associated death promoter; IKKs, IŒ∫B kinases; CREB, cyclic AMP response element binding protein
(A) Network of all identified prot... (B) Network of differentially expr... (C) Diseases associated with diffe... (D) KEGG analysis identified signa...
miR-133b/206 Associates with Various Genes Mediating NSCLC Cell Migration and InvasionmiR-206 promoted lung cancer cell apoptosis by targeting c-Met and Bcl2, as well as governed EGFR, MET, and its downstream phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT
The inter-relationship of DEGs identified as part of a gene network related to organismal injury and skeletal and muscular disorders (Network 4 in ) is depicted visually
β‐catenin promotes the fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition and EMT through the activation of the TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 signalling pathway
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor signal transduction in human cancers
Differentially active pathways across pan-urologic genomic subtypes
The molecular mechanism of the mTOR pathway in Vil‚ÄêCre;Pkd2 f3/f3 mice, with or without rapamycin treatment
Proposed mechanism of hypoxic-conditioned secretome effects on liver regeneration
The A2AR and baicalin attenuated hypoxia-induced PAH
Merged mouse and rat network (mapped to human proteins) and overlapping Reactome pathways
GM-CSF has a role as a differentiation factor in DC development; GM-CSF inhibits FLT3L-driven pDC production from lineage-negative DC precursor subsets, while promoting conventional DC growth via modulation of a complex network of transcriptional factors
Role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition in TGF-β1-induced nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts and nasal ex vivo organ culture
Normal endothelial cell metabolismA schematic of the principal pathways in healthy EC metabolism and the rate-limiting enzymes, carriers, and transporters (shown in blue)
Diabetic endothelial cell metabolismIn diabetic ECs, hyperglycemia increases production of ROS through a variety of intracellular sources, including NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, uncoupled eNOS, and impaired pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
Potential mechanisms of celebrex-mediated apoptosis
Proposed model of dopamine dysregulation in the nigrostriatal pathway in schizophrenia
The list of 24 CMMDh genes (left), genes enriched to the top canonical signaling pathways (middle) and the network of these genes with mood disorders and the CMD-Rs (right)
NDRG1 inhibits oncogenic signaling pathways by down-regulating the ErbB family of receptors
AGEs/RAGE pathway is likely to be further activated in AD mouse brain under the condition of diabetes (black dashed line)
(A) Workflow of the reverse engineering process. A Boolean network model... (B) The resulting regulatory circuit. Solid and dashed edges are used to...
Schematic diagram of the GO and rGO nanosheets-induced effects on PC12 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.Note: Graphene nanosheets are endocytosed and activate the ERK signaling pathway to regulate the cell cycle and to induce apoptosis.Abbreviations: GO, graphene oxide; rGO, reduced graphene oxide
Schemas depicting the proposed MUC1-C-induced regulation of EZH2 expression and function in epigenetic repression
The inhibition of the UPS results in the compensatory activation of autophagy
ErbB signaling pathway was predicted to be relevant to endometriosis
The cartoon depicts the role of MYBL2 and FoxM1 in glioma progression
Synopsis of significant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of mice exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis
Synopsis of significant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mice exposed to MPTP according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis
Model of RV infection and pathogenesis: virus entry, formation of viroplasms and replication, and release of virions and viral proteins such as NSP4; this protein mobilizes intracellular calcium from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Rotavirus interactions with the host innate system: viral entry into cells and viral double strand RNA (dsRNA) induce the generation of pathogen-associated molecular pathways (PAMPs)
H3K79 methylation pathway and potential therapeutic targets
Molecular pathways of macrophage polarization
Hypothetical model about how BRAFV600 mutation in melanoma cells could affect the tumor microenvironment and response to ipilimumab and combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab
HN inhibits OS and ER stress in RPE by direct and indirect mechanisms
4'-HW exerts its anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting ROS production, TAK1/IKK/NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway and reducing the phosphorylation of NF-Œ∫B, MAPKs and PI3/Akt signaling pathways.
Depicted is the interaction of genes whose expression increased at least 3 fold at 4 h (A and B) or 10 h (C and D) after infection with S. Typhimurium (A and C) or S. Typhi (B and D).
Tg(flk1:RFP)is18/+ dysplastic retina genes associated with IPA canonical pathway mTOR signaling
All these genes in the pathway were differentially expressed at P<0.001 in 3D and are related to the process of EMT.
A number of histone modifying enzymes were increased in expression in the 3D group, and this may be reflective of chromatin remodeling during cancer progression
Proposed miRNA-dependent regulatory pathway that participate in wheat male fertility transition
Regulation of ŒîF508 CFTR stability by inhibitors to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Schematic diagram of the role of SDC-4 in the regulation of the integrin and FGF signaling pathways
Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
Schematic summarizing findings and proposed mechanism of placental lipid metabolism in obese women
Generation of ROS as a result of incident radiation affecting the mitochondrion.Notes: ROS have been shown to form oxidative DNA adducts, such as 8-OHdG, which in turn can lead to base modifications and transversions, such as GC to TA
(A) Illustration of Jasp-induced changes in cell morphology and adhesive... (B) A proposed signaling pathway of Jasp-induced ciliogenesis. Jasp-indu...
BRAFV600E contributes to Abl and Arg activation by recruiting Abl/Arg to the signaling complex where ERK (and also potentially BRAF) phosphorylate Abl/Arg
Terminal oxidation pathway for n-alkane degradation in Achromobacter sp
Schematic overview of the metabolism and material transport in Achromobacter sp
Network analysis of the gene pathways* catalogued in the Panther database, which - directly or indirectly - are connected with AD upon activation with Hp(2-20)
A general diagram of Cu‚Äêresponsive paths in the cells of filamentous fungi at the proteome level
Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, signaling, and immunological outcomes
Schematic representation of the regulation of meiosis resumption by ARPP19 in Xenopus oocytes
Reactome functional interaction network corresponding to 520 genes showing differential expression in the T0 (fasting) vs T2 (7 h after eating) comparisons
Proposed model by which CCR7 regulated NF-Œ∫B/VEGF pathway and induced angiogenesis in esophageal squamous carcinoma cells
Schematic diagram for MEK1-dependent and independent ERK activation
Model for the alternative routes of pyruvate metabolism in Carassius
Involvement of RIP1 in the Major Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling Pathways Affecting Baculovirus Transgene ExpressionAccording to the KEGG pathway database and several reports,, ,  RIP1 is upstream of TBK1 and a common mediator of the TLR-, RIG-I-, and cytosolic DNA-sensing receptor signaling pathways
In the presence of insulin/growth factor, all the growth factor binds with the receptor and activates the PI3K/AKT/SGK pathway
Under the stress of proteasome inhibition, p38 and Akt are phosphorylated and they activate Nrf2, which then dissociates from Keap1
Working model illustrating the potential impact of milk exosome-derived miRNAs on the expression of p53
Illustration of the complement activation pathway with annotations for quantified glomerular proteins in progressive versus non-progressive IgAN patients
A schematic summary of the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/STAT3 signaling pathway, highlighting its central role in regulating the expression of multiple genes and cellular functions in metastatic breast cancer cells
Potential action of the CC-motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2/CCR2 signaling pathway on melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in a weight loss model induced by a central injection of lipopolysaccharide
Proposed mechanism by which CoQ10H2 improves metabolic function and inhibits insulin resistance in KKAy mice
Noncanonical GLI1 signaling sustaining LAC growth and CSC maintenance
Possible crosstalk of intracellular signaling pathways affected by glucocorticoid exposure.Blue: Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling; red: major pathway of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling; green: major pathway of the Wnt signaling; and orange: major pathway of the hedgehog signaling
The BER pathway is essential in the nervous system
Cooperation of 20HE, IS, and TOR signaling pathways in the regulation of fly larva growth and development
Supplemental Table 2 displays the result of DAVID enrichment analysis for the genes coding for the biomarkers listed in , limited to results with false discovery rate < 0.05.
The normalized counts for each gene were correlated with the increase in calorie restriction (CR) level by Pearson correlation method
Red indicates a positive correlation with increasing CR while blue indicates a negative correlation
Model of H. pylori cag-T4SS-dependent, NF-κB-driven innate immune response in gastric epithelial cells
Interactions of two transcription factors (PPARG and PPARD) and their direct target genes that control lipid metabolism in abdominal fat of juvenile HG and LG chickens
This adipogenic gene network is centered on the up-regulated transcription factor CEBPA and interactions with several other transcription regulators (a)
a Downregulated genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway in response to the sugar-only diet
The Simple Wnt/β-catenin pathway involving CEMIP
A schematic overview of the molecular network involved in VSV oncoselectivity
Schematic overview of effects of metformin on gene expression and metabolism in human adrenal H295R cells, focused on mitochondria and steroidogenesis
CLDN6-related signaling pathways, identified using KEGG pathway searches
TGF-β signaling induced apoptosis is modulated by the UPR cascade
Schematic diagram of HOXB9 facilitating the formation of a hypertrophic scar
IRS4 interferes with BMP signal transduction and functions as a novel regulator of BMP signalling and myogenesis
A simplified scheme of chromatin changes in response to double-strand break (DSB) occurrence highlighting a central role of the ATM kinase
The CDG-I gene defects that have been associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) symptoms are located in the earliest steps of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol biosynthesis
Schematic presentation of the fusion-activated Ca2+ entry (FACE)
The apoptosis regulatory network under ER stress
Molecular hierarchical regulation of apoptosis, calcium, the UPR and autophagy by the BCL-2 family of proteins
Schematic summary of four main signaling pathways that regulate the naïve pluripotent state
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway in melanoma (modified from the BioCarta database) []
Proposed mechanism of the influence of Notch and Wnt pathways in the oncogenesis and stemness maintenance of breast cancer cells in the absence of estrogen
CD54+rASCs exhibit stronger adipogenic differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo
Activation of EGFR has been linked to the pro-survival signaling pathways, including AKT, STAT3 and RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
The scheme illustrates the proposed mechanism of Œ±-mangostin-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer
. Effect of GA on TNF-Œ± induced NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway.
Suppression of A2bR expression reduces the phosphorylation levels of P38, JNK and ERK
EGFR is a receptor protein that spans the cell membrane
. An illustration representing long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and they involved in EGFR signaling pathway in lung cancer.
Cellular molecules are represented as nodes and the biological relationship between two nodes is represented as a line
CircRNAs and the related signaling pathways in human cancers
Proposed signaling events involved in PDGF-enhanced matrix contraction
Schematic representation of TF-FVIIa-dependent PAR2-activated signaling pathway that accounts for β-catenin accumulation and expression of metastatic proteins leading to enhanced migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells
Schematic diagram of microglial responses to ischemia/reperfusion based on our in vitro and in vivo datasets
NCL expression affects cholesterol synthesis
Modulation of Wnt/FZD4 signaling pathways through the interaction of miR-204 with FZD4-miR-SNP (rs713065) variant in NSCLC cells
HFD treatment impairs miR-206 biogenesis
The role of COX-2/PGE2pathway in colitis-associated CRC
Mechanism of skin dopaminergic sensory modulation
Schematic presentation of the mechanism for shell biomineralization mediated by the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway in molluscs
The proposed working model of the neuroprotective effect of CE
HFE and classical MHC I molecules present homologous structures and are synthesized and folded within the endoplasmic reticulum
—Signatures of positive selection in the primate type 2 immune response pathway
ER stress-mediated apoptosis and inflammation in cardiovascular disease
The Chronic effect of exercise on the ER stress-associated apoptosis and inflammation
Metabolic control involved in aging and on the cardiovascular system
The figure depicts search for similar structures in chemical space
The MinePath viewer for BM20 region normal versus high Alzheimer's disease based on the CERAD classification
(A-E) Upstream regulators activated in Akita heart
Illustration describing the role of HPV E6/E7 oncogenes and HPV E6/E7 siRNA with cisplatin (CDDP) plus paclitaxel (PTX) therapy on HPV-infected cervical cancer cell fates
The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway
Proposed model of TCR-CXCR4–mediated stabilization of cytokine mRNA transcripts
The diagram of CPT inhibiting IGF‚Äê1/AKT/mTOR pathway via suppressing the ERŒ± in breast cancer
Schematic illustration of DAMP/ TLR/ inflammasome interactions
Small GTPases in endothelial barrier regulation
EGFR pathway and mechanism of action of osimertinib.Abbreviation: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TGF, transforming growth factor
Alterations to the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway and outcome prediction in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC)
Cross-talk between autophagy and other pathogenic mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (A) endop... (B) Oxida... (C) RNA m... (D) DNA d...
Potential signaling in human glioblastoma cell lines after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), irradiation and axitinib
. Actin cytoskeleton signaling is a statistically significant affected pathway in cervical cancer cells, as documented from the Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis of the differentially expressed proteins, between cervical cancer cell lines and normal cervical keratinocytes.
Pathways of activation of naïve CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell (Treg) (tTreg)
(a) Prior knowledge network (PKN) derived from public resources, includi... (b) Examples of logic rules used to convert the network to a logic model...
Effect of the Hh signaling pathway on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of SSCs in mammals
The NF-Œ∫B signalling pathway is involved in the diabetic atherosclerosis
Salvianolic acid B protects against diabetic atherosclerosis via the Nrf2 signalling pathway
Hypothetical model of NF-kB/SCD1 pathway based on [, ]
HEK293T cells has several metabolic pathways affected by vitamin D
Regulation of the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathway by Pontin/Reptin at multiple levels
Regulation of transcription factors by Pontin/Reptin
Regulation of DNA damage response and repair by Pontin/Reptin
Role of Pontin/Reptin in the EMT pathway
Simplified mTOR signaling network with interactions inferred from modeling approaches
Overview of the major mTOR signaling network
Model of the role of the Dishevelled DEP domain in Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction
BMP signalling utilises canonical Smad dependant pathways and non-canonical Smad-independent pathways
The signaling pathway changes triggered by HLJDD and its three principals
Proposed model of PBP2 inactivation-mediated L1 and L2 expression in S. maltophilia
Mechanisms of NADPH oxidase inhibition by bacterial pathogens in PMNs
The most significantly relevant pathways and highly linked molecules (identified molecules from 17 preclinical studies which to explore the potential mechanisms of TLs for pancreatic cancer) relevant to the merged bionetwork
Model. Caveolae lipid rafts are flask-shaped invaginations made up of caveolin (purple) and flotillin (blue) proteins that function by organizing signaling complexes in the plasma membrane.
Significant association of the 97 gene signature with transcription factors TP53 and HIF1Œ±
PARP inhibitors cause DNA DSB (double strand break) by via inhibition of PARP enzyme activity and PARP trapping
FLT3 kinase signaling pathway and sites blocked by FLT3 inhibitors
Downregulation of the neurotrophin-MAPK signaling pathway in DPN
. The underlying molecular mechanism through which ANOS1 participates in the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway.
Nodes are genes, and edges are either protein-protein interactions or known pathway interactions
A schematic representation of the mechanism by which 20E regulates PKCŒ¥ expression and EcRB1 phosphorylation
Complement activation pathways and allograft immunity
Relationship between the module and other cancer-related pathways
Relationship between the module and biological processes
Schematic representing the key role of IFNŒ± and LPS-activated monocyte-derived exosomes in brain endothelial stimulation
VEGF-B secreted by cardiocytes, skeletal muscle cells and brown adipose tissue cells signals in a paracrine fashion to the receptors VEGFR1 and NRP1 located on the abluminal membrane of ECs
Schematic representation of the JAK-STAT pathway
Schematic overview of the 57 meta-signature genes, their literature-based localisation and involvement in the mid-secretory phase endometrium
Model to explain how FGFR3–TACC3 contributes to oncogenesis
Schematic representation of DSB repair by NHEJ and HR
Binding of ACh to Gi/o‐protein‐coupled M2/M4AChR (the α subunit is not shown) leads to the activation of PI3Kβ via binding of the G‐protein βγ subunit
The signaling pathways involved in MSC-mediated therapeutic strategies in the eye
Notch signaling in cell-cell communication between endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)
Simplified metabolic scheme and signal transduction pathway for the role of sulfur in regulating Cd accumulation and tolerance
The differentially expressed genes associated with the cell cycle were annotated by KEGG
The schematic diagram illustrating the mechanisms of how the estrogen receptor (ER) coordinates with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to affect the cell growth in the lung adenocarcinoma
Ubiquitin signaling in both sub-pathways of nucleotide excision repair (NER), global genomic (GG-) and Transcription coupled NER (TC-NER), and double-strand break (DSB) repair
Physiology of the VHL-HIF pathway along with proposed etiopathogenesis that leads to metastatic ccRCC
(a) The homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway involves multiple steps: (1) double strand breaks (DSB) recognition by the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase; (2) the CtIP nuclease is recruited to the DSB to initiate DNA end resection; (3) the replication protein A (RPA) coats the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions and activates the ATM RAD3-related (ATR) kinase; (4) the breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) protein mediates the replacement of RPA by the RAD51 recombinase, which will catalyze the homology search and the progression of HR; (b) RB is recruited to DSB through the TopBP1-E2F1-RB complex, which recruits the BRG1 ATPase
Œ±9nAChR involved signal pathway in breast cancer
MEK inhibitors suppress ERK‐mediated HER2 Thr701 phosphorylation to enhance clathrin‐dependent HER2/EGFR dimerization and subsequent Akt activation
Schematic of the molecular mechanisms of nintedanib activity with regard to the SHP-1/p-STAT3 pathway
MYD88-mediated TLR4 signaling pathway results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Proposed mechanisms by which dietary polyphenols inhibit EMT and cancer metastasis
Signalling pathway in normal and hyperglycemia patients
Changes in hepatic gene expression associated with the PPARA signalling pathway and fatty acid metabolism between broilers (n = 6) and layers (n = 6)
Overview of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
Inhibition of apoptosis by hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection
Proposed model for the regulation of synaptic restructuring by Wnt during learning (from )
The Notch signaling cascade primarily consists of three steps
Schematic representation of the auto-immune attack to the beta-cells in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
The multi-level complexity underlying the host-pathogen interaction in bacterial lung infection
Five enriched pathways and their contributing DEGs are shown
The insulin-like growth factor 1-signaling pathway in cells
Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4) Can Engage Multiple Signalling Pathways to Regulate Distinct Physiological Outcomes
Mechanisms by which fusion genes promote kinase activation and cell survival and opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Proposed model depicting cross-talk between Gq-coupled GPCRs and CLEC-2 pathways
Proposed mechanisms underlying luminal FFA2 activation under normal conditions and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition in the duodenum
Mechanisms of action of commonly used systemic agents in treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Schematic description of EET-mediated perturbations in the Wnt1-NOV-PGC-1Œ±-HO-1 pathway in cardiac and adipose tissue of db/db mice
Mechanism of axon degeneration and sites of action of chemotherapeutic drugs
. Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin disruption and recovery processes in C57BL/6 and ICR mice.
The DrkA and other histidine sensor kinases respond to the environment signals including stress from osmotic, oxidation and heat
The first cells to arrive in the thymus are rare progenitor cells commonly referred to as ETPs, which reside in the DN (CD4-CD8-) compartment
Schematic diagram of AC6 and AC6-ŒîN signaling
CD55 regulates self-renewal and cisplatin resistance in endometrioid tumors
CCSCs possess an activated PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway
Signaling pathways that can cross talk with TNT formation
Postendocytic sorting of receptors along the endolysosomal pathway
Abbreviations: AKT, also known as protein kinase B, PKB; FOXO, Forkhead Box O; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; mTORC, mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex; NOX, NADPH Oxidase; PDK1: Phosphoinositide-Dependent Kinase-1; PIP2, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
(A) Direct inhibitory mechanisms o... (B) Indirect inhibitory mechanisms... (C) Regulation of TCR surface expr... (D) Metabolic control by PD1. Enga...
Different transcription factors like E2F1, E2F8, Sp1, FOXM1, NFŒ∫B (indicated in green) enhance while others such as YY1 along with lysine methyl transferase G9a (indicated in red) repress the expression of UHRF1 at transcription level
Cell surface HSPGs consists of a protein core linking several linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains
Metabolic pathway involving genes present for egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and famacha (FAM) traits
Regulation of autophagy signaling pathway
Nodes with red name contain top 100 genes, whose ranks are listed in the right table
Pro- and antitumoral effects of tumor-immune cell heterotypic GJICs
Formoterol, but not clenbuterol, induces MB in a Gβγ-Akt-NOS-sGC-dependent manner despite increased cAMP accumulation
Summary of changes in cell signaling pathways in mouse kidneys as a result of CypD ablation
A schematic model based on the present study for plant defense responses under salinity with or without 2,4-D application
The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in estrogen receptor- (ER-) positive breast cancer
An “integrator” role for Smad3 in the maintenance of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stemness
Potential mechanisms of steroid hormones action on the uNK cells
Proposed mechanism of HDL cardioprotection
Connectivity analysis of gene products differentially expressed by tissue type and menstrual phase
Diagram of muscle‚Äêgrowth signaling pathway and differentially expressed genes, thus summarizing the effect of thermal gradient on muscle growth
. The pathway scheme of the effects of SB on the regulation of DPP-4 as well as other differential actions in HepG2 cells, mouse mesangial cells, and HFD-induced obese mice in context-dependent manners.
Bold denotes a signaling molecule targeted by HQ in macrophages during inflammatory responses
IPA canonical pathway analysis and molecular activity of genes regulated by p53 in response to OT in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells
Differential metaMIR analysis recovers miRNAs involved in cancer
Hippo/YAP signaling pathway maintains the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis
YAP is regulated by various factors during hepatocarcinogenesis in addition to the members of the Hippo signaling pathway
Comparison of enzyme expression between Plin2-HF and WT-HF mice
Three HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) and one HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase (factor inhibiting HIF; FIH) act as oxygen (O2) sensors by regulating the hydroxylation of HIF-α, which controls the stability and transcriptional activity of the HIF system
Each gene is colored by gene expression fold change in (A) CL-STK4 (B) NL-STK4 conditions using Cytoscape
(A) Following a variety of stimuli that remain to be better delineated (... (B) Inactivation of HSF1 by overexpression of a dominant negative form (...
(A) The pathway illustration of neutrophil degranulation which was the t... (B) The protein-protein interactions between the nine differentially exp...
Hyperactivation of mTORC1 induced by loss of TSC1/TSC2 complex results in feedback inhibition of AKT signaling through downregulation of FOXO3a/PDGFR…ë cascade, which contributes to the benign nature of TSC-associated tumors
The p38 pathway is activated in response to growth factors (VEGF), cytokines (TNFŒ±) and stress (oxidative stress)
In unstimulated quiescent endothelial cells, p38/p-T199NPM/PP2a form a complex that is quickly dissociated in response to oxidative stress (ROS)
The actin remodeling following the binding of VEGF to VEGFR-2 requires a cooperative interaction between VEGFR-2 and integrins, especially integrin Œ±vβ3
Adhesion of colon cancer cells to endothelial cells expressing E-selectin induces a reverse signaling in the cancer cells that increases their motile potential, and a forward signaling in the endothelial cells that increases inter-endothelial permeability and enables extravasation
Schematic illustration of the tanycyte effects on TRH release in the ME
Activation of WNT signaling by CHIR is crucial for differentiation
Molecular mechanism underlying cardiovascular diseases associated with the changing of intracellular Ca2+ through TRPCs
Changes in Adipose Tissue During Weight Gain
EGFR cell signaling and lncRNAs relationship in lung cancer therapy resistance
A model for a crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway in the context of pemphigus
A model of 5-HT biosynthesis and metabolism in peripheral tissues
Mechanisms of 5-HT2A receptor antagonist contributing to DM-induced cardiovascular complications
Schematic drawing of the efferent signaling pathway of the inflammatory reflex in the context of the cholinergic system in immune cells
Potential mechanisms of electromagnetic field regulation on neural stem cells
The 5-LO pathway: biosynthesis, signaling, and effect on cardiovascular system
The pro-synaptogenesis pathway is shown in green while the anti-synaptogenesis one is shown in red
In normoxic conditions, HIF-1/2α are first modified by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) for protein hydroxylation, and removed via the VHL associated proteasomal degradation pathway
Our previous report established that IL-8 promotes HNSCC progression along CXCR1/2-mediated NOD1/RIP2 signaling pathway
MicroRNAs (inculding let-7c, miR-27a, 124,145, 146a, 155, 181a, 124, 222 and 233) could contribute to the M2 macrophage polarization
(A) PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Binding... (B) ERK/MAPK pathway: Extracellula... (C) PERK pathway: Under conditions... (D) Wnt/β-catenin pathway: In the...
A. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activates signaling pathways that mediate, gene expression, protein and lipid synthesis, growth of cellular biomass and survival after cytotoxic therapy [].
Glucose provides cancer cells with substrates not only for energy production but also for biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and fats
Inhibition of mitochondria OxPhos complex I by metformin creates in cancer cells a metabolic stress characterized by increased levels of AMP/ADP and potential generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
PI3K is activated upon binding of an extracellular ligand to RTK, GPCR or Ras
Activation of this pathway increases ECM content via downregulating MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression and upregulating Sox9 expression, inhibits apoptosis by activating mTOR and attenuating caspase-3 activity, and promotes cell proliferation by upregulating cyclin D1 expression
The signaling pathways that are activated by TMEM16A in cancer
Influence of PM10 exposure on coagulation
An overview of roles of miRNAs as a regulator of DDR in response to radiation in cancers
Natural products regulate the blood‚Äìbrain barrier microenvironment by (1) downregulating MMPs; (2) inhibiting P-gp; (3) reducing NO and ROS production; (4) promoting endocytosis; (5) downregulating the WNT pathway; and (6) regulating the PI3K/Akt/BDNF/TRKB-ERK/NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
ER stress leads to activation of the UPR pathway and apoptotic caspase cascade
Upon infection, viral ssRNAs are recognized by TLR7 to trigger signaling events
The signaling pathways involved in GBM-induced apoptosis
The interrelationships between programmed cell death
Regulation and interaction network model of 17 cytokines
Melanoma (Skin) tumorigenesis pathway, collected from KEGG
Autocrine ATP signaling pathway controls astrocyte glutamate release and neuronal activity
Different hypotheses for depression converge together and are interconnected
Caspases in extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis
Caspases control the cGAS-STING signaling pathway
Caspases regulate RLR and TLR antiviral signaling
Selected microRNA-target (cell cycle pathways) interaction data
Two strategies for photoactivation of cell signaling pathways
Hypertonicity boosts cytotoxicity of SMAC mimetics
The red or green coloring represents down- or up-regulation, respectively, whereas no color indicates the molecule was added from the Ingenuity Knowledge Base (Ingenuity Pathway, Ingenuity Systems, Inc., Redwood City, CA).
Transcriptional regulation of glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism
Schematic diagram illustrating the molecular mechanisms for ATP release and hydrolysis, and ATP-induced Ca2+signalling in MSC
Interactions between DNA tumour viruses and the DNA damage response
Activation of NF-Œ∫B and IL6/STAT3 signalling pathways in NPC cells by multiple EBV-encoded latent gene products
Ommatidia architecture and the mechanisms of TGFβ pathway signaling
Schematic of chlamydial iron acquisition
Intermediates of the amidated and deamidated routes are depicted in yellow and green, respectively
Schematic representation of the SMC1 participating in DNA damage repair signaling pathway
Endocannabinoid‐mediated long‐term depression of inhibitory transmission (iLTD) in GABAergic pre‐synaptic terminal induced by endogenous brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)‐TrkB signaling during the critical period
Proposed model by which mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) derived soluble PD‚Äê1 ligands modulate the activation status and effector function of CD4+ T cells
Simplified schematic of different metabolites and processes in the brain that can be interrogated using 1H MRS, 31P MRS, 13C MRS, and DNP 13C MRS
The kinase activation of KIT or PDGFRA stimulates downstream signaling pathways, including the MAPK pathway, the PI3K-AKT pathway and the STAT3 pathway
(Left) In the absence of Wnt ligands, the Wnt signaling is suppressed
AC gene mutations involve area composita and desmosome proteins (asterisks) and lead to abnormalities in intercalated disc (ID) consisting of cell adhesion defects, gap junction and ion channel remodelling
Gene activation, repression and cross-talk with other key self-renewal pathways (A) Activation of the Hh pathway... (B) The cross-talk between renew...
(A) The non-canonical activation of GLI-1/2 through Rack1 kinase has rec... (B) Through the canonic activation mechanism of the Hh pathway, diverse...
SMO-antagonist compound AZD8542 negatively controls Hh pathway activation, promoting the genetic expression and/or activation of GLI-1
Cytokine stimulation activates the Jak-Stat pathway, leading to the induction of CIS, SOCS1 and SOCS3
Here, we summarize key signaling mediators and receptors in common and distinct pathways
Schematic representation of natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor signaling
Mechanisms used by Toxoplasma gondii, type I strain, to modulate mainly immune system at its favor
Alternative pathways of gluconate-6P formation by dissimilation of glucose in Burkholderia
The mechanisms of Ang II-induced AT1R-dependent regulation on BK channels
(A) Schematic diagram of SUMO pathway. Post-translational modification o... (B) Schematic representation of the relevance of SENP3 in regulating BTB...
Activated CD147 might increase tumor invasion by inducing the release of MMPs and uPA in the surrounding stromal cells
Biosynthetic pathway of NAD+ production starting from Na
Model of the calcineurin–NFAT signaling pathway and the potential role of CEFIP
Schematic representation of the proposed therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of PKM targeting therapy in cancer cells in the background of the cellular status of the LKB1-AMPK pathway
EML4–ALK pathways and the mechanism of resistance to crizotinib.Notes
Pentagons indicate whether a given component of the pathway was upregulated (upward arrow) or downregulated (downward arrow) in FCs from the BL and NC groups
During severe dengue infection (SDI), levels of soluble VEGFR2, TGF-β, IL-7, and RANTES are suppressed, whereas levels of IL-8, IL-18, and IL-10 increase significantly
The binding of ligand CXCL12 with CXCR4, a G-protein coupled recepetor, is involved in the activation of signaling protein PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1)
Graphic representation of pathways for furanodiene-induced cell apoptosis and for doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cells outcomes
A schematic diagram summarizing factors influencing the signaling efficacy of the TLR2/1-VDR pathway in response to TLR2/1 elicitation
Schematic overview of MYC-mediated metabolic pathways
Regulation of intrinsic cancer metabolism by obesity-associated growth factors
Differentially expressed genes enriched in the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction signaling pathway
GPR and HDAC co-regulation network related to epithelium growth
GPR and HDAC co-regulation network related to epithelium metabolism
Connection among hub genes predicted on KEGG pathways
Crosstalk between the genes (in blue) obtained from the systematic review of LR and their biological functions in the dopaminergic neurons
Multiple kinases-phosphatases mediated progressive Smo phosphorylations interpret morphogenic Hh signals in signal-receiving cells
AMIGO3 and LINGO-1 signaling in neurons.Both AMIGO3 and LINGO-1 are able to form a complex with NgR1 and P75/TROY (Mi et al., 2004; Ahmed et al., 2013)
Potential mechanisms of action for LINGO-1 and speculative AMIGO3 signaling in oligodendroglia
We identified a novel signaling cascade comprising sequential P. gingivalis LPS stimulation → ANGPTL2 induction → integrin α5β1 → inflammatory cytokine induction, which results in potent periodontal disorganization activity in gingival epithelial cells.
Model for Rep-MYB-mediated repression of G2/M-specific genes under DNA stress conditions
Schematic illustration of the Shh, TGF-β/BMP, and Wnt morphogenic signaling pathways
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a major transcriptional regulator whose levels increase in hypoxia, leading to flipping the “angiogenic switch” on
Cross-talk between adipocytes, macrophages, and cancer cells modulating the tumor microenvironment
Overexpression of LEFTY by TGF-β1/Smad signaling and/or other factors either activates the p53/p21waf1pathway or induces p27kip1 expression, resulting in decreased cell proliferation
. Molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of aplysin in regulating human breast cancer growth.
. A schematic diagram of the pathways by which PP inhibits cell growth in triple-negative breast cancer.
Significantly differentiated expressed genes that were identified by KEGG as involved in the “Phototransduction – fly” signaling pathway in NBSE vs
Crosstalk between IGF-1R and other RTKs/steroid hormone receptors
Molecular events occurring in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) following locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) loss and autophagy impairment
The signalling pathway of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signalling pathway
Frequent genetic alterations of PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway in HNSCC
Proposed signaling pathway for prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor-mediated ATP release from erythrocytes
LPS-induced abortion by regulating strong cellular network
A model for the regulation and signaling crosstalk of the Hippo pathway
Schematic diagrams of the pathway models involved in the early and late phases of ERK and AKT activation by orbital shaking
Cross-talk between the signal transduction pathways involved in mechanical stimulation and diacerein treatment of chondrocytes
Rickettsia species synthesize cell envelope glycoconjugates from imported host sugars and fuel the TCA cycle with a range of host-acquired metabolites
Rickettsia species synthesize fatty acids and glycerophospholipids from host precursors
Crosslinks between integrin and wnt signalling
Novel aspects of tumor biology and translational approaches using zebrafish models
Predicted TGF-β signaling pathway underlying hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)
Working model for sensing of glucose availability by AMPK and its potential interactions with the mTORC1 signalling pathway at the lysosome
. Schematic diagram of signaling pathways involved in c-fos expression in cells under hypergravity.
The first interacting neighbors of (A) MAPK8IP1 and (B) SH3GLB1 extracted from Autophagy Regulatory Network
Overexpression of stathmin increased the number of cellular adhesion molecules and the level cytokeratin 17 of intermediate filaments, promoting cell invasion and migration via the FN/integrinŒ±5β1/FAK signaling pathway
Tumor cells maintain high-throughput glycolysis flux via variable mechanisms
Therapeutic targeting of the ribotoxic stress response (RSR) during Shiga toxicity
The Greatwall–Endosulfine–PP2A-B55 pathway connects TORC1 with the stability of the Cdk1 inhibitor Sic1 in budding yeast
The Greatwall–Endosulfine–PP2A-B55 pathway connects TORC1 with the activity of the SBF repressor Whi5
Various mechanisms by which alcohol may affect carcinogenesis
Signaling events downstream of IL7R (depicted in purple) and the pre-BCR (depicted in black and red) involved in the regulation of RAG1/2 expression and Ig light chain recombination
Molecular mechanism of Phases 1 and 2 SHM, involving MMR and BER proteins
Illustration showing presumed mechanisms mediating SAHA-induced autophagy and its regulation by p53
Illustration showing presumed mechanisms mediating SAHA-induced autophagy and its regulation in the absence of p53
The role of PALB2 in the DNA damage repair
CdtB induced double strand breaks and activation of the ataxia-teleangiectasia mutated (ATM) signalling network
Once residing at the plasma membrane, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) forms a complex with Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2) and lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPA2), which couples the LPA2-mediated signaling with CFTR channel activity in a compartmentalized manner
Oncosuppressive mechanisms mediated by melatonin
Interplay between G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) signaling regulated by melatonin and GPCR signaling regulating YAP/TAZ
Interplay between melatonin, YAP/TAZ, and metabolic pathways
Interplay between melatonin signaling, cell contact-cell polarity complexes, mechanotransduction, and YAP/TAZ
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system
Glycans and insulin/IGF system in cancer: an integrated mechanism
Carotenoids metabolic pathway in tepals of Chinese narcissus and gene expression changes during tepal pigmentation process
Proposed modification strategies of flavonoids, carotenoids and chlorophyll metabolic pathways in tepals of Chinese narcissus to acquire functional color pigments
HSP27 mediated suppression of apoptosis promotes tumorigenesis
The HSP40 family member, DNAJB6a (MRJ), prevents tumor formation through inhibition of the Wnt pathway
hCG signaling and effects on leiomyomal cells
Potential mechanisms of hCG action on leiomyomal cells
Molecular basis of VDRA beneficiary action through the nephrin signalling pathway
The gray proteins were not evaluated in array
Our data suggests a model whereby PI3K/AKT signaling might control ABI3 phosphorylation at S342
Estrogen increases Pak4 expression and activation via PI3K/AKT pathway, the increased and activated Pak4 in turn enhances ERŒ± transcriptional activity and cyclin D1 expression, which facilitates EC cell proliferation
(A) Stimuli such as insulin and IGF-1 activate... (B) Unphosphorylated PRAS40 and TSC2 repress mT... (C) Under certain conditions, phosphorylated PR...
Hypoxia activates STAT3 in both tumor cells and ECs
UCA1 activated AKT/mTOR pathway and related to non-T790M mutation
Model illustrating a proposed mechanism by which p38 MAPK signaling influences the response of cells to mechanical stress
Transcription of the HXT2 gene is repressed by the Rgt1/Ssn6-Tup1 complex in the absence of glucose and under non-fermentable growth conditions (A)
Schematic illustration of the interaction of AhRR with the canonical and non-canonical AhR pathways
Schematic of BACE1-dependent NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway involving in the pathogenies of schizophrenia
Differentially expressed genes upon congenital neonatal human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection form distinct subnetworks
Upregulated genes involved in cell cycle regulated processes at 7 days after a single dose of 2 Gy X-rays
Upregulated genes involved in apoptosis signaling at 1 day after a single dose of 2 Gy Fe ions
Activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway leading to a smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype
Network based on a restricted number of genes after selection of topological parameters
The hexokinases link DJ-1 to the PINK1/parkin pathway
Schematic diagram showing protective signaling of EPF in livers of HFD-fed mice
Interactions among the MAPK, NF-Œ∫B, and Nrf2 signaling pathways contribute to the progression of HFC diet-induced NASH in the context of hypertension
A schematic picture showing the neuroprotective effects of LBP through inhibiting the NR2B signaling pathway and activating the NR2A signaling pathway against ischemic/hypoxia injury
Model of self‚Äêsustaining cancer cells in 3D
Non-apoptotic signaling pathway induced by CD95
A schematic illustration of the alterations of dendritic cells (DCs) in sepsis
Leukocyte extravasation signaling pathway altered by a high-fat-diet, Taeumjowitang, and green tea in the epididymal white adipose tissue
Elliptic nodes represent proteins and rectangular nodes represent inputs or microRNA
Interferogenic, profibrotic and inflammatory genes and their impact on the phenotype of fibroblast toward fibrosis pathways of autoimmune CHB
The genes identified from the enrichment analysis were significantly associated with OSA comorbidities
Model of signalling disruptions in Depdc5 FS/FS mice
The role of CL in mitochondrial protein translocation and morphology
CL deficiency causes an increase in mitochondrial ROS
Epigenetic mechanisms currently associated with aortic VICs
Proximal tubule (PT) calcium (Ca 2+) reabsorption
Proximal tubule (PT) phosphate reabsorption
Potential synthesis and degradation pathways of NADA, including its targets
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and TGF-β signaling pathway with changes between adult facial fibroblasts and neonate fibroblasts denoted by color code
Interaction diagram of miR-7-5p, TFF3 and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway when miR-7-5p regulates the proliferation and migration of LS174T cells
Signal transduction by flagellin in mammalian cells
The regulatory roles of differentially expressed genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway (a, map04010) and pathways in cancer (b, map05200)
The focus molecules are indicated in bold
Gene networks with the genes in core from GSEA analysis
Schematic representation of the proposed IR signal diversification by ligand-induced crosstalk with molecular partners
Intracellular and Extracellular mode of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways: signalling heterogeneity in TLR pathways arises from the differential recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by different TLRs
The proposed model of the cell autophagy induced by SAHA and TRAIL DR5-CTSB in breast cancer cell lines
Multiple modes of AOAA’s action in cancer cells
Dopaminergic pathway genes and serotonergic pathway genes
Context-dependent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling outputs arise from pathway interactions
Subcellular localization of NMNAT enzymes underpins the first layer of compartmentalized supply of β-NAD+
Systemic or local (paracrine or autocrine) IL-5 effects and indirectly through a putative up-regulation effect on IL-5RA signal pathway facilitation its intracellular signaling in F/P(+) cells
A20 functions as a molecular mediator in tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1)–mediated cell survival/death signaling
Predicted target genes of miRNA-34a in renal cell carcinoma pathway [KEGG hsa05211]
A schematic diagram of an IL-33 signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the molecular mechanism of AA action upon cardiac hypertrophy-associated fibrosis
Osmolyte metabolic pathways reconstructed based on the de novo assembly and annotation of D
Elevated expression of Par3 promotes PCa metastasis via Hippo pathway inactivation
A model for the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair: Crosstalk between the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway, translesion synthesis (TLS) and homologous recombination (HR)
Lut alleviates I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis by up-regulating AKT, increasing BCL-2 protein and decreasing BAX protein
In HF, SERCA2a is a vital target regulated by Lut for effective cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation
This sub-network focuses on the module characterized by a series of receptors and enzymes regulating Calcium/cAMP homeostasis and involved in the non-canonical Ca+2/WNT signaling pathway
This sub-network focuses on the module characterized by a series Serine/Threonine kinases involved in the MAPK-JNK signaling pathway
Cyclic modules for conversion of glucose and other carbon source
Modules for chemical production from pyruvate and acetyl CoA
Modules for cofactor balancing and phosphorylation
The apoptotic molecular signaling pathway
Proposed working model: POPX2 regulates the TAK1-IKK-NF-Œ∫B pathway during DNA-damage-induced apoptosis
Mongersen, tofacitinib, filgotinib: mechanisms of action
A. DEGs involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE); B. DEGs involved in clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE).
Different endothelial responses to different patterns of flow
The Regulated Proteolytic Processing of Human β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and the Resulting Cleavage Fragments
Summary of the study results with pathway
Agents with potential synergistic activity with midostaurin in AML
Schematic overview of initial glucose metabolism in yeast and its connection to activation of the Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway
Chlorophyll metabolic pathway in drought-stress grapevine leaves
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging pathway in plants
Schematic diagram showing the observed changes induced by HCV in endoglin-associated cell signaling pathways
Simplified scheme of liver architecture and Wnt/ β-catenin signalling
Schematic representation of the mathematical model
Schematic illustration of TGFβ superfamily signaling and its involvement in decidualization
“Ingenuity pathway analysis” identified this route as the most altered pathway of the analysis
. PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3‚Ä≤ -kinase) -Akt signaling pathway base on the latest KEGG database.
The MYC pathway is activated in a patient with HNSCC by analysis of the cell lysate
This schema illustrates the regulation and expression of S100A4 in cells
Cell signaling pathway scheme of metabolic alterations due to Zika virus infection
Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells under hypoxia
Cancer cells overexpressing HCaRG show a more differentiated phenotype with lower cell proliferation than Neo-controls
As a GAP, RGS19 terminates the action of active GTP-bound GŒ±i, relieves the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) that produce cAMP
(A) Pro-oncogenic signaling of CD44, NNAT, the... (B) Proposed metformin anti-tumorigenic activit... (C) Restoration of miR-708-5p (exogenous source...
Androgen receptor (AR) activation induces PLZF expression, while PLZF acts as a negative feedback regulator of AR
OS vs. PS log fold-change (LFC) data projected onto the custom pathway consisting of genes and mechanisms exhibiting differential response between OS vs. PS.
(A) Higher-resolution version of  with gene tar... (B) Higher-resolution version of  with gene tar... (C) Longest paths in TF-to-gene networks. Pathw...
FIP-1 plays a role in cell signalling through its involvement in intracellular trafficking of macromolecules
NAFLD related lipotoxicity, IR and inflammation
a Indirect ablative damage triggers apoptotic cell death and does not induce co-stimulator expression on DCs
Agents that affect the Hippo pathway (Nat Rev Cancer
cGMP, phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), sildenafil, and melanoma growth
The CTL domain of MjCC-CL recognizes different bacteria, and the CCD of MjCC-CL interacts with the ILR domain of the Dome receptor
Illustration of the cooperative regulation of a miRNA module that contains four miRNAs: miR-18a-3p, -320a, -193b-3p, and -92b-3p (pink diamonds)
The KEGG pathway “FOXO signaling pathway” is regulated by let-7 miRNA
Overview of WNT signaling pathway activation
Overall survival mechanism used by the Apicomplexan parasites in different host cells
One marker is not enough for designate one cell as cancer stem cell
Direct and indirect targeting of the B cell receptor signaling pathway
A. Schematic representation of the non-selective autophagy pathway.
Domain structure of Sina/Siah and its regulation in Drosophila and mammals
Schematic representation of Notch1 signaling pathway in adult rat brain
(A) The co-expressing network of differentially... (B) Cell cycle pathway annotated with the co-ex... (C) The co-expressing genes of three lncRNAs. l...
Identification of differentially regulated genes within the cellular assembly and organization, cellular function and maintenance and cell death and survival network
Current view of the mechanisms responsible for activation and modulation of the reproductive axis in birds and mammals
Schematic models for D2R signaling in mPFC SC-projecting projecting L5 pyramidal neurons
The JAK-STAT signaling KEGG pathway shows the known interactions within the JAK-STAT signaling cascade
Mining genetic information from abstracts cited within PubMed, our method generated a consensus network using large numbers of Bayesian networks representing potential genetic interactions within the JAK-STAT signaling (blue nodes) and Cardiac Muscle Contraction (orange nodes) KEGG pathways
Schematic representation of FLO-induced cytotoxicity in L cells
Canonical Wnt signaling and bone remodeling
TGF-β1 signaling pathways and collagen homeostasis
Overview of metabolic characteristics of P
Gene regulatory network (GRN) inferred for members from the NF-Œ∫B pathway
Gene regulatory network (GRN) inferred for members from the TP53 pathway
TLR4 signaling in response to ligand binding, either directly to the TLR or through cooperative interactions with various coreceptors, mobilizes two major core parallel pathways, resulting in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and the p38/JNK MAP kinases via the upstream intermediate MyD88
Showing a putative Th17/Treg/Th1/Th2 regulatory axis
Energy depletion caused by electro transport chain complexes I and IV defects in MELAS syndrome activates the AMPK/PGC-1Œ±/Sirt3 signaling pathway, which turns on the catabolic pathway and switches off anabolic metabolism, whereas Complex I deficiency and NAD+/NADH imbalance reduces efficiency of fatty acid oxidation
(Panel A) ER stress signaling pathway. Blue denotes differentially expressed... B) Autophagy pathway. Blue denotes differentially expressed genes in...
Immune inhibitory receptors and their ligands are paired as shown
GPCR pathway activates or inhibits the YAP; Estrogen pathway inhibits YAP and YAP activates Estrogen pathway; PI3K/AKT pathway activates YAP and YAP also activates PIK/AKT pathway; Notch pathway activates YAP and YAP also activates PIK/AKT pathway; Shh pathway activates YAP and YAP also activates shh pathway; Wnt pathway activates YAP and YAP activates or inhibits Wnt pathway; YAP activates or inhibits TGF-beta pathway; EGFR pathway activates YAP and YAP also activates EGFR pathway; mTOR pathway activates or inhibits YAP and YAP activates mTOR pathway; IL-6R pathway activates YAP; MAPK pathway activates or inhibits YAP and YAP activates MAPK pathway
Simplified scheme of innate immune recognition mediated by PRRs
Differentially expressed genes involved in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and the putrescine biosynthetic pathway
Systematic model showing the operational hierarchy of signaling pathways in wheat leaf cells that counter the effects of drought stress
The co-expression network between DEGs and DELs in HCC
A Schematic diagram of adiponectin-mediated thermogenic regulation in brown and “beige” adipocytes
Schematic representations of melatonin-dependent regulation of βAPP processing secretases and its possible underlying mechanisms
The cyclin D–CDK4/6–INK4–Rb pathway and cell cycle control
ER and cyclin D–CDK4/6–INK4–Rb pathway cross-talk co-activator; E2F, E2 transcription factor; ER, estrogen receptor; GATA3, GATA-binding protein 3; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin;  P, phosphorylation; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; pS167, phosphorylated serine-167; TFs, transcription factors; Rb, retinoblastoma; S6K, S6 kinase
Activation of this pathway leads to proliferation and survival of cells
Possible actions of these compounds are shown as numbered red crosses in the figure
(A) among other client proteins st... (B) degradation of STK33 following... (C) ectopic STK33 partially restor... (D) high expression of STK33 is as...
. Signaling pathway associated with chromosomal instability.
A schematic diagram showing c-Myc phosphorylation and degradation in normal vs
Network analysis of CD47-dependent gene expression in primary lung endothelial cells
Resistance to BRAF inhibitors can occur through stromal extracellular signals (blue) leading to ERK reactivation upstream of MEK (orange) or to enhanced survival signaling(green)
Resveratrol has multiple biological functions that are relevant for AD
Model of metabolic processes upregulated in aerial and in root cells
(A) Activation of Wnt and IGF-1 signaling pathways without the presence... (B) GPC3 activates β-catenin [], ERK, AKT [], and c-Myc [] through cell-...
GDF11 activates Smad and non-Smad signals to affect gene expression
Increasing ERβ protein expression and nuclear translocation could be important for activation of the ERβ pathway
Modulations of adaptable responsive genes in acclimation
Proposed pathway for Gβγ-induced TE retraction
(A) The antigen presentation pathway was downregulated in the GF mice. E... (B) The concordant[T,P] network of biological pathways formed two indepe...
Intraset concordancy and transcriptome-proteome discordancy of gene products related to protein translation, OxP, and chaperone proteins
Genes affected concordantly within the ileum and meta-analysis data sets formed biofunctional clusters of overlapping pathways
This schematic diagram depicts the signaling pathways that possibly drive BAVM pathology
Proximal components of the TNF signaling pathway
Interplay in the synthesis and actions of the 2-acylglycerols and ethanolamides derived from ARA, DHA and EPA
Overview of the regulation of the intrinsic pathway to apoptosis by B‐cell‐lymphoma‐2 (BCL2) family members
6-Bromoisatin in D. orbita hypobranchial gland (HGB) extracts prevent acute lung damage caused by inflammatory neutrophils by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway and effects of mTOR-inhibitors
Schematic overview of gene expression within a DR1 cell in the presence of TRI
Biosynthetic pathways for BLFL production
Proposed scheme for the role of BMSCs in modulation of p53-miRNA interaction in association with stroma-induced drug resistance in MM
The relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling
HCMV-encoded antagonists of the NFŒ∫B signalling pathway
HCMV-encoded agonists of the NFŒ∫B signaling pathway
Representative simplified scheme summarizing the main findings discussed
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell-mediated immune surveillance of blood cancer and counteractive evasion strategies utilized by blood cancer cells
Metabolic route of œâ-6- and œâ-3-derived lipid mediators
Dexamethasone (Dex) and monphosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) treatment leads to changes in the expression of genes involved in biological processes associated with immune response regulation
Schematic of crosstalk of KDG molecular and network pathways
Schematic diagram of the JNK signaling pathway
A model describing the copper transport system and its association with AD
Scheme of magnesium and calcium transporters and their interaction in the AD brain
Mycobacterium tuberculosis interferes with phagosome maturation
Suggested mechanism of EtSCT action in CCl4-induced hepatic injury
Diagram of the Hippo pathway in mesothelioma cells
Crosstalk between cancer and cancer stem cell-related pathways
Proposed apoptosis signaling pathways induced by PTZ in A2780 ovarian cancer cells, based on the findings in the RT2 Profiler PCR array (apoptosis pathway).Notes: Note that the compound induced both intrinsic (mitochondria-dependent) and extrinsic (cell death receptor-dependent) apoptosis pathways, with the generation of oxidative damage in the former pathway
Dysregulation of KRAS signaling pathway in PDAC tumors compared with that in the paired adjacent non-malignant tissues
A simplified signaling pathway network where Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Hedgehog pathways, along with critical transcription factors including Bmi-1, c-myc, Slug and Sox9, interact with one another and contribute to the maintenance of MaSC state
Schematic of CS synthesis [adapted from Laboratories K
Zinc deficiency in prostate cancer cells promotes cell survival via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway
ZIP-mediated signaling pathways promote cell proliferation and metastasis in luminal and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells
NF-Œ∫B in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome
Schematic presentation of suggested pathways of PTEN involvement in neuronal survival
General overview of the process of cell death in SMA
The Replication Stress Response in Mammals and Trypanosomatids
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling pathway is altered following RVFV infection
Proposed mechanisms involved in in vitro anticancer activity of surfactin
The type I interferon pathway gene network predicted by IPA analysis
Quiescent and/or self-renewing stem cells display low levels of ROS due to their basal metabolism associated to an efficient antioxidant machinery
(1) Drug efflux is increased by the overexpression of ABC transporters during chemotherapy
Possible targets include: use of WNT antagonists, reduced WNT ligand secretion, increased degradation of WNT and inhibition of CDK4/6 Canonical (left) and non-canonical (right) WNT signaling are shown
ErbB signaling pathway and its circRNA-related genes
An overview of signaling cascades involved in PLK1-induced EMT
Major signaling pathways in chemoresistance and PDK1 implication
Summary of intracellular TLR4 signalling pathways in nucleated cells
Summary of intracellular TLR4 signalling in platelets
B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-BCR crosstalk in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells
Overview of the metabolism and transport in endophytic bacterium SA187
Signal transduction pathway of the BCR-ABL fusion gene and Imatinib action
Working Figure of the Angiogenesis Pathway Genes
PERK-mediated regulation of the mTOR-PI3K-Akt pathway
Schematic diagram of how arecoline affects glycolysis and the signaling pathway of anoikis in HA22T/VGH cells
Involvement of lncRNAs in the “adenoma-carcinoma sequence”, multi-step model of CRC pathogenesis
PolyI:C induces tumor necroptosis via the TLR3 -TICAM1 pathway
The metabolic reprogramming associated with immune cell activation engages the mevalonate pathway
Inflammatory and immune responses to mevalonate pathway dysregulation
The location of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism and mechanism
A regulatory model of ATX expression in adipose tissue and the biological functions of adipocyte-derived ATX in diet-induced obesity
Prolonged mechanical loading beyond physiological levels on tenocytes, increases the expression of IL-1β and CCL2
Proposed model of the role of the PMCA1 protein in regulating insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation
Hijacking of cellular signaling cascades blocks the bactericidal activities of phagocytes
The CyaA toxin of B.pertussis inhibits the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDC)
Ricin-induced activation of cell signaling pathways and downstream formation of damage mediators
Schematic diagram showing the signalling pathway activated by AGE treatment in cardiomyocytes
Schematic diagram showing the EBV-related pathogenic factors that contributes to cancer pathogenesis via exosomal pathway
The MCSs at ER/PM junctions are tethered by E‐Syt1 and E‐Syt2 and Ist2/ANO, with E‐Syt1 affecting STIM1‐Orai1 complex localization and E‐Syt2 may control plasma membrane PI(4)P levels through the PI(4) phosphatase Sac‐1 to determine PI(4,5)P2 levels of the PI(4,5)P2‐rich domain at the ER/PM junctions
Summary of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway and mutations causing connective tissue disorders
Summary of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF) signaling pathway and mutations causing connective tissue and skeletal disorders
Roles of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in bone homeostasis
Schematic model of possible signalling events involved in the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression by LTBP-2
Thrombin cleaves the amino-terminal domain of PAR1 and triggers intracellular signaling
Schematic representation of heat-responsive proteins involved in signal transduction pathway
Biochemical and molecular biological scheme of selenium action (adapted from [,])—(A) Involvement of selenoprotein genes in the antioxidant metabolic pathway with modification of the selenium effect on the risk of carcinogenic process; (B) Spontaneous methylation of selenide to methylselenol
Schematic representation of the impact of EGFR-ERK pathway on the type I interferon response in human keratinocytes
Activation of growth factor receptor by ligand (for example, IIS) activates a signaling cascade involving tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and downstream signaling factors
This pathway centres on the ZEB1-dependent synthesis, storage and use of long-chain PUFAs, which are susceptible to becoming reactive lipid peroxides through the action of lipoxygenase enzymes
Schematic – activation of SIRT1/AMPK pathway by metoprolol is required to inhibit AF induced by chronic OSA
Schematic model of the AGEs-Cyr61-VEGF pathway observed in this study
HPVs infect host epithelial cells through TLRs
Pathway analysis of proteins in higher abundance in TIS EVs
The pink (left) and blue (right) background indicate the two clusters of disease obtained by spot-similarity analysis
TLRs and some NLRs, in particular, NOD1 and NOD2, activate nuclear factor (NF)-kB by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in a mammalian system
Non-canonical activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway
Regulation of thyroid cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal by the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway
Natural anti-CCR5 antibodies (Abs) to ECL1 triggers a Class B CCR5 trafficking pathway in T cells
Schematic illustration of biphasic concentration-dependent regulation of Cav-1 gene expression and GSK-3β activity by fluoxetine in astrocytes
Schematic representations of potential mechanisms of PEBP1 in enhancing inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis after I/R injury
Effects of anticancer drugs that induce oxidative stress on endothelial cells
Mitochondrial disorders in septic cardiomyopathy
Recognition of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by innate immune system
A schematic representation of pathways summary showing identified kinases in BTV infected cells
Differentially expressed genes induced in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease canonical pathway
Outside-in signaling through class I PI3Ks
Schematic diagram for the functional mechanism of Aster glehni extract
Conjugated bile acids (CBA) or S1P activate S1PR2, which then activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) followed by ERK1/2 and AKT activation (phosphorylation)
S1PR2 activation by conjugated bile acids activates the ERK 1/2 and AKT signaling pathways and expression of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) in the nuclei of liver hepatocytes
Schematic summary of baicalin-driven regulation of autophagy and inflammation during Mtb infection
iCOS pathway associated with HIV-1 TAR target genesiCOS signaling in T helper cells
Model of the breast tumor vs mammary gland serial-omics experiment
Extracellular CIRP can trigger multiple effects in cells via TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway
(A) lncRNA-gene-PPAR signaling pathway network. (B) lncRNA-gene-fat cell differentiation network. (C) lncRNA-gene-fatty acid metabolism process n...
Based on our present study and previous reports, we conclude that CRNDE promotes glioma progression by competitively binding miR-136-5p and inhibiting the post-transcriptional repression of Bcl-2 and Wnt2 mediated by this miRNA
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) comparisons of the quantified readouts from
Summary of studies and new suggested working model of the Q pathway to pMF
Schematic representation of sirtuin roles in Hedgehog, Wnt/β‐catenin, and Notch stem cell signaling pathways
(a) Response to oxidative stress pathway controlled by KEAP1/NFE2L2 interactions and antioxidant response elements triggered by NFE2L2 (figure adapted from [, ]); (b) response to a broader cellular stress caused by oxidative stress (figure adapted from [, ])
Representative signalling pathway of human TLRs in the cell membrane (TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR10) and endosome (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9)
Scheme of the sandwich assay for electronic detection of nucleic acids
Network of miR-93 and miR-21 with putative target genes of important signaling pathways from KEGG enrichment analysis
The 10-miRNA-score predicts defects in the HR pathway in ovarian cancer
Scheme summarizing the protective effect of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the underlying mechanisms
Schematic illustration of osteoblastic differentiation-related molecular mechanism under combined cytokine treatment
Adding KA causes mycelia to respond to injury faster by increasing the content of eATP ()
Contribution of BBB breakdown and dysregulated BBB transport to AD pathophysiology based on findings in animal models, as shown in  and
Modulation of the PI3K / Akt signaling pathway is proposed to be responsible for improved cell growth and reduced apoptosis seen with transplanted PHLDA3-deficient islets under hypoxic conditions
The schematic representation of the regulatory mechanism about PLOD2 was summarized
Proposed mechanisms underpinning the beneficial neurological action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (R) agonists
Modulating the repair-associated inflammatory response in liver fibrosis by the injury-related activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway
Representation of the LPS biosynthetic pathway
L-Tyrosine biosynthesis via two pathways in plants and microbes
Interplay between CD 36 and AMPK in modulating cellular metabolic pathways with adequate or excess dietary fat, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions
Overview of metabolic pathways for engineering oleaginous yeasts to produce a variety of different compounds
Schematic diagram of the selected miRNA-mRNA interaction networks involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway
Schematic diagram of the selected miRNA-mRNA interaction networks involved in Jak-STAT signaling pathway
A brief diagram of the effects of escin on osteosarcoma cells
Summary of observations on neuronal damage by two different strains of Zika virus
The schematic diagram of the signalling pathway of K5 in the regulation of tumour angiogenesis and tumour cell apoptosis
The roles of TSP-1 in diverse pathological processes
Working model of the action of PEDF + DHA in enhancing corneal nerve regeneration
A proposed model of IRAK4 regulation of TLR7/8 signaling pathway in human monocytes is shown
Interconnection between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways and mitochondria-NLRP3 inflammasome in allergic diseases
Molecular pathways regulated by ZNFs in physiological conditions
Overview of metabolic changes in RIL165 and RIL387, visualised by MapMan
Overview of the Cox1 synthesis and assembly pathway
Schematic to illustrate model of Wnt pathway
An overview of signaling nexus of autophagy pathways
Simplified diagram depicting canonical and non canonical β-catenin signalling pathways in bone
Signalling pathways implicated in age-related metabolic decline
Interrelationships between growth factor, nutrient availability and energy sensing pathways in metabolic regulation in health
The highest confidence network of genes significantly dysregulated by miR-7
Overview of the proposed salinity tolerance mechanism in Cicer arietinum L
Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by the coordinated activation of cyclin–cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) dimers
Melatonin treatment reduces HNSCC cell metastasis through inhibiting the expression of MMP-9 by targeting the ERK/JNK signal pathway to mediate histone acetylation and SP-1 expression
In the absence of WNT ligands, Smad7 associates with β-catenin and Smurf2 to degrade β-catenin
PPAR γ agonists activate Smad7, an inhibitor of Smads pathway
Wnt receptor signaling pathway and regulation of Rab GTPase activity involved in miRNA expression
Pathway of VEGFR-2 (produced using the Pathway Builder Tool)
The interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptor complexes
Cellular metabolic pathways driving mononuclear phagocyte inflammatory vs
Signaling pathway of breast cancer download from KEGG website– with targeted genes and pathways from germacrone, curdione, and furanodiene
Possible mechanisms underlying how YAP regulated LRP1 by promoting proliferation and metastasis of melanoma cells and also reducing apoptosis
Proposed model of miR-130a mediated dysregulation of mTOR pathway in HGSOC
Mechanisms of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation
Over-expressed genes of Basal-like samples in p53 signaling pathway
Schematic form of the proposed pathway mechanisms for phycocyanin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells
Mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies
BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (trametinib, selumitinib, and binimetinib) target the MAP kinase pathway to check tumor growth
Temozolomide increases cellular damage, necessitating the upregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway
Effect of SAT1/2, SAT3 and CS3 gene silencing and L-cysteine depletion on sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism
Schematic overview of metabolic pathways of P
Regulatory T cell development (Churlaud et al
Diagram showing the various effects as well as the different pathways activated by ouabain in ADPKD cells
Several genes in the steroid biosynthesis pathway exhibited higher expression in the peripheral compared to the transitional zone, depicted in red on the KEGG pathway (log2(fold change), q < 0.05).
. Schematic view depicting mechanisms of baicalein inhibits progression of osteosarcoma cells through inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
The genes regulated by mmu_circRNA_40001, mmu_circRNA_013120, and mmu_circRNA_40806 are identified in blue
Schematic representation of signaling pathways that were involved in exosomes/MVs mediated pro‚Äêregenerative capacity in cutaneous wound healing, bone regeneration, hindlimb ischemia, and vascular injury repair
(↑ increase; ↓ decrease; gray blocks represent unaffected proteins; solid arrows represent findings in this study and dashed arrows represent findings reported previously [–,,])
Suppression of type I IFN production by Flaviviridae viruses
Predicted pathways deregulated during ZIKV infection
p27-driven dose-responsive pathways in cancer gene networks
Signaling pathways involved in the antihypertrophic effects of GHRH in vitro
(A) Coincidence detector model for how mTORC1 integrates signals from nu... (B) Schematic showing components of the nutrient-sensing pathway upstrea...
Tight junction pathway overrepresented among Qki5 HITS-CLIP target genes based on DAVID-KEGG pathway analysis
The signaling pathway network model: Panel (a) presents the biological network describing the mTOR pathway (based on in Polivka and Janku []), while Panel (b) presents a simplified model based on the assumptions outlined in Section 2.4.
Inflammatory signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells and potential therapeutic targets for myeloid malignancies
Schematic diagram depicting the role of Hoxa2 in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the palatal mesenchyme
Critical DDR Pathways for UV induced DNA Damage: (1) UV induces an intrastrand lesion, causing the replication fork to stall in S-pase
(A) Proposed model for the autophagy process during E. chaffeensis infec... (B) Proposed model for E. chaffeensis TRP-mediated activation of the can...
Diamond represents mismatch repair proteins, ellipse represents base excision repair proteins and rectangle stands for nucleotide excision repair proteins
CD74 is a single-chain type II integral membrane protein monomer; its expression is linked to the biosynthesis of HLA-DR, as shown in the left panel
tHGA blocked eosinophil-induced EMT by suppressing TGF-β synthesis via JNK and PI3K pathway
Crosstalk between inflammation and thrombosis
Computational analysis of miR-155-5p target mRNAs and altered pathway—neurotrophin signaling pathway
The osteogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its interplay with polyphenols
Oncolytic virus mediated enhanced anti-tumoral immunity, including enhanced CAR T-cell recruitment and effector function
List of genes involved in the complement and coagulation cascades pathway generated by KEGG of the differently expressed genes between C
List of genes involved in Toll-like receptor pathway generated by KEGG of the differently expressed genes between Cryptocaryon irritans-infected and non-infected S
Overview of stages of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development
IFITM proteins are involved in various cellular processes with direct and indirect impacts on immunity
Overview of the mechanism by which MMP-9 regulates formation of focal adhesion junctions
AC, adenylyl cyclase; CRE, cAMP-response element; CREB1, cAMP responsive element binding protein; CREBBP, phosphorylated CREB binding protein; CEBPRE, C/EBP (CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein) response element; db-cAMP, dibutyryl-cAMP (a cAMP analog); MAM, mitochondria-associated membrane; PKA, protein kinase A; R-regulatory units, C-catalytic units
TGF-β receptor signaling is proposed to facilitate successful recovery from cellular damage by interacting with the Wnt-β-catenin pathway
Metabolic pathway of butanoate metabolism in Halomonas sp
Bile acid synthesis, signaling, and regulation in human liver
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism of BBB disruption in CNS TB
The NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway is activated by TLR3/TLR4
Immediate immune responses of pulmonary resident cells to RSV infection in neonates
Thyroid hormones pathway (red, up-regulated)
Wnt signaling pathway pathway(red, up-regulated)
The six genes are enriched in the top 2 significant pathways(red, up-regulated)
Model for PD-L1 upregulation in response to DNA double-strand breaks
Roles of PFKFB3 in different cancer cells
Schematic presentation of signaling mechanisms for the neuroprotective effects of NGR1
ER genomic pathway.Notes: (A) E2–ER activates gene expression through direct binding to specific ERE sequences, recruiting coactivators (CoAs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) (1); ER and E2 modulate gene expression through interactions with other transcription factors (TFs) (2); ER ligand-independent activation through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling (3).
Signal transduction in melanoma with regard to the role of the SOX10-MITF pathway
Schematic representation of signaling pathways involved in CORM-3-induced HO-1 expression and protected against IL-1β-induced cell migration in RBA-1 cells
Two arms of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle cells
A model of the PTHLH/PTH1R-ATF2 negative-feedback loop
Siglec-G/10 in the immune regulation of sepsis
(A) Overview of human TLRs activated by exogenous and endogenous ligands... (B) Schematic of TLR4 and TLR3 signaling pathways. LPS binding to membra...
The enriched canonical pathway for toll-like receptor signaling at 48‚Äâhps with dsRNA
The enriched canonical pathway for RIG-I like receptor signaling at 48‚Äâhps with dsRNA
Proposed schematic representation showing mechanism of action of carbofuran and its effect on neurogenesis
Multiple signaling pathways drive EMT in GBC cells
C. burnetii-interacting host proteins are present in interconnected Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways with the potential to affect multiple cellular processes of the host.
Molecular mechanisms of the attenuation of PI3K and Akt, and the dysregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by gingipains
The two major pathways in the cellular folate cycle
Neuroinflammation pathway and therapeutic modules
The signaling pathway involved in the effect of FTY720P on the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase
Structure of SCF/c-KIT proteins and downstream signalling pathways
Schematic representing the in-depth molecular mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of DZ
Cisplatin or LA-12 enhance the sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells to TRAIL- induced cell death via an engagement of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
KEGG Ras signaling pathway with targetable nodes highlighted in red
Signaling involving TLR2 and TLR4 in strenuous and moderate aerobic exercise
Major in vivo approaches for tolerance induction and suppression of inhibitor formation in hemophilia
Schematic of the core elements of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway
Schematic depicting the hormonal regulation of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway
Schematic depicting the metabolic regulation of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway
Schematic of the pathway proposed in this study
Biosynthesis of ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and ceramide-1-phosphate (a)
A diagram depicting epinecidin-1-mediated degradation of MyD88a and downstream events
A schematic model for ZJW extracts in inhibiting 5-HTR1D and attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
The ncRNAs involved in mTOR signalling pathway
A schematic diagram for microglia‚Äêderived basigin induction and its effect on angiogenesis
The mammalian biogenic polyamines and metabolic pathways
Juglanin improved ROS generation in human lung cancer cells
. A schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which MALAT1/miR-101/SOX9 affects the chemo-resistance of lung cancer cell.
PARK2 loss connects AMPK-mediated nitrosative stress to PI3K/AKT activation
Our data indicated Hoxa5 increased white adipocyte apoptosis by inhibiting Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway and Hoxa5 promoted transcription of Bax to promote mitochondrial apoptosis in white adipocytes of mice
(1) NMBA induces Akt activation in esophageal epithelium cells, resulting in the acceleration of cell cycle and the inhibition of apoptosis
(A–B) Normal structure of lung and alveoli
Fourteen differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and peroxisome pathway showed a comprehensive pathway in response to increase of superoxide
Viral modulation of death-receptor mediated apoptosis
ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)-mediated DDR (DNA damage response) signaling pathway
Proposed mechanism of action of the phytochemical compounds of tucum-do-cerrado in the prevention of aging, by the upregulation SIRT1-Nrf2 pathway, attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, in the liver
Aza+AA efficiently differentiated CDCs to cardiomyocyte like cells with distinct upregulation of cardiac specific genes
As a caspase-dependent pathway, obesity increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and facilitates mPTP opening
Schematic illustration of cytokine signaling pathways related to transition from neurogenic to astrogenic competence of NSCs
Interactome of negatively and positively changed genes comparing differentiated NIKS with differentiated NIKS16 cells
In resting cells, TRAF2:TRAF3:cIAP complex promotes the degradation of NIK, and p100‐IκBδ retains RelB and other NF‐κB monomers
Metabolic inputs regulate epigenetics and cell signaling to promote changes in cell fate
CD30 mediates its effects through a number of diverse signaling pathways, which in concert confer a survival benefit to the cells on which CD30 is upregulated
TDLNs play a pivotal role in promoting breast cancer cells for distant organ metastasis
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced Smad signaling pathway
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced transcriptional program and its alterations in cancer
Clinically relevant inhibitors of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) (a) Statins inhibit HMG CoA reductase, consequently reducing the entire IBP
The three interconnected intracellular signaling pathways in pancreatic β cells
cGAS-STING pathway senses cytosolic dsDNA
Observe that Pitx2 insufficiency leads deregulation of Zfhx3 and Wnt signaling, which subsequently leads to microRNA and ROS signaling deregulation and thus ion channel impairment
Central role of mitochondria in energy production, biosynthesis, and redox regulation
Pathview () plot of the KEGG () pathway showing the Cell mitotic cycle ('HSA 04110') superimposed with RNA-seq expression data corresponding to the log2 -transformed fold change in expression of cell cycle transcripts from HIOs microinjected with E
Schematic summary of the IL-1β–IL-1 receptor signaling cascades identified in decidualizing human ESCs
Schematic representation of downregulated transcripts related to P
Schematic diagram of metabolic pathways controlling activation and lineage specification in the immune system
Interactome of lupus susceptibility genes, constructed using Strings software (version 9.0; http://string-db.org) via evidence‐based protein–protein interactions
Non-canonical regulation of HIF-1Œ± stability
Innate immune signaling pathways that drive type I IFN responses in mycobacteria-infected host cells
Jasmonate singaling pathway map was constructed by CellDesigner4.4 using systems biology graphical nonation (SBGN)
Module style view of JA signalling network (directed graph) node (square box) with catalysis (red color), and physical stimulation (black color)
A diagram of our extended model: The ANG/TIE signaling pathway is shown in gray, Shear Stress in white, Oxygen and Energy in blue, NO in turquoise, VEGF in yellow, AKT/SRC in light blue, TGF in pink, NOTCH in orange, WNT in purple, RAS/PLCγ in violet, CyclinD1 in light green, and FGF in green
A diagram of our reduced network model: The ANG/TIE signaling pathway is shown in gray, Shear Stress in white, Oxygen and Energy in blue, VEGF in yellow, AKT/SRC in light blue, TGF in pink, NOTCH in orange, WNT in purple, RAS/PLCγ in violet, and FGF in green
Model depicting targets of CHOP-dependent apoptosis
Overview of the canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
Regulation of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway by MALT1 and BIRC3-MALT1
Targeted therapy in extranodal marginal zone lymphoma
Model of signaling pathway whereby nNOS acts through peroxynitrite to trigger hippocampal ER stress and oxidative damage in PTZ-kindled epileptic conditions
Model of engulfment by follicle cells in the Drosophila ovary
The Akt/mTOR pathway represents a major axis of phosphorylation signal transduction in response to phagocytosis
The proposed action mechanism responsible for the suppressive effects of RDSW on the LPS-induced inflammatory signaling pathway
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulatory pathway
Metabolic reprogramming and an altered intercellular communication are hallmarks of cancer cells
Schematic diagram showing the mechanisms by which miR-1224-5p regulates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis
The current possible strategies to bypass AVPR2 mutations responsible for X-linked NDI
Network analysis by Ingenuity®Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicated molecules associated with rheumatic disease and inflammation of joint
Proposed mechanism whereby SM70EE ameliorates learning and memory impairments in mice with an intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ1–42)
Illustrative scheme of Gq-protein (Gq)-mediated S1P effects in glioblastoma
a Chemical synthesis of n-butyraldehyde from petrochemical feedstock
Signal pathway of the immune inhibitory receptors.Notes: PD-1 crosslinks the TCR and recruits the SHP-2, which can dephosphorylate the ZAP-70 to prevent the SLP-76 and LAT from being phosphorylated
Schematic illustration of Hh signaling and how pathogens may modify pathway activity
Changes in expression of genes involved in nitrogen assimilation and carbon metabolism
Model of H1 involvement in the repression of the interferon response
Schema depicting the Peli1-mediated pathway following SAH
Canonical pathway of molecular mechanisms of cancer from IPA showing dysregulated mRNA targets along with their potential differentially expressed miRNA regulators found in Lebanese samples
Strategies to generate tolDCs for clinical therapeutics
Pathways involved in apoptotic and EMT effect by genistein in HT-29 cells
Modulation of innate immunity signaling pathways by bacterial pathogens
Schematic presentation of the regulation of metabolic signaling and lysosomal movement by the lysosome-associated Ragulator complex that consists of five LAMTOR subunits (LT1–5)
Diagram of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of IGFBP-6 via IGF-1R-dependent signaling
. Proposed models on the carcinogen function of DEK in EMT, angiogenesis and metastasis of TNBC.
Different PPGL molecular subgroups with corresponding driver mutations and a proportion of hereditary disease in the respective cluster
A2A adenosine receptors-triggered signal transduction cascade in cancer cells
The mechanism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Schematic representation of disturbed metabolic pathways in CAP-resistant strains including ABC transporter, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosomal assembly, and two-component system
Mevalonate metabolism in immune and cancer cells
Increased IL-17 induced by rituximab or irradiation promotes the growth of DLBCL cells
An integrated model for valve development
Signalling pathways associated with PRDXs and hypothetical illustration of PRDXs in mouse spermatozoa
The co-expression network of flowering-related genes
. Interferon signaling pathway cross-talk with other activated pathways in NASH.
Orange and green arrows refer to communication of nutrient depletion and pheromone signals, respectively
Model of Wnt and Hippo signaling network that either promotes or inhibits Wnt signaling through cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions of the two pathways
Mechanism of the PM-induced inflammatory response in the lungs (schematic)
Targeting to bile acid and lipid metabolism in NASH treatment
Upstream regulators and downstream biological effects predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis on the proteome level
Regulatory network elicited by nuclear translocation of syndecan-1 leading to inhibition of proliferation and survival
Proposed mechanism(s) underlying the improvement of endothelium‐dependent vasodilation after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
Working hypothesis regarding the mechanism by which SDF‐1α (stromal cell‐derived factor 1α) stimulates cell proliferation
Hypothetical schematic connecting basal IP3R mediated Ca2+ release to protein translation, via AMPK and the TOR signalling pathway
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD3B1 and HSD17B1), cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and CYP1B1), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1), sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1E1), and estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta
(A) In B cells, PD-1 ligation along with BCR signaling leads to the phos... (B) In T cells, PD-1 ligation along with TCR signaling results in the ph...
BMP2 or BMP6 signaling enhances adipocyte function
Model for two HEB-dependent pathways of γŒ¥T17 cell development
Proposed model of how FKBP11 affects the formation and progression of AAD
The role of Kv7 in regulating the contractile state of smooth muscle
Pathway analysis using IPA reveals canonical activation of STAT1 acts as a central regulator for JAK/ STAT-mediated interferon response genes during TNFŒ±-induced senescence
(A) TNFŒ± activates JAK/STAT and p38 signaling pathways, which mediate i... (B) Inhibition of STAT1/3 with the JAK inhibitor AG490 decreased ROS and...
General induction and receptor signaling pathways of type I and type III IFNs
Schematic representation of FGFR signaling pathway
The mechanisms of cytokine-induced dysfunction and death of insulin-secreting cells mediated by intracellular S1P
(A) A network pathway showing regulatory interactions among 12 of the 17... (B) IPA was further used to explore the functions of SIRT6-modulated gen...
The signaling pathway from chondroitin sulfatases ARSB and GALNS involves changes in chondroitin 4-sulfation and chondroitin 6-sulfation, and leads to the inhibition of SHP2 activity due to increased binding with C4S
Normal expression of Gsdma3 results in a proper hair follicle differentiation
Non-leukemic truncation mutations in CSF3R constitutively activate both STAT3 and STAT5 in the absence of ligand
Top: SLE signaling pathway; bottom: TLR signaling pathway
Hypothetical regulation of P-gp and Bcrp expressions at the BBB following subchronic exposure to morphine, and presumably implicated signaling pathways
Examples of aripiprazole functional selectivity at the D2r: 1) Aripiprazole partially inhibits the G(α) pathway [], 2) acts as an antagonist at the G(βγ) pathway [], 3) and acts as an agonist by increasing phosphorylation of GSK3 in the PFC []
A scheme summarizing the signaling pathway through which PKD mediates NF-Œ∫B activation and the role of PKD in multiple pathological processes associated with pancreatitis
Summary diagram of energy metabolism pathway
Networks of signalling and transcription factors regulate the pheromone response
Schematic diagram of the hypoxia/IL-6/lncTCF7/TCF7/Wnt signalling axis in glioma
Pathway analysis using WikiPathways revealed that the factors related to the calcium signalling pathway (Kelder, T., Chichester, C., Hanspers, K.: Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell (Danio rerio)
Regulatory network of arginine and proline metabolisms
Simplified overview of mammalian Wnt/β‐catenin and Wnt/PCP pathways
Possible Wnt pathway‚Äêrelated therapeutic targets in CLL
The effect of Norrin and TSPAN12 on Wnt signalling
Inhibitors of the FZD/LRP/Wnt signalling cascade
Roles of tankyrase‐dependent poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (PARylation) in Wnt/β‐catenin signalling
ER stress and the caspase proteolytic system are important regulators of muscle protein homeostasis
Graphical visualization of the key KEGG pathways that were considered distinctly downregulated: (A) JAK‐STAT signaling pathway, and (B) Cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction
(A) The β‐catenin‐dependent Wnt signalling cascade in the ON‐state. Upon... (B) The Wnt signalling cascade in the OFF‐state. Without Wnts binding to...
‘Two endocytic routes and two outputs model’ in the Wnt signalling pathways
The DKK1–CKAP4 axis as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy and future perspectives
Downstream effectors of Ras pathway including Ral pathway and their biological roles
Metabolic interventions predicted by the OptForce algorithm
2-hydroxyisobutyrylated enzymes involved in TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and starch biosynthesis pathways
The influence of chosen compounds/proteins on the Wnt signaling pathway which are under consideration as either potential therapeutic targets (continuous line) or potential therapeutic/adjuvant agents (dotted line)
The pathway signalling starts with the binding of insulin or growth factors to insulin receptors
Differences in pathway activation between left-sided vs right-sided CRC
Schematic of the highlighted metabolic alterations in leiomyomas of the FH and MED12 subtypes
Schematic representation of the proposed signaling mechanisms involved in HNE-induced TF decryption
a, Mettl3 KO Naïve T cell molecular Mechanism: Loss of m6A lead to slower Socs mRNA degradation and increased SOCS protein levels, which blocked the IL7 pathway
Potential effects of vascular disease treatment on pMV release
Outline of the major phases of plant immune responses
Cellular metabolism in replicating INS 832/13
In this network, nodes represent genes: pink nodes indicate BRCA genes supported by the Breast Cancer Database (http://www.breastcancerdatabase.org), yellow nodes indicate BRCA genes supported by DigSee [], and purple nodes indicate cancer genes obtained from http://www.bushmanlab.org/links/genelists.
In this network, nodes represent genes: yellow nodes indicate OVC genes supported by DigSee [], purple nodes indicate cancer genes obtained from http://www.bushmanlab.org/links/genelists, and green nodes indicate the remaining genes.
In macrophages, let-7g can target NF-Œ∫B complex and its upstream molecules to knock down both canonical and non-canonical pathways
. Schematic model illustrating TM4SF4-triggered persistent EMT-associated CSC-like characteristics by a positive feedback autocrine loop between JAK2 (or FAK)/STAT3 and osteopontin.
(A) and (B) Gene interacting networks generated using IPA showing the interacting genes and biological processes, cell migration (A) and synthesis of DNA (B)
APL13 can be secreted from colon carcinoma cells and act on APJ in an autocrine manner
Data are expressed as the means of three independent experiments
(In GPCR pathway, OBSCN-RhoGEF is simultaneously regulates mDIA, Rho and their downstream genes which are involved in cell differentiation and lamellipodia formation; the other chain of OBSCN, MLCK and its downstream pathway activates MLC leads to formation of stress fiber which cause cell differentiation and survival; On the other way RhoA activated from p75 (NTR) pathway also involved in Ras pathway regulates down regulates MLCK; in Wnt signaling OBSCN disequilibrium leads to β-catenin loss which leads to carcinogenesis
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) home to lung in response to injury via chemokines and receptors (CXCL8, SDF-1, and CXCR4)
Key downstream genes were identified in the PLK1 signaling pathway
Schematic diagram of virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the consequent downregulation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF)
CuB suppresses EGFR levels, activity and downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR and STAT3 signaling, but enhances ERK activity via AMPK activation, which inactivates the canonical apoptosis pathway
. General drawing of the complement and coagulation cascade pathway.
(A) Schematic showing the KGFR downstream signalling pathway including t... (B) Lysates of NHK, WT and E5KO keratinocytes subjected to high calcium...
(A) Schematic showing the KGFR signalling pathway and target of the phar... (B) Control (vehicle only) keratinocytes were differentiated in high cal...
E5 expression results in enhanced EGFR surface expression and activation, through a process that might require endosome recycling (1)
. Proposed model for the regulation of oxaliplatin effects by calpains, Nox1 and p38 in sensitive and resistant colorectal cancer cells.
Key enzymes are italicized and underlined
(A) Canonical Raf/MEK/ERK cascade in ER/PR positive breast cancer with IQGAP1 as scaffold; (B) HSP90 as a bypass pathway to the down-regulated IQGAP1 induced Raf/MEK/ERK-independent of CY-9d via client proteins including EGFR in TNBC
Summary of the effects of GHK on pulmonary fibrosis
Role of SOCS proteins in the regulation of the signaling pathways induced by recognition of gram-negative bacteria
Role of SOCS proteins in the regulation of the signaling pathways induced by recognition of gram positive bacteria
STAT3/S1P/S1PR1/SPHK1/SPL-positive feed-forward loop promoting CAC
Possible molecular pathways of cisplatin, oxaliplatin and paclitaxel on oxidative stress-dependent TRPA1 and TRPV4 activation in the DRG neurons
Enriched PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis based on 300 differentially expressed genes (nominal P values < 0.05) detected exclusively in both week 8 and week 12 topiramate (TPM) groups
Model of the positive feedback regulation between transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and TLR4 signaling in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and liver fibrosis
Kinomic profiling of IgA1-secreting cells from healthy control subjects (HC) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients stimulated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) with or without the AZD1480 inhibitor
The path diagram of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Œ∫B) signalling pathway
miR-155-5p and miR-200a-3p greatly influence TLR4 signaling pathways
Oligodendrocyte differentiation is regulated through the cAMP/CREB/HDAC1/Hes-5 pathway
The distribution of differentially expressed genes in astrocytes following hypoxia+ hypothermia vs
Effects of different proteins on the Wnt signaling pathway
The interaction between the Wnt and the Notch signaling pathways
A hypothetical illustration for the role of CWP
MTG16, and other MTG family members, may play a role in the constitutive repression of both Wnt and Notch signaling pathways
Schematic overview of the TEK signaling pathway which was built with CellDesigner 4.4
Schematic representation of the c-Myc/miR-200b-3p/PRDX2 regulatory loop
Neuroprotective pathway hypothesized using the canonical targets of compounds that showed synergistic activity (see text for description)
(1) The genomic AR signalling involves androgen crossing the plasma membrane, entering the cytoplasm, dissociation of chaperone proteins and binding to the AR
Canonical cell cycle regulation in plants
Schematic illustration of the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)-β-catenin pathway in the antidepressant-like effects of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides (MOs) and resilience to stress
Cellular signaling pathways through which NELL-1 works
KEGG (Kanehisa & Goto, 2000) PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (map04151) is enriched for genes differentially expressed between lesion and healthy lung tissue in cattle challenged with BRDC pathogens
Time-dependent intracellular Ca2+ concentration change induced by oscillation under biphasic pulse stimulation activates the calcium ion signaling pathway by binding up four calcium ions to CaM, which upregulats the expression of osteogenesis-related gene and further mediates osteogenic differentiation
The signaling pathway in the adhesion of stem cells to bone biomaterials
Rag GTPase-dependent amino acid signaling pathway upstream of mTORC1
PPI network of proteins (A) up- and (B) down-regulated in renal oncocytoma
USP18 binding to IFNAR2 in vivo blocks the interaction between Jak and the IFN receptor, thereby reduces the phosphorylation of the receptor and STATs and suppresses signal pathway
FAM3C is a new hepatokine that activates HSF1-CaM-PI3K pathway to induce Akt phosphorylation independent of insulin and calcium
Interaction of TTR with its receptor (TTR-R) triggers signaling cascade leading to stimulation of glucose metabolism in astrocytes
Cellular processes altered by colonization by a heterologous symbiont: (A) oxidative stress response; (B) molecular signaling pathways; (C) sugar storage, transport, and signaling; and (D) lipid and protein metabolism and transport
Interaction pathway of miR-1270 and target genes
Potential mechanism for the involvement of mitoKATP in the proliferation of hPASMCs under hypoxic conditions
Changes in protein levels are illustrated with green (decreased level) and red (increased level) colors
Effects of microvesicles (MVs) on the early stages of atherosclerosis development
Diagram of the localization of the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) proteins, the pathways implicated in its pathogenesis, and putative therapeutic targets
Pathophysiological events involving astrocytes in AD
Glucose and glutamine catabolism provide tumor cells with biosynthetic precursors
Hypothetical model for the proposed anti-inflammatory role of MUC1 in response to P
Aromatic hydrocarbon pathway and related significant changes observed in response to postprandial serum (red: strongly upregulated compared to fasting serum; orange: mildly upregulated compared to fasting serum; green: downregulated compared to fasting serum)
p53 signaling pathway and related significant changes observed in response to postprandial serum (orange: upregulated compared to fasting serum; green: downregulated compared to fasting serum)
The eicosanoid-biosynthetic pathway (AA metabolism)
Involvement of NOD1 in acute pancreatitis
PI3K=phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; mTOR=mammalian target of rapamycin; ER=estrogen receptor; IRS=insulin-receptor substrate; PTEN=phosphatase and tensin homolog; Erk=extracellular signal-regulated kinase; 4E-BPI=4E-binding protein 1; S6K1=ribosomal protein S6 kinase
Schematic of GF1 mechanism of preventing ox-LDL-induced inflammatory injuries through activating A20-mediated NF-Œ∫B signal pathway
Restriction factors block multiple stages in the influenza virus life cycle
Three types of autophagy and regulatory mechanisms
Modular Schema of the Stress Response Network
PMSC differentiation into skeletal muscle using the insulin-like growth factor system
Signaling pathways mediated by high or mild oxygen on kallistatin regulation
Design of disease network based on mRNA expression analysis and effects of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors described in the literature
Molecular interactions in the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.IP3K: Inositol-triphosphate 3-kinase; PDK: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase; TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex; Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin
Interactions of ALS/FTD associated genes with autophagy pathway
After entry of ciglitazone into the cell (purple arrow), it increases DR4/DR5 as well as TRAIL expression (blue arrow) leading to the activation of the caspase cascade and thus to apoptosis (green arrow)
A visualization of hepatic enriched pathway terms and biological processes computed with the ClueGo and the GeneXplain software of high dose treated animals
A visualization of kidney enriched pathway terms and biological processes computed with the ClueGo and the GeneXplain software of high dose treated animals
Drug and other molecules metabolism pathways were enriched in epirubicin resistant tumor cells
(A) Shikonin inhib... (B) Selumetinib as... (C) TRIM35 interac... (D) FFJ-5 and FFJ-... (E) OA alternative... (F) shRNA is used... (G) siRNAs is used...
The inhibitors against target molecules are indicated, which could enhance antitumor responses in in mouse models when combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade
Localization of the key Plasmodium cyclic nucleotide signalling components in a merozoite prior to egress
PFKFB3-driven glycolysis and the central role of FAO via CPT1a function in ECs (a) Schematic of PFKF... (b) Illustration of F... (c) FAO and CPT1a are...
Ca2+ and ROS crosstalk between ER and mitochondria, with emphasis on redox control of the MCU
ORFV073 inhibits NF-Œ∫B signaling by preventing activation of IKK complex through interaction with NEMO, the regulatory subunit of the IKK complex
The top canonical pathway is entitled, role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response
The top three merged networks based on the 370 probe sets comprise molecules related to cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, and repair, cellular assembly and organization, connective tissue and developmental disorders, gastrointestinal and inflammatory disease and inflammatory response (Table )
A merged network based on eight upstream regulators, of which E2f, ERBB2, IL6, HGF, and RABL6 were in a predicted activation state (z-score > 2) and let-7, TP53, and CDKN2A were in a predicted inhibition state (z-score < - 2)
The top three merged networks based on the 643 probe sets that were common between BCBM and prBT but significantly differentially expressed between BCBM and BC include molecules that are related to cancer, cell death and survival, organismal injury and abnormalities, hereditary disorder, neurological disease, carbohydrate and drug metabolism, and molecular transport
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway: the extracellular part (mediated by LPS-binding protein (LBP), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and MD-2) and the intracellular part (myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) branches)
The nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway with a focus on skin barrier function and environmental stress protection
mTOR signaling pathway and its upstream elements
Potential mechanism of action of Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and Globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb3) in Fabry’s disease podocyte
Interactions between WNT/β-catenin pathway and aerobic glycolysis
Interactions between circadian disorders and the TGF-β1 signaling and WNT/β-catenin pathway in the energetic metabolism of fibrosis
Induction of PD-L1 by IFN-γ signaling pathway and microRNAs target the key genes in the pathway
Auxin biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana
Regulation of miRNA expression in response to maternal disease and stress
Schematic view of (A) the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway and (B) the JAK-STAT signaling pathway that contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its novel targeting molecules
Interferon-β (IFN-β) signaling pathways and autocrine/paracrine loop
Role of IFN-β in host–pathogen interaction in Mtb infection
Schematic diagram of lysophospholipid-mediated PPARγ signaling
Involvement of galectins during carcinogenesis
Molecular changes driving the Warburg effect
Mechanisms influencing the mitochondrial metabolism and the Warburg effect
Signaling pathways corresponding to Tables  and
. The shared toll-like receptor signaling pathway on RA and SLE, red indicates disease-related genes.
A. Insulin signaling pathway, B. GnRH signaling pathway.
A. Proteasome, B. ErbB signaling pathway.
(A) Differently expressed genes involved in the cell cycle pathway in cervical carcinoma; (B) differently expressed genes within the significant chromosomal CNV regions involved in the cell cycle pathway in cervical carcinoma
Potential HMGB1 receptor and possible signaling pathways
ATX-LPA axis promotes cancer-related inflammation
Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes unique to wildtype cells during transition from day 0 to day 1 of differentiation
Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes unique to emerin-null cells during transition from day 0 to day 1 of differentiation
Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes unique to wildtype cells during transition from day 1 to day 2 of differentiation
Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes unique to emerin-null cells during transition from day 1 to day 2 of differentiation
Ingenuity pathway analysis of genes differentially expressed during the transition from differentiation day 0 to day 1 common to emerin-null cells and wildtype cells
Schematic representation of the glycolytic pathway in E
Genetic alterations that lead to HIF activation in GBM
A. Schema representing the migration of circulating tumor cells into the bloodstream.
Proposed mechanisms of miR-146a in alleviating experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU)
Glucose-lipid crosstalk in diabetic kidney disease
Rationale for the problematic role of β2 adrenergic agonists in clinical trials
Schematics of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway
Proposed working model by which boehmenan exerted anti-proliferative activities in A431 cells
The scheme shows the involvement of HDAC6 in two different functions of dendritic cell during Lm infection, the autophagy and the TLR signalling
The microRNAs and signaling pathways such as Ca2+ signaling pathway, MAP Kinase signaling pathways, Wnt signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, etc
MEF2 proteins act as effectors of many signaling pathways
. Example pathway: the MAPK signalling pathway.
The MCF7-specific signaling pathway network inferred by TILP model
Regulatory T cells are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms and T cell receptor (TCR) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway
A possible pathway for tributyltin (TBT)-generated oxidative stress in neuronal cells
AMPAR trafficking during Alzheimer’s disease (AD): early and later phases
myomiRs and muscle mass wasting and atrophy pathways
(A) Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, and muscle mass wasting. miR-... (B) Exosomal miRNAs, proteins, and systemic inflammation. miR-21 and miR...
Interferon regulatory factor 5 regulates B cell proliferation and cell cycle
The IS-induced increase in the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 may be mediated through the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway, and the secreted IL-1β and IL-18 may bind to their receptors, inducing cell apoptosis by activating the early apoptotic cascade
(A) The 22 candidate genes identified from human osteoblasts were analyz... (B) miR-204-5p was analyzed by IPA as a potential upstream regulator in...
Overlay canonical pathway of axon guidance signaling in network 1 from network analysis of the 22 candidate genes validated the prediction of EPHA5 and SEMA3A involvement in axon guidance pathway from KEGG pathway analysis
Schematic diagram depicting the role of miR-27a in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)-mediated signaling pathways in macrophage
Schematic drawing illustrating the effects of the Kir4.1 inhibition on the BDNF expression in astrocytes
Layers of gene expression control in primed human PSCs
The Wnt signaling pathway leads to the accumulation of β-catenin in nucleus
Crosstalk between the Hh and Wnt pathways forms regulatory loops
Kynurenic acid (KYNA)-mediated pathways of inflammatory signaling
Transcriptional and post-translational activation of AP-1
Mechanisms of Tax activation of AP-1 pathway
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recognition and the following pathway for triggering type I interferon (IFN-I) expression
The role of S1P/S1P5pathway in mitotic regulation
(A) The CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 regulated the Akt/NF-Œ∫B/iNOS pathway to amel... (B) The CAPE and CAPE-pNO2 suppressed the HG-induced GMCs proliferation...
Blue lines indicate binding, green lines indicate activation and red lines indicate inhibition, whereas purple lines indicate catalysis, pink lines indicate posttranslational modification, yellow lines indicate transcriptional regulation and black lines indicate a generic reaction
Schematic proposed mechanism of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and PKC activation and the relation to the acquisition of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents
Shown if the proposed model of SUMO conjugation of TFAP2A (TF) controlling patterns of gene expression
(A) Protein–protein interaction networks of differentially expressed pro... (B) DHA signaling pathway in treatment of AIT.
The cyclin D pathway regulates progression through the cell cycle, ultimately regulating cell division (mitosis, or M phase)
After allograft liver transplantation, IL-22 was secreted by multiple cell sources (and possibly αβ T cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells and ILCs) stimulated by the acute injection process
Celecoxib and curcumol cooperatively induce apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathway and cell cycle arrest
In the resting state (left panel), Sur8 is maintained at a low level by PKCŒ±- and PKCŒ¥-mediated phosphorylation at Thr-71 and Ser-297, respectively, and is subsequently degraded
Bisphenol A stimulates EGFR phosphorylation and triggers EGFR/AR/ERβ complex assembly
Canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling in humans
Inhibitory nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors put the brake on NF-Œ∫B activation via canonical and non-canonical pathways
HIF‐1α strongly associates with differentially expressed genes in rAAA
Schematic representation of the PDGF signaling pathway
Schematic of the potential signaling pathways used by bufalin to induce apoptosis in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells
Confirmation of some miRNA and target gene expression and integrative pathway analysis
Pathway of c-Fos-mediated Lewis y in response to TGF-β1
The proposed model for the mechanism through which wild-type (wt) and lab-attenuated rabies virus (RABV) infect astrocytes
Fatty acid synthesis in Mortierella alpina
Cytoscape pathway visualizations of lipid metabolites modulated by navy bean, rice bran, or navy bean + rice bran consumption
Activation of the ER-tethered stress sensors CREBH and IRE1α is regulated by the circadian clock
Schematic representation of the mode of action of the major drugs with trypanocidal activity
Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in magnesium-enhanced bone formation and bone fracture healing
Increased MAPK/NO/Notch signaling may mediate myelin decompaction (gray-dotted arrows and insets), by downregulation of TJ/GJ proteins involved in myelin compaction such as Claudin 11 (Cldn11), ZO-2 (Tjp2), and Connexin 26 (Gjb2) in pNf1 mutants
A simple diagrammatic representation of the (known) key events in Shh signaling at the primary cilium
Non-canonical Shh signaling in commissural axon guidance
Schematic depiction of the cross-talk between Hh signaling and DYRK kinases
The urinary excretion of citric acid (TCA) cycle metabolites and the renal expression of genes that regulate these metabolites were significantly reduced among participants with versus without non-diabetic CKD
Effect of PCB126 exposure on the calcium signaling pathway
Apoptosis and p53 signaling related to Cr(VI) exposure
Typical structure and content of exosomes
Proposed mechanisms of cell injury induced by APOL1 variants
Diagram showing the possible mechanism involved in the difference between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphisms affecting the generation of kinin peptide agonists for B2R and B1R in the downstream variation signaling effects
Biologic therapies and their targets in the immune systemShown are some of the common cytokines, pathways and functions of the immune system (in blue) known to be dysregulated in SLE and targeted by biologic therapies (in red)
IL-1β, TNF-α and TLR signalling pathways all converge at TAK1TAK1 is a central signalling molecule
Regulatory network for p42.3 involvement in tumor cell apoptosis (red pathway indicates the maximally possible acting pathway)
Regulatory network for p42.3 involvement in colorectal cancer cell apoptosis (the red pathway indicates the possible acting pathway for p42.3 involvement in cell apoptosis)
Biological pathway of Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration ()
Highlighted genes to represent a single pathway
Molecular signals implicated in fibroblast activation in the pressure-overloaded RV
Consequences of altered cardiac metabolism on non-energy providing functions
Summary of nitrate signaling and assimilation
(A) Association network of linc-RPIA identified in co-module 1. In co-mo... (B) Connected functional regulatory network for linc-RPIA. The functiona...
HFD activates genes involved in inflammation and tumorigenesis
Differentially-expressed gene pathway network generated using CluePedia
Diagram of the chemokine signaling pathway significantly enriched in differentially expressed genes
Schematic representation of the cellular signalling pathways governed by amino acids in the regulation of autophagy via mTORC1
Illustration of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of c-MET activity by TGF-β, which determine the stem cell phenotype in c-MET-positive human glioma cells
DRG neurons promote the osteogenic differentiation potential of MSCs by regulating the canonical/β-catenin Wnt signaling pathway and expression of osteoblast-related genes/proteins in MSCs
The differential network of cancer pathway between BRCA tumor samples and controls
. Overview of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway and function (mTOR).
Network model of oncogenic signal transduction in ER+ breast cancer
Meta-network illustrating synergistic interventions and resistance mechanisms to PI3K inhibitors
Working model for early events occurring in premutation neurons
Proposed ferritin-mediated feed-forward inflammatory loop
The mammalian isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway with associated inhibitors
A simplified diagram shows our current understanding of the role of insulin and curcumin on hepatic lipogenesis
Proposed schema on inhibitory effects of nicotine on LPS-induced microglial activation
Schematic model of AA release in endothelial cells
Yellow nodes represent up-regulated genes enriched in peri-implantitis
PD-L1表达与EGFR信号通路关系The relationship between PD-L1 expression and EGFR pathway
Sequential activation of polyadenylation during oocyte maturation in Xenopus
miR-26b directly inhibits PIK3CD in the PI3K/AKT pathway and indirectly inhibits the Notch pathway
Infection with the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium blocks conventional secretion of the antimicrobial peptide lysozyme
The normal oesophageal squamous epithelial proliferative basal cells (p63+ and SRY-box 2 (SOX2)+) undergo early and terminal differentiation as they migrate towards the luminal surface
a ‚à£ Structural features of representative RAF inhibitors bound to a BRAF dimer
Endosomal TLR3 and TLR7 induce two signaling pathways leading to type I IFN and cytokines responses
HIV-1 gp120 up-regulates BDNF expression in BV2 cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Molecular mechanisms involved in induction and progression of podocyte EMT caused by hyperglycemia
Cross-link between TGF-β pathway, Wnt pathway, and ILK pathway
(A) A classical example of GPCR signaling pathway. Receptors, such as AD... (B) β-arrestins can function as adaptor/scaffolding molecules activating...
Proteasome inhibition acts through multiple mechanisms to induce cell death
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism proceeds through one of two pathways in mammals, leading to production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or serotonin
(A) Early stage axon behavior and neurotrophic signaling during sympathetic neuron development
Cholesterol is metabolized to oxysterols after internalization via cell surface receptors (LDLR, scavenger receptors) or biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA via the mevalonate pathway
Recognition of pathogens and their components by their corresponding receptors initiates expression of pro-inflammatory genes (e.g.
TRPC3 is a key player in the mGluR1 signaling pathway, which is vital for Purkinje cell function
Double stranded break (DSB) is induced by a targeted nuclease (represented by scissors)
Left panel: phospholipase D2 (PLD2)-generated phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) recruits and binds to AKT and subsequently promotes autophagy via beclin 1, as detailed in
The phospholipase D2 (PLD2) signalling axis is involved in both the entry and egress of influenza virus, as well as the process of autophagy, which can have antiviral function
(A) Example module (L1) more dense... (B) Example module (H7) more dense... (C) Visualization of immune respon... (D) Visualization of complement ca...
During OFF state destruction complex consisting of Axin, APC and GSK-3β phosphorylates β-catenin and marks it for subsequent degradation via ubiquitin proteasome pathway
A. Wnt/Planar cell polarity (PCP) in Drosophila is responsible for coordinated alignment of cells across a tissue plane.
(A) Removal of PCP pathway components perturbs ciliogenesis and in most the cases it happens through interference with basal body docking and vesicular transport that is necessary during cilliary assembly
Under normal fed conditions, Insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis through Akt dependent pathways (boxed 1) which phosphorylate and retain Foxo1 in the cytoplasm
In HER2-positive breast cancer, despite effective anti-HER2 regimens with mono or dual agents to more completely inhibit all the HER dimers, intrinsic and acquired resistance is considerable
Stress-induced loss of glia leads to excess extracellular glutamate, as glia normally remove glutamate from the synapse after an action potential
NF-Œ∫B Activation in primary CNS lymphoma
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) develops from substantial changes in the genome that originate from ultraviolet light damage (including point mutations, amplifications, deletions and translocations) or integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) genome and expression of large T antigen (LT) and small T antigen (ST) that lead to perturbations in a variety of signalling pathways
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) are the three major cytosolic sensors that detect RSV genomes in infected cells
. Overview of common pathways induced after nanoparticle exposure.
A synopsis of intratumoral cholesterol metabolism
FOXO1 regulates activation and function of dendritic cells
Findings of network and pathway analysis
The (β–catenin mediated) Wnt signaling pathway
Iron (inorganic and hem-bound) is absorbed from the intestine, and enters the LIP in cytoplasma
Principal mechanisms of parathyroid hormone signaling in bone
A schematic diagram of the possible signaling pathway or pathways linking increased intracellular phosphate utilization and phosphate retention
Hypoxia resulting from ischemic stress releases intracellular MIF
Proposed mechanistic scheme of anticancer activity of peptide extracts from Lentinus squarrosulus in human lung cancer cells
The Trx1/p21Ras-ERK1/2 MAP kinases/PEA-15/Txnip compartmentalized signaling pathway is stimulated by nitrosative/oxidative stress and is associated with tumor development
How Reactive Oxygen Species contribute to insulin resistance
Insulin receptor signaling pathway including ROS influence
ApoA-I is mainly produced by hepatocytes and enterocytes
Novel agents and pathways under investigation in MDS
Targetable molecular features of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma
(A) SmI2-Promoted Reductive Deamination of Œ±-Amino Esters and Ketones; (B) Synthesis of Chiral Piperidines by Fragmentation/Cyclization Pathway
The representative modules of ESCC-related metabolic network
Potential mechanism of emodin to inhibit IAV replication and IAV viral pneumonia
Schematic representation of the AChE–ACh active complex transduction pathway of the NO efflux from human erythrocytes supported by in vitro studies, as explained in the text [,,,,]
The relation between mammalian MAPK cascades and other kinases capable to induce cell responses involved in cancer
Proposed mechanism for the proliferation inhibitory effects of ART in HCT116 cells
A schematic representation of DET- and IDET-induced apoptosis in different cancer cell lines
Possible apoptotic pathway induced by photoactivated ZnPcSmix in monolayer cells 24 h post PDT
Possible apoptotic pathway induced by photoactivated ZnPcSmix in MCTSs 24 h post PDT
Tumor cells apoptosis induced by imidazole[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroimidazole derivatives related to mitochondria-mediated pathway
Catechins show an inhibition of the MAPK cascade pathway through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38
Illustration of the mechanism linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) to altered Ca2+-calmodulin activated signal transduction (MIE, KE1, KE2, and KE3 from )
A) Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is recruited to and activated at... B) Candidate predictive biomarkers for ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, CHK1 and WEE1 d...
(A) Type I and II cytokine receptors comprise subunits that physically associate with Janus kinases (JAKs)
Signal transduction initiated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)
Pathway analysis of the 11 differentially expressed miRNAs between HCR and LCR rats and their 19 protein/mRNA targets within the mitochondrial dysfunction and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle II (eukaryotic) pathways in skeletal muscle as predicted by the microRNA target filter of Qiagen’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Overview of the cell‚Äêintrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Regulation of DRP1 and mitochondrial fission by ERK1/2 signalling
Tregs are recruited to the tumor microenvironment by chemokine and chemokine receptor signaling in a CCR5 dependent manner
HADb genes for PSIDs with a ‘Present’ call in GEO DataSet GSM886923 were involved in signaling pathways in the regulation of autophagy (P value < 0.05)
HADb genes for PSIDs with a ‘Present’ call in GEO DataSet GSM886923 were involved in glioma signaling pathways (P value < 0.05)
A) Prior to engagement with Notch in trans, Dl exists in two forms: free... (B) and uptake of Dl into the receiving cell (C).B) Sending cell wins: E...
Molecular mechanism of GIP- and GLP-1-induced insulin secretion and β-cell survival
Physiological regulation of autophagy in the heart
Schematic diagram of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway
The NOD-like receptor signaling pathway from KEGG shown with drugs, targets and known mechanism of action (→ denotes activation, ---> and ---> denote indirect effect and — denotes binding/association)
The EGFR signaling pathway is responsible for keratinocyte and mesenchymal cell proliferation and migration at the eyelid tip and meibomian gland epithelial cell proliferation
An overview of the cellular ageing defects that underlie premature ageing disorders, regular ageing and ageing-associated disease
An overview of DNA repair pathways that are impaired in premature ageing syndromes, ageing and ageing-associated diseases
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in ageing and ageing-associated diseases (AADs) is driven by a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signalling, or uncoupling of IGF1 and mTOR signalling resulting from chronic activation of the IGF-1 pathway (indicated by interruption of arrow), and increased activation of mTOR, resulting from impaired AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signalling
Calcium movement into the mammary gland regulates maternal calcium homeostasis during lactation
Cross-talk between BR and drought pathways
Reported enzyme targets of 3-bromopyruvate (shown in red boxes)
Common downstream targets for cancers of the breast (blue dots), colon (green dots), lung (red dots), and prostate (brown dots)
Potential interactions of genes involved in tumor progression and EMT
RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is activated in many types of cancer
Schematic diagram summarizing the regulatory role of the Id1/IGF2/VEGF/VEGFR pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression
Cytokines, T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement and co-stimulation, growth factors but also pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce the activation of class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks)
Glioblastoma stem cells are characterized by self-renewal, the potential for specialization to multiple lineages and aberrant transdifferentiation
The signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia ,
The figure describes the different effects of gut and brain serotonin on the osteoblast
Effector cytokines can stimulate transcription of proinflammatory signals through the Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathway
Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and Aβ on the key reactions involved in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway
RBP-J functions as a key negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption
. Schematic representation of the mechanisms involved in normal cell cycle control, growth, apoptosis, and cell migration/adhesion that are impaired in cancer development.
Schematic representation of epigenetic regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Œ± (PPARŒ±) in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) genes (A‚ÄìC) and PPARŒ± signaling to the FAO metabolome (D)
Summary of the toxic mechanisms of ZEA on breast cancer cell growth with antagonistic effects posted by AFB1
a Simplified representation of a signaling cascade
The classical and “back-door” pathways of androgen biosynthesis
DAB2IP and RASAL2 Cooperate to Drive Distinct Aspects of Metastasis Through Ras and NF-Œ∫B
Conceptual model of four networks believed to be involved in pain processing and pain interpretation
Summary of signaling pathways regulating Piezo channels
Balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant forces in ALL and interactions among host, disease, and treatment related factors.Notes: *Effect of lymphoid blasts; $effect of l-asparaginase; #effect of steroids, on coagulation parameters; green color is increased effect and red color is decreased effect.Abbreviations: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CVC, central venous catheter; TFPI, tissue-factor pathway inhibitor; vWF, von Willebrand factor; AT, antithrombin; TM, thrombomodulin; FDPs, fibrin-degradation products
In response to injury, there are significant and dynamic changes to the OGlcNAc sub-proteome
Alternative pathway of calcitonin gene‚Äêrelated peptide (CGRP) for treatments of Alzheimer's type dementia
In this figure, 3b is a magnified illustration of the synaptic level shown in 3a
Inflammation, apoptosis and cell survival
Network of genes targeted by miR-21, based on miRTarBase predictions and analysed by String
Intracellular NAD+ metabolism in eukaryotic cells
Diagrammatic representation of constitutively activated TGF-β-signaling-mediated tissue fibrosis
The cAMP signalling pathway in cardiac myocytes
Various complement components have the potential of being biomarkers either of disease activity or of an MS phenotype
Aurora kinase plus BTK blockade inhibits the chronic active BCR pathway and induces apoptosis in DH/DE-DLBCL
Characterization of network connectivity between highly expressed interferon (IFN) response genes
Gpr17 signaling pathway following lysolecithin insult
The mTORC1 pathway: effect on TLR signaling cascades and modulation by bacteria
Molecular pathways involved in the maintenance of the MDSC suppressive function.A wide variety of proinflammatory factors are involved in the induction of the suppressive function in MDSCs
Effects of PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway dysregulation in prostate tumor cells
The schematic diagram illustrates the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1)-MDM2 pathway in breast cancer
The schematic diagram illustrates targeting strategies for the NFAT1-MDM2-p53 pathway
Activation of MAPK signaling pathway: The conventional MAPKs ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38MAPK are activated in the presence of specific stress stimuli, mediated by their respective upstream MAP3Ks which activate MAP2Ks that in turn phosphorylate and activate their substrate MAPKs
Result of the exploration of HTR1A functions involved in biological process pathways using the STRING database (http://string-db.org/newstring)
A synaptic model proposed for extinction of memory
Potential mechanisms involved in vitamin D-mediated immunomodulation of neutrophils
Proposed model for impaired apoptotic response to hMPV infection in NECs from asthmatics
Schematic representation of the RTK signaling network and nodes of therapeutic blockade
Diagram illustrating damage processes and pathways thought to contribute to HC loss due to acoustic overexposure
The venn diagram represents the distribution of enzymes common to all apicomplexans, shared between various clades, and unique to each clade
Hypothetical signaling network integrating top genes identified through Rasch analysis
Schematic diagram of PKR signaling pathways that are activated by inflammatory stimulation
Depicting the possible molecular mechansims by which MitoQ prevents alcoholic liver disease through modulating ALDH2 posttranslational modifications
Cell–cell communication by extracellular vesicles in multiple myeloma
Scheme of reported cross-talk between core Hippo pathway components and wt (left) or mutant (right) p53
Interactions between the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolytic pathway, and the mevalonic acid pathway for the synthesis of isoprene
Biosynthesis of NAD(P)+ in mammalian cells
Functional mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway
IGF1R signaling pathway and its relevant drug resistance mechanisms: Promoting proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis and inducing changes to ABC transporter proteins and the ECM
Mechanisms leading to transitory or sustained PD-1 expression in activated and exhausted T cells
Regulation of the FoxO1/3 activity by phosphorylation
The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ORKD development
The Hippo signalling pathway in Drosophila and mammals
Signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs and secondary AML
The schematic pathway of HIV infection with alcohol induced oxidative stress, and redox inhibition affected lipid rafts-mediated downstream signaling network AA metabolites and ABC transporters associated immune dysfunction and disease progression
The proposed model shows that MTH-3 induces G2/M phase arrest, autophagy and apoptotic cell death (death receptor/mitochondrial pathways and ER stress) in human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells
Oncogenic regulation of glucose flux into PPP
Mechanisms of protein sequestration at the nuclear periphery
Regulation of energy homeostasis, reproductive processes, and somatic growth or maintenance by signaling pathways that perceive and respond to nutrient availability
CTNNA2 and CTNNA3 are both encoding Œ±-catenins
Schematic representation of the putative mechanism involved in the transdifferentiation from SESCs to CECs
Schematic illustration of the WNT signaling pathway activated by PRP
Hypothesized signal transduction pathway at germinating A
Wnt signalling pathways and their interactions
ETO/CTH‐induced DNA damage appears to promote a p53/p21‐dependent pathway
Relation between activated WNT/β-catenin pathway and Warburg effect in ASD
The proposed metabolic pathway of regorafenib in humans in vivo
Important growth factors and cellular signalling pathways involved in tumourigenesis and angiogenesis of NETs
(A) The mammalian apoptosis pathway downstream of mitochondria
Schematic of the transcriptional/translational feedback loop
Current and proposed molecular mechanisms augmenting myogenic reactivity in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Top section: Mechanisms responsible for the cytoprotective and anti‐inflammatory effects of PARP inhibitors on non‐oncological diseases
The KRAS/TGF-β/p15Ink4b pathway controls the cell fate
Schematic model for EGFR-PI3K/AKT signaling activation induced by Notch1C1133Y mutation
Kegg PI3K/Akt‐Signaling pathway with highlighted dysregulated mRNA and their associated seed‐region matched miRNA
Diagram of the signaling pathway activated by piperonylic acid
Antitumor and protumor functions of γŒ¥ T cells
Putative function of a Glutathione-S-transferase in the formation of PEN2 pathway end products
Pathway map for “Inhibitory PD-1 signaling in T cells”
Induction of ER stress causes activation of the PERK-eIF2Œ± pathway and leads to autophagy
DENV2-induced autophagy is ER stress-UPR dependent, involving PERK-eIF2Œ±-ATF4 and IRE1Œ±-JNK-BECN1 pathways
Molecular mechanisms regulating EMT-like programs in GSCs
Mucosal tolerance in the gut and its breakdown in food allergy
Network connectivity of differentially regulated genes in the salivary glands of klotho‚Äêdeficient mice
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism by which thalidomide reduces ECM accumulation through the activation of AMPKŒ± and suppression of NF-Œ∫B/MCP-1 and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways.Abbreviations: AMPKŒ±, AMP-activated protein kinase Œ±; ECM, extracellular matrix; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor-Œ∫B; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1
Methylation changes directly correlated with transcriptional activity
Expression of key biological pathways involved in M
Activators and repressors of the regulatory network of genes associated with the bovine milk Œ∫-casein content
Putative inhibitory pathway of BIOGF1K-mediated antiphotoaging events
Genes mapped to the canonical neuropathic pain signaling pathway by IPA
Regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis.Notes: Under fasting condition, hepatic glycogenolysis is enhanced via an increased concentration of glucagon and epinephrine
Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.Notes: In prolonged fasting, hepatic gluconeogenesis is initiated and catalyzed by a series of enzymes including PC, PEPCK, FBPase and G6Pase
GCN5 Affects Multiple Components of the FGF Signaling Pathway and Activates Selective Targets during Early DifferentiationTop: the abnormal phenotype of Gcn5−/− EBs becomes evident early during EB differentiation (day 5)
Neurotransmitters signalling pathways in cancer
Role of the polyol pathway in the vascular damage.The activation of the polyol pathway induces vascular damage for the following reasons: (1) Fructose and its metabolites, e.g., triose phosphate, methylglyoxal, fructose 3-phosphate, and 3-deoxyglucosone, are potent glycating agents.
Elevation of oxidative stress in diabetesIn patients with diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress is elevated due to glucose autoxidation, enhanced glycation, activated AGEs-RAGE axis, enhanced polyol pathway, impaired glutathione redox cycle, and activated PKCs, among others.Abbreviations: AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; PKC, protein kinase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species
Changes in brain energy metabolism during worker maturation elucidated by pathway analysis of data from brain RNA-seq experiments
Model depicting the suggested signaling pathway modulated by CSs to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression
Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and oncogenic NF-Œ∫B pathway by ubiquitylating enzymes in CRC
Regulation of important signaling pathways by E3 ubiquitin ligases in CRC
Schematic drawing of the interactions between Aβ(1‐42) and IGF‐I receptor signaling
Model of how the ‚àÜ133p53 isoform regulates the JAK-STAT3 and RhoA-ROCK pathways to promote inflammation and invasion
Pathway studio analysis of genes analyzed in the study by the gene array analysis and qPCR
Pathway studio analysis of proteins whose genes were analysed in the study by the gene array analysis and qPCR
Schematic illustration of ORI inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT of melanoma cells through PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway
Mechanism through which metformin exerts its antitumor effects (A) by reducing the level of insulin in serum to inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and (B) by activating AMPK to inhibit the mTOR pathway
Schematic illustration of the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling pathway
Mouse mammary tumor types and human cancers and are ordered to reflect similarities in differentiation and pathway activation
Signalling pathway impact analysis of gene expression data from H226 MM cells expressing C91A-mutant (mt BAP1) or wild-type BAP1 (wt BAP1)
A schematic to illustrate calcimimetic R-467 reversed Cd-induced signaling pathways, followed reinstated intracellular Ca2+ level and ROS generation, restored autophagic flux, alleviated cell apoptosis and stimulated cell proliferation
Schematic diagram of the mechanism of anti-allergic and inflammatory effect of quail egg on the food allergy induced EoE like disease alergic reaction
Proposed mechanisms underlying the action of TBN on promoting post‚Äêischaemic neuroregenerative repair in cerebral ischaemic environment
A cellular model of insulin (and leptin) signaling via TRPC5 channel activation in POMC neurons
DEGs enriched KEGG map of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway in myocardial infarction
DEGs enriched KEGG map of the TNF signaling pathway in myocardial infarction
Schematic illustration of MAPK signaling pathway, where each MAPK phosphorylates several transcriptional factors, regulating protein expression
Model illustrating how PNU attenuates nicotine plus HFD–induced hepatic steatosis
(A) For successful therapy response, dual mTOR and PI3K inhibition is required to inhibit 4E-BP1 activity (B) Inhibition of PI3K leads to PDK1-mediated AKT rephosphorylation that does not require PIP3 and mTORC2 (C) Combination therapy with dual PI3K/mTOR and AKT inhibitors results in AKT and 4E-BP1 dephosphorylation, induction of apoptosis and reduction of cell growth to enable effective tumor supression
Estrogen or androgen stimulation rapidly leads to extranuclear assembly of estrogen receptor (ERβ)/androgen receptor (AR)/Src ternary complex in LNCaP cells
Biological pathways that engage TDP1 and TDP2
Interaction of miRNAs as oncogenic and tumor suppressor
Schematic representation of the Axl signaling pathway
Nodes represent proteins and lines connecting nodes indicate direct, or indirect interactions between proteins
Co-expression network constructed for the signature genes
Differentially expressed genes (red) in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome group compared with the control group in the TNF signaling pathway
Differentially expressed genes (red) in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome group compared with the control group in the influenza A pathway
Construction and analysis of the HEV-host PPI network
Ingenuity pathway analysis network identified with differential expressed genes
Network of differentially expressed proteins in KD with CAD and CAA
Schematic diagram of signalling pathways involved in HMGB1‐induced HIF‐1α expression and angiogenesis in human TMJ perforated disc cells
Schematic depicting TIPE1 inhibits EMT, at least in part, via negatively regulating Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway in gastric cancer
Proposed model for the synergistic inhibitory effect of Phe on translational mechanisms and protein synthesis in PA cells of dairy calves
Mechanistic changes in the antitumor immune response after radiotherapy
Schematic articulation of the core metabolic and signaling pathways in neurons, highlighting links between glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid classes of lipid species identified in the current study to be associated with the severity of AD pathology in the brain
A) Direct connections representing activator an... B) Hidden cascade of indirect regulations conne... C) Cascade of hidden interactions emerging in t...
The meaning of the node and edge colors is the same as in  besides those regulations which disappear in “cancer” network compared to “normal” network (shown by interrupted line arrows)
(A) Recommended methods for specific scenarios... (B) The most important deregulated genes in par... (C) An illustrative example of the most importa...
Schematic model of the proposed mechanisms for C-phycocyanin-induced apoptosis, migration and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells
Data sets were analyzed through the use of QIAGEN's Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®, QIAGEN Redwood City, CA, USA www.qiagen.com/ingenuity).
The proposed regulatory pathway for astragaloside IV action in inhibition of adipose lipolysis
(A) List of major disease pathways regulated by LANA in BJAB cells. (B) 630 molecules (cellular proteins) with >5-fold changes in LANA expre...
Hypoxia is a common characteristic of solid malignancies, which is involved in the processes of self-renewal, stemness maintenance, and EMT of CSCs
The HBP pathway produces the nucleotide sugar UDP-GlcNAc in a nutrient-dependent manner
5-FU, oxaliplatin (OXA) and CPT-11 are the principal anti-colorectal cancer drugs
Abnormal glycosylation associated with colorectal cancer is involved in cancer emergence and progression as well as in different anticancer therapy resistance mechanisms
(A) silencing of PVT1 represses proliferation and decreases cyclin D1 expression through reducing recruitment of EZH2 and modulating TSHR; (B) down-regulated PTCSC3 promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis; (C) BANCR overexpression inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis through inactivation of ERK and p38 in PTC cell lines (TPC-1, K1, and BCPAP); (D) FAL1 can reduce the expression of CDKN1A via binding to BMI1, thus promoting proliferation and migration; (E) NEAT1 promotes migration and invasion, as well as increases the expression of β-catenin through the reduction of miR-214; (F) downregulation of NAMA inhibits apoptosis via modulating Raf- MEK-ERK signaling pathway; (G) down-regulated GAS8-AS1 promotes cell viability; (H) MALAT1 promotes proliferation and invasion by up-regulating the expression of IQGAP1 in FTC
(A) FTH1P3 promotes proliferation and colony formation via acting as a miRNA sponge of miRNA-224-5p to activate frizzled 5 expression; (B) PTENP1 can inhibit proliferation and colony formation through acting as a ceRNA of miR-21 to increase PTEN expression; (C) up-regulated UCA1 promotes proliferation, metastasis and invasion, as well as inhibits cell apoptosis via modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; (D) HOTAIR promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibits apoptosis by recruiting EZH2; (E) TUG1 promotes cell growth, proliferation, colony-forming ability and invasion; (F) FOXCUT promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion via increasing the expression levels of MMPs and VEGF-A, which is regulated by "FOXC1- FOXCUT pair"
Effects of gut microbes on innate immune receptor
The effect of nutrients at the interface of host immunity
Inclusion membrane proteins and secreted effectors from C
Illustrating diagram for several growth factors and signaling molecules that regulate different stages of satellite cells
Metformin induces mitochondrial toxicity and activates the AMPK/mTOR signal pathway, resulting cell apoptosis, DNA damage and protein synthesis inhibition, which suppressed the tumor cell growth
(A) Regulation of the KEGG-determi... (B) Percentages of up- and down re... (C) Examples of genes synergistica... (D) Example of remodeling of the t...
. The signaling pathway of IL-36 cytokines.
Ginsenoside activate estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2)-neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1)-ROS signaling pathway
A role for proteasome inhibition in the modulation of fibrogenic mechanisms mediated by RPE cells
Simplified relationship between ROS-induced redox signaling and mitochondrial dynamics
Illustration of the top networks identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for the response to senescence (A) and selenium level variation (B)
Central pathway for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ACLY: ATP-citrate lyase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FA: fatty acid; FASN: fatty acid synthase; HMG: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; LKB1: liver kinase B1; LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor; SCD: ‚àÜ9-stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SREBP: sterol regulatory element-binding protein; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Canonical as well as non-canonical glutaminolysis pathways, and acetate pathway for supporting lipid metabolism in cancer (ACSS: acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member; ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase; CiC: citrate carrier; GLS: glutaminase; GLUD: glutamate dehydrogenase; GOT: aspartate transaminase; Œ±-KG: Œ±-ketoglutarate; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; MDH: malate dehydrogenase; ME: malate enzyme; SLC: solute carrier; TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Signal transduction through the mTOR complexes
Schematic of key players in the mammalian autophagy pathway discussed in this review
Cross-talk of mTOR with other signaling pathways
(A) Representation of the DNA methylation modifications that occurred within the PI3K/AKT KEGG pathway following 7 weeks of reloading in human subjects
NTP represents nucleotide triphosphate, where N = A, U, G, C. Part (a) shows the Glycolysis and the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathways, whereas part (b) shows the mixed acid fermentation pathway.
In OSCCs, bLF internalizes into cells through LRP1 and suppressed NF-kB p65/Akt pathways
PD173074 inhibits the signal pathway downstream of FGFR1 in ESCC
Physiological roles of S-bacillithiolations for OhrR and MetE in B. subtilis and for Gap of S. aureus.
(A) High expression of both Gas5 and PTEN, low expression of miR-222-3p... (B) A detailed description on the PTEN/AKT-PTEN signaling pathway. Low e...
(A–B) The propose mechanism of BD-induced release of endogenous DAMPs that elicit the inflammatory cytokines is based on the results of present study in both in vitro and animal studies
DEGs (n=26) of patients and genes(n=98) involved in ER signal pathway were integrated using STRING website to explore the association between these DEGs with ER functional related genes
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) protein family organization and HS biosynthesis
Propranolol, a lipophilic β-AR antagonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier, targets β-ARs in the amygdala
Schematic representation of KSHV entry by macropinocytosis and trafficking in the human microvascular dermal endothelial cells
Activation of the B cell receptor signaling canonical pathway in FCRx versus SIS: a schematic representation
Proteomic analysis of the genes in Xllp08 and wild-type E
Tuning the depth of quiescence for cancer therapy
Impact of MK2- and IKK-dependent phosphorylation on RIPK1 function
Factors (molecules and mechanisms) regulated by carotenoids, resulting in their anti-carcinogenic effects
Schematic diagram of the interactions of anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and carotenoids
Molecular aspects of BMAA-induced neurodegeneration mechanisms
Schematic representation of the important connections between cancer cell signaling and the regulation of alternative splicing that the manuscript summarizes
Transcription complexes induced by physiological and aberrant Wnt pathway activation
Crosstalk between canonical and alternative Wnt signalling and the Hippo pathway
Proposed mechanism whereby GEE ameliorates type 2 diabetes through the regulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling
A schematic diagram on regulation of PCSK9 on apoB via modulating the autophagy pathway affecting atherogenesis
Target genes that were significantly enriched in calcium signaling pathway
FoxOs related signaling pathway in cancer progression and metastasis
T cell activation induces autocrine and intracellular complement activation that regulates T cell metabolic function and inflammasome formation
KEGG NF-Œ∫B Signalling Network with dysregulated mRNAs highlighted and their associated miRNAs included
Only the classical role of the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway in the repair of interstrand cross-links (ICLs) is depicted, which involves highly coordinated protein–DNA and protein–protein interactions in the nucleus
RSV and IAV single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA moieties generated during viral replication are detected by both endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3 and TLR7/8, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), resulting in activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factors (IRF) 3, IRF7, and nuclear factor Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and interferons
Signaling pathways for melanin inhibition by NSC-CM
BMP-triggered signalling pathway and major regulators
Schematic representation of the most significant Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) networks from differentially regulated proteins between the hypothyroid and euthyroid states: IPA analysis found the functional interaction networks pathway with the highest score of 28 related to “neurological disease, immunological disease, metabolic disease” showing tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 as central nodes that were dysregulated in hypothyroidism
Molecular mechanisms of PB1-F2 virulence
The change in the metabolism of adenosine signaling between the states of healthy and infected
Heterogeneous contributing factors in MPM disease progression
Systematic diagram to illustrate the enhanced pro inflammatory systemic response in CAE
Genes and pathways involved in the tumor progression toward cancer metastasis
The overview of anticancer properties of pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene; PS)
Schematic diagram of deregulated frizzled (FZD) receptors in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Proposed mechanisms of the Dox-induced neurotoxicity.Note: The drug-induced dysregulation of Neuregulin-1/ErbB pathway further suppresses downstream ERK and Akt signaling and results in the behavioral changes.Abbreviations: Dox, doxorubicin; ERK, extracellular-regulated kinase; NRG1, Neuregulin-1
Bioinformatics of ROS generation using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), (A) metabolomics, (B) transcriptomics, and (C) metabotranscriptomics based on a previous report ()
Schematic representations demonstrating the role LdISP2 in the modulation of host response
Schematic representation of the glycolytic pathway in different cell types
Schematic representation of the fatty acid (FA) synthesis in different cell types
Schematic representation of amino acid metabolism in different cell types
Activated endothelial cells modulate allogenic T lymphocyte activity
Left: In saracatinib (AZD0530) sensitive cells, inhibition of SRC leads to a reduction in the ability of SRC to phosphorylate and activate downstream signalling pathways resulting in decrease proliferation, migration, invasion angiogenesis and cell death
Proteins or complexes encoded by susceptibility genes are marked in white
Proteins or complexes encoded by susceptibility genes are marked in a white background color
A detailed description of signalling pathway modulation is provided in the text
This pathway has two states dependent upon the presence or absence of Wnt ligands
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can induce the Warburg effect and then promote cancer cell survival
Review of angiogenesis and endothelium specification
Genes involved in phenylpropanoids pathway are up regulated in the epidermis
Representation of proteins and protein complexes involved in the “Autophagy – animal” KEGG pathway
Schematic overview of the roles of the Notch pathway in CD8+ T cells and its application to immunotherapy
The biochemical function and regulation of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)
Two possible mechanisms of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) regulation in Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
The TGF-β signaling pathway and the differentially expressed genes in both the bare and the TiN-coated NiTi alloy groups []
The egulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway and the differentially expressed genes on the bare and the TiN-coated NiTi alloys []
Transcripts relating to the classical complement pathway are overabundant in subclinical and active TB
Proposed model for regulation of S6 phosphorylation (P) by the cAMP/PKA pathway
p38 mediates the transcription and the translation of E-selectin by modulating miR-146a and miR-31
C-type lectin receptor (CLR) signaling in fungal recognition
Proposed model of the mechanism that mediates the neuroprotective action of ANP on PD cellular model
Schematic diagram of TLR4 signaling pathways
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through EPRs 1–4
A model of CK1α-, 26 S proteasome-dependent turnover of FOXO tumour suppressors in RAS-mutant cancer cells
Schematic diagram of the effects and underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in various fibroses
Overview of pathways for TP induced apoptosis of SCs
TRAF-STOP Treatment Reduces Atherosclerosis and Preserves ImmunityBinding of CD40L to CD40 results in the recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), and propagation of signaling
Mechanistic map of the signaling pathways involved in local translation mediated by class I mGluRs in neurons
Parathyroid tumorigenesis mechanisms via the cyclins pathway
Schematic diagram of intracellular signaling mechanisms that induce epithelial mesenchymal transition during CSE-induced aberrant EGFR activation in human RPE cells
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of hsa04622: RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
Gene and pathway interaction networks obtained after functional enrichment analysis using ClueGO, a Cytoscape plug-in
The striated sarcomere structure and TTN-mediated signaling pathway
RBM20 structure and potential TTN splicing mechanism(s) regulated by RBM20
TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway modulated expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 stimulated by soluble uric acid in human intestinal cells
TNF mediated anti-inflammatory effect of BM
AP1 and CEBP mediated skin barrier impairment by BM
Factors implicated in manifestation of disease during drug treatment
The PPARŒ±-RXR signaling pathway is over-represented in miRNA target genes identified by IPA
Influence of CPI and PS48 treatment on gene expression and metabolite quantities in Warburg effect-related metabolic pathways in porcine fetal fibroblasts
This pathway is triggered by TLRs and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-1, leading to activation of RelA/p50 complexes that regulate expression of inflammatory cytokines
This pathway mediates intracellular signaling initiated by extracellular stimuli, such as stress and cytokines
Model of an atypical IL-6-Stat3-RFX1-IL-17A regulatory pathway in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients
Schematic representation of the gene targets of miRNA identified by NGS in the AIS patients and their role in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation depicted from KEGG and DIANA miRPath v3
Oncogenic cooperation of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations
Functional enrichment of combined differentially expressed gene list in severe asthma across all tissues
IL-17 signaling pathway in NTM-infected respiratory epithelium
Upstream cell signaling pathway of autophagy
Summarization of biological function by a Concept Ontology
Tumorigenic proteins significantly upregulated in the IMR-32 cells mapped to the MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor (MYCN) pathway
Top deregulated networks in NL-20 cells: Hematological system development and function, immunological disease, lymphoid tissue structure and development network induced by Caki-2 cells defined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Significantly deregulated networks in NL-20 cells: Cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorder and developmental disorder induced by Caki-2 cells defined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Deregulated networks in NL-20 cells: Cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, connective tissue disorder, developmental disorder networks induced by ACHN cells defined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Comparison of partial network overlap of two gene sets
Schematic of hedgehog signaling pathway components in the ovary
Schematic of signaling events that are induced by the LH surge and regulate the processes of ovulation and luteinization
Pharmacological targeting of KLFs in vascular inflammation
Overview of the canonical hippo signaling pathway
Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism by which RHBDD1 promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer
Schematic overview of the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on enzymes within the small intestine
Role of ROS in signal transduction.ROS induce activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR survival signaling leads to the activation of mainly 2 signaling pathways: Ras-MAPK, which results in cell proliferation, and PI3K-Akt-eNOS, which results in metabolic modulation and cell survival
KEGG database illustration of the MAP kinase pathway
A schematic representation demonstrating the mechanism by which silibinin inhibits NSCLC metastasis via the EGFR/LOX signaling pathway
Assessment of liver microenvironment through whole-genome RNA Seq
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway map for Toll and IMD signaling pathway
Non-canonical Wnt signaling at the primary cilium
PCP signaling-regulated cell migration by endocytosis of adhesion plaques
NBDHEX causes the dissociation of both the GSTP1-1–TRAF2 and the GSTP1-1–JNK complexes and triggers the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway
Diagram illustrates the dominating signaling pathways involving Sal- induced autophagy
NO-cGMP signaling pathway: Highly membrane permeable NO binds with NO-soluble Guanylyl cyclase (sGC) which causes conformational changes, and it induces the conversion of GTP-cGMP
The canonical Wnt pathway regulates gene expression by modulating β-catenin levels
Schematic of the interrelationships among p-AMPK, p-mTOR, p-ULK1, autophagy and apoptosis
The ULK1 complex integrates upstream mTORC1 and AMPK signaling pathways and ultimately activates the PIK3C3 complex to initiate phagophore formation (see text for details)
Skin pigmentation in response to UV light
Regulation of Intrinsic pathway by E3 ligases and DUBs
Illustration of E3 ligases and DUBs that regulate extrinsic pathway of Apoptosis
Illustration of E3 ligases and DUBs that regulate TNF induced NF-Œ∫B pathway
Pictorial representation of p53 pathway regulated by E3 ligases and DUBs
Schematic illustrating the proposed scenario of evolution of the sialylation pathway in eukaryotes
Outline of main altered pathways in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
Pathway analysis of iron starvation responses
Key signaling pathways affected by CD5 expression
Rationale for targeting both the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways for suppressing cancer growth
Distinct mechanisms of small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies for targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer cells
Interaction of oestrogen signalling and beta‚Äêadrenergic signalling pathways
Integration of multiple low-oxygen stress-signaling pathways from diverse cellular origins
Retrograde signaling during photooxidative stress in chloroplasts
Overview of the regulation of group-VII ERF factor stability in Arabidopsis
Illustration of the effects of Sal B on hepatocyte differentiation from human ESC
(A) The steps of glycolysis and ether lipid synthesis. The numbers indic... (B) The spectral counts of the related proteins identified from each gla...
NEDDylation inhibition by pevonedistat induces eIF2Œ± de-phosphorylation which reduces the cellular level of STIM1 and in turn changes the stoichiometric ratio between Orai1:STIM1, leading to CRAC activation and concomitant increase of Ca2+ influx
Significantly up and down regulated proteins were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software and mapped to canonical pathways
. KEGG Wnt-Signaling Pathway: Dysregulated mRNA and miRNA in colorectal cancer.
miR-148a miRComb targets (mRNAs that are negatively correlated with miR-148a -FDR < 0.05- and predicted in at least one database of TargetScan, miRVR or miRDB) are highlighted in red.
(A) FOXC1 regulates the function of the NF-Œ∫B... (B) EGFR, via MAPK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways, u... (C) FOXC1 activates Smoothened-independent Hedg...
The p53 signaling pathway targeted by hsa-mir-34a in liver cancer
The mechanistic basis of V-ATPase dependent signaling
Aging-induced M1 proinflammatory phenotype promotes Nrf2-ARE pathway disruption in the subventricular zone (SVZ) driving neurogenic impairment in parkinsonian mice via PI3K-Wnt/β-catenin dysregulation
(A) Schematic diagram of the three pathways of the complement system, hi... (B) Representative diagram of the modular organization of human properdi...
The Src family kinase (SFK) signaling initiated by the activated growth hormone receptor (GHR)
Schematic diagram of the therapeutic mechanisms of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury
Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by Dectin-1
Subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S cluster and Moco assembly processes
Intracellular signaling transduction mediated by polyphenols for the treatment of NAFLD
JAK2 and CSF3R mutated patients can benefit of ruxolitinb treatment
Role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase downstream of the B cell receptor
Regulation of PTEN, a major regulator of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway
Schematic representation of the BCR-ABL1 signaling pathways targeted by non ABL-directed inhibitors
TKI-induced regulation of glycolytic pathway
Downstream signaling interactions of the HGF/c-MET signaling pathway
Schematic representation of an RTK and the downstream PI3K/AKT pathway
Alternative downstream compounds-induced EGFR-TKIs resistance
Cell signaling pathways induced by Src kinases
TKIs inhibit TKs-mediated signaling pathway
Rapidly induced cell autonomous bypass signaling
RTK-regulated signaling in breast cancer progression
Dynamic regulation of macrophage autophagy in response to Leishmania
The “cross-talk” between liver and peripheral organs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD
The anti-fibrotic effect of some selected polyphenols on cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, transdifferentiation, extracellular matrix deposition, and TGF-β/smad signaling pathway
A hypothetical model for the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in TRIM31−/− mice
Chromatin structure of human and mouse telomeres
SYK and downstream kinases are essential to drive inflammation and blistering in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA)
Common highly linked molecules and their most significantly related signaling pathways and functions in the “matrine-CRC” merged network
Model of Nilotinib effects on myoblasts and skeletal myogenesis
Model of inflammatory response by Arid5a/Regnase-1/UPF1
Regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Regulation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in glaucoma
Regulation amongst the Wnt/β-catenin, LPA and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and YAP/TAZ of the Hippo pathway
Differentially expressed miRNA gene targets in the insulin signaling pathway
miRNA-gene network contains six miRNAs and their target genes, which are involved in the insulin signaling pathway
Calcium signaling pathway, with red font indicating target genes
Bioinformatics prediction of genes interacting with RAC1 using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Schematic representation of EMT activation via TGF-β
Signaling pathways involved in the progression of extramammary Paget’s disease
Depiction of classical and nonclassical pathway to NF-kB (p65-p50 or RelBp52) translocation activation
Schematic diagram of the interaction between TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling pathway and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT) and WNT/β-catenin pathways
Establishment of a new chemical pathway for the enantiospecific synthesis of steroids
. Proposed signaling pathway of epinephrine’s action on the Na+/K+ ATPase.
Pathway diagram of metabolic and antioxidant proteins with high representation in the human retina
(a) Upregulation of ALC, associated to β-oxidation of fatty acids, (b) NAD-induced pathway alterations and other alterations only induced by PC-3S cells
Bidirectional E-cadherin/catenin–EGFR cross talk in epithelial biology
Differentially expressed artemisinin and other terpenoid biosynthetic pathway genes of A
Schematic overview of anabolic and catabolic signaling in skeletal muscle
Regulation of expression and functional role of CD38
Macrophage polarization in type 2 diabetes
MiRNA biogenesis, function in cytoplasm and nucleus-cytoplasm transport
—Metabolic reconstruction of the Symbionts of Edessa
Activation of TLRs in heart cells by PAMPs and DAMPs during heart failure
The overview of Hippo-Yap signaling pathway
The likely mechanism underlying the effect of PYC on the browning of WAT
Proposed scheme for the protective effect of ZP2495 on cardiomyocyte
Schematic illustration of the main intracellular pathways and the effects of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity in (A) different... (B) immune an...
Schematic illustration of the main intracellular pathways underlying WAT metabolic functions and the effects of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity on these pathways: B-oxidation (∗through upregulation of ACS, CD36, MCD, and CPT1 genes and after stimulus as PPARα agonist or adrenergic agonists, through upregulation of the AMPK pathway); lipolysis (sequentially by ATGL, HSL, and MGL actions); lipogenesis (∗through upregulation of GLUT4; ACC genes)
. mTOR regulatory molecular network (obtained in STRING DB).
Depicted is the canonical signaling pathway in which ligand-activated IGF-1R/InsR homo- and hetero-dimers phosphorylate IRS-1/2 at Tyr sites, creating docking sites for p85/PI3K that derepress p110/PI3K
. Schema chart of the molecular signaling pathway of biological characteristics changes of PC3 cells in vivo.
Genes and miRNAs with higher expression in VAT than in BAT are indicated in red, while those with lower expression in VAT than in BAT are in green
DNA sequence alterations including gene mutation/deletion/amplification, gene fusion, and epigenetic modification as well as regulatory mutation result in activation of multiple signaling pathways, which contribute to GBM development
The core inhibitory kinase module of the Hippo pathway is composed of MST1/2, MAP4K, and LATS1/2
Strategies for targeting Hippo-YAP/TAZ activity are indicated
(A) String pathway to show the node of PD effects
The role and mechanism of Twist1 in renal, pulmonary and skin fibrosis
The dynamic regulation of intracellular NAD+ levels
Overview of the intracellular signaling pathways that are linked to Insulin/IGF signaling in PDAC
G-alpha signaling pathway in uveal melanoma (adapted from Patel M et al
A model depicting NMJ structural organization mediated by dICA69 through its interaction with the actin regulatory proteins in the Cdc42-Cip4-Wasp pathway
(A) Based on our findings, TL-1 cells have a decreased expression of IFN... (B) However, TL-1 cells are responsive to IL-2 leading to activation of...
Depiction of folate uptake and reduction, transmethylation, and transulfuration pathways
Putative enzymes functioning in phospholipid degradation is shown to the right, the triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway is shown in the middle and non-phosphorus-containing lipid biosynthesis to the left
Model for regulation of Abl signaling by Notch
Pathways that regulate mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling
Diagram of shep-dependent genetic network of neuronal remodeling
Schema of the anti-HIV mechanism of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
Means to enhance the immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME)
Targeting pattern-recognition receptor signaling in human intestinal inflammation
Schematic drawing of insulin/IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/tau signaling
Control of norepinephrine release and VSMC tension
Host-secreated miRNAs regulate the gut microbiota that in turn affects the host via induction of specific miRNAs
Proposed model for TORC2-Ypk1 dependent activation of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway in acetic acid-stressed S
Differential protein expression is denoted as red (upregulated) and green (downregulated)
A simplified display of the Hedgehog signaling pathway
Evasion of the DNA-sensor-mediated IFN-I signal pathway by HSV-1
Potential gemcitabine/birinapant effects on upstream regulatory proteins
Model for a biological pathway regulating memory, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia risk
The BCR‐ABL pathway involves an intricate signaling networks including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF‐β, WNT/β‐catenin, Hedgehog, and NOTCH
Schematic diagram of ca2+ signal transduction pathway and other miscellaneous pathways activate in response to the electrical and mechanical stimulations
Schematic of the metabolic changes in the liver of fed and fasted HrasG12S/+ mice
Inhibition mechanism of IL-12 production through interaction of TIM-3 and Gal-9
Coexpression network of CAD genes and metabolic pathway genes
A schematic model of the regulation of the ASK1/P38 signal pathway by Trx-1
RNA-editing regulated genes in LUAD are enriched in apoptosis and innate immune-related genes
Putative metabolic pathway involved in the synthesis of rhamnolipid in genome of P
Schematic demonstration of TCR signaling
A hypothetical model summarizing the probable mechanisms of severe inflammation in malaria
The metabolic pathway of NUCKS1 in physiological and pathological process
Each box in a series represents a cribi-V1 annotated paralog for the indicated gene
Schematic diagram presenting pathways where SMG-induced inhibition of focal adhesions suppresses FAK/RhoA activation and consequently the mTORC1 signaling and cell glycolysis while activating the AMPK pathway and inducing mitochondria biogenesis, leading to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis
The HIF-1 signalling pathway is enriched in proteins containing labile disulfide bonds
Analyses of the potential molecular mechanisms of EPB41L4A-AS2 by a bioinformatics-based method
Schematic overview of the autophagy pathway and target points of its modulators
Key biological pathways with DNB genes in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and PPAR signaling pathway
Gene overexpressed in A375RIV1 compared to A375-v are visualized in boxes (see Fig
Extracellular cadmium has an estrogen-like effect, disturbing hormonal balance via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal pathway
Pathways regulated by selected HPG axis-related hormone and protein in male reproduction as predicted by Pathway Ontology Database and KEGG Pathway Database
. DAX1 transcriptionally repressed the expression of GSK3β to allow β-catenin to escape degradation, which consequently elevated levels of downstream oncogenic genes in cervical cancer, resulting in the promotion of cell growth, tumorigenicity, and CSC characteristics
Working models of platelet Œ±-granule and dense granule formation in megakaryocytes
Graphic brief shows that how signal pathway of CXCL12 stimulates expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in human lung fibroblasts
CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signaling pathway and migration process of immune cells via their interactions
The phosphatase DUSP6 specifically dephosphorylates ERK1/2
a (Upper left panel) Venn diagram depicting the overlap genes (Group A; purple) between the NRF2-bound genes (ChIP-Seq analyses) and genes with significantly altered expression in ROSLow cells (blue)
Summary of the mechanism of NCK1-AS1 in CC cells
Recruitment of NCF-1 by melatonin into the MT2 receptor blocks V. vulnificus-induced NOX2-dependent ROS production, which inhibits PKCŒ±/JNK signaling pathway-activated mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagic cell death
a B cells bind antigens through BCR, present them to cognate CD4+ T cells, become stimulated with CD40-CD40L, CD80/86-CD28, and IL-21, and then develop into Bregs
Neutrophil necroptosis triggered by various stimuli, including TNF, adhesion receptors, MSU crystals or phagocytosis of S. aureus.
MAPK signaling transduced by aberrant MET activation and sustained by SPRY2 mediated stabilization of the MET receptor inhibits myogenic differentiation and confers metastatic characteristics on RMS cells (a)
A schematic diagram illustrating a possible GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 signaling pathway in monocytes which is inhibited by a GC leading to Bad deactivation and subsequent apoptosis
Phosphorylated mixed linage kinase domain like (pMLKL) is the only known mediator of necroptosis and its detection defines the activation of this pathway
a APCs, loaded with antigenic peptides for presentation to the TCR by MHC, are unable to activate T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs through CD80/86:CD28 co-stimulatory signals
A primary glucocorticoid response pathway (shown in green) occurs when exposure to glucocorticoids such as DEX causes activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the cytoplasm
Inhibition of Hsp90 leads to disruption of regulatory complexes of Hsp90 with HSF1 and client protein such as mutp53, thereby causing HSF1-mediated induction of Hsps such as Hsp70 and up-regulation of MDR1/P-gp, which is responsible for the resistance of MDR cells to Hsp90 inhibitor
Affected protein networks were identified using the 40 differentially expressed proteins together with APP and TAU (MAPT) identified in the study by IPA
(A) “→” The activation of the proc... (B) Seventeen DEPs/DEPPs in both p... (C) MSTN, Akt1, and 17 DEPs/DEPPs... (D) Western Blot result of pAkt1 (...
Apoptotic signaling through the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathway
Immunomodulation mediated by hemocyte-derived cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) targeting insulin signaling mediators
A supposed schematic of regulation between IFNγ2 and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in Epinephelus coioides
a The schematic representation of the location of OPN on human chromosome 4.OPN is at location 4q22.1.
Osteopontin (OPN) can interact with several integrins in Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) dependent and RGD independent manners
This figure summarizes the central s-resistin downregulation effects on hypothalamic and peripheral insulin and leptin sensitivity
Functions of phosphoinositides in the cell
Summary. When insulin sensitivity is improved at the level of the IR in podocytes, either through IR over-expression or PTP1B knockdown, podocytes are protected from the development of ER stress.
Bypass pathway activation‐mediated anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK‐TKI) resistance (stromal cell‐mediated ligand secretion from tumor‐ or stromal cell‐mediated receptor tyrosine kinase activation)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for Jab1/COPS5 regulation network in cancer
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for the interaction between Jab1/COPS5 and PD-L1
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to predict the effect of chemical drugs on level of Jab1/COPS5
Pathway analysis of the RT2 Profiler Array gene expression data using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software
Network pharmacology for genes determining cellular responsiveness to As2O3 using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Canonical pathway analysis for genes determining cellular responsiveness to As2O3 using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
The schematic diagram shows that TM suppressed the secretion of NO, TNF-Œ±, and IL-1β by reducing the bioavailability of copper and the activity of its downstream ROS/TRAF6/AKT/NFŒ∫B signaling pathway
Summary of the main differences between NE high and low subtypes of SCLC
Illustration of CLDN3 signaling in cells
(A) Interactions among Protein Kinase C Alpha (PRKCA), NOS3, and BDKRB2... (B) Interactions among genes of the visfatin/NAMPT pathway and response...
Outline of melatonin biosynthesis in the fish pineal gland []
Schematic representation of convergent pathways of neuroprotection generalized for growth factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells and synthetic antioxidants
Agrin stimulates integrin-FAK-ILK-PAK1 mechanosignalling pathway to antagonize the Hippo pathway and activate YAP/TAZ mediated gene transcription
(A) The dsDNA immune sensor cGAS, found associated with chromatin in mit... (B) Errors in mitosis that lead to micronucleation in the next G1‐phase,...
Bioinformatic analysis of ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), revealing its preventive role in carotid plaque rupture and atherosclerosis progression during the inflammatory reaction
Schematic graph show the cellular signaling pathway for TAAR1 acting on P-TH
Results are given as p-values where significant results (p-values adjusted for multiple testing) are indicated in red/dark blue (for increased/decreased mRNA expression) and nominally significant results (0.001 < p < 0.05) are shown as pink/light blue (for increased/decreased mRNA expression).
Changes in the hepatic expression levels of genes for gluconeogenesis pathway following castration of bulls
Metabolic pathway of Aβ and GPCRs in Alzheimer's disease
Preferential activation of the NGF signaling pathway in shock-sensitive methamphetamine (METH) self-administering (SA) rats
Scheme represents sinalization cascade for genesis of MB
Schematic representation of some of the most relevant signalling intermediates in the intracellular signaling cascades triggered in response to ligation of TAM family member Mer by its ligand Protein S
Proposed molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of rhTrx on ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells
Schematic diagram depicting the GPCR signaling pathway in the regulation fluid reabsorption in the efferent ductules
Classic autophagy compared with related trafficking pathways
Proteins significantly altered by torcetrapib associated with insulin sensitivity or pancreatic β-cell function
Briefly, miR-16-5p inhibits expression of both mRNA and protein of SESN1 by directly binding to the 3‚Ä≤ UTR of SESN1
Schematic representation of IRI and RISK pathways linked to NO‚Äêmediated cytoprotection
Overview of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways
Schematic of GDF11 signaling in human liver cancer
Sotetsuflavone inhibited the invasion and metastasis of A549 cells by inhibiting EMT and angiogenesis
The SLAMF receptors are structurally characterized by IgV and IgC2 domains within an extracellular portion and one or more ITSMs, depicted as a closed rectangle, within the cytoplasmic portion
The primary mechanism of action of elotuzumab is NK cell-mediated ADCC against MM cells
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of T cell receptor signaling pathways in EA
The anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis and autophagy activities of SFN: a Sulforaphane (SFN) inhibits transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB), and proto-oncogene myc (c-Myc), resulting in the downregulation of key angiogenic and metastatic regulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and thus, the reduction of angiogenic and metastatic potential
Proposed pathway for regulation of endothelial cell signaling by breast cancer cell-derived EVs and a function-blocking CD47 antibody
The B cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathway
The AMP‚Äêdependent protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway
The KEGG pathway of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
NH, nucleoside hydrolase; AK, adenosine kinase; APRT, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase; AMP, AMP deaminase; HGPRT, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; HGXPRT, hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; IMPD, inosine-5´-monophopshate dehydrogenase; GMPS, GMP synthase; GDA, guanine deaminase; GMPR, GMP reductase; AMP DA, AMP deaminase; ADSS, adenylosuccinate synthetase; ADSL, adenylosuccinate lyase
The role of SUMOylation in representative cancer pathways
Proposed model for the role of DAPK1‐mediated Beclin‐1 phosphorylation and TTP‐mediated Bcl‐2 mRNA destabilization in autophagy leading to the suppression of inflammatory responses by gAcrp in macrophages
NO: Nitric oxide, sGC: soluble guanylate cyclase, cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGKI: protein kinases
Schematic representation of different metabolic responses in acquiring FK866 resistance in CEM RES (a) and MDA RES (b) cells
Autophagy is initiated through inhibition of mTORC1 signaling
Three pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR)
Schematic diagram for innate immune response against influenza A virus (IAV) infection
The extrafollicular (EF) pathway for the generation of autoreactive plasma cells (PCs) in systemic lupus erythematosus
The germinal center (GC) pathway for the generation of autoreactive plasma cells (PCs) in systemic lupus erythematosus
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME)
(A) Extracellular adenosine accumulates via the breakdown of ATP, both i... (B) A2ARs signal predominantly via the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein ki...
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in humoral responses
Proposed model for Marf-mediated ER stress in FRDA flies
Main metabolic and redox circuits regulated by the inhibition of the H+-ATP synthase by inhibitory factor 1 (IF1)
Molecular targets of natural compounds in breast cancer pathway
Interplay between immune system and gut microbiota in homeostasis, tolerance, and inflammation
Possible signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation in the ECs are illustrated
Specific signaling pathways of different amino acids in intestinal inflammation are showed
Identification of PD0332991-regulated gastric cancer cell signaling networks
Signal transduction by TGF-βs and BMPs‚ÄÉTGF-β and BMP ligands induce formation of heteromeric complex between specific Type II and Type I receptors
Cardiomyocytes, interstitial, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of the human heart express MGP
(A) Graphical representation of the subnetwork connecting dystrophin and... (B) DMD, the genes in the neurotrophin pathway, the differentially expre...
Simplified scheme depicting the core components of MAPK signaling pathway and its pharmacological modulation at different levels
i Under standard culture conditions, hiPSCs show a remarkable potential to self-renew while maintaining their pluripotency when the circuitry of pluripotency network is activated; on the other hand, hiPSCs can give rise to any cell lineage when the pluripotency network is inactivated upon stimulation of differentiation
Ang-2 has been implicated in mediating inflammatory processes, and upregulated in multiple inflammation-related tumors or signaling pathway
Model for VEGFR and Hippo signaling in angiogenesis/VM
Ras1 and Ras2 are activated upon nutrient availability signaling, glucose in particular
Schematic representation of the cell polarity and Ca2+ noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways
Wnt activity is necessary for heart development and becomes very low in the adult heart
Mechanism of apoptosis induction by Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the infected cell
Under the action of BMP2 and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor, the expression of transcription factors Runx2 and osterix can be activated via the BMP/Smad pathway
Interesting gene regulatory interactions with respect to PI3K-Akt signaling and Ras signaling pathway
Ras signaling cross-talk protein transport
Summary of excitotoxic pathways, mediators and potential therapeutics
Summary of Potential Eph/Ephrin Tumor Promoting Pathways
Underlying mechanism of Fusobacterium nucleatum pathogenesis in colorectal cancer
The proposed molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by BOS-102 in A549 cells
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling pathway enriched in Beijing-You chickens
Actin cytoskeleton signaling pathway in Cobb chickens
Schematic of the Wnt signaling pathway that determines stem cell self-renewal
Relationship between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Wnt pathway in glioblastoma-derived stem cells (GSCs)
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways and their effects in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)
Key players and stimuli in DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission, both in physiologic and tumor conditions
Schematic and simplified representation of the TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 signaling pathways
A schematic model for the CDK5RAP3 - AKT - GSK3β - β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer
Proposed model of immunopathogenesis of Borreliella burgdorferi during early cutaneous infection
Most of Theileria parva proteins involved in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycles were identified in this study
A. Distinct and overlapping functions of the cAMP-PKA pathway and Pmk1 and Mps1 MAPK cascades during plant infection.
STAT3 can be activated by a wide range of ligands binding to cytokine, growth factor, or G-protein-coupled receptors
Schematic of central carbon metabolism in Mtb highlighting genes with statistically significant differences in transposon insertion count between clinical strains and the reference strain H37Rv
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) related to the epigenetic control of genes involved in demyelination, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, pain, and loss of sensation were differentially expressed in leprosy patient (LP)
Protein kinases (circled in red) encoded by X-linked genes and involved in the TLR4 signaling pathway, adapted from the study by Akira et al
Differential control of distinct stages in adult SVZ-OB neurogenesis by different cell cycle regulatory proteins
Summary of the signaling pathways involved in PACAP stimulation of PRL promoter activity in Œ±T3-1 Cells via PAC1 receptor
Schematic diagram depicting the proposed WNT pathway antagonists, inhibitors and modulators
Major pathways involved in mucus hypersecretion
Schematic diagram proposed mechanism of humoral IL-6-mediated inflammation in triggering EC damage
The extrinsic pathway begins with a death ligand docking on a death receptor
Integrins act as “double agents” during Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach, serving to potentiate bacterial pathogenicity while also aiding in the immune response
Insulin signaling pathway and insulin mimicking function of zinc ions
CyPA is able to activate platelets by binding to EMMPRIN
Schematic representation of the molecular signaling pathways underlying the effects of CC2238/Œ±ANP in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets
Proposed GHSR induced mechanism of signal transduction in relation to the IR
GPCR signaling is functional to almost any aspect of cell physiology including the organization of the stem cells niche
NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response –signaling in the nucleus
KEGG Apoptosis pathway with highlighted dysregulated mRNAs and miRNAs
Molecular alterations in cortisol-producing benign adrenal cortical neoplasms
Alterations in the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway alter FLNA phosphorylation
Working model of endothelial specific elevated miRNA302-367 attenuating embryonic hindbrain developmental angiogenesis by targeting CDC42 and CCND1 multiple pathways
Chronic exposure of cells to Cr(VI) causes ROS generation which is responsible for malignant cell transformation
Shown is a schematic view of the Bloch cholesterol biosynthetic pathway
A. The formation of RORγt agonists by the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway leads to activation of RORγt, which is required for Th17 differentiation and the expression of target genes, such as Il17, Il21, and Il23R.
Significant pathway enrichment of DEGs.Note: Red represents the signaling pathway, green represents downregulated genes, blue represents signaling pathway, and red represents upregulated genes.Abbreviation: DEGs, differentially expressed genes
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signalling via the SMAD-dependent pathway
Alzheimer’s disease pathway and enriched gene ontology with Down-regulated genes
Viral dsDNA, or self-dsDNA, is sensed by cGAS and other DNA sensors such as DDX41 and IFI16
Activation, inhibition and undirected interactions are shown with solid green lines, solid red lines and dotted black lines, respectively
Overview of the regulation of the cell cycle
Pathway of ER-positive breast cancer target PPI network (blue circle stands for breast cancer gene; red diamond stands for pathway)
Pathway o of DXP-ER-positive breast cancer network (blue circle stands for compound target; red diamond stands for pathway; green hexagon stands for herb)
Pathway of compound-known target-ER-positive breast cancer network (blue circle stands for compound target; red diamond stands for pathway; green hexagon stands for herb)
Cooperative interactions between the tumour and surrounding cells in tumorigenesis
Different modes of cooperative tumorigenesis
Simplified overview of the intracellular signaling mechanisms governing CCA cell motility and invasiveness
EGFR and EGFRvIII are able to transduce signals via classic RTK pathways including the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, the JAK/STAT pathway and the PKC pathway
The paradigm of host inflammation responses to Salmonella and its interaction with autophagy as well as ubiquitination
Tie-2 reseptor phosphorylated by Ang-2 producted from Weibel-Pallade bodies; Tie-2 phosphorylation influence the downstream pathways (ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB)
A working model of the molecular mechanism of APE2-mediated ATR–Chk1 DDR pathway from a defined SSB structure
KEGG protein distribution of TGF-β pathway proteins observed among the core proteins
Biological pathways whereby PM2.5 promotes cardiovascular events
The Canonical activation of Shh pathway in vertebrates
The crosstalk between Shh pathway and others
(A) Schematic representatio... (B) Representative spectra... (C) Glycolysis (D) Spliceosome mediated sp... (E) Proteoglycan mediated s...
Estrogen pathway in lung carcinogenesis and its implications for targeted therapy
All roads lead to Rome: vascular inflammation
Role of miR-146a in diabetic microvascular complications
a Hierarchical clustering analysis of all differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (812 proteins at p ≤ 0.05 with ≥ 2 unique peptides)
A simplified model showing ethylene–dependent and low temperature–modulated ripening pathways in kiwifruit
Antiviral Innate immune response against rotavirus in bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells
Beneficial effects of immunobiotics on the antiviral innate immune response against rotavirus in bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells
Model for regulation of type I interferon signaling pathway by duck TRAF3s (duTRAF3s) in duck cells
Proposed mechanism of BLPs-induced anti-angiogenesis and cell cycle regulation via the Akt pathway
Models of RIPK1 regulation by IKKŒ±/β and MK2 phosphorylation
The interplay between the mevalonate pathway and mutp53
Functional association between mutp53 and mevalonate pathway-associated oncogenic proteins (Ras, RhoA, YAP/TAZ)
Overview of potential metabolic capabilities
This scheme shows how Orai3 overexpression could contribute to the development of a resistant phenotype in ER+ BC cells to cytotoxic and chemo-induced apoptosis
Upon phagocytosis, the phagosome acquires the GTPase Rab5 via fusion with early endosomes
Proposed model of the temporal contributions of Wnt ligands and β-catenin to α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-4 responses by liver natural killer T (NKT) cells
Mechanisms of anti-gliomagenic effects of different psychiatric and non-psychiatric drugs as demonstrated via in vitro studies
Schematic overview of the AA metabolism pathway
Mechanism of insulin resistance induced by HFSD plus agents
The five most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways extracted from the protein-protein interaction network
A compiled summary of signaling pathways activated by prostanoid receptor PGE2 receptor 2 (EP2) in osteocytes, neurodegenerative diseases, and colon cancer (see text for details)
General overview of metabolic pathways in healthy ECs
Mechanism of stress-induced tumor progression and dissemination
Cartoon showing hypothetical activation of CFTR by cigarette smoke extract via prostanoid and store-operated cAMP signaling pathways
The centrally controlled, parallel sympathetic nerve and slow neurohumoral pathways that regulate both arterial and cardiac function, and participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure (HF)
Effect of CO on cellular inflammation pathways
Visual description of the IL-31 and IL-33 cascades leading to the activation of the genes and the proteins involved in the development of inflammatory disorders
Regulation of the Hippo pathway in smooth muscle cells
The signalling pathway of Pak1 in the heart
Diagram showing the biased activation of CGRP receptors and AM1/2 receptors by ADM2, as well as the downstream signal pathway
The schematic drawing showed possible regulatory network of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway‐related lncRNAs and their interactions in cancers
Proposed signalling pathway of maternal diabetes leading to NOX2 expression and cardiac I/R injury in the adult offspring
Overview of the canonical Wnt- and TGFβ superfamily signaling pathways and newly acquired insights into their relation to the development of the osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype
Overview of the canonical Ihh/PTHrP and Notch signaling pathways and newly acquired insights into their relation to the development of the osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype
Overview of the canonical MAP kinase (MAPK) and inflammatory signaling pathways and newly acquired insights into their relation to the development of the osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype
Overview of the processes of hypoxia and angiogenesis and the canonical fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway and newly acquired insights into their relation to the development of the osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocyte hypertrophic phenotype
Immune modulatory signaling in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induced by binding of interleukin-10 (IL-10) to the IL-10 receptor
Cellular events underlying UCP1-mediated thermogenesis
Molecular mechanisms by which curcumin regulates the IGF-1R signaling pathway and the expression of VEGF in HepG2 cells under CoCl2-induced hypoxia
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway in Drosophila
Wnt signalling in the adult Drosophila midgut during homeostasis, regeneration, ageing and hyperplasia
Schematic representation of the mechanisms of action of CD99wt and CD99sh in tumor cells
An overview of the mammalian Hippo pathway
The protein expression levels of healthy cerebral cortex cells mapped onto the GBM pathway map from the TCGA data set
The protein expression levels of glioma cancer cells mapped onto the GBM pathway map from the TCGA data set
A role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Œ∫B) signaling pathways
Summary of the inhibitory effect of ILQ on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway members.Abbreviation: ILQ, isoliquiritigenin
The figure illustrates ErbB signaling pathway that contain genes that are targeted by miRNAs which regulate NMT gene
The figure illustrates A) colorectal cancer pathway and B) prostate cancer pathway that contain genes that are targeted by miRNAs which regulate NMT gene
Schematic of Aβ-driven Wnt-PCP pathway activation
Heparan sulfate induces an apoptosis/necroptosis signal pathway
Antiviral innate immune pathways in dipteran insects
Conceptual diagram of the interferon-like antiviral response of Crassostrea gigas involving the TLR/NF-Œ∫B, RIG-1/MAVS, and putative cGAS/STING signaling pathways that result in the transcription of antiviral genes
Significantly differentially expressed genes identified by KEGG that are involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Significantly differentially expressed genes identified by KEGG that are involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway
Significantly differentially expressed genes identified by KEGG that are involved in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway
Significantly differentially expressed genes identified by KEGG that are involved in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
An overview of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in lumpfish (a) The molecules in the TLR signaling... (b) Differential gene expression analy...
Involvement of proteins found in the yolk sac fluid and the uterine fluid of pregnant mares in GO terms and pathways representing embryo-maternal interaction
Roles of ZBTB proteins in B-cell development, differentiation, and function
A schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism of WYHZTL formula in regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
SignalingEpithelial growth factor receptor signal transduction
AA could inhibit ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction, followed by suppressing the NF-Œ∫B and Notch signaling pathways, and finally refrain cytokine production
Summary of significant and nominally significant findings in Notch pathway mRNA expression between the schizophrenia and the healthy control group after controlling for age, gender and Bmal1
Summary of significant and nominally significant findings in Notch pathway mRNA expression between the bipolar disorder and the healthy control group after controlling for age, gender and Bmal1
Aberrancies of the Wnt/β-catenin and RAS-ERK pathways and their cooperation in the tumorigenesis
Cross-talk between the Wnt/β-catenin and RAS-ERK pathway
Pathological significance of the synergistic cooperation in the colorectal tumorigenesis by both APC and KRAS mutations and supporting mechanism
KYA1797K as a potential strategy to overcome resistance to EGFR targeting drugs in CRC
Proviral-integration site for Moloney-murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases regulate different cancerous pathways by the phosphorylation of target proteins
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mTOR pathway adapted from of [] and of []
Interrelationship between PIM, AKT and mTOR adapted from of []
Possible interaction between PI3K/AKT/mTOR network and PIM in ovarian cancer [,]
The role of Dot1 in the DNA damage response
The cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway
Schematic of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling
Epac signalosome in cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia
Regulation of PDE3 and PDE4 by the AKAP function of PI3Kγ
Proposed model for Cc-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory activity by targeting Src in NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses
The oxidative and antioxidant programmes of UPR
Potential molecular mechanisms by EA11 may prevent inflammation
The one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation
Overview of possible routes of lipid oversupply-induced insulin resistances associated with mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
Potential mechanisms involved in the enhanced anti-cancer effect of the combination of GCM and ABT-737
Proposed mechanism of the inhibitory process
Model for the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cells lacking Cdk5
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1)-mediated multiple signals contribute to promote neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) diagram of the cell cycle control pathway
Schematic representation of LGM2605 inhibition of asbestos-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking asbestos-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway
MYC and HIF-1 regulate glucose metabolism
Cancer-derived TGF-β1 reshapes the epigenetic signature of normal stromal fibroblasts surrounding a growing tumor via SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling pathways
Involvement of nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in DNA damage response pathway
KSHV regulation of the TLR signaling pathway
RUNX1 acts as a cytoplasmic attenuator of NF-Œ∫B signaling in respiratory epithelial cells
Model representing metabolic processes and the secretion system assumed from the B1-EBT genome
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in cancer progression
An overview of resveratrol-mediated targeting of multiple signaling pathways
Model of the AR induction pathway in ‘T337’ basal cuttings
Schematic diagram of main mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling pathways
Schematic illustration of the signaling pathways in response to DNA damage and key effectors that interact with ER signaling
Wnt signaling pathway (mmu04310) maps and Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells (mmu04550) derived from DAVID analysis
Hippo signaling pathway (mmu04390) maps derived from DAVID analysis
Model depicting the proposed role of nAChR signaling in intestinal stem cell function
(A) Overview of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway. SAPK... (B) Overview of the SAPK-mediated neuronal degeneration after spinal cor...
Nucleic acid induced innate immune pathways and their inhibition by CDK inhibitor (CDKi)
Illustration showing molecular mechanism of the modulation of osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs by AuNPs through p38 MAPK signaling pathway
KEGG pathway analysis of predicted target genes
The proposed metabolic pathway for butanol–ethanol (BE) production within Thermoanaerobacterium sp
Copper-signaling pathways and molecular targets in mammalian biology
Biosynthetic pathway of n-6 fatty acid-derived (A) and n-3 fatty acid-derived (B) lipid mediators by enzymatic (mediated by COX, LOX, and CYP) and nonenzymatic mechanisms of fatty acid oxidation
Major pathways governing oxidative stress in PAD
Schematic representation of the TAAR1 signaling pathways in the NAc
Metabolomic differences associated with Wnt1-initiated tumors
Schematic illustration of the regulatory roles of different sirtuins in the reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts to generate induced pluripotent stem cells
Schematic model of the Hippo pathway and cross-talk with other signaling pathways in mammals
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of the core Hippo pathway components
C5065 DFT1 cells were treated with imiquimod at 60 μg/ml for 24 h. The transcriptome of treated and untreated cells was analysed by RNA-seq and IPA was used to predict canonical pathways regulated by imiquimod treatment.
C5065 DFT1 cells were treated with imiquimod at 60 Œºg/ml for 24 h. The transcriptome of treated and untreated cells was analysed by RNA-seq and IPA was used to predict canonical pathways regulated by imiquimod treatment.
1. Induction of cell stress (red arrows): Imiquimod enters the cell and disrupts oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondria via a TLR7-independent mechanism.
Activation of PI3K leads to phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of the PI3K heterodimer, which subsequently activates the catalytic subunit, p110
p53 is activated by a variety of stressors and p53 suppressor genes, such as MDM2
Left quadrant, shows the schematic representation of the role of SLAMF3 as negative regulator of MAPK / mTOR pathway
Schematic representation of the interaction of systemic metabolic cues with Kisspeptin (KP), orexigenic, and anorexigenic neurons: metabolic cues are secreted by metabolic organs in responses to alterations in metabolic status
Mitochondrial UPRmt and UPRam stress response pathways
Signal transduction Pathway analysis of the possible drug target FGR, ESR1 and GCRŒ± and their localization
Represneting the ‘on’ and ‘off’ target of the compound 1G with the intermediate signaling pathway
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) mediated intracellular signaling events during T cell activation
Mechanism of 15d-PGJ2-induced anti-inflammatory effect
EH regulates PGN-induced inflammatory response in DCs
Ubiquitination plays a central role in the activation of NEMO and IŒ∫B by multiple signaling pathways, including those emanating from Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
Summary of the PKCγ calcium-signaling pathway
Many proteins of the PKCγ calcium signaling pathway are targets of mutations causing ataxia
The 5-HT receptors are divided into 7 families (5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5- HT7) that comprise 15 receptor subtypes
Schematic of cell cycle, and the influence of calcium in G1/S transitioning via the MAPK pathway
Pathway analysis of BRAF kinase                                 inhibitor resistance shows alternative activation of MAPK targets                                 and pigmentation
The effective cell stiffness, and thus the direction of topotaxis, are governed by the interplay between two parallel signaling pathways diverging from the same input and converging on the same target, both activated by the biochemical input from the extracellular matrix: PI3K and ROCK (see text for details)
Involvement of ASK1 in the cellular mechanism
Schematics of the metabolic pathways and their cellular localization affected in branched-chain organic acidurias and homocystinuria disorders mentioned in this work
NRF2- and SIRT1-signaling pathways targeted by antioxidant compounds
The schematic diagram demonstrates the proliferation and apoptosis pathways including the upstream and downstream cascades activated by VEGFC in the GC-1 cells
Proposed molecular mechanism for maintenance of stemness by the novel ligand–receptor combination SCRG1/BST1
Oncogene and tumor suppressor gene products regulate glucose and glutamine metabolism in cancer
Signaling network promoting apoptosis and Ros production after discs damage
Illustration of systemic changes resulting from EMF inoculation within a poplar cell
Transcriptome effects induced by CsMADS6 overexpression in transgenic tomato sepals
LncRNAs regulate Rho/ROCK signaling in cancer metastasis
A schematic illustration of significant gene expression changes for the genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-50463 compared with its parental wild type industrial yeast strain NRRL Y-12632 for endogenous genes involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle at 24 h using xylose as the sole source of carbon when glucose was depleted
Proposed pathway for HDL-mediated protection against OGD-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis
Snapshot of scRNA-seq profiling on progenitor cells and hPSCs
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the ligand of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor
Dysregulated genes and their associated microRNAs in the KEGG MAPK-signaling pathway in colorectal cancer
Schematic representation of BGN- and DCN-mediated inhibition of the TGF-β pathway and restriction of HER-2/neu signaling
Schematic overview of three different modes of cell death: apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis
β-arr is a potential therapeutic target for various diseases
Whenever there is any inflammatory stimulus to the cell, there is activation of several molecular cascades such as NF-Œ∫B, Nrf2, MAPKinase, JAK/STAT, p53, PI3K/mTOR, CREB, and Wnt/Beta catenin
Treg likely promote tissue repair and regeneration in a tissue-specific manner
Overview of receptor- and transceptor-mediated nutrient activation of PKA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Effects of rFc constructs on human complement
Different subsystems and feedback loops are hierarchically organized to process the extracellular signal introduced by Growth Factor (GF)
Loss of p53‐binding protein 1 (53BP1)‐induced resistance mechanism to poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor in breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1)‐ and breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2)‐deficient cells through double‐strand break (DSB) repair and ensuing pathways during the S/G2 cell cycle phase were compared
Radioresistance is associated with G2/M arrest and repression of apoptosis pathway by upregulation of Bcl‐XL, Bcl‐2 and CyclinB1/CDK1 and downregulation of p53, p21, Bax, Caspase‐3 and cleaved PARP in colorectal cancer (CRC)
Schematic diagram of putative CXCR4–CXCR7 crosstalk affecting signaling pathways
Two working models explaining Sgg association with colorectal cancer (CRC)
Epithelial proteomic networks for TRIM28 high (a) and low (b) ratio cases
TERT levels affect EBV latent/lytic status
Resveratrol inhibits the mTOR signaling pathway in the repair of SCI
. Possible mechanism of action of cycloartobiloxanthone-induced apoptosis.
Schematic summary of PDAC cell–CAF interaction and GPR68
Signaling pathway predicted to be activated by the miRNA target predictor of IPA
The pathways converge to IL-2 transcription, which determines T cell clonal expansion and subsequent immune response
miR-126 is involved in neurotrophin signaling pathway pathways including IRS1, PI3K and IŒ∫B, which their partial diagram collected from  KEGG pathway is demonstrated
Involvement of miR-126 targetome in focal adhesion signaling  pathway from KEGG is shown
TJ, AJ, and desmosomes exist between two adjacent hepatocytes
Proposed model indicating some important metabolic pathways affected by acute alcohol consumption
Potential therapeutic strategies to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitors by targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)
Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and targeted therapeutic interventions in pancreatic cancer
Schematic diagram on the transcriptomic profiles of metabolic pathway genes involved in the enhanced MCFA production of mutant cC14TE_B3 D
The Schematic diagram of GDF15 activating the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway in cervical cancer progression
Enzymes and binding proteins involved in vitamin A and retinoic acid metabolism
Schematic illustration of roles of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) autophagy in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Metabolic and vascular effects of insulin
Schematics of cross talk between CEA, TGF-β signaling, and IL6-STAT3 pathway
Schematic representation summarizing the functional effects of the three regulatory pathways controlled by IL-1β
A model of how JIP1-mediated JNK signaling regulates synaptic NMDAR expression
The location of si:ch211-167b20.8, socs9, eif4e1c and CALML6 in the insulin signaling pathway
Illustration of MAPK pathway and the role of cisplatin in promoting apoptosis or cell survival
Illustration of combination therapy of cisplatin and RSK inhibitors
Pathway alterations induced by MAP17 overexpression
Central C metabolic network of Brucella (adapted from )
EGF receptor (EGFR) effects on ABC transporters
Biomarkers of resistance to immunotherapy
Schematic representation of the proposed PTN pro-migratory signaling pathway that leads to CDK5 activation in human endothelial cells
Schematic illustration of events surrounding pore formation
Antigen receptor signaling in naïve and anergic B cells
Proposed model for EGFR-dependent kinase cascade and feedback loop during E-cadherin force transduction
The schematic diagram illustrates that shikonin treatment induces the down-regulation of miR-106b in EEC cells, and then results in the up-regualtion of PTEN
The putative metabolic pathway of diphenylamine by P
Upon muscle dissociation or injury, skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) exit quiescence, become activated, then proliferate and will eventually differentiate into fused myofibres
The proposed pathways show phytohormone biosynthesis (light orange) and MAPK signaling pathways (light blue)
Schematic illustration of TREM2 mediated innate immune regulation in Alzheimer’s disease
Summary of the changes induced by PA and estradiol treatment in the IGF-1R signaling pathway
Activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways through membrane-bound extracellular ligands
Schematic drawing of FFAR1-stimulated signaling cascade of ERK and Akt in HASM cells
The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway of inflammation mediators
A schematic diagram of RIPK1 domains, interacting proteins, post-translational modifications, and the catalytic enzymes that read or write these modifications
Activation of TNFR1 may promote multiple alternative signaling pathways, including the activation of NF-Œ∫B, RIPK1-independent apoptosis (RIA), RDA, and necroptosis
IL-10-mediated modulation of myeloid cells
Signaling pathway analysis of splenic NK cells after brain ischemia
Therapeutic approaches for Treg enrichment in vivo
Proposed mechanisms by which PTH activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteoblasts and osteocytes to modulate bone turnover
A diagram of signal pathways and molecules participating in the preservation of the pluripotency state and reprogramming
The expression difference of metabolic genes between the GX stage and X stage in BSGX001 and XH7
The role of the gut microbiota in health and MS
Pathogen responses linked to autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans
Downstream interactors affected by deleterious SAPs in CTNNB1 and KRAS
A putative metabolic pathway of drought stress responses in flag leaves and developing grains of Zhongmai 175
Summarized scheme for the regulation of spexin on bile acid pathway
Comparison of phospholipid (PL) synthesis and lipoprotein (LP) formation pathways between 0.16, 2.5 and 10 g salmon
Schematic diagram summarising the biological processes underlying the association of the 35‚Äêgene expression signature with PTEN/AKT signalling pathways
Hepcidin regulation and action in non-cancerous tissue
Metabolism of a methanol-essential Escherichia coli strain
NVP would block NMDA receptors in GABA interneurons, thus inducing a disinhibition of glutamate release
Putative model illustrating signaling cascades of Al3+- induced exudation of citrate from stylo roots
Simplified scheme of established complement activation pathways
Molecular mechanisms of ZIKV underlying the neuropathogenesis
NF-Kb signaling pathway regulates cellular inflammatory, oxidative and apoptosis
Proliferation of cardiomyocytes and fructolytic pathway are strongly affected in P7 hearts
Simplified sketch showing the mode of action of statins as immunosuppressive strategy
DNA damage stress response in the TRIM59 network
Two examples of adversarial functional module (AFM) pairs
Structure of NFŒ∫B members.Notes: The NFŒ∫B family consists of three proteins with a transactivation domain (RelA [p65], cRel, and RelB) and two proteins lacking a transactivation domain (p105/p50 and p100/p52)
Schematic representation of genes of complexes coding for the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
(A) Biosynthesis of inosine monophosphate (IMP) from phosphoribosyl pyro... (B) 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is recruited to...
A case study for PPI where one direction is activation and the other is inhibition
Cross-talking between Wnt signaling and other biomolecules and signaling pathways
Signaling pathway of ethanol-mediated changes in PKCŒµ activities (expression and translocation)
Signalling interaction of the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway
Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) sustains the metastatic phenotype of prostate cancer cells via epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) control: involvement of miR‐101, hydroimidazolone (MG‐H1), argpyrimidine (AP) and TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway
Schematic diagram of perturbed gene network in placenta that may be reflected by the changes of circulating miRNAs in PTL
Three validated protein complexes in the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, protein complex A, C, and F
Hippo signaling phosphorylates YAP and regulates its nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution
YAP is at the epicenter of a signaling network
YAP signaling is associated with unfavorable prognosis for PDAC
The metabolic and regulatory network of G
Pathway analysis of genes differentially expressed in the canine B-cell receptor signaling pathway (“cfa04662”) in the (A) lymphoma and (B) lymphoid cell-line sample groups
Schematic representation of the links between chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damages and carcinogenesis
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation can inhibit cancer development through several mechanisms by acting on numerous target genes and pathways, such as the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) translocates to the nucleus to bind with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and then activates PPAR response elements (PPREs), such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation
A schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which FN promotes malignancy in GSCs, through effects on cell adhesion, differentiation, proliferation and chemoresistance, via a FAK/paxillin/AKT signaling pathway
The relationship between VEGF and PI3K/Akt/PTEN signaling pathways
. Proposed model of the renoprotective effects of PTX3 on apoptosis-mediated signaling in AKI.
Regulation of the core components of the Hippo signaling pathway.Abbreviation: ER, estrogen receptor
Potential pro-apoptotic mechanisms of miR-217-5p regulating the ERK-MAPK pathway at different sites
Our multi-omics integrative analysis of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway in P
Diagram of glial IL-1β-induced upregulation of neuronal Nav1.7 contributed to TMJ inflammatory hypernociception through the COX-2/PGE2/EP2-evoked PKA/CREB signaling pathway
. Signaling pathways related to the primary cilia.
Inhibitory effect of AdP on SGC‚Äê7901/CDDP cell PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
The PI3K–AKT signaling pathway is significantly enriched with differentially expressed genes (magenta)
Metabolic consequences of fumarate hydratase gene deletion in Plasmodium
PRPP riboswitches and their regulatory network
Main metabolic pathways of G6P in normal (A) and defective G6PT (B) neutrophils
Key elements in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway
Regulation of prophenoloxidase cascade and muscle contraction pathway
The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-transcription factors in lymphoid malignancies, In lymphoid malignancies, Twist1 is overexpressed in Sezary syndrome (SS), a rare cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), and its expression may be associated with anti-apoptotic effects
A schematic model illustrating the relationship between glucose metabolism and radiation resistance
(A) Ingenuity Pathway Analy... (B) IPA revealing the diffe... (C) IPA revealing the diffe... (D) Heatmap showing 2HF ind... (E) Heatmap showing 2HF ind...
(A) Ingenuity Pathway Analyses (IPA) revealing... (B) Heatmap showing 2HF induced differential ge... (C) IPA revealing the differentially expressed...
Pathway analysis indicated that the network “DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair”, containing fourteen out of the 30 significant proteins, is up-regulated
The pathway analysis resulted in two networks with identical scores that passed the threshold
The 319 significantly proteins (up- and down-regulated) that were found by Benjamini-Hochberg analysis for early stage cervical cancer were applied to the IPA analysis tool
The pathway analysis resulted in the finding of the network “DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair” containing 27 out of the 140 significant proteins
Proposed pathway of ECM regulation by BAMBI, TLR4, and TGFβ2 signaling pathways in the glaucomatous TM
Three-dimensional structural data for MIF has been obtained from the Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/).
The molecular association of Wnt, MITF, TYR, and DCT
Pathways of deoxyribonucleotide metabolism in mammalian cells
Main (center) core: Precursors and intermediary products in the heme synthesis pathway
A proposed model for nicotine-induced synaptic plasticity in the OFC
Initial stages of the sensitization in contact dermatites
Through its interaction with different molecules and/or pathways, GILZ has contrasting effects on cancer cells
Mitochondria are a platform for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signal transduction and regulation
When mTNF/TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) is activated, the intracellular domains recruit existing cytoplasmic TNF receptor-associated factor-2 (TRAF-2)–cIAP-1–cIAP-2 complexes resulting in the initiation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB/Rel and MAPK pathways activation
Effects of proinflammatory challenge and anti‚Äêinflammatory drugs on expression of genes related to tryptophan and kynurenine metabolism
Cell-type expression patterns of carbon metabolism-related genes in V
Dual function of peroxiredoxin I in lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoblast apoptosis via reactive oxygen species and the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 signaling pathway
Proposed integrated model of BTN3A1 modifications induced by phosphoantigens and leading to the antigenic activation of Vγ9VŒ¥2 T lymphocytes
Proliferation-associated lncRNAs act on at specific functional sites of the Wnt signaling pathway
a Proliferation-associated lncRNAs act as MYC regulators or effectors by activating or inhibiting the MYC signaling pathway
Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors (KARs) in the regulation of glutamate release in the hippocampus
Regulation of GLI by Sufu in the Hh signalling pathway
Simplified diagram of effects of BCR pathway activation
Schematic representation of metabolic enzymes belonging to the most divergent group (protein sequence identity) in the context of carbohydrate metabolism
After electrotransfer, pDNA (red circles) primarily enters the cell through endocytosis (blue circles)
(A) Model of miR-652-mediated mechanism of EMT in PC3 cells. The presenc... (B) Model of miR-652-mediated neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP ce...
Genes directly effecting TAG biosynthesis in R
Naringenin prevents acute and chronic CCl4-induced liver damage
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1-mediated mucosal host defense against Helicobacter pylori infection
Proposed model of caspase-dependent suppression of type I IFN responses during KSHV reactivation
Schematic representation showing NF2/merlin-Hippo signaling cascade dysregulation in malignant mesothelioma (MM) cells
Signaling cascades and molecules that affect Hippo pathway signaling and YAP1/TAZ activation in MM cells
The intricate relationship between CD30 and AP-1 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL) and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
Overview of the Hippo signaling pathway in Drosophila (A) and mammals (B)
Overview of the Hippo signaling pathway in modifying the anti-neoplastic immune response
Overview of Hippo signaling immunomodulatory functions
Cellular pathways affected by genes significantly mutated in ALL
Summary of discussed cancer-relevant pathways that activate YAP and TAZ
Graphic representation of key components of the Hippo signaling network, indicating major ubiquitin-dependent regulatory factors and how they impact the pathway
MAMP/PAMP sensing pathways in the intestine
EV71 induces multiple cellular inflammatory signals and Ca2+-dependent signals
Feline A3s inhibit the replication of FIV and are counteracted by FIV Vif
Integrins that are responsible for the lung metastasis of melanoma and the inhibitors
The reported characterized Ca2+signaling pathways and the proposed possible fourth pathway mediated by the SCAMK proteins
Wnt signaling pathway regulates deiodinases
Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as DOX and CPT, stimulate AKT/XBP1 and then induce GFAT through upregulation of the HBP and O-GlcNAcylation
The use of saikosaponins and implications for age-related diseases
Schematic illustration of pruritic signaling pathways
Our Signal transduction pathway model EGFR activating mutations located in the tyrosine kinase domains and mainly in the form of a base-pair deletion at exon 19 (ŒîE746_A750) or a point mutation at exon 21 (Leu858Arg) enhance cell growth and invasion via tyrosine phosphorylation and lead to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and AKT pathways
Hypothetical model for the aggravation of autoimmune response in Pdmx-associated and spontaneous NT1.The immune response in NT1 is highly heterogenic with different pathways affected during the disease progression
Illustration of p204 function in LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway
One-carbon metabolism (1-CM) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at the cross-road between anabolism and redox balance
The IKK/IŒ∫BŒ±/NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway and the apoptosis proteins are regulated by the treatment of LSF in Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells
AP-1, activator protein-1; ATF2, activating transcription factor 2; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FRA1, fos-related antigen 1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MEK1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase 1/2; MKK3, MAPK kinase 3; NO, nitric oxide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TAK1, tumor growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; TLR, toll-like receptors; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; TRIF, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon beta
β-AR-stimulation using isoproterenol increases phosphorylation and sumoylation of NF2
The pathway demonstrates the mechanism of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity which is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory injury due to the formation of reactive metabolic intermediates and the free radical formation cascade during xenobiotic induced hepatotoxicity causing oxidative and nitrosative stress
Enhanced high-level diagram (EHLD) for signaling by interleukins
Pathway diagram for IL-2 family signaling showing the increase in detail level as zoom level increases
Core Photorespiration Pathway and the Putative Photorespiration Glycolaldehyde Shunt
Involvement of ZMYND8 and demethylases in the DDR and cancer
Overview of miRNAs targeting the IGF1R pathway in its entirety
Interaction network of microRNAs identified potential mRNA targets involved in clinical features of antiphospholipid syndrome
Triggers and mediators participating in protein and cell turnover of the skeletal muscle
Ang/Tie pathway regulation of vascular stability
Model for the initiation of Ror2‚Äêdependent noncanonical Wnt signaling
Arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism signaling pathways
Outline of the current view on role of KCC2-GABAA receptor signaling pathway in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain
Regulation mechanism of sCLU in tumor progression
Delineated mechanism of osteoarthritis changes in response to σB protein (a) Pathway contains the differentia... (b) Predicted mechanism of arthritis...
Ceramide is generated from the major pathways such as the de novo pathway, the salvage pathway and the sphingomyelin pathway
Genes associated with degree of enhancement (N = 37) and genes associated with necrosis (N = 55) are depicted
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‚Äê2 downregulation of Npnt gene expression via JNK and PI3K pathways
miR-135b upregulated in BLBC represses multiple genes
Hormonal control of hepatic H2S production capacity occurs at multiple levels of regulation
Simplified schematic diagram of inferred H
Immune activating and suppressive effects of DNA double-strand break (DSB) signalling
In the ‘OFF’ state, Patch inhibits the activity of SMO
RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway in hairy cell leukemia
The caspases can be divided into two groups: the initiator caspases (caspase-1, -2, -4, -5, -8, -9, -10, and -12) and the executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7)
Nucleolar response to nuclear or nucleolar DNA damage
VEGF signaling pathway involved in angiogenesis
Signaling crosstalk between myeloid C-type lectins and heterologous receptors
The RIG-I-like receptors and toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 signaling pathway
Molecular mechanisms linking insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease
Schematic diagram represents prevention of neuronal damage/death by herbal compounds via inhibiting microglial activation through the blockage of related signaling pathway
Schematic illustration of the role of inflammasomes in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
Hypothesized molecular pathophysiology of WS
Molecular and signaling impact of MUC5AC in various malignancies
Proposed mechanism of effects of HP on HCFs
Proteins of acute-phase signalling at stage II compared with stage I in non-responders to autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)
Model of GA2oxA9-mediated modulation of plant height
GA2oxA9 is responsible for semidwarf and overgrowth phenotypes
The connections of The PPN, and the direct and indirect pathway of BG-thalamocortical circuits under normal (A) and PD (B) conditions
The reconstruction signaling and regulatory network of gp120 at apoptosis pathway at the early stage
Schematic illustrating the protective mechanism of PrPC on 5-FU in drug resistant cancer cells
A. Canonical Wnt signaling results in inhibition of the “destruction complex” and β-catenin-dependent transcription (left panel).
Nrdp1 negatively regulates Wnt/PCP signaling by promoting the Vangl-dependent K63-linked polyubiquitination of Dvl
Protein complexes assembled around the Wnt/PCP-specific scaffolds Vangl and Pk are implicated in tumor progression
Growth factor-induced AKT signaling pathway upregulates acetyl-CoA production and phosphorylates histone modifying enzymes such as p300 and EZH2 to enhance histone acetylation on chromatin
Upon energy stress-stimuli, the AMPK signaling pathway is upregulated, resulting in the increase of intracellular NAD+ level
DNA/histone methylation is tightly linked with one-carbon metabolism
NRP-1/TNC/Integrin β3/FAK/Akt/NF-kB schematic signaling pathway
Schematic illustration of signaling pathways underlying the synergy between palmitate and TNF-Œ± for CCL2 production
Schematic model depicting the role of gastrin-CCKBR–Gα12/13–RhoA–ROCK signaling in pancreatic cancer progression
Schematic diagram showing the role of TAK-733 under an Ang II-induced signaling pathway in vascular remodeling
Mechanistic scheme is drawn to depict the functional interaction between GRHL2 and TGF-β signaling through Erk and JNK MAP kinase signaling
Solid arrows indicate genes for the reaction
Illustration of cross-communication network of BCR, PI3K, apoptosis, and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
Overview of PD-1/PD-Ls signaling pathway
Illustration of JAK/STAT signaling pathway
Mechanism of action of pharmacologic therapies
Stimulation of type I and II interferon receptor recruits Janus and tyrosine kinases that phosphorylates and activates STAT
Schematic representation of gene expression pattern related to TLR4 signaling pathway following epileptic seizure
Shown are all submodules connected to at least one PKA catalytic subunit (‘PKA’) and containing a known regulator in the PKA pathway
The cGAS–cGAMP–STING pathway detects cytoplasmic DNA after DNA damage and activate type I IFNs and other cytokines
Socs3-mediated inhibition of inflammation by Ezh2 deficiency
Latest advances in the interplay of physical and biochemical signaling pathways leading to transcription in the tumor microenvironment
Metformin blocks mitochondrial complex I leading to activation of AMPK via reduction in ATP production
Illustration contemplating experimental (in vitro, 3D organoids and in vivo) and clinical observations presented in the study
Schematic representation of the components of the complex purinergic signaling pathways mediated by extracellular nucleotides
Diabetic stressors lead to Schwann cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration
Model of the development and heterosis of internodes
The miRNA-gene-pathway network between sixteen intersection genes, and their corresponding pathways and differentially expressed miRNAs
Mechanism of action of dabrafenib and trametinib: binding of BRAF and MEK inhibitors generates a blockade point in MAPK pathway at two different levels, inhibiting oncogenic downstream signaling and causing cell cycle arrest.MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase
Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutritional Disease Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) Network
Hereditary Disorder, Organismal Injury and Abnormalities, Respiratory Disease Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) Network
Top networks of differentially expressed genes in PTvs.N as identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis show strong association to cancer and connective tissue disorders
Top networks of differentially expressed genes in Mvs.PT as identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis show strong association to cancer and connective tissue disorders
Proposed Model: The figure shows that mutation in GNE inhibits sialic acid synthesis that may cause hyposialylation of IGF-1R
Illustration of applied chemicals (bold) to affect the NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; L-NAME, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester hydrochloride; L-Arg, L-arginine; O2-, superoxide; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase; ODQ, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; 8-Br-cGMP, 8-bromoguanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt; PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase; DT-2, DT-2 trifluoroacetate salt; PDE, phosphodiesterase; tempol, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO
Proposed mechanism of maternal exercise attenuated neurocognitive impairment in offspring born to mothers exposed to sevoflurane during mid-pregnancy
Novel signaling networks that provoke dendritic cell (DC) to induce Th2 or Th17 immunity
Metabolomic fingerprint in the lungs of Mtb-infected mice
Schematic representation depicting the net effect of blueberry extract on targeting the PI3K/AKT/NF-Œ∫B pathway in triple negative breast cancer
Summary of the proposed mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression by PNX in mHypoA-GnRH/GFP and mHypoA-Kiss/GFP-3 cell models
ML soft 75pct ethanol Magnoliae Cortex extract (60 Œºg/mL in 1pct DMSO), Z: titrated unsaponifiable maize extract fraction (300 Œºg/mL in 1pct DMSO), Pam3CSK4: synthetic Toll-like receptors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, MZ: the combination treatment of M and Z, JNK 1/2: c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK 1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, NF-Œ∫B/IŒ∫BŒ±: nuclear transcription factor Œ∫B pathway, JAK/STAT3: Janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, IL: interleukin; PGE2: prostaglandin E2, NO: nitric oxide, DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide
The signaling pathways and the possible mechanisms of QDs in cytotoxicity.Note: Incubation with QDs could induce cellular processes, which could be triggered by several signal transductions, incorporating detoxification of Nrf2-ARE pathway, inflammatory reaction of TLRs/NF-Œ∫B and NLRs pathways.Abbreviations: ARE, antioxidant response element; APAF1, apoptotic protease activating factor-1; CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GSDMD, gasdermin D; IL, interleukin; IKK, IŒ∫B kinase; IŒ∫B, inhibitor of Œ∫B; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLRs, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors; mtROS, mitochondrial ROS; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; QDs, quantum dots; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLRs, Toll-like receptors
Left, in normal conditions, NRF2 is bound by its inhibitor Keap1 and it is directed for proteasomal degradation
RA FLS release IL-6, which then interacts with IL-6RŒ± and gp130, forming a hexameric signaling complex and subsequently activating the JAK‚ÄìSTAT pathway and initiating RANKL, WNT5A, and Bcl-2 production
Contraction of smooth muscle cell: cellular pathway and the role of MYL9 and of other genes related to MMIHS
The TLR2/1 signaling cascade and respective regulatory nodes
Exogenous and endogenous protein regulation of the TLR2/1 signaling pathway
Schematic representation of galactose metabolism pathway in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39
After SE, P2RX7 activation inhibited HSPB1 transactivation via MAPK1/2-mediated SP1-T739 phosphorylation
Non-canonical antagonism of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by Itpkb delays thymocyte β-selection and renders it Notch dependent
Cross talk between E2–estrogen receptor-α (ERα) signaling pathways and circadian rhythms in breast cancer
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mediates a pro-inflammatory response by interacting with TLR9, cytosolic inflammasomes, and type I interferon response
Proposed role of TGF-β1 signaling in HASM cell shortening and hyperresponsiveness
Proposed positive feedback loop for the regulation of PI3K/Akt and GnT‚ÄêV to promote HCC metastasis
a In OSCC, inhibition of p53 leads to overexpression of PRC1, which in turn further suppresses p53
Schematic diagram of gemcitabine pharmacologic pathway
Schematic diagram of interaction between T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cells initiating synergetic effect of IL-21/IL-21R and CD40 ligand (CD40L)/CD40 to promote plasma cell differentiation and antibody production in EAE
Nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling cascade
Potential therapeutic mechanisms for high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) in both undifferentiated and differentiated Neuro-2a cells
Regulating network of exosomal proteins and ncRNAs in tumors
Mitochondrial oxidants induces selective insulin resistance
Protein-protein interaction analysis of HOXA13-related genes in the first four Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways
Schematic diagram showing the effects of the Kir4.1 dysfunction on neuronal excitability and astrocytic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression.Dysfunction (e.g., gene mutation, reduced expression and pharmacological blockade) of Kir4.1 channels increases the extracellular K+ and glutamate levels and elevates neural excitability
Metabolic processes considered in astrocytes
Pathogenetic mechanism of Samter’s triad
Wnt and Ras-MAPK pathway genes and interacting genes with AURKA, significantly deregulated (DEA) or in the most significantly deregulated gene module (Heinz) in the two cell lines, SW480 and Caco2
An illustration of the PI3K mutant, ER+ breast cancer network
Potential mechanism underlying how BYD exerts a cardioprotective effect
Schematic model for IBDV internalization and establishment of the endosome-associated replication niche
A schematic illustrating some of the factors proposed to affect obesity and carcinogenesis
The kynurenine pathway is initiated by the oxidation of tryptophan via the enzymes IDO and TDO, with downstream catabolites having toxic, antioxidant and cell-protective activity
Mechanisms regulating the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathway
Pathway 1; The LUBAC complex, consisting of RBCK1, RNF31 and SHARPIN, has been shown to activate NFkB signaling
Connectivity of differentially expressed genes in the important cancer signaling pathways in the exposed children are shown according to gene expression levels (with ‚â• 1.5-fold change, t test, p < 0.05)
Differentially expressed genes in the important cancer-relevant signaling pathways and their connectivity in the 45-month-old PCB exposed population in Slovakia, showing genes with significant effects on expression levels (with ‚â• 1.5-fold change, t test, p < 0.05) with some downstream effects, e.g., DNA repair, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage & membrane blebbing, caspase-independent DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis
Selective and non-selective autophagy in CD4 T cells upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway plays a major role in the control of immune cell homeostasis
Proposed pathogenesis model of Kyasanur Forest Disease
Schematic representation of GAS6/TAM signaling pathway
Schematic diagram of the gene regulation of ESRRG and Wnt signaling
Mechanisms of bile acid regulation of bile acid synthesis
TBP-2 regulates autophagy and apoptosis of HLECs under oxidative stress
p53 is involved in different critical points of metabolism control and cell signaling, being able to regulate key proteins and enzymes in cellular response to cancer
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces p53, which increases ROS levels and induces apoptosis
. Western blot of analysis of Wnt target genes with Wnt pathway shown to the right.
RTKs activate Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling cascade to increase GBM cell proliferation
. Genes of the MAPK signalling pathway targeted by miR-3117-3p and miR-3689d2 (adapted from KEGG database).
Schematic depicting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling involved in regulating rotavirus replication
Tumor necrosis factor Œ± (TNF) regulation in health and disease and its sleep-linked effectors and actions
A model for the interference of Akt with PtdIns4,5P2 and TORC2 signaling
MAPK Signaling pathway showing expression pattern of DEGs in Ladakhi and Sahiwal cows
The function of the hub genes in the cell cycle signaling pathway visualized in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) map obtained by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID)
Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to generate the network overlaid with relative gene expression levels of inflammation to tumor transition
ADT DEGs enriched in integrin signaling pathway-associated transcripts
Gene transcription in key nutrient metabolic pathways involved in lipid synthesis between L
Proposed functional roles of HSPGs and heparanase during LPS-mediated TLR4 activation
Oxygen sensors, VEGF pathway regulators and stem cell master regulators regulate DNA damage response gene expression in human tissues
Cell apoptosis induced by VK2 in cancer cells
a Interaction between a tumour cell and a T cell
The acetic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants
Schematic diagram explaining the mechanism of CSC maintenance in cervical cancer via let-7i-5p, miR-181a-2-3p and EGF/PI3K/SOX2 axis
Schematic depiction of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways
Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cells and early B cell development
The Wnt signaling pathway is a central player in MM
Role of WNT/beta-catenin signaling in gliomas
Potential effects of PPAR gamma agonists in gliomas: inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway, then reduced tumor growth; inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, then proliferation and angiogenesis; inhibition of Akt signaling, then reduced invasiveness; activation of N-cadherin, then cell differentiation; activation of BAX, then apoptosis
Production, elimination, and signaling of ROS
Summary of ROS modulation during ECM detachment
Model of TNF-α–induced telomere shortening
miRNA–gene interaction network.Notes: miRNAs are shown in pink, genes from Gmagenta are shown in magenta and genes from Ggreen are shown in green
Schematic shows the alternative complement pathway
Cu homeostasis in the brain and its redox control
iAs biochemistry, redox signaling, and neurotoxicity
Historic (A) versus updated model (B) of IRS signaling
The schematic presentation of autophagy pathway and core autophagy-related proteins targeted by various miRNAs
Extracellular matrix (ECM) in structural and functional synaptic plasticity
Schematic illustration showing the main cascade of molecules in cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia/reperfusion insult and the mechanism of acacetin effects
Schematic representation of the molecular mechanisms describing ARG-induced porcine alveolar macrophages activation response
Pridopidine promotes BDNF/TrkB signaling and restores ER calcium levels in the corticostriatal pathway
Pridopidine enhances cAMP/PKA and TrkB pathway genes in the YAC128 striatum
The prostate cancer pathway enriched in KEGG
The DEGs associated with TNF signaling pathway at different time points after cerebral ischemia
A schematic model for SIRT3-induced autophagy and its underlying mechanism in SH-SY5Y cells following rotenone treatment
Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Network map of the Reactome package in R [] on DEGs (p < 0.05).
GLUT1 primarily transports glucose and HK2 catalyzes the first step of glycolysis by conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and the terminal product of glycolysis is lactate
Dex represses expression of phagosome formation-associated genes
T cell metabolic programs that link to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the de novo synthesis of GSH
Multiple signaling pathways are upregulated in MCF7 parathyroid hormone-related protein-overexpressing cells
Overview of the proposed signaling cascades recruited in the setting of remote ischemic conditioning based on available data
Protein interaction network of AF associated genes assigned to calcium signaling (A,B) and ECM–receptor interaction pathway (C,D) based on APID level 1 evidence level (A,C) and APID level 2 evidence level data which were validated at least twice (B,D)
a In normal cells, the secretion of TGFBI into the ECM leads to competition between TGFBI and latent TGFβ1 (ECM-sequestered) for the binding of Œ±vβ3/5 integrins
Modeling the potential cellular roles of three genes upregulated by AnAc in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells
Mechanisms of action of testosterone (T) in inducing hepatic steatosis/steatohepatitis
Schematic illustrating the proposed pathway for reduced store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in pulmonary endothelial cells after chronic hypoxia and areas for future research
Proposed schematic pathway showing ZnR/GPR39-mediated Zn2+signaling
Aberrant signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells
Antibodies that target leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and blasts directly
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is regulated by an interactive network of pathways that dictate its functional outcome
Signaling pathway leading to the activation of cyclin B-Cdk1 at the meiotic G2/M-phase transition in starfish oocytes
Dual-lock for G1-phase arrest in unfertilized mature starfish eggs
Molecular pathway for autoregulatory activation of cyclin B-Cdk1, and its core kinases, cyclin B-Cdk1 and Gwl, that constitute MPF
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways that are postulated to upregulate the expression of A20 and then inhibit inflammatory mediators in macrophages induced by M protein following GAS infection
PI3K/Akt signaling facilitates ROS detoxification and redox homeostasis
Hierarchical regulatory network controlling different cell types of Ustilago maydis
Disrupted signaling pathways in GCB-DLBCL
Disrupted signaling pathways in ABC-DLBCL
Role of Cic in Ras-MAPK signaling and growth control
UQCRFS1 pathway from synthesis of the precursor in the cytoplasm, transport into the mitochondrial matrix through the TOM/TIM23 import system, incorporation of the [2Fe-2S] clusters in the matrix and translocation to pre-cIII2 in the inner membrane (IM)
Fatty acid (FA) and ceramide synthetic pathway in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis converge on the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE)
IPA identified “Tec kinase family signalling” as the canonical pathway in the cells with the highest predicted potential/significance of being affected by the treatment of caerin 1.9, based on iTRAQ data
IPA identified “LXR/RXR activation” as the canonical pathway in the ESPs of TC-1 cells with the highest predicted potential/significance affected by the treatment with caerin 1.9, predicted based on label-free quantitation
Arteriosclerotic G3BP1/RIG-I signaling in aortic VSM, a working model
Schematic of viral gene expression and putative role of Wnt signaling pathway during BoHV-1 latency-reactivation cycle
Transcription of TXNIP is under the control of a protein complex consisting of ChREBP (carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein) and MondoA as well as the histone acetyltransferase P300
Schematic model in which Shh pathway activation positively feeds into the activities of the Notch signaling pathway resulting in upregulation of TLX, a direct target of Notch1/RBPJ, positively regulated by Sox2 and overexpressed in the DG of Ptch1+/‚àí mice
Schematic view of (A) estradiol and (B) progesterone signaling in neural cells through both classical and non-classical pathways
Lipid droplets (LDs) and the molecular mechanisms regulating immune response during protozoan infection
Involvement of optineurin in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Œ∫B) signaling
Schematic representation of mTOR signaling to the translational machinery
The mTOR and MAPK pathways affect the translatome by modulating the expression of specific subsets of mRNAs
Regulation of stemness in the intestinal stem-cell niche
Schematic overview of miRNAs associated with the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis
Proposed mechanism of vascular wall resident Sca-1+ progenitor cell migration in response to chemokines and lipoproteins
Main signaling pathways involved for 12 miRNAs differentially expressed after exercise from EVs purified from rat’s serum
Hypothetical diagram showing target sites for the action of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) in signal transduction pathway
The diverse regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs on Wnt signaling pathway
p53 and potential outcomes of p38MAPK activation
Schematic representation of the Hippo pathway core components and their upstream regulators in mammals
Main proteins and pathways that influence YAP and TAZ in lung development and tumorigenesis
Schematic representation of the pharmacological compounds (black boxes) that inhibit YAP and TAZ oncogenic function through targeting YAP and TAZ or the main proteins and pathways that influence YAP and TAZ in lung cancer
SIAH is the most downstream signaling gatekeeper and a key signaling bottleneck in the RAS signaling pathway
SIAH-dependent proteolysis is essential for K-RAS signal transduction in human pancreatic cancer
The oncojanus effect of CI encoding genes on tumorigenesis
Possible scenarios for PanDrugs therapeutic candidates
Up-regulation of the JAK-STAT and mTOR pathways: Ingenuity pathway maps for a JAK-STAT signaling (transducing extracellular signals to transcriptional responses) and b mTOR signaling (a master regulator for many fundamental cellular repair processes)
Proposed mechanism of action of bioactive peptides to reduce glucose uptake in colorectal cancer cells
The phosphorylation of selected factors downstream of RAS was quantified in SNF94.3 (top) and SNF96.2 (bottom) following treatment with putative inhibitors of targets downstream using an antibody array.
In endothelial cells (EC), TRC105 blocks CD105 favouring the TGF-ß receptor/ALK5 complex signaling
BCAAs balance and its multiple roles via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway
A model of the NF2/merlin signaling pathway
Scheme of possible signaling pathways involved in regulating the functional state of Cx43 HCs, Panx1 Chs, P2X7Rs and Cx GJs in mesangial cells stimulated with AngII
miR-302s target genes are involved in the loss of epithelial phenotype
Particulate GC-A signaling pathway and renal actions overview
Normal β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signal transduction via G-coupled proteins (canonical), β2-AR desensitization and downregulation, and alternative signal transduction mediated by β-arrestin (β-Arr) are shown in (A–C), respectively
(A) Canonical β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) si... (B) The physiological G protein-coupled recepto... (C) The pathological GRK5/6-mediated activation...
Role of survivin in caspase-mediated apoptosis
Schematic diagram of survivin regulatory patterns
VEGFR2 signal transduction and trafficking pathways mediated by VEGF-A
Schematic diagram of the VEGF-STAT3 signaling pathway
The Hippo signalling pathway identified as the most regulated by detected differentially expressed miRNAs depends on muscle mass
The signalling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells regulated by detected differentially expressed miRNAs depend on muscle mass
Shared pathway of EP2/EP4 mediated Signaling
EP3 mediated signaling (adapted with kind permission from O’callaghan, G.; Houston, A.; 2015; reference [])
Aerobic glycolysis stimulation by activated canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway
Schematic presentation of regulatory mechanisms of GFL-GFRA1 signaling
Model of LIF-mediated expression levels of pluripotency-associated gene by activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
A model for the role of MICAL1 in breast cancer cell proliferation
Schematic diagram illustrating how ɑ‐LA, via regulation of Grb2 expression, modulates different signalling pathways that participate in proliferation‐related stress responses
Proposed model describing the regulatory pathway between Smad7 and hepcidin expression in hepatocytes
The signaling pathways mediated by protein kinase Hippo (Mst1/2 in mammals), the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (Yap; HGNC:16262) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz also known as WWTR1; HGNC:24042) have been recognized as important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, organogenesis and tissue regeneration (, ) ()
General schematic diagram of molecular events that regulate proliferation, differentiation and the initiation of migration in the SVZ
General schematic of terminal translocation and differentiation in the CP during development
Schematic representation of the integrative model of tumor suppressor molecules signaling, including phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and p53 in response to the extracellular growth factor stimulation and/or oxidative stress
Three boxes that are arranged in the same row indicate comparisons of LM_LS4/LM_LS1, WD_LS4/WD_LS1, and LM_LS4/WD_LS4, respectively
P53 KEGG pathway analysis comprised of genes regulated commonly by galeterone and at least one of the USP12/USP46 DUBs in the RNA sequencing experiments
The molecule mechanisms of ZEA induced cell death
Expression patterns of genes of the p38MAPK signaling pathway in the intestinal tissue
Proposed role of TgACS and acetyl-CoA in the lipid biosynthetic pathway of T
Invasion-related molecules in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
Overview of the growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) pathway in lipid and energy metabolism
A schematic illustration shows the ameliorating effect of ethyl acetate fraction from persimmon (EFDK) in TMT-induced behavioral and memory dysfunction in ICR mice via regulation of the JNK/Akt signaling and apoptotic pathways
Diagram of WNT (Wingless-type) signaling pathway
Leptin is a very important factor that links fatty acid β-oxidation with oocytes maturation
Overview of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
P62-interacting partners to activate different signaling pathways for cellular functions
Schematic overview of Annexins at the crossroad of late endocytic pathways
Bornyl cis-4-hydroxycinnamate-induced apoptotic pathway in A2058 and A375 melanoma cells
Multiple roles for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR) signaling in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology
Intracellular immune ecosystem in a virus infected cell
KEGG analysis of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway
The signaling pathway which is involved in the antitumor effects of corilagin
VEGF signaling pathways and their role in the pathogenesis of MPE
Graphical representation of the current working hypothesis regarding anticancer mechanisms induced by paclitaxel targeting multiple signaling pathways in CHMm cells
We propose that upon activation of P2Y12 in platelets, PDK1 becomes activated and then phosphorylates Raf1
Pathway functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (a) and pathway of Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation (ko04964)(b)
Schematic representation of the pathway activated by drug-induced perturbation of rRNA synthesis
Proteins derived from genes differentially expressed with temperature feature in important signaling pathways
The article by Ding and colleagues in the current issue shows that constitutive hyperexpression of STAT3 in mouse CD4+ T cells is sufficient to promote psoriasis-like skin disease, psoriasis-like arthritis and enthesopathy
Following ligand-induced receptor transphosphorylation, growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases such as the ErbB1 and IGF-1R recruit effector molecules containing SH2 or PTB domains to initiate a downstream cascade activating the Ras-Erk or PI3-K/Akt pathways, which impinge upon a number of additional pathways and activities including mTOR regulation
IFN-dependent and -independent ISG transcription mediated by complexes comprised unphosphorylated STATs
Cooperation of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ISGF3 and GAF components and IRF1 in the regulation of basal and IFN-induced transcription
Physiological functions of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23)
The significant pathways: “p53” (A) and “cell cycle” (B) of regulated genes are demonstrated
The PMA signal transduction pathway leading to NGF upregulation
Illustration of the Compound-Group-Target-Pathway (CGTP) network
Schematic representation of the interaction effects of enriched KEGG pathway terms and putative target proteins identified in the present study
MS and network analysis of hypoxic exosomal proteome
Network analysis of differentially expressed genes in glioma cells exposed to exosomes
Mechanisms of EEDL on ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation in RAW 264.7 cells
“Immune Gate” of psychopathology – mechanisms of gut derived immune activation leading to psychiatric manifestations
(A) Left: The cell cycle pathway diagram of Xenopus laevis adopted from... (B) Examples of biological oscillators and their network structures. Fro...
Diagram of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway
SOD-dependent ROS signaling in mammalian cells
Mechanism of stiffness-induced ALI and PH
Estrogen signaling pathway regulates RASD1 expression in uterine epithelium of control and RIF patients
Signaling network of MST1 and MST2 kinase
Signaling pathway to Akt, eNOS, and Ca/CaM downstream of VEGFR2
Interplays of interleukin-23 (IL-23), IL-6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) in the differentiation of pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) cells
Hypothetical mechanism of action of eugenol
Activation of antiviral innate immunity in CHB
Diagram of the major signalling pathways involved in the control of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and mitochondrial biogenesis
The molecular mechanism of SOCS- and IRF-regulated cytokine signaling in macrophages during ALI/ARDS
Working model of the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs
Schematic summary showing how VPS35 might regulate LRRK2 and LRRK2 protein kinase activity and hence PD
Impaired Akt signalling leads to iron accumulation
Chemokines trigger a 'yes or no' response in cells
When stress stimuli induce the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, the Bak or Bax members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family are activated to promote apoptosis
The advanced glycation end-product (AGE)—AGE receptor (RAGE) pathway can be activated by the binding of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) like S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B) and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1 protein) from dying cells, or AGEs, derived from oxidized proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Data from the current study and the study by  were used to generate this figure
A complete explanation of the various steps, grouped in modules of initiation (fluid phase), amplification, termination, and regulation can be found below in Methods (Biochemical Model, Section 5.2).
PARP1 contributes to regulation of redox-related signaling pathways
PARP1 regulates repair of oxidative DNA damages
Regulation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by Ski and SnoN
Regulation of Ski and SnoN expression by different mechanisms
Molecular structure, posttranslational modifications, and protein–protein interactions of the Ski and SnoN proteins
Potential venues of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) altering neuroinflammation
The Schematic Illustrates a Model of miR372 Promotes Liver Cancer Cell Growth by Upregulating erbB-2 through Enhancing YB-1 via Targeting for PTENmiR372 accelerates malignant progression of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
The effects of cholesterol synthesis on cancer cell proliferation
Dynamic response of tumor cells to fluid shear stress (FSS) related to cell survival
Various factors activated by fluid shear stress (FSS) can induce tumor cells metastasis
Gene clusters identified via gene interaction analysisLines indicate a physical interaction, as assigned by the GeneMANIA plugin for Cytoscape
Simplified schematic diagram of the pathways described in this study
The putative signaling pathway composed of FOXM1, MYC and miR-34a
Regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells
In the early phase, viral nucleic acids are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLR) on the plasma and endosomal membranes receptors or within the cytoplasm by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI), DDX41, interferon (IFN)-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 6 (IFIT6), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), DexH-box helicase 9 (DHX9), DHX36 or TNFŒ± receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3)
Epileptogenic brain injuries, including TBI, stroke, and SE, increase levels of growth factors, cytokines and hormones that activate the (A) JAK/STAT, IL-1R1/TLR4 and mTORC1 signaling and (B) BDNF/trkB/PLCγ signaling pathways resulting in altered expression of genes and proteins involved in cell growth, cell survival, cell proliferation, neurotransmission, learning and memory, potentially contributing to epileptogenesis and cognitive co-morbidities
Cumulative HLA class I and APM defects across gliomas from TCGA
A) C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis – Upon uptake into the host cell, the infectious elementary body (EB) of C. pneumoniae forms the inclusion body.
Schematic overview of the pathway linking IMMP2L to senescence
The cyclooxygenase pathway of the arachidonate cascade
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway emerged as a pivotal regulator of protein synthesis and energy metabolism
Reconstruction of metabolic pathway of Woesearchaeota in the central carbon (a) and comparison of genes relating to the ferredoxin-dependent pathways between organisms from oxic and anoxic biotopes (b)
Cerebral structure involved in AAS-induced damage and their connections
Schema of signaling pathway involved in HSP60-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production
(A) In addition to the previously identified ADM scaffold-induced change from the default pro-inflammatory response to a pro-regenerative response via M2 macrophage polarization, (B) we found that Lamtor1, the amino acid-sensing pathway (v-ATPase, Lamtor1, and mTORC1)-associated lysosomal adaptor protein (Kimura et al., ), is indispensable for ADM scaffold-mediated induction of M2 macrophage polarization.
Graphical representation illustrating the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in promoting cellular growth
Summary of the speculative roles of UNC5C in AD pathogenesis
Inhibition of TGF-β-induced EMT in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by blocking the ERK/NF-Œ∫B/Snail signaling pathway in vitro
Mechanisms of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and targets for current treatments
The image shows the excitatory toxicity model of METH
Scheme of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway depicting both complexes mTOR protein takes part in, mTORC1 and mTORC2
Both mTOR and eIF4E phosphorylation are needed for polysomal recruitment of terminal oligopyrimidine messenger RNAs (TOP mRNA)
DMix regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Comparison of the LC3-conjugation pathway during canonical autophagy and Plasmodium-associated autophagy-related (PAAR) response
(A) the PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT signaling pathways and (B) the DNA Damage Response pathway
Multiscale networks identified within neurons contain neuron-specific modules
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to depict the pathway and highlight the position of genes that are associated with COPD (tan) or asthma/COPD overlap (green) in GWAS and/or harbor asthma-associated differential methylation (purple)
Molecular signaling pathways involved in astrocyte reaction in AD
The main pathway targeted using siRNA delivery systems in oral cancer.Notes: Examples of siRNA therapeutics alter multiple hallmarks applied for oral cancer
P-Rex1 acts as a convergence point for pro-oncogenic/metastatic pathways
Requirement of the Arf6-based mesenchymal pathway in both mesenchymal-type and amoeboid-type cancer invasion
Networks involved in the analyses involving males with nPFOS exposure
This figure is accompanied by , which lists the targeted receptors or enzymes, ligands or substrates/products, and signal pathways in platelets and the relevant drugs.Adhesion receptors, Platelet A: Adhesion molecules on platelets bind platelets to the vessel wall at sites of damaged endothelium, these interactions result in intracellular signaling, actin polymerization, and shape change in platelets. The key interactions are between Von Willebrand factor (VWF) in the subendothelium and Glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex and integrin Œ±IIbβ3 on platelets, and between collagen in the in the subendothelium and GPVI and integrin Œ±2β1. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) facilitates GPVI binding to collagen. Tumor cell mucins interact with P-selectin on platelets, E-selectin on endothelial cells and L-selectin on leukocytes. Eicosanoid Pathway, Resting Platelet: Prostacylin (PGI2) activates GŒ±s-protein coupled receptor (IP) on platelets that stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production by adenylate cyclase (AC) and prevents aggregation. Eicosanoid... B: One key platelet prostaglandin is the potent pro-aggregatory (TX)A2 synthesized by TXA2 synthase (TXAS) from PGG2 and then PGH2 that in turn are generated by cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) from arachidonic acid. TXA2 stimulates G-protein coupled TP receptors. Cycl... C: Platelet activation occurs through protease-activat...
IRE1Œ± structure and its downstream mechanisms in mild and severe stress
IRE1α regulates the immune function through various mechanisms including both its kinase (A) and RNase (B) functions
The tryptophan breakdown metabolic pathway in immune challenges
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway
Interaction between adiponectin and GLUT4 in the adipocytokine signaling pathway
INS-INSR and IRS-PI3K interactions in insulin signaling (a), and the effect of SOCS on insulin signaling (b)
The hypotheses of dysfunctional regulation mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis around XBP1
Proposed crosstalk pathway between A2AR signaling and Semas
Briefly, in Drosophila, the core components of the Hh pathway include Hh ligands; the Patched receptor (Ptc); the transcription factor cubitus interruptus (Ci); the signalling activator G-protein-coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (Smo); and a signal transducer, such as Costal (Cos2), Fused (Fu) or Suppressor of Fused (SuFu)
In vertebrates, there are three Hh ligands, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Desert hedgehog (Dhh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh); two 12-pass transmembrane receptors, Patched1 (PTCH1) and Patched2 (PTCH2); Smoothened (Smo); and three transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene homologues, GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3
The Hh pathway is constitutively active in various human cancers
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produce oxidative stress which in return converts the normal epithelium to early adenoma which leads to the next stage that is intermediate adenoma by the activation of EGFR signaling
Integration of actions of PKD1 and PKD3 in cardiac energy metabolism—a hypothetical scheme
Schematic representation of the proposed model for PI3K/Rac1/JNK/c-Jun pathway activation and involvement of BAG3 as a target of the PEITC effect
 ü-Ornithine biosynthesis metabolic pathways in C
Working model for the actions of HDAC1/2 in the regulation of nephrogenesis
Functional networks of differentially methylated genes in mucinous type epithelial ovarian cancer (MuOC)
MicroRNA (miR)-21 in hypoxic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived exosomes is significantly upregulated under hypoxic conditions, and the hypoxic microenvironment stimulates tumour cells to generate miR-21-rich exosomes to be delivered to normoxic cells to promote prometastatic behaviors
Role of DKK4 in different signal pathway
Estrogen receptor (ER) signalling pathway
KEGG pathway of the significantly enriched NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
KEGG pathway of the significantly enriched estrogen signaling pathway
The model depicts the multiple mechanisms by which NXT inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice
Main signaling pathways in mast cell biology include Kit and FcŒµRI signaling
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway
B cell receptor signaling pathway with receptors, inhibitors, targets, and other molecules
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways with receptors, inhibitors, targets, and other molecules The canonical and non-canonical pathways for NF-Œ∫B signaling are mediated by various receptors and signaling molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLR), tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR), interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), CD40, initiation of B cell activation factor (BAFFR), lymphotoxin β- receptor (LTβR), and receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)
Interaction between oncogenic signaling and lipid desaturation in CSCs
Luteolin inhibition of receptor-mediated tumor progression.Notes: Involvement of luteolin (green) in modifying processes necessary for metastasis
Luteolin-mediated extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in breast cancer.Notes: Illustration abridging the involvement of luteolin (green) in purposed apoptotic pathways
The biosynthetic pathway for SGAs in tomato, cultivated eggplant, and other Solanum species
Innate immune and free radical signaling in nuclear reprogramming
The signalling pathways involved in the intervention effects of PZC, PZD and PZE on TIF
Schematic representation of the spatio-temporal cell dynamics of the G-protein/Pth11 and cAMP-signaling pathway during surface sensing and appressorium morphogenesis
A schematic illustration of the proposed effects of SrRn on MDPs
Schematic representation of the role of SLIT2-ROBO1/ROBO2 in the regulation of ovarian prehierarchical follicle growth and development mediated by the CDC42-RAFs-ERK1/2 MAPK cascade in hens
① Alcohol-stimulated KCs express CCL7 to facilitate HSCs phenotypic transform, consequently, CRC liver metastases rate increases
The binding of S100A8/A9 to toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 triggers the MyD88-dependent pathway, appearing to play a vital role in inflammation
Signaling pathways involving the MAPKs Fus3 and Kss1
Age-dependent changes in innate immune pathways in Drosophila glial cells: immune deficiency (IMD) pathway (on the left) shows age-dependent activation resulting in increased levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in middle and old-aged adults in absence of microbial challenge
Schematic representation of defective identified pathways in immunodeficiencies predisposing to high susceptility to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases
PTEN alterations may lead to upregulation of TLR signaling pathway and may increase tumor cell proliferation
This figure highlights genes (pink bold nodes) enriched for neuroinflammation signaling pathway (Bdnf, Gabra1, Gabra2, Tgfb1 and Tgfbr1), dopamine receptor signaling (Drd2 and Th), and corticotrophin releasing hormone pathway (Bdnf and Campk4)
Osteoclast differentiation pathway perturbation after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-6 with or without resolvin E1 (RvE1)
PI3K–AKT pathway perturbation in response to treatment of interleukin (IL)-6 stimulated osteoblasts with resolvin E1 (RvE1)
Schematic representation of the intramitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis pathway (see text for details)
BMP2/4 increase neurogenesis from adult hippocampal NSPCs and synergize with WNT3A
The role and molecular pathway of IL-32 in cancer
Schematic diagram detailing the hypoxia-induced signaling pathway in placental apoptosis
Diagram showing effects of 4-HNE on Keap1- and GSK3β-mediated Nrf2 degradation
CD300A regulated PECAM1 expression, then activated the AKT/mTOR pathway, up-regulated P70 to promote proliferation, and at the same time down-regulated the apoptosis factor to inhibit apoptosis in human AML
XIAP is an inhibitor of caspases 3, 7, and 9, which allows it to block both mitochondrial and death receptor mediated cell killing
Schematic showing the activation of the Ras to ERK pathway by growth factor binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase
Activation of ERK results in negative feedback regulation of pathway activation by direct phosphorylation of upstream components of the pathway, namely MEK1, B-Raf and C-Raf, and Sos
Network interactions of transcription factors predicted to be upstream of differentially expressed skeletal muscle genes
Proximity of Bcl-xl to p38, MK2, and RTN4 in platelet function
The potential mitochondrial derangements that may be present in pulmonary hypertension are many and varied
Schematic of the proposed signaling pathway for actin polymerization-mediated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia (CH)
(A) The NGF neurotrophin signaling pathway, based on the KEGG database, showing hDRG and human tibial nerve (hTN) expression and hDRG-enrichment for members of the pathway
Methyl-specific endonuclease digestion followed by RT-PCR was performed on isolated DNA from CD4+ T cells from helminth infected or uninfected children
Synthetic biology-inspired genetic circuits for caffeine-induced gene expression
Schematic model illustrating hypothetical changes of the ‘oxidative tonus’ in the small intestine of juvenile tegu lizards, associated with seasonal changes in metabolic rate during their first annual cycle
Reaction scheme of the metabolic sub-model
The role of energy homeostasis and mitophagy in metabolic signature of M1 and M2 polarization
Insulin signaling also controls mTOR pathway that inhibits autophagy
Proposed cellular mechanisms involved in insulin-stimulated androgen biosynthesis, PCOS-associated defects, and free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance and androgen production, together with AT2R and PPARγ actions
Schematic representation of CHIP in the modulation of EMT in CRC
The Wnt signalling pathway.Left: the Wnt pathway is activated by the interaction between LRP5/6, Wnt and Frizzled
Regulatory network generated by TGMI algorithm for the Arabidopsis thaliana lignin biosynthesis pathway using the microarray data generated from hypocotyledonous stem tissues under the short-day condition
Glycolysis can be inhibited using inhibitors for hexokinase (HK), the hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) such as PT2385, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-A)
Model for the regulation of ML141-induced hepatocyte differentiation
Paradigm describing how differences in MAPK signaling lead to inter-individual variability in phBEC ozone-mediated IL-8 induction
Schematic summary to test for dependence of IP-1 toxicity on cell cycle arrest
Genes predicted to increase cardiovascular angiogenesis are strongly up‐regulated by CpG pre‐conditioning 24 h post‐I/R
Proposed model of the mechanism that links mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in non‚Äêalcoholic steatohepatitis
Schematic overview of Nrf2 signalling crosstalk to both Wnt3a/β‐catenin and AMPK pathway in COPD/emphysema
mRNA expression data: BMD+DAD-screening network using Coxnet (left) and ADMMnet (right) methods with mRNA expression data and the integration of mRNA data and CNAs profiles
Integration of mRNA data and CNAs profiles: BMD+DAD-screening network using Coxnet (top) and ADMMnet (bottom) methods with mRNA expression data and the integration of mRNA data and CNAs profiles
The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and its epigenetic modification by SFN
Mutant p53 (mutp53) forms complexes with cytoplasmic mediators of signal transduction.Notes
(a) The role of Notch signaling in macrophage polarization. Notch signal... (b) The Notch signaling pathway. The Notch ligands (Dll1, Dll3, and Dll4...
Thyroid hormone stimulates cholesterol formation (mostly as VLDL) from its precursors and acetyl-CoA
STRING pathway analysis of up- and downregulated genes in MDA-MB-231 cells co-cultured with adipocytes
Pathway activation after damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulation
Activation of the anticipatory unfolded protein response by estrogen receptor Œ± (ERŒ±)
Model for acquisition of cell identity in the female gametophyte
The “threshold model”, as exemplified by the FGF8-FGFR system, can explain disparities in transcriptional activity
A schematic for ginseng compatibility environment mediated cardiotoxicity-attenuated effect by the crosstalk of PKA and Epac signaling axis
GO enrichment of the highest score sub-modules
Tumor promoters and suppressors are labeled in orange and green, respectively
(a) Activating somatic mutations (i.e., p.Gly12... (b) Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells expr... (c) Over-expression of KRAS4Ap.Gly12Val induces...
Schematic demonstrating of [U‚Äê13C]glucose to CAC and PPP, and protein expression levels in HBP
Schematic describes the major developmental steps that underlie the differentiation of preskeletal mesenchymal cells toward endochondral (right) and intramembranous (left) ossification
Domains and functions of MCPyV T antigens
SHP2 regulates MSC differentiation, proliferation, and recruitment
SHP2 plays a key role in NSC proliferation, differentiation, and migration
CAMKK2 as a molecular hub downstream in the bone–prostate cancer (PCa) microenvironment
The two signaling arms of the inflammasome-activation cascade.Notes: Signal 1 pathways sense environmental signals via surface Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Toll-like (TLR) and IL-1 receptors and facilitates transcriptional priming of inflammasome components via the NFŒ∫B pathway and upregulates the expression of precursor proteins of IL1β, caspases 1/11(also known as caspase 4), and pro-Nod-like receptors (NLR)
Camalexin biosynthesis pathway and regulatory gene expressed by MAPK cascade designed using cell designer tool
(A) miR-H1 targets genes involved in the integrin signaling pathway. Pat... (B) miR-K12-3-3p targets genes involved in the endocytic pathway. Pathwa...
CLL main pathogenic pathways and target agents against BTK, PI3K and Bcl-2
Mechanisms behind low levels of hepcidin in liver disease
The mechanism by which elaiophylin inhibits tumor angiogenesis
The proposed mechanism demonstrates a diagram of the CREB signaling pathway stimulated by melatonin in HT-22 cells
Therapeutic targets in the Notch signaling pathway
Insulin signaling cascades regulate GLUT4 trafficking by intracellular itinerary
Schematic of the above-mentioned findings
Multidrug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia
Proposed signaling pathways for flaccidoxide-13-acetate is mediated inhibition of bladder cancer cell migration and invasion
The mevalonate (MA) pathway is a ubiquitous biochemical pathway present in all cells
The cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway is essential for production of type I IFNs such as IFN-β
Schematic describing invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell development and function in the thymus
Regulation of the synaptic vesicle cycle pathway by SE in OVX with (CES)/without (COS) E2-replacement with respect to their non-SE counterparts (CEN and CON)
Regulation of the estrogen signaling pathway by SE in OVX females with E2 replacement
FLS and monocyte derived macrophages are heavily reliant upon glucose metabolism and regulate glucose transporter member 1 (Glut1) in response to inflammatory and stress stimuli
Signaling pathways of M3R regulates proliferation of urothelium (hypothesis based on previous reports)
Mechanisms involved in osteocyte mechanotransduction
Pyruvate carbon flux tugging strategies for increased 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) production and reduced ethanol subgeneration in yeast
The pathway mechanisms underlying CHMs improve lipid metabolism in liver cells
Proposed model for the interaction of LBR, Rab5, Nup205, and NXF1 in the PI3K/mTOR/AKT signaling pathway
Working model proposed for the synergistic action of GH and insulin on IGF-I and -II expression in the carp liver
Regulatory functions of oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNAs on canonical Wnt signaling pathways in HCC
Schematic diagram of protein-protein interactions and downstream processes of a subset of kinases with differentially regulated probe labeling at 24 hours after BEZ-235 treatment
The same lithium pathway discovered by both manual and pharmacoepigenomics informatics pipeline (PIP) experiments
Pathway mapping results of warfarin response genes
Proposed scheme showing how puerarin suppresses CIR-induced autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway.Puerarin pretreatment alleviates neurological deficits, decreases infarct volume, upregulates p62 and lowers the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1 expression
Schematic activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2.In response to extracellular stimuli, a kinase cascade is activated which leads to ultimate activation of ERK1/2
Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway in the pituitary and ovary
Autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest mediated by the activity of nuclear p53 protein (p53) in its function as a transcription factor in stress conditions
Autophagy and apoptosis mediated by the cytoplasmic activity of p53 protein under basal conditions
Illustration showing presumed mechanisms mediating suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-induced autophagy
Implication of SODs in the neuroprotection against Alzheimer’s disease via the signaling of PI3K/AKT/PTEN/GSK-3β pathway, and examples of molecules known to act on the regulatory pathways are shown
Metabolic mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiac growth
Control of the PI3K and RAS signaling pathways by phosphatase signaling
Apoptosis signaling pathway and its control by phosphorylation
The Regulatory Network and Crosstalk Analysis for Gene Set(A) KEGG pathway network formed by relapse gene sets
BMP receptors phosphorylate receptor-SMADs upon ligand binding
IL-37-mediated intracellular signaling cascades in eosinophils for the suppression of allergic airway inflammation
Schematic representation of mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs)
Hepatic cell death pathway and liver injury in response to high fat diet exposure
Proposed model for MC-LR-induced testis germ cell apoptosis in rats via SIRT1 signaling pathway activation
Outline of the three main pathways of colon carcinogenesis
ER stress and the UPR in insulin resistance and diabetes
HBP modulates cancer metabolism through the O-GlcNAcylation of metabolic enzymes, signaling proteins and mitochondrial proteins
Schematic representation of the main metabolic pathways influenced (positively and/or negatively) by transcriptional factor O-GlcNAcylation
IDH pathway and targets in acute leukemia
Schematic diagram showing the mechanism of action of TFs against LPS-induced acute liver injury
JMY (Junctional Mediating and Regulating Y protein)/P53 interaction pathway
Differential phospho-Smad signals between tumor suppression and fibrocarcinogenesis
The roles of IGF2BP1 in promoting and suppressing tumor growth and invasion via regulating different mRNA targets, under the modulation of upstream non-coding RNAs
A network of putative interactions between differently expressed miRNAs and target genes in the TH signaling pathway
Following activation of BK receptors by their respective agonists, a cascade of pathways is activated, targeting the mitochondria, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus and the BBB leading to various responses of the cells, such as apoptosis, neurodegeneration, cytoskeletal reorganization, BBB leakage, survival and proliferation
Pathway by which Pg-C-EE inhibits melanogenesis and ROS generation
The response of activated KCs to reperfusion is bifunctional with the secretion of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors
The metabolic activation of aristolochic acid I (AA-I), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 5-methylchrysene, and tamoxifen are shown as prototypes of procarcinogens
Schematic representation of cAMP signaling in mammalian cells (A) vs
A pathway overview of Salmonella carbon metabolism under Pi starvation
Main signaling pathways of adiponectin in healthy liver
Global view and function analysis of the ceRNA network in GC
Overview of the Noncanonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Oncogenic MyD88 mutations activate the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway
Mechanisms of chronic active BCR signaling in lymphoid malignancies
Integration of unfolded protein response (UPR) and NF-Œ∫B signaling
Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by hypoxia and HIF signaling pathway
The innate immune response in the brain (left) is induced by meningeal damage, neuronal loss and axonal injury that results in substantial local release of DAMPs
Oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities of ETS proteins
The primary mechanisms by which AIBP protects against macrophage inflammatory response
(A) SparCC analysis of the microbial abundances of the taxa identified b... (B) SparCC analysis was run simultaneously for all taxa identified by LE...
The figure shows two of the top ranked biological processes and pathways derived from Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis for the interconnected risk genes (n=79)
TGF-β signal transduction in iT reg versus Th17 cells
TMUB1 acts upstream of the Ca2+ signaling pathway
Model of MAPK signaling pathway in MAP3K1; MAP2K4 wild-type or mutant cells
Sub-network with a size cut-off  of 28 between D-glucose and L-phenylalanine in S
The compound–target–pathway subnetwork of 12 compounds relating to AD
Frizzled receptors can form complex with LRP in a manner of transmembrane protein and then the extracellular Wnt protein is combined with the complex, making the signal transmitted into cells
Central carbon and nitrogen metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana active in most growth stages and conditions simulated
Examples of well-characterized signaling pathways contain numerous predicted short linear motifs
PID pathway-pathway relationships discovered in NMF features constructed from the TCGA pan-cancer gene expression dataset
The mechanism of Nm23-H1 participating in multiple steps of DSBR pathway
Application of anti-TLR for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of TLR
A working model of the mechanistic interaction of miR-335-5p and CPNE1 in the control of the EGFR signaling pathway: miR-335-5p regulates CPNE1 expression via EGFR signaling in NSCLC
Multiple roles of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in modulating the cancer-immunity cycle
Cellular responses induced by IGF signaling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis
H2S targets key host factors and viral steps to perturb replication of enveloped RNA viruses
Increased intracellular iron activated the Akt and AMPK pathways, resulting in decreased gluconeogenesis and hepatocyte glucose production
In cervical cancer, several Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonists including SOX17 revealed low expression because of hypermethylation
Combined network analysis of metabolites and lipids
Hypothetical model showing that imbalanced LIMK1 and LIMK2 expression activates the WNT/β-catenin pathway and leads to CRC progression and EMT-induced metastasis
The role of NUAK1 in anti-oxidant signalling
A schematic pathway bifurcation between EGFR and EGFRvIII, where EGFR signals through the MAPK-Stat3 pathway and EGFRvIII preferentially signals through the Src-Stat5 pathway to drive Fn14 expression and GBM migration and survival
A schematic representation of the effects of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) on muscle growth and homeostasis
Interactive KEGG diagram for Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells
Putative model of the functions of HSPGs in CRC cells
Regulatory mechanisms for alternative splicing impact numerous components of the CME
Schematic describing the proposed role of MYC and CDKN1A in Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1) and angiopoietin pathway-dependent hyaloid vessel regression
Schematic change in signaling pathway mediated by OX1R–kappa opioid receptor (KOR) heterodimers
Summary of mechanisms by which CS negatively regulates IL-1β secretion in murine macrophages
Targeting of Signaling Pathways by ATO in AML Cells
Ingenuity pathway analysis of ALX4 genes and antidepressant genes based on treatment response in MDD
Model for the cooperation of Src and oncogenic Ras in tumourigenesis
A schematic showing that the cytotoxic effect of NSC 95397 on colon cancer cells is activated by inhibiting MKP-1 activity followed by ERK1/2 activation
Regulatory mechanisms of selected modifications in PPARγ
Canonical and non-canonical Stat3 signaling pathways
Effects of the tumor microenvironment on myeloid cell differentiation and metabolism
Schematic of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the main molecules involved in congenital myasthenic syndromes
Phoenixin-20 stimulates the mRNA expression of GnRH, GnRH receptor, Kiss1 peptide, and GRP173 via the cAMP-PKA pathway and CREB phosphorylation mediated by the GPR173
Potential action mechanism of RANBP9 in ATM-dependent DDR
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways involved in the downregulation of NPC2 in HSCs
Model of lead (Pb2+)-induced activation of the IL-8 gene
The signaling pathway that results in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-Œ±) in macrophages after the stimulation by lead and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Summary and model for the potential function of the chIL-34 signaling pathway
Schematic representation of gene expression patterns in A
Schematic/pathway representation of the FOXO‚Äêp53 interplay in cellular senescence
Schematic representation of the anti-inflammatory effects of MPQP on the LPS-induced inflammatory pathway
ZRF1 plays an important role in the progression of breast invasive ductal carcinoma into a more aggressive form
Pathway analyses of SLEmetaSig100 genes identified genes involving DNA sensors and the cytokines constructing an innate immune DNA-sensor model
A. In the absence of the hedgehog (Hh) ligand, patch (Ptch) constitutively inhibits smoothened (Smo).
EE2 and LNG affected the phosphorylation of proteins involved in brain development, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and calcium ion homeostasis although the specific phosphorylation profiles varied
The canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Schematic representation of the PGE2 triggered signal transduction pathways converging on HDAC5 and subsequently MEF2
The interaction among MCP-1/CCR2 signaling, TLR4, and GSK3β in ethanol-induced neuroinflammation
Expression profile-based integration of HERVs/MaLRs in immunity genes related pathways
Cross-talk between tumor, MDSCs and immune cells for development of HPV-related carcinogenesis
Engagement between the gut immune system and a probiotic (exemplified by Bifidobacterium longum subsp
(A) Network #1 demonstrates potential associati... (B) Network #2 demonstrates potential associati... (C) Network #3 is a more stringent analysis of...
Proposed model illustrating the role of xanthatin and its mechanism in angiogenesis
(a) Modulation of interleukein-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha... (b) Signaling cascades initiated via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TL...
Holistic pathway using network reconstruction approach to represent Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) signaling, Interleukin (IL) 2, 4 signaling and cytokine signaling for apoptosis and carcinogenesis pathway differentiation
Lactate potentiates angiogenesis and neurogenesis by activating the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway following ICH
Molecular mechanism of apoptosis and necroptosis
Endothelial and smooth muscle-mediated mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in shock
Schematic diagram illustrating the various intracellular damage signaling cascades (red arrows) implicated by the kinase inhibitor screen (Ryals et al., ), and the points at which the inhibitors identified in the screen (green text) are predicted to intercede
Repair of DSBs by the microhomology-mediated end-joining pathway
Pectin oligosaccharides binds potential membrane receptors in mitogen-activated protein kinases/ERK signaling pathway
Pectin oligosaccharides (POS) regulates STAT 1 and 3 signaling pathway by the leptin receptor
Pectin oligosaccharides (POS) downregulates the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-Œ∫B) and COX-2 by binding toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
Overview of differential gene expression within NF-Œ∫B pathway induced by LaW37 in Caco-2 cells
The addition of PDC to fermentative pathways in cellulolytic microbes can add a metabolic shortcut
Schematic diagram of ZIKV Env-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PC12 cells
The positive feedback of CCL2 and SQSTM1 contributes to chemoresistance
The common genes between enriched pathway sets of drugs and breast cancer
Schematic diagram depicts the possible mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of TNS
KEGG pathway (FDR < 0.05) enriched by the 289 differentially expressed genes in drug group compared to model group
The yeast cell cycle pathway from the KEGG database
The gene network of the yeast data related to the cell cycle pathway via the JMCCM
The mechanisms that butyrate suppresses CRC development
Functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in vascular disease
Design and proposed active mechanism for the intracellular protein delivery platform based on rod-like pure drug nanoparticles (PNPs) with cellular entry bypassing endo-lysosomes
Consequences of hepatic fructose metabolism
Lysosome-derived free cholesterol (FC) can be transported to the plasma membrane, effluxed via ABCA1 and ABCG1 to HDL, or converted to cholesterol ester (CE) or enter the bile acid synthesis pathway in the ER
Among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, livers from HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in human-liver-chimeric (HLC) mice, HBx-transgenic (Tg) mice, and HBx-expressing hepatic cells, B56γ is induced by HBx through ER stress CREBH signaling and AP-1 transcription regulation
Proposed mechanisms by which transcription factor specificity protein 1 modulates TGFβ1 production to negatively regulate RANTES expression in macrophages stimulated with substance P
Plasma membrane (PM) and ER are involved in the plant heat stress response
The role of RhoA/ROCK1/LIMK2/Cofilin signaling pathway in the corporal fibrosis after CN injury
Dysregulated genes and associated miRNAs in the KEGG TGFβ-signaling pathway
A hypothetical model for the role of lncRNAs in rheumatoid diseases
NRF2 positively (green) or negatively (red) regulates the expression of enzymes involved in numerous interrelated metabolic pathways
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in the inhibitory effects of CORM-2 on P
RAS signaling cascade and EMT: Growth factors including EGF, FGF, HGF, VEGF, PDGF, IGF act through RTKs and activate PI3K–AKT, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and SRC signaling cascade
ERK/FRA1/EMT-ATFs pathway: Molecular mechanism of oncogenic RAS induced activation of ERK, transcription, phosphorylation and activation of FRA1 and increased expression of EMT-ATFs (ZEB and TWIST proteins) for promoting EMT, cell invasion and migration
Schematic representation of IL-33 signaling
A schematic diagram showing the role of Sulfatase-1 in inhibiting mesothelin expression in Carcinogenesis
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate innate host immune response against influenza infection by targeting intracellular signaling pathways
Biosynthetic pathway and multifunctionality of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS)
Model for signaling in neutrophils to induce NETosis after Entamoeba histolytica engagement
Schematic representation of the WNT/β-catenin signal transduction pathway
Schematic representation of the planar cell polarity pathway
Pathway involved in the protective effect of apelin/APJ axis in AngII induced HUVECs ageing
Taurine may influence protein catabolism by down-regulating catabolic pathways
Schematic for alternative complement pathway activity in fHm/m/fP−/− mice
Oxidative stress conditions induce TRM9L hyperphosphorylation through the MEK-RSK signaling pathway
Schematic model on the molecular cascade leading to tumor formation upon Jak/Stat activation in the embryonic hemocytes
SCFAs bind to and activate FFAR2, which inhibits its downstream cAMP–PKA–CREB–HDAC pathway
Schematic presentation of JNK signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
Schematic presentation of JNK signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
Representative cartoon of opioid receptors distribution and expression in striosomes and matrix compartments of the dorsal striatum
Possible mechanisms by which Qu inhibits GC metastasis
Functional interaction networks obtained from human gene list (A) showing MRVI1 interact... (B) highlighting MRVI1 int... (C) MRVI1, ITPR1 and PRKG1...
The pathway enrichment result for “cell cycle” (hsa04110) shows repressed genes marked with red asterisks and induced genes marked with blue asterisks
TLR4/MyD88 expression by both stromal and hematopoietic cells plays an important role in diet-induced as well as CP infection-mediated acceleration of atherosclerosis in Apoe−/− mice
FRMD8 stabilises the iRhom2/ADAM17 sheddase complex at the cell surface
Proposed model for interplay between Smad1 and Smad3 in DN
Graphical representation shows CHPV interacts with angiotensin II that leads to phosphorylation of PLC-γ
Effects of SAM treatment during hepatocarcinogenesis
Schematic illustrating the current working hypothesis on IFNT signaling in endometrial epithelia and stroma of the ovine uterus
(A) The two co-occurring pa... (B) Alterations in p53 and... (C) The pattern of genetic... (D) Alterations in the MAPK... (E) The pattern of genetic...
(A) MAPK heat diffusion sub-network: pathway extracted from the TieDIE s... (B) p53 heat diffusion sub-network: pathway extracted from the TieDIE so...
Possible signaling mechanism for cigarette smoke and FGF23-mediated regulation of FGFR4/PLCγ/calcineurin/NFAT pathway
Schematic representation of HSPB5 pathways present in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue
Analog amplifier model for the mechanism of coagonism
Signal transduction pathways involving c-fos
(1) Store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mediated by STIM1‐ORAI1 is triggered by high‐dose receptor stimulation, for example FPRs, PAFR or C5aR
TNBC: The current and upcoming therapeutic strategies targeting the mutant proteins or pathways to enable tailored-therapeutics
The signaling pathway which miR-21 can regulate multiple functions in astrocytes
Major signaling pathways activated through IGF-1R and EGF-R in adrenocortical carcinoma
Estrogen (E2) activates IGF-1R pathway in ACC cells
Mechanosignaling in normal keratinocytes and psoriasis
MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway interactions in melanocytic tumors
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) maintains microglial metabolism through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Model of the “cross-talk” between purinergic receptors during the uridine triphosphate (UTP)-mediated control of Leishmania amazonensis infection
Platelet function and molecular targets of antiplatelet agents
Cell cycle pathway and common checkpoints
Mechanism of cell cycle arrest induced fibrosis
Enriched target genes of the TFs TCF7, RUNX1, STAT3, and SOX4 in the MAPK signaling pathway
Regulatory effects of androgen on TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway
PARP inhibitors: Some possible mechanisms of action and resistance
Death receptor 5 (DR5)-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway
The potential pathway of Nrf2 inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response
Regulation of SREBP1 and lipid metabolism by oncogenic signaling in CSCs
Proposed model of IVT gRNA recognition pathways in mammalian cells
MiRNA and host targets are involved in common pathways
The dynamics of S1P- and ceramide-synthesis pathway
MapMan overview of general metabolism for the metabolites and proteins/transcripts of Quercus ilex
Schematic drawing of epigenetic reprogramming in Dnmts, Sfrp4 and Wnt/β‐catenin pathway from the foetus to offspring
The role of the cyclin D1–CDK4/6–RB pathway in breast cancer.The role of the cyclin D1–CDK4/6-RB pathway in breast cancer cells, including cross talk with other oncogenic signaling pathways
Simplified pathway map of the neurotrophic signaling cascades described in this review and their subsequent effects
Overview of folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism, links to methylation reactions and nucleotide synthesis (by Cheng TY et al
The low antiviral gene expressions at the time of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS) group
Chylomicrons secreted from the intestine and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secreted from the liver are lipolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), leading to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) remnants
Schematic diagram of triptolide downregulation of GADD45B expression in the protection of podocytes from apoptosis
A schematic diagram of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade leading to EMT (blue arrows indicating active signal pathway, red lines indicating inhibition)
Schematic representation of the regulation of the anti-viral signaling pathway
Tryptophan metabolism mediated immune cell response
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell signaling in T cells: low/moderate levels of ROS promote mTOR, Myc, and nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) activation which is associated with increased glycolysis and inflammatory response in T cells
Antioxidants neutralize mitochondrial ROS (mtROS)
Schematic model of miR-19b-mediated promotion of progression of breast cancer.Abbreviation: miR-19b, microRNA-19b
Proposed model of PI3K signaling network in algae under N starvation based on relative gene expression in T411 and its unique physiology
Schematic representation of the neurogenic activity of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine
Biochemical pathways leading to diabetic retinopathy
Autophagy induced by nutrient and nutrition stresses via the mTOR and AMPK signal pathways
O-GlcNAcylation regulates oxidative stress signaling pathways
Panel A, basal condition: HSCs express high levels of both Nrf2 and its target genes (e.g.
The Notch pathway is regulated by short-range cell–cell signaling
Interaction among several signaling pathways involved in susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis infection
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ and serum amyloid A (SAA)‐mediated cellular production of inflammatory cytokines
Tumors thrive in a milieu of different types of cells including fibroblasts and collagen
The calcineurin pathway is activated upon antigenic stimulation of the CD3/TCR complex in combination with co-stimulatory signals
Model for neural crest induction by Dkk2 and Wnt8
Schematic diagram showing proposed pathway through which cyclic mechanical loading regulates primary cilia expression to control tendon matrix turnover
Schematic of mechanism by which COX-2 regulates SSTR-2 expression
(A) Enrichment Map showing the annotated pathways in the whole network.... (B) The RWR analysis result for 7 types of lysine modifications. The ide...
The CoQ biosynthetic pathway has been shown to involve at least 14 nuclear-encoded proteins that are necessary for mitochondrial CoQ biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling participates in HFD-induced depot-specific hypertrophy and hyperplasia
The functional and drug targets analyses for the genes in modules
Functional neuroanatomy and molecular mechanisms of regulating immune responses
Apoptosis inducing signaling pathway mediated by p53, AKT, MAPK activation to suppress ROS generated by Ag-NPs
Red and green indicate genes with expression levels that were higher or lower, respectively, than reference RNA levels
The effect of 20-HETE on different segments of the nephron to enhance natriuresis
Interplay between melatonin and clock genes in joint during OA
Extended, context‚Äêspecific melatonin receptor signalling pathways
Signalling of melatonin receptor homomers and heteromers
Altered B cell receptor (BCR) and co-receptor signaling promotes increased autoreactivity within the naive B cell repertoire
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and immune pathways to therapy
Proposed diagrams depicting effect of EACG on cell cycle, MAP kinases, and apoptosis signaling pathway
The function of Hsp70 in suppressing apoptosis after ischemic stroke
Predicted regulatory networks affected by sinomenine treatment via Ingenuity®Pathway Analysis
Mechanistic overview of AD with neuronal signaling pathways
p53 signaling pathway obtained from the DAVID Database
Regulation of the Wnt pathway via YAP/TAZ
YAP/TAZ as therapeutic targets in multiple mechanisms
miR-142-5p regulates CD4+ T cells in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through PD-L1 expression via the PTEN pathway
lncRNAs involved in the IFN antiviral response
The overlapping actions of metformin and rapamycin
A schematic diagram shows the signaling pathway involved in the neuroprotection of rhynchophylline
Complement activation via any of the three pathways (Classical, CP, alternative, AP or lectin pathway, LP) triggers a cascade of proteolytic reactions that converge at the cleavage of the central component, C3, by short-lived enzymatic complexes, termed C3 convertases of the CP (C4b3b) or AP (C3bBb)
Immunomodulatory approaches for the treatment and prevention of neonatal sepsis
Schematic diagram illustrating the main mechanisms implicated in the sensitization of D1R associated with LID
Endothelial injury pathways in thrombotic microangiopathies
Parkinson’s disease genes reveal an association of multiple variants that converge on deficiencies in cellular clearance
Toolbar, graphical elements supported in SPV and the mTOR pathway
An Orc1-2-centered network of DNA damage response in S
The diagram of potential mechanisms of RR in EAE treatment
(a) Presynaptic homeostatic functions of calcineurin (CaN). (b) Postsynaptic homeostatic functions of calcineurin (CaN). Postsynapti...
Maintenance of a quiescent primordial follicle is regulated by Hippo and Akt signaling
Activation of a primordial follicle is regulated by Hippo and Akt signaling
Results from enrichment and network analysis comparing expression profiles of LSECs in 3DHLK models to 3DHL models
LSEC and KC signaling pathways in 3DHLK systems
. Pathway network of the downregulated genes.
The PKC pathway for prolactin regulation of the metabolic genes for citrate-producing prostate cells
The R431C mutation induces hyperproliferation, hypermotility and ER stress-induced apoptosis in podocytes
The pancreatic cancer microenvironment participates in metastasis
Role of adrenergic receptor on AMPA receptor trafficking-induced synaptic plasticity.A schema showing the hypothesis of antidepressant-induced activation of Œ±2-adrenoceptor stimulation following the noradrenaline (NA)-reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)-blocked NA transporter at the presynaptic side
Pathway for cerebral amyloid β (Aβ)-heme complex formation at sporadic Alzheimer‚Äôs disease (AD).An age-dependent excess Aβ formation and/or its disturbed cleavage result in the formation of fibrils and senile plaques
Proposed mechanism for TSPO ligand-induced ATP release
Four main enriched signal pathways and their DE-miRNA target genes.Notes
The initial substrate in DNPS is phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
Differentiation of monocytes promotes resistance to ripoptosome signaling
Potential role of PtkA and their unusual IDD in the M
Schematic representation of how FGF23 can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Schematic representation of soluble klotho pleiotropic functions and FGF23 – sKlotho interactions
ERŒ± subcellular localization allows the activation of both nuclear and membrane-initiated signaling pathways
7-ketocholesterol induces E-selectin expression mediated by ATF-2 and involves the p38MAPK activation pathway, which together increase the number of leukocyte interaction to endothelial cells
Phosphorylation of the HPV E6 PBM links cellular stress response signaling to E6 inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [,,,,,,,]
Pathway members and interactions in the ten selected pathways
The schematic mechanism of triptolide signaling pathway that inhibits cell growth and leads to cell death in HepaRG cells
PA induces the upregulation of PGC-1Œ± expression via multiple signaling pathways
. DNA REPLICATION: YM-155 affected pathway elements at 20 h (14.6 ng/mL) in MDA-MB-231 cells.
. DNA DAMAGE: YM-155 affected pathway elements at 20 h (14.6 ng/mL) in MDA-MB-231 cells.
. CELL CYCLE: YM-155 affected pathway elements at 20 h (14.6 ng/mL) in MDA-MB-231 cells.
. APOPTOSIS: YM-155 affected pathway elements at 20 h (14.6 ng/mL).
Potential pathways of the annotated DE genes and lincRNAs in the adipose tissues of high- and low-FE pigs
Metabolic rewiring following T cell activation
Biosynthetic pathway of ansamitocin P-3 in Actinosynnema pretiosum
Neurotrophin signaling pathway and genes involved in the significant gene links (marked in red box)
EMT, MET amplification, and IGF-1R confer resistance to EGFR TKIs
Schematic diagram of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncoproteins affecting p53 signaling pathways
Analyzing Toll-like receptor signaling pathway by QIAGEN, KEGG and wikipathway websites and drawing pathway by Pathvisio software
MiRnome circulating in plasma after injury is predicted to be controlled by miRNA processing enzymes and to affect different signalling pathways
Apparent unidirectional fluxes of the LTP-mediated inter-organelle transport of lipids are indirectly coupled with metabolic reactions of lipids
Proposed signaling pathways implicated in the promoter-specific expression of CYP19 in Hs578t cells
Filled shapes in the figure represent overlapping differentially expressed genes between RefSeq and Ensembl annotation
Summary of scale development and schematic of molecular interactions
The schematic represents various signaling pathways that occur within tumor cells, which allow for cell growth, proliferation, and invasion
Hypothesized mechanisms by which JNK activation with exercise leads to muscle hypertrophy
Illustration of anticancer effect of Zyflamend against NFŒ∫B pathway in UBC cells.Abbreviations: UBC, urinary bladder cancer; NFŒ∫B, nuclear factor kappaB
Mechanistic aspects of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of berberine
The regulatory effects of 8-HD on inflammatory signaling pathways
Mechanism of modulation on sphingolipids by apigenin (A), caffeic acid (B), CAPE (C), catechin (D) and chlorogenic acid (E)
Schematic representation of PPARs-dependent oncogenic metabolic pathways highlighted in this review
Schematic representation of PPARs-dependent oncosuppressive metabolic pathways highlighted in this review
Signaling pathways were regulated by HSAF
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)/Patched (PTCH1) and WNT signaling pathways
SCF and its active ingredients protect against inflammation in NDs
Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) functional network generated for data of NH0-, NH3-, and NH7-groups
Proteins with influence on cell-death related signal transduction (green/light green: up-regulation, red/light red: down-regulation)
Interaction of proteins 3 days after hyperoxia
(a) GENEmania network with significantly regulated proteins involved at T0; (b) GENEmania network with significantly regulated proteins involved at T3; (c) GENEmania network with significantly regulated proteins involved at T7
Effects of silver nanoparticles on the cell stress response pathways
Activation of the growth hormone receptor and its signal transduction
GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway inhibition mediated by PTP-1B, SHP-1, SHP2 and SIRPŒ±1
APC activity is decreased under nutrient conditions, and increased when nutrients are limiting
The protein components and the major downstream signaling pathway of mTORC1 and mTORC2
Mechanisms underlying the effects of Stachys sieboldii (SS)
Schematic representation of skeletal muscle cell mechanotransduction: chemical signals are initiated by growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) binding to their respective receptors to trigger RAS, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (MKKs) signaling cascades and activate Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) pathways, respectively [,,]
Schematic illustration of E2-ERβ signaling in GnRH neurons at proestrus afternoon and its proposed action on presynaptic GABA and glutamate release
PD-1 in T-cell activation, exhaustion and effector function.Notes
Sodium fluoride induces autophagy in mammalian mice spleen
Network obtained from genes sharing different pathways
A schematic view of pathways regulating IL-1Œ± expression in hRPE cells
The MRN complex activates possible (alternative) pathways at DSBs
The simplified link between ŒîCT of each microRNA and apoptotic molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in our study
The schematic presentation elucidating proposed mechanisms that TLB protects PC12 cells against oxidative stress-induced injury
. Simplified models of the sessile and traditional serrated pathways.
Schematic representation of TGF-β dependent signaling implicated in fibrosis process
C5 pathway for the heme biosynthesis is shaded in yellow
Apoptosis is initiated via two different routes: the mitochondrial pathway and death receptor pathway
Generally, viral infection can induce both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways
EGFR is transactivated by PAR2 agonists, and EGFR activation increases TF expression
The signaling pathway of cAMP in the treatment of ACO.Note: The dotted line represents suppression, and the solid line represents promotion.Abbreviations: ACO, asthma–COPD overlap; APC, antigen-presenting cell; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CCL-X, chemokine C-C-motif ligand-X; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CK, cytokine; CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10; DC, dendritic cell; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-X, interleukin-X; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SMC, smooth muscle cells; Th17, T-helper 17 lymphocytes; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
KEGG pathway functional analysis of differentially expressed genes
YAP regulates innate antiviral immunity via a transcription-independent mechanism
Several Proposed important schematic signaling pathways for Gankyrin in tumorigenesis
mTOR pathway in endometrial carcinogenesis
WNT pathway promoting endometrial carcinogenesis
Mechanism of Homologous Recombination (HR)
A schematic presentation of JAK/STAT pathway in cancer cells
The role of JAK2 protein in intracellular crosstalk
Pathways to interconnected cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that contribute to insulin resistance in insulin target cells exposed to excess nutrients (sugars or fatty acids such as palmitate), angiotensin II (Ang II), or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Most important targets of gga-miR-302b-5p and gga-miR-302-3p miRNAs
. An example network of enriched KEGG pathways of compound-induced differentially expressed genes relating to liver fibrosis.
This signaling pathway is activated when a growth factor (ligand) binds to its respective growth factor receptor
The nuclear effects of DRD1/PKA pathway and reactive species on postsynaptic neurons
During infection and entry of parasite inside host macrophages; parasite induces UPR in host which is mediated via phosphorylation of host PERK
Analysis was completed using the ClueGO plugin for Cytoscape and the Candida Genome Database GOSlim annotation
APC, antigen presenting cell; ANA, anti-nuclear antibodies; BAFF, B cell activating factor; BCA-1, B cell attracting chemokine; CSR, class switch recombination; DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern; EET, eosinophil extracellular trap; EPX, eosinophil peroxidase; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; MC, mast cell; MPO, myeloperoxidase
Schematic diagram of the antidepressant and anxiolytic mechanism of acupuncture in a PTSD rat model
Molecular interactions and signaling pathways engaged by LMP1 in the carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs)
A schematic diagram showing the signaling pathways engaged by the LMP2A gene
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of Molecular Activation Based on Gene Expression Profiles(A) Gene expression data were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Proposed model for RGS9–2 regulation of NMDAR function and synaptic signaling in D2-MSNs
A molecular mechanism model for lncRNAs involved in the tumorigenesis of human TNBC
In females, loss of GŒ±i3 leads presumably via desinhibition of adenylyl cyclase and hence increased pSer133-CREB levels to a phase-advanced and increased expression of DBP in the liver, concomitant with an increase in transcript levels of Cyp3a11, a putative DBP target gene
In vivo, multiple triggers exist to stimulate low levels of IFN signaling, thereby generating a cell- intrinsic IFN activation status during homeostasis
Overview of metabolic pathways contributing to HSC self-renewal and differentiation
Major areas of the ascending pain system and locations of plasticity
Model depicting the proposed effect of the membrane-permeant peptide TAT-GESV on NMDAR signaling in neuropathic pain
Differences in NOD-like receptor signaling pathway between PAT and control males maturing from P12-P23
Metabolism is a key feature of every quiescent cell
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME)
Schematic illustration of primary DAEC expansion and differentiation
Scheme of AuNPs to Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cell proliferation
Working model for ADAM12 during proliferation in preadipocytes
Synaptic signaling pathways associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Proposed model of host signaling cascade in response to microbial signals to promote hematopoiesis
Kinases associated with the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis
(A) Network mappings were Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)... (B) The significant signalling pathways (P<0.05) enriched in HOXA3 co-ex...
A simplified schematic representation of lipid metabolism in tumor cells
Type I IFN-dependent pathway and ER stress response-induced pathway of IFNAR1 degradation
Proposed signaling mechanisms of adiponectin in prevention of ischemic stroke
The extrinsic pathway requires activation of a death receptor, such as the Fas receptor, which triggers the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex with FADD and procaspase-8 or -10
Overview of signaling cascades for YAP/TAZ regulation
JAK–STAT signaling is interconnected with core cancer pathways
Scheme depicting the mechanism underlying mitofilin knockdown-induced increase in cell death by apoptosis
PUFAs are key actors in the regulation of endocannabinoid system
Summary of the role of muscle-specific A-kinase anchoring protein (mAKAP) polymorphisms in the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway
AD genes selected by cross metrics analysis and their relation with other diseases
Tetraspanin roles during HIV-1 infection
TLRs mediated the T cells response and programmed cell death process toward tumor environment
Androgen receptor signaling axis and potential androgen-dependent and independent mechanisms of disease progression
Methods for observation and quantification of apoptosis
Summary of the location pattern of CFP (blue), YFP (yellow), neuronal (PV) and activity markers (Arc) in the hippocampus
. Muscle contraction_Nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system.
Interaction network of paeonol and known GC genes
The relationship between AR translocation and the AKT signaling pathway
Pathways of T-cell inactivation and mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies
The major downstream targets of ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway
Activation and feedback regulation of the MAPK pathway
A metabolic pathway map in the plasma comparing common bottlenose dolphins (n = 3, blue columns) and beagle dogs (n = 3, red columns)
Gene network of the susceptibility pathways/GO terms
Simplified general overview of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in healthy endothelial cells
Cartoon illustrating signaling pathways activated by temozolomide (TMZ) in glioma cells
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of the hub gene secreted LY6/PLAUR domain and its connected genes
Molecular interactions between LRRK2, aSyn and p38 MAPK in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy
Regulation, function, and targeting of IDO1 in cancer
Effects of the applied conditions on the expression of central metabolism genes
Schematic illustration of Dkk3 (dickkopf-3)/CXCR7-mediated Sca-1+ progenitor migration
A generic RTK is shown at center in an activated state
Gene enrichment analysis of protein-coding genes co-expressed with DE lncRNAs
PHB1/2 complex is highly surface expressed in Th17 cells which contributed to CRAF‐MAPK activation
Image above shows the NF-Œ∫B inflammatory signaling pathway
A schematic representation showing that the p53 pathway is normal and responsive to proapoptotic reagents such as 5-FU in HCT-8 cells, but in 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells (HCT-8R) with a wild-type p53 pathway, the Wnt pathway suppresses CHK1-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of the CHK1 pathway, which phosphorylates and stabilizes p53
Models for Golgi fragmentation induced by truncated APC
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways
The function and regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)6 in MyD88 signaling pathway
Anti-inflammatory function of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF3 in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
Kynurenine pathway activation in inflammatory conditions
Upstream regulators of up- and down-regulated orthologous genes were determined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
β-AR signaling in cardiomyocytes under physiological condition (A), during heart failure (B), and during cardiac aging (C)
Enrichments analysis and IPA® pathways highlighting trends in granulosa cells from primordial and primary follicles, respectively
Protein-protein interaction network of predicted target genes of hsa-miR-1
Several lncRNAs interact with transcription factors recruiting them to their target genes (e.g
Several lncRNAs bind to specific combinations of regulatory proteins, potentially acting as scaffold elements within ribonucleoprotein complexes, stabilizing their targets (e.g
LncRNAs can regulate gene expression by participating in chromatin looping (e.g
Several lncRNAs work at the post-transcriptional level as competing endogenous RNAs for microRNAs, titrating microRNA effector complexes away from their mRNA targets (e.g
Model for the Cold Signaling Pathway and Its Regulation of Genome-Wide Gene Expression.Cooling activates Ca2+-dependent kinases and MAP kinases that activate or repress transcription factors or splicing factors
Relationship between individual genes composing the ‘blood vessel development’ ontology group
Carbohydrate‚Äêmediated folding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Merged network analysis from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software for associations among molecules related to rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation of joint, cell cycle and apoptosis
MAPK signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2335 set
TGF-beta signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2335 set
TGF-beta adhesion signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2404 set
Focal adhesion signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2414 set
MAPK signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2414 set
TGF-beta signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2414 set
Focal adhesion signaling highlighted in KEGG pathway analysis in parallel with SPIA pathway analysis by using microarray result of SNU-2335 set
Targetable cell survival mechanisms.Notes: Stimulation of the BCR and its co-receptor CD19 results in downstream signaling via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
U2OS cells were treated with 50 ŒºM of DMSO or TChal for 24 h. The RNA was isolated, and then RNA-Seq analysis was performed.
(A) KEGG analysis shows the list of DEGs involved in Toll-like receptor... (B) NS and S HDFs were irradiated with UVA (1 J/cm2) and cultured for th...
Proposed mechanism of action of PAC-1 combination therapy with clinically approved kinase inhibitors examined in this work
Stimuli-induced TLR2- and NOD2- mediated signaling
Schematic representation of STEP-mediated signaling cascade in ALS
Schematic diagram for the activation of BMPs, Wnt, and MAPK pathways by phytochemicals treatment
The schematic representation for the possible interaction of viral oncogene proteins with various levels of Wnt/β-catenin cell signaling cascade
Model of the effects of gambogic acid (GBA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated raw 264.7 cells
Insulin binds extracellular α-subunits of the insulin receptor (IR), leading to dimerization and autophosphorylation of β-subunits and activation of its kinase activity
Tumor Epigenetically Upregulated Genes (EUG) in Epstein-Barr Virus Infection pathway
Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) promotes T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation through multiple mechanisms
Schematic representation of the role played by TCL1 in multiple signaling pathways
(A) Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol by two meta... (B) Bile acid metabolism in liver cells and adaptive changes activated i...
Ubiquitylated sites in proteins revealed by diGly proteomics in PC9/GR cells
A model about the effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) on the utilization of the main energy sources by activated CD4+ T-cells
Schematic illustration of the potential pathway underlying the anticancer activity of CK in human HCC cells
DBTD decreases the intracellular TG by promoting fatty acid β oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis through blocking the mTOR pathway
The proposed immunopathophysiological mechanisms of stress-limiting effects of 1,3,4-thiadiazine compounds in myocardial infarction (based on the compound L-17 properties)
Multi-target interaction of chalcones on cross-talk between Nrf2 and NF-Œ∫B response pathways involved in inflammation
Insulin signalling pathway activated in retina and RB
Overview of double strand break chromatin stability mechanisms
Mechanism of Hedgehog pathway activation
Crosstalk of the Hedgehog pathway with other protumorigenic pathways
Ischemic stroke initiates cell death mechanisms in brain cells following an acute depletion of blood flow, resulting in the formation of an infarct core
The evolutionarily conserved Notch signaling pathway is a fundamental system for communication with other components of the transcriptional complex
Following stroke, the stability of NICD is increased by its interaction with Pin1, and the NICD-Pin1 complex then translocates to the nucleus
BPS-induced placental dysfunction working model
The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol pathway and pharmacological agents that inhibit the synthesis of key intermediates
Schematic representation of Fas-mediated EGF-induced EGFR signaling A proposed model of the robust EGF-induced EGFR signaling pathway mediated by the pro-survival, phosphorylated Fas that can lead to aggressive behavior of cancer cells is presented here
The interplay between IL-6 and Notch affects the anticancer immune response
Crosstalk between Notch and tumor necrosis factor Œ± (TNF-Œ±) in the tumor environment
VEGF and Notch interaction in physiological and tumor angiogenesis
Interactions of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or LRY (green) with Helicobacter pylori (red) and damaged epithelial cells at the gastric mucosal surface
The working pathway for Er-Miao-Fang inhibiting inflammation and blocking hepatic gluconeogenesis
Schematic diagram of the beneficial effects and potential mechanisms of GK against ischemic insults
Schematic overview of LATS1/YAP/RHAMM pathway and the regulatory effects of LATS1 in the LATS1/YAP/RHAMM pathway
Regulation network of circRNAs in cancer
The signaling pathway of OS and pregnancy (a brief view)
IFNG-induced autophagy is regulated by HMOX1
Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagens and fibronectin, interact with cell surface integrins and cadherins
Cell cycle proteins mediating progression during MI
Major Nai influx and efflux pathways and metabolic pathways involved in ATP supply
Schematic representation for the role of free tRNALeu
Representative cell cycle pathway between PCOS arrested and non-arrested 2-cell embryos
Autophagy contributes to integrin recycling and degradation
Reconstruction of plant soluble sugar accumulation metabolism and signaling transduction mechanism based on DGE and KEGG metabolic pathway
A schematic model of the role and underlying mechanism of PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation in GC development
Simplified schematic showing the potential strategy for muscle‐derived miR‐23a/27a to attenuate muscle atrophy and renal fibrosis
TGF-β induces CD103 expression in tumor-specific T cells and participates in integrin bidirectional signaling
Schematic summary of HIF-1 signaling in hypoxia and diabetes
Role of E2/ER/WWOX in initiating protective pathways
Schematic illustration of the PTEN regulated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways in CNS axon regeneration
Pharmacological targets of ErbB2 signaling pathway in Her2-enriched subtype
Potential mechanisms of interaction between IL-6 and TGFβ leading to fibrosis in SSc
Tissue alcohol metabolism contributes to tissue and organ injury through altered redox potential, generation of ROS, and generation of metabolites, such as acetaldehyde, that form DNA and protein adducts
(A) The core pathways promoting cell proliferation and the impairment of immune information by the EBNA2-mediated pathway with receptor CD46; (B) the pro-apoptotic human pathway blocked by EBV through ubiquitination and acetylation; (C) the autophagy mechanism blocked by EBV through the involvement of viral BALF4, BDLF4, EBNA3B, miR-BART14, and miR-BART1-3p; (D) the complete progression of lytic production through the impairment of pro-apoptosis and the promotion of viral translocation and anti-apoptosis; (E) the promotion of the integrated production of infectious virions by silencing autophagy and inhibiting the expression of STAT3
A) Representative networks of genes transcriptionally regulated in fish... B) Fish oil + pectin diet transcriptionally enhanced beta-oxidation and...
ADAMs have been shown to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in two ways
RT-PCR data shows gene expression changes in the ventral midbrains of C57BL/6 mice inoculated with EcoHIV followed by MPTP intoxication (n = 3–4)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis network representation of two prominently overrepresented pathways in the epididymis of the Tgfbr2ΔDC mice with high relevance to the model of autoimmunity: response of antigen-presenting cells (p = 4.17E−005) and immune response of leukocytes (p = 2.5E−005)
Lithium (Li) inhibits the activation of the transcription factor STAT3, a regulator of GFAP transcription and astrogliogenesis
Viral carcinogenesis pathway and differentially expressed genes in primary NSCLC tumors
Granulocyte activation and diapedesis mediators show greater induction during diestrus phase infection than in estrus
MiR-30a significantly inhibits cell proliferation
MiR-30a significantly promotes cell apoptosis by regulating several relevant effectors
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and associated developmental syndromes (indicated by dashed lines)
The proposed mechanisms for the reciprocal repression between calcineurin and miR-133 in hypertrophic heart
The role of IFN-γ signaling pathway in adaptive immune resistance and immune surveillance
Proposed mechanisms of insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-mediated proliferation of IESCs under normal and resistant states
A model for the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis based on results obtained in animal models
Proposed anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of noradrenaline/β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) agonists on nigral microglia in the inflamed substantia nigra; a molecular signalling pathway towards neuroprotection.Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptors on microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a signalling cascade which leads to the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor Œ± (IŒ∫BŒ±), nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NfŒ∫B) nuclear translocation and ensuing increases in pro-inflammatory gene expression
Functional analysis of transcription factors and genes in dysregulated miR-FFLs
Overview of the role of EpCAM in cell signaling
Schematic diagram demonstrating that ephB4-Fc suppresses osteoclast formation and bone resorption induced by Ti particles
Model: SIRT6 levels regulate resistance or sensitivity to MAPKi
A model of signaling pathway whereby NMDARs activation and it-mediated PSD-95-nNOS interaction differently regulate contextual fear extinction
Possible mechanisms by which central Ang II facilitates the micturition reflex
Effect of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling on major signaling pathways and reprograming in T cells
Complement activation and involvement during alcoholic liver disease
IPA pathway analysis network for the cAMP/PKA module
Schematic representation of cellular protection mechanism conferred by Nrf2-ARE pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
Cross-talk between oestrogen (ER) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signalling pathway and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 function
Bacterial mRNA recognition by monocytes increases follicular T helper cell differentiation, enhances IgG antibody response through higher follicular T helper cells and higher germinal center formation for mouse, human, and porcine (not shown) models
Schematic representations of the two main mechanisms that activate NF-Œ∫B in thyroid cells
Phenotype change of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders
KLHDC7B affects genes involved in the “Interferon signaling pathway”
Direct and indirect mechanisms of action of metformin in cancer cells
Summary of roles of different E3 ligases on the development of cardiac hypertrophy
Summary of roles of different DUBs on the development of cardiac hypertrophy
D5R mutation induces dilated cardiomyopathy that is related to oxidative stress
Schematic Diagram Illustrates and Summarizes the Role and Signaling Pathway of PAK1 in Regulating Human SSCsPAK1 is mediated by EGF, but not by GDNF or FGF2; PDK1, ZNF367, and KDR are the targets of PAK1
Gene network of miR-146a-5p in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Schematic mechanism showing the apoptotic signaling pathway induced by emodin in HepaRG cells
A model for regulation of cancer cell proliferation by PIP5KŒ± that is a target of NEDD4‚Äêdependent proteasomal degradation
Proposed working model for the role of Rho GTPases in S1P‐induced GEnC activation in the presence of MPO‐ANCA‐positive IgG
Signalling pathway by which kallistatin inhibits endothelial senescence, oxidative stress and inflammation
The protein-protein interaction networks of DEGs involved in the staphylococcus aureus infection signaling pathway
. Schematic illustration of potential action mechanisms of Ponatinib in angiogenesis.
Phytohormone signaling response under chromatin remodeling
Summary of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide‚Äêlike (APOBEC)3B transcriptional regulations in cancer cells
Overview of the regulation of inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives after Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani infections
Steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells is regulated by the binding of ACTH to MC2R, activating PKA pathway through the release of the catalytic subunit (C) by the action of cAMP in specific domains of the PKA, followed by the phosphorylation of transcription factors (TFs) in the nucleus that will increase the transcription of steroidogenic enzymes, leading to cortisol production
Schematic presentation of MAPK/Ras signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol and GGPP which regulates tumor angiogenesis process using cholesterol depleting agents (statins)
Synthesis, metabolism and anticancer mechanism of vitamin D
Tumor-associated macrophages and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma
Inflammatory mediators in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Virus-related products in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment
Glucose is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate through the glycolysis pathway, indicated by the dashed line
AMPK is activated in response to metabolic stress, phosphorylates DAPK2 on Ser289 and elevates its catalytic activity
(A) FABP5-ERRŒ± crosstalk is required for mitochondrial functions and ce... (B) FABP5 knockdown induced high energy stress (increase of AMP/ATP rati...
A. KRAS-mutant NSCLCs signal via the MAP kinase pathway to stimulate cell cycle progression.
Both G protein-coupled receptor- and nitric oxide-mediated intracellular signaling pathways are involved in changes in the contraction or relaxation of bladder smooth muscle
p75NTR and TrkB pathways leading to migration and invasion in normal and pathological conditions
In some cases, migration and invasion are stimulated through NGF or proNGF upon activation of p75NTR and TrkA
Summary of the signaling pathways involved in cell migration and invasion through p75NTR
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-smad signaling pathway
SUMOylation system and TGFβ-signaling interplay in the context of induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Schematic diagram characterizes the anti-cancer mechanism of the PEC treatment in both AGS and MKN28 cells
Honey Bee Immune Pathways—Highlighting Genes Implicated in Antiviral Immune Responses
miRNA regulatory pathway in the control of the protein synthesis through SIRT1—TSC:mTOR
TRPM7 kinase in T cell signalling and transcriptional regulation
Polymerase-related genes identified using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis
Diagram of GABABR-mediated potentiation of mGluR1-TRPC3 signaling pathway in cerebellar Purkinje cells
CircRNA regulates the proliferation and progression of breast cancer via cancer-associated signaling pathways: (J) ciRS -7 could act as a miR-7 inhibitor to weaken the suppression of miR-7 to STAT3 pathway; (K) ciRS -7 could participate in the activation of EGFR pathway via inhibiting miR-7; (L) circ-Foxo3 can up-regulate Foxo3 protein levels by binding to a number of microRNAs shared with the Foxo3 linear mRNA, inducing cell apoptosis and inhibit progression of breast cancer through PI3K/AKT/FOXO pathway
Highly connected networks built using reperfusion-upregulated mRNAs coding for proteins known to interact with human proteins
. Diagrammatic illustration for the mechanism by which t-BHP induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages.
Gene networks involved in a) 'developmental disorder, ophthalmic disease, organismal injury and abnormalities' (score = 41) and b) 'cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, nervous system development and function, inflammatory disease' (score = 21)
Mitochondria at the crossroad of metabolic networks and signaling cascades
Biochemical mechanisms of oncometabolite accumulation
. The MAPK signaling pathway of potential functional genes selected from BMSCs in OVX/OVXT group.
TGF-β1 and E2 cause differential regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix turnover
Mechanisms responsible for platelet hyperreactivity in T2DM patient: Elevated cAMP levels leading to platelet inhibition via cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which disrupt signaling via receptor activation, thromboxane A2 production, MAPK pathway, activation of PKC
Model showing the role of iRhom2 as a positive regulator of PM2.5-induced renal injury
Progression and environmental sensitivity of C
S1P leads to the decrease in L. donovani induced ERK1/2 pathways and activation of p38 pathway that limits the infection.
The Hippo signaling pathway is activated upon E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion, formation of tight junctions and apical polarity complexes while mechanical stress inhibits the pathway
In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin is regulated by the combination of binding to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin at the adherens junctions or degraded in the cytoplasm by the destruction complex (adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), Axin, GSK3β)
Network created by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis using the top 36 most highly connected genes disrupted by rolandic epilepsy (RE) CNVs as assessed by the Disease Association Protein-Protein Link Evaluator
Production and function of hydrogen sulfide in plants
Schematic representation of the BDNF/ TrkB signalling in normal and glaucomatous conditions
Downstream consequences of neurotrophin signalling pathway affecting gene function and ER stress marker is possibly implicated in progression of RGCs axon damage in glaucoma
Network of “Target-Pathway” in osteosarcoma (OS) based on the collected data from –
The KEGG pathway diagram () shows the mapping of fetal liver (FL) up-regulated and adult peripheral blood (AB) up-regulated genes from data generated in this study to the ‘MAPK signaling’ pathway
The KEGG pathway diagram () shows the mapping of fetal liver (FL) up-regulated and adult peripheral blood (AB) up-regulated genes from data generated in this study to the ‘PI3K-Akt signaling’ pathway
Upon apoptotic stimuli, Bax and Bak permeabilize the MOM and induce the release of apoptotic factors, e.g.
Selected immune signaling pathways that are involved in alcohol use pathologies are illustrated
mBDNF/TrkB and proBDNF/p75NTRsignaling pathways regulate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission
Schematic Overview of Salt Stress-Induced Changes in Auxin Biosynthesis, Conjugation, and Transport-Related Processes in the Arabidopsis Roots
The PRL-driven signaling pathways via the short or long PRL receptors, which was achieved from KEGG pathway database
Signaling pathways involved in TNF/Thy-1-induced astrocyte polarization and migration
Putative targets of up-regulated miRNAs in SHH MB CSC enriched pathways, include (A) pathways in cancer, (B) PI3K-Akt pathway, and (C) protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
Pathogenicity and factors associated with the disruption of the normal cellular activity
FGF2, TGF-β and inflammatory cytokine induced catabolic and pro-inflammatory signaling in human OA AC
Multiple potential neuroprotective mechanisms in Shh signaling pathway
KEGG and BioCarta pathways of proteins encoded by genes related to cell cycle and ROS whose expression was altered in BS-24-1 cells after treatment with ethyl acetate extract of A
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway
Pin1 in the metabolic pathway acts as a negative regulator of AMPK and modulates the Akt active form
Activation of mTOR signalling pathway by growth factors
Schematic diagram of the effects of carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular system
Inhibition of apoptosis mediated by mFas and TRAIL
Crosstalk between Hh signaling and autophagy based on current evidence
Summary of CIPK14 or/and WHIRLY1/3 mediated pathways in chloroplasts, including light reaction, chlorophyll metabolism, ROS scavenging, malate biosynthesis, calvin cycle, and protein metabolism
Schematic representation of HO-1 dependent pathway activated in neurons and in the different glial cells
MDSCs expansion is regulated by several factors in vivo microenvironment
Diagram of the putative regulatory mechanisms of the FNM process
Two major signaling axes in IGF-1-mediated EMTs in human breast, lung, and gastric cancers
A simplified illustration of HIPPO signaling pathway
A simplified illustration of YAP/TAZ and glycolysis
CD44/CD44v6 and CIC apoptosis resistance: (A–H) CD44 becomes engaged in apoptosis resistance by several mechanisms
The multiple pathways of CD44/CD44v6-promoted CIC motility: CD44/CD44v6 drive CIC motility by activation of signaling cascades as well as protease activation
Schematic representation of the pathways being affected by MDD and by treatments
Mechanism of XWL-1-48 inhibits growth of breast cancer cells
Model of DP dependent regulation of Cx43 phosphorylation and degradation
Upon leptin (Ob) binding to the leptin receptor (ObR), JAK2 is phosphorylated
ER stress-mediated activation of IRE1 and PERK leads to increased TXNIP mRNA levels
Regression of stalled replication forks is mediated by RAD51 and other DNA translocases including SMARCAL1, ZRANB3 and HLTF
In normal condition, Fuz promoter is methylated
Upon beta‐3 adrenergic receptor activation following noradrenaline release by sympathetic nerve endings in response to cold, glucose is taken up by brown adipocytes via glucose transporters 1 and 4 (GLUT1/4)
Schematic model demonstrating how PTH signaling leads to changes in SOST and RANKL expression in osteocytes
Human and yeast peroxisomal β-oxidation pathways
Schematic illustration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of mTOR/p70S6K/HIF-1Œ± signaling pathway in the regulation of TLR4 inflammatory signaling and TH17 cells in liver IRI
Signaling via MALT1 downstream of various receptors and CARMA/CARD proteins
Scheme of possible mechanisms by which autoimmune diseases are mediated by IGF-IGFBP signaling pathways
Simplified KEGG pathway “Proteoglycans in Cancer” with H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 enriched genes
ER-resident proteins IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 sense ER stress and deliver distinct signals from the ER to the cytosol
CREB as an integrative signaling molecule involved in schizophrenia
Model of the proposed association between mPGES-1 and MAPKs in jurkat cells
Nuclear factor Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) activation signaling pathways.Canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway: the canonical pathway is inhibitor of Œ∫B (IŒ∫B) kinase (IKK)-dependent and IŒ∫B-dependent
Implications of histone methylation in Schwann cells upon peripheral nerve injury and development
miRNA-core gene-risk signaling pathway regulation network
Pathway diagram presenting chaetominine mode of action associated with cell cycle regulation in SW1116 and K562 cells
Schematic diagram of the intracellular signaling pathway following sequential treatment with celecoxib and bortezomib in human colorectal cancer cells
The oxygen sensing HIF prolyl hydroxylases modulate transcriptional and metabolic adaptive responses
Schematic diagram illustrates how tilorone and hypoxia may share common mechanisms in the mediation of the preconditioning response
Possible cellular mechanisms attributed to oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and possible effects of natural antioxidants on specific pathway
Role of p21-activated kinases in Kras-driven oncogenic signalling pathways
Long non-coding RNAs affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells
Down-regulation and up-regulation of protein acetylation within the Cardiovascular Disease Pathway impacted by obesity
Under normal conditions, the membrane protein LOX1 functions as a receptor involved in endocytosis, and its activity is low
A representation displaying the two different signaling pathways, RET-dependent (A) and RET-independent (B).In RET-dependent, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds directly to GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα)1.
Effects of energy metabolism and lactate-mediated responses in inner retinal synapses.Müller cells receive energy substrates from either blood glucose or from extracellular lactate within the retina
Overview of cellular metabolism for heme synthesis during early and late erythropoiesis
IPA analysis: Schematic representation of mTOR pathway
Learning-dependent gene expression program required for memory formation.Activation of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel (L-VGCCs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) triggers calcium influx and induce calcium-dependent signaling molecules such as calcineurin (CaN) and Ca2+/cal-modulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs)
(a) In axon terminals, NGF... (b) Activated Trk receptors... (c) In cell bodies, axon-de... (d) Somatic signaling by Tr... (e) A sub-set of axon-deriv...
(a) Constitutive delivery of Trk receptors to a... (b) Anterograde transport of Trk receptors in s... (c) In addition to the canonical secretory path...
The C3 inhibitor Cp40 and its targets in the setting of periodontitis
Regulation of cell signaling pathways involved in cancers by KDM2B
Schematic showing how inhibition of FXa attenuates ALI progression via modulation of the PAR-2/NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
The metabolic pathway influenced by patulin and Protein interaction network of Kcr proteins
Effec inhibitors on the mTOR/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in T helper 17 (Th17) cells
Schematic model of transcription factor and signaling molecule interactions in endothelial cell functions
GRK2 mediates TCR-induced transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR‚ÄìCXCR4 complex formation required for PI3Kγ/PREX1 signaling and robust T cell cytokine secretion
The core Hippo pathway in Drosophila (A) and mammals (B)
Summarizes multiply host cellular signaling pathways involved in regulating PCV2-induced apoptosis
Sub-pathway of the MAPK signaling pathway identified on the basis of sub-pathway strategy
Sub-pathway of chemokine signaling pathway identified on the basis of sub-pathway strategy
Sub-pathway of the HIF-1 signaling pathway identified on the basis of sub-pathway strategy
Autophagy in neutrophil biology and disease
Mechanism underlying the protective effect of HIF-1 in HI
Metabolic engineering of the glycolysis pathway in E
Proposed decarboxylation pathway for fenclozic acid via M35, M34, M33, and M26, leading to the formation of M8 and thence to M9 via glycine conjugation
Effects of HIV infection on neurons’ α7-nAChRs
Schematic depiction of the results and proposed hypothesis
The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway is altered in human lung cancers.Schematic of KEAP1-NRF2 pathway under homeostatic conditions (left), oxidative conditions (center) or synergistic conditions, for example in a cancer cell (right)
Scheme of cascade of events representing the role of zinc in the regulatory crosstalk promoting myogenesis
We previously showed in caspase-inhibited macrophages that exclusive stimulation of TNFR2 results in depletion of TRAF-cIAP1/2 complexes (1), activation of the alternative NFŒ∫B pathway (2) and necroptosis (8)
Mechanism of action of FSH on adipocytes
Composite pathway using the KEGG pathway analysis, a composite pathway was generated based on the canonical mapping of the phosphorylated proteins independently associated with increased pct collagen (red) in the liver
Two most significant k-clique modules in the PPI network
Hypothetical model of the effects of NBUVB on the bulge and epidermis of human vitiligo skin during repigmentation
Sketch diagram illustrated the target genes by the selected miRNAs in ROS-AKT-cyclinsenescence pathway
The canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway can be stimulated by a variety of receptors, but here we depict TLR4 activation
When unstimulated, only small amounts of NIK are expressed, which are immediately degraded by the TRAF3-TRAF2-cIAP1/2 complex
NF-Œ∫B signaling is highly regulated via post-translational modification throughout the entire pathway
Proposed models how DACT2 affects the β-catenin/Cdc25c pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Compound 7l induced apoptosis of leukaemia stem and progenitor cells through MAPK signal pathway
. Regulatory mechanism of WRKY transcription factors.
Proposed therapeutic mechanism of the nucleosides on cigarette smoke extract-induced inflammation via the SIRT1–NF-κB/p65 pathway.Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; SIRT1, silent information regulator 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
Immune suppressive nature of CIN-induced inflammation
Signal transduction pathways of epithelial cells involved in the recognition of pathogenic bacteria
Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of E2 in epithelial cells
Effects of E2 on bovine mammary epithelial cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection
Enriched KEGG dopaminergic synapse pathway following perinatal nicotine exposure in DA neurons
Enriched KEGG neurotrophin signaling network following perinatal nicotine exposure in DA neurons
Visualization of KEGG IL17 signaling pathway genes differentially perturbed (FDR < 0.05) in rat muscle infected with A
Predicted target genes of miR-125a-5p and let-7e-5p in the Inflammatory response molecular network
Antigen binding drives two concurrent events; signaling and Ag-BCR internalization
Stabilizing and destabilizing signals for Tregs
The wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling pathway
Schematic pathway of ROS generation and induction of DA neurons death
The diseases and functions analysis by integrated pathway analysis using 20 MeDEGs
Signaling cascade comprises the canonical (classical) and non-canonical (alternate) pathways involving NF-Œ∫B family proteins and their target proteins
Schematic showing the role of Nox4 in relaying a local ER stress signaling pathway downstream of RhoA
Subnetworks obtained after testing the “estrogen signaling pathway” network (KEGG pathway: map04915) in differentially expressed genes in fetal hypothalami after 48 h of treatment with (A) 500 μg/kg/day of 17β‐estradiol (n = 4); (B) 5 mg/kg/day of ICI 182,780 (n = 5); and (C) 5 μg/kg/day of ICI 182,780 (n = 4); compared to controls (n = 6)
Schematic overview of light-regulated translational control pathways in the SCN
Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) actions in β-cells
Schematic of hepatic lipid metabolic pathways investigated in this study
Tentative Model Explaining Redirection of Metabolism in the Absence of MDH2 during Photoautotrophic N Deprivation.FA degradation starts with hydrolysis of TAGs and membrane lipids by lipases
Proposed mechanism of IL-13 inhibition of LPS-induced BPIFA1 expression in nasal polyps and adenoid tissue
Proposed model for depolarization-triggered activation of the ERK/CREB pathway via a direct interaction of the intracellular β2b with H-Ras
Regulation of AMPK signaling in DM1 muscle
Schematic showing the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of low-frequency ultrasound in PTX-resistant PC-3 cells.Notes: Ultrasound induces apoptosis and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity through ER-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in PTX-resistant PC-3 cells
Thrombosis and bleeding pathways in patients with ventricular assist device
Schematic of the two commonly activated pathways and genetic aberrations involved in thyroid cancer, as well as the targeted therapies studied in thyroid cancer
Plot of the biological network most significantly enriched by the list of genes differently expressed between animals subjected and not subjected to a feed restriction period: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Cardiovascular System Development and Function, Cellular Development
Changes in transcript abundance of genes involved in central metabolic pathways and antioxidant system when Schizochytrium sp
The gut-brain communicates with the brain mainly via three pathways of the microbiota–gut–brain axis
G protein-coupled receptor Opsin3 absorbs visible light of wavelength 415 nm (≥50 J/cm2) and increases cytosolic calcium flux followed by activation and phosphorylation of CaMKII, CREB, ERK1/2, p38, and MITF, resulting in the expression of pigment-specific genes
Proposed mechanism of action of OR2AT4 activation by Sandalore® and (unknown) endogenous ligand(s) in human hair follicle epithelium
The proposed model that connects AHCY activity, DNA damage and the regulation of the cell cycle through adenosine levels in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
(A) Extracellular space: Gal-3 either binds to the ECM compounds (lamini... (B) Regulation: Gal-3 activity is regulated by MMP2 and MMP9 cleavage (A...
Binding of PDGF, GLP-1, IGF-1 and BTC to their respective receptors serves an important role in β-cell proliferation
Binding of growth factors and hormones to their respective receptors or ligands serves a pivotal role in β-cell proliferation
JAK-STAT signaling in tandem with multiple cytokines and hormones participates in the regulation of β-cells
Proposed model for mechanism of matrine activity on human GBM cells
Schematic representation of the effects of CLN3, flupirtine, retigabine, and benzyl (compound 5) or allyl (compound 6) carbamate derivatives on ceramide synthesis and intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways
Schematic diagram of the pathway-pathway crosstalk via GADD45B
TGF-β signaling maintains homeostasis between the proliferation and apoptosis of normal epithelial cells by Smads or other Smad-independent downstream pathways
Important steps in cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis
Illustration showing different mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy
The metabolic pathway for isopropanol–butanol–ethanol (IBE) production
STAT 3 signaling pathway and site of action of napabucasin
Galactose metabolism, glycosylation and inflammatory cascades in galactosaemia
Schematic representation of lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis pathways
Schematic illustration of the mechanism by which HIV-1 Vpr promotes KSHV latency and cytokine production
PLVAP regulates vascular development and function
Pathway and network analyses showing major cellular processes associated with persistence of BD
Schematic Representation for the Petri Net of the Histamine H1 Receptor Signaling Pathway Using mEPN NotationThe Petri net describes the key relationships between components of the signaling pathway system culminating in the regulation of downstream transcription factor expression stimulated by the binding of a ligand to the histamine H1 receptor
The pathway is initiated by binding of PrPSc to endogenous, cell-surface PrPC
Role of Helicobacter pylori in the reprograming of cellular and molecular programs related to invasive behavior
SST5signaling leading to inhibition of hormone secretion and proliferation
Differential trafficking of somatostatin receptors
S100A10 and PAI-1 are regulated by Smad4-dependent TGFβ1-mediated signaling and FOXC2-mediated PI3K signaling
The uncommon structure and weak biological activation of H. pylori LPS leads to the inefficient activation of NF-Œ∫B and production of low levels of proinflammatory molecules.
a PPI network of candidate genes; b Subnetwork of PPI for main nodes extracted according to degree and betweenness being higher than average; c Pathway crosstalk analysis of hub genes
Pictorial representation of un-inhibited Avian avulavirus 1 (APMV-1)-induced type I interferon (IFN) response in waterfowl cells
Induction of various signaling cascades and their interactions under heavy metal stress
Dual Regulation of NF-Œ∫B signaling by SIRT6
RAS/SKP2-driven K63-linked ubiquitination of LKB1 modulates LKB1 activation
. Regulation of TRC dormancy by members of the interferon family.
Inverse relationship between canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signaling in colon cancer stem cell (CSC) differentiation
A simple representation of key intermediates and modulators of the insulin signaling pathway is shown
Human disease genetics implicates EP4-SIK2-CRTC3-CREB pathway in the regulation of IL-10 levels and IBD susceptibility
SRSF1 regulates SUMO conjugation to different spliceosomal proteins
Targeting the cell cycle in breast cancer
A hypothetical model for the signaling pathway and the role of FKB-induced autophagy in GBM cells
Schematic representation of various published mechanisms of resistance to FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors
a The role of Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling in osteoclast differentiation
Schematic representation of SS2 metabolic pathways differentially regulated in carbohydrate metabolism
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) network analyses and epigenetic regulation of histone modification, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs.Notes
PKCŒπ drives both common and lineage-specific oncogenic pathways in lung cancer
Current results of GRP75 involved in the regulation of proto-Dbl activities are summarized together with previous published data,
Main receptors engaged to RIPK1 signaling are TNFR1, TLR3 and TLR4 (via TRIF pathway) and interferon receptors
Emission rates are given for BVOCs in bold
Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways of TGF-β signaling associated with EndMT
The Notch pathway, showing therapeutic points for targeting Notch3
BH4 modulates the nitrosation of key proteins in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome system
A schematic diagram of the molecular mechanisms underlying K63‚Äêlinked polyubiquitination and cardiac hypertrophy
The distinct metabolic pathways in cancer cells and their connection to epigenetic modifications
Core interactions between the mTOR pathway and Alzheimer's disease
Mapping of the DE genes exclusive to the oval morphotype on KEGG metabolic pathways–
Mapping of the DE genes exclusive to the oval morphotype on the SNARE interactions in vesicular transport pathway issued from the KEGG metabolic pathway–
Schematic of the mechanisms of action of metformin (Adapted from He and Wondisford, 2015)
Nrf2/AR signaling is at the crossroads of Wnt and Akt/FOXO signaling pathways
A model of G protein-related high light, cold and ER stress in plants
Mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to CD38 antibodies
Signaling pathway of HMGB1 in the early and late phases of cerebrovascular disease
Biochemical pathways of lysophosphatidic acid synthesis and degradation
Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signaling axis regulates adipose tissue development and glucose homeostasis in obesity
Protective function of the calcium-sensing receptor against inflammation and carcinogenesis in the colon
PI3K/AKT pathway in muscle tissue when normal state and insulin resistance
PI3K/AKT pathway in liver and other tissue mediate liver metabolism
PI3K/AKT pathway in normal state and insulin resistance
In chronic energy excessive conditions, the causes of insulin resistance
Tetrazolium dye reduction reflects the combinational effect of cell number, medium glucose supply and cellular glucose metabolic activity
Schematic pathway representing findings of this study
Signaling through the TGF-β family of receptors activate several pathways, including NF-Œ∫B, MAPK/ERK, p38, and JNK pathways
Cellular pathways associated with the altered phosphoproteins as a result of T. cruzi infection were derived and grouped at the meta-level using enrichment analysis of significant protein changes mapped to the following canonical pathway groups: immunological response, fibrotic extracellular response, neuronal response, intracellular signaling, and stress-associated signaling.
Summary of HEV life cycle and the target sites of approved and potential antivirals
Proposed models for the context-dependent roles of β-TRCP in regulating the Wnt signaling
Proposed model for PD-L1 induction in CC
Impact of osmotic stress on central carbon metabolism
(A) Extracellular matrix organization pathway genes in COPD disease netw... (B) Connection of COPD disease network module genes in the hypoxia pathw...
Potential Crosstalk between the interferon signaling pathway and PD-L1 signalosome
Fibrogenic secretome pathways implicated in the development of fibrosis and their dependence on SIRT1
Schematic representations of the results in this study
Wnt/ß-catenin driven mevalonate metabolism promotes EMT
Cooperation between c-Myc and YAP/TAZ or HSF1 cofactor (a) Phosphorilation o... (b) Nuclear localizaz... (c) HSF1 when trimeri... (d) In hepatocellular...
Schematic representation of the proposed pathways activated by LPS to modulate mTOR-dependent autophagy and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells
Canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes.Notes: Canonical inflammasomes assemble downstream of cytosolic PRRs including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin and control the activation of caspase-1
Control of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly.Notes: Inflammasome formation requires coordinated NLRP3 priming and activation
NLRP3 priming.Notes: Several pathways successively control NLRP3 priming following TLR activation
Upon binding of cognate ligands, such as PAMPs and LPS, to TLRs or of IL-1 to the IL-1R, inflammatory response is mediated via the myddosome complex
Pathway Analysis of the smoke-induced microRNAs and their target genes
Left: epidermal wounding initiates a first influx of Ca2+ within the cells through the TRPM channel Gtl-2
(A) Injury first causes release of calcium (Ca2... (B) Growth cone formation: Increased calcium le... (C) Injury triggers relocalisation of key prote...
A model of enzymatic and chemical acetylations on the lysine residues of a putative protein substrate
Lipid and FA modulation in Vitis vinifera cv
Repurposing of drugs on YAP (Yes-1 associated protein)-TEAD (transcriptional enhanced associate domain) system through cross-talking pathways
The role of CCN2 in regulation of LRP5/6 dependent Wnt signaling
Summary of the role of CCN2 in palate developmental pathways in the WT environment and proposed effects in the CCN2 KO setting
The p53-ARF-MDM2/4 pathway (adapted from the p53 website) []
Overview of canonical and DNA damage-induced NF-Œ∫B signalling pathways
NFKB1 p105/p50 regulation of gene expression in cancer
Possible mechanism of action of Nlrp12 in regulating early TCR signaling pathways, T cell activation and proliferation
Overexpressed Prx II regulates stemness-associated properties of HCC cells
Prx II regulates CSC properties of colorectal cancers via PI3K/AKT, Hedgehog and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling
Signaling pathways of high-risk HPV oncogenes
Overview of the DP2 receptor-mediated response of immune cells in the inflammatory pathway
Proposed signaling pathways in the development of hepatic portal hypertension
The main metabolic pathways triggered by chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH)
Metabolic implications associated to ceramide synthesis
Overview of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria interactions
Schematic representation of the gustatory pathway, depicting the major central synaptic relays and their connections with structures involved in metabolic, reward and learning, and memory processes
Schematic drawing of the possible signalling pathways regulated by PACAP in bone formation
Schematic diagram of the proposed mechanism showing how RP11-79H23.3 as a ceRNA regulates the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in the pathogenesis and development of BC
A brief overview of canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-Œ∫B) activation pathways
Summary of the effects of the MC1R agonists Œ±-MSH and ACTH and the antagonists ASIP and HBD3 on functional MC1R, and the impact of loss of function of MC1R on these effects
Apoptosis extrinsic and intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways
Apoptosis intrinsic (endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) pathway
Intracellular signalling pathways of vitamin A
Mechanisms of modulating IL-33 localization and cytokine function
Activation and Attenuation of IL-33/ST2 Signaling
Schematic representation of C-C chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) receptor 6 (CCR6) activation pathway
The effects of vitamin D of inflammation in tumorigenesis
Structure and functions of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)
Regulatory network of C2H2-ZFPs in floral organ development
Proposed model for uncoupling protein 2-acetylation by sirtuins signaling pathway on HepG2 treated with high glucose and M
1,25(OH)2D3 acts mediating lipid signalling pathways (protein kinase C pathway), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway and mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) pathways
Suggested mechanistic pathway of different flavonoids in the activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in BAT and WAT
Induction of innate immune response by viral infection
Consequences of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway
AAP-H inhibits DU-145 cell proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
A schematic representation of the BMPR2 signaling pathway illustrating the potential canonical (green) and noncanonical (grey, blue) targets that can be activated
The signaling pathway of mosquito’s innate immunity
Schematic representation of the sugar metabolism (green) and signaling (blue) pathways
Schematic showing PDK4 as a checkpoint in NF-Œ∫B/TNF-mediated apoptosis
(A) Nucleotide metabolism pathway. The heatmap... (B) PLS‐DA obtained for AC and SCC tissues usin... (C) Top 10 nucleotides and derivatives ranked b...
Insulin signalling KEGG pathway indicating up‐ and down‐regulated differentially expressed genes in livers of male and female MO‐F1 vs
Phospholipase D signalling KEGG pathway indicating up‐ and down‐regulated differentially expressed genes in livers of male and female MO‐F1 vs
Potential pro-tumorigenic functions of GPNMB
A model of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling events in the presence and absence of IRAK4 kinase activity
Prominent changes upon ageing in the central carbon metabolism
Detailed diagram for fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis in C
The pathogenic roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver diseases
(A) In regular conditions, ligands such as growth factors or mitogens bi... (B) In melanoma cells, mutations in Ras may impair its capacity to hydro...
Under basal conditions, ligand binding to the RTK promotes receptor phosphorylation and activation
Malignant transformation in melanocytes can require combinations of frequently seen genetic defects, which lead to melanoma development
(A) When there is an absence of Wnt ligand, the cascade is ‘off’ and β-c... (B) In the canonical pathway, Wnt ligands binds to the FRDZ receptor and...
The NF-Œ∫B cascade can be initiated by several types of receptors, which will trigger either the canonical or the non-canonical pathway
Upon ligand stimulation, JAK-binding receptors aggregate in the plasmatic membrane forming dimers and bringing JAKs into close proximity
(A) Overview of TGF-β signaling. The ligands belonging to the TGF-β supe... (B) In melanoma, TGF-β ligands or Nodal can activate TGF-β signaling thr...
Initially, the Notch receptor is translocated to the trans-Golgi network as a full-length protein which is cleaved to form membrane-attached heterodimeric receptor
Cellar signal transduction pathway induced by GALT
(A) cbi-cob-hem gene clusters of L. coryniformis CRL 1001 and L. reuteri... (B) Simplified cobalamin anaerobic synthesis pathway. Addition of differ...
(A) Schematic model of a MurNAc transport and utilization pathway in E. coli and T. forsythia (adapted from Rruscitto et al 2016).
Schematic figure depicting the key roles of menin in mTOR signaling
Overview of insulin regulation of major metabolic responses in the cells
A schematic model of the mechanism of miR-218 in PTC.Abbreviation: PTC, papillary thyroid cancer
Schematic representation of nanoparticulate TiO2-mediated inhibition of testosterone production via the ERK1/2–PKA–PKC signaling pathway
In this illustration, potential mechanisms of tumor cell survival via crosstalk between components of the MET pathway, glycolysis, and autophagy are depicted
The proposed mechanistic model of KMT2D in prostate cancer
Putative molecular effects of MSC-secretome on latency-reactivation from tissue HIV-1 reservoirs
A simplified model of the relationship between Wnt signaling and AD pathology
Schematic representation of regulatory mechanisms that control the switch from PKM1 to PKM2
Schematic representation of PI3KŒ¥ activation in B- and T-cells during class-switch recombination
Schematic overview of intracellular pathways involving CARD14/CARMA2 variants in keratinocytes
Differential targeting of genes in the drug metabolism pathway
Model of the role of Piezo1 and Gq/G11 proteins in endothelial response to different flow patterns
MAPK pathway leading to activation of Hog1 in S
Central role of hepcidin in regulation of iron metabolism
Pro-apoptotic signaling pathway induced by orexins
Comparison of the extracellular pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways involved in the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by animal and plant cells
Comparison of the intracellular pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways involved in the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by animal and plant cells
Schematic representation of insulin resistance-mediated mechanisms in LECs
The signaling pathway with PLD1 participation was activated in LNCaP cells in the androgen-free environment
Proposed mechanisms underlying enteroendocrine secretion in response to T2R agonists
(A) Proposed role of miR-451 in the regulation... (B) Schematic components of miR-451, CAB39/LKB1... (C) Detailed schematic of cellular decision of...
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) structure, FGFR signaling, and specificity of the FGF–FGFR interaction
(A) In steady state EC have mechan... (B) EC contain Weibel–Palade bodie... (C) EC express cytokine receptors... (D) EC activation by IFN-γ, TNF-α...
PPI network constructed based on the genes with differential expression between the M2 and M0 groups in the intersection of GSE18686 and GSE35449
The PPI network based on the interaction of the differentially expressed genes between the M2 and M0 groups
Sub-networks constructed based on the differentially expressed genes identified in the communities of interest in the protein-protein interaction network using CFinder software
Schematic diagram of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage pyroptosis
The figure shows a schematic representation of the canonical pathway of eukaryotic translation initiation, including the canonical initiation factors and signaling pathways that regulate these initiation factors
Gene network analysis of DE genes in the infected group
Metabolite-dependent mechanisms that influence muscle fiber composition
(A) mTOR’s role in STING-mediated antiviral responses. Sensors (e.g. cGA... (B) Poxvirus F17 blocks STING-mediated antiviral responses. By disruptin...
Networks generated by Cytoscape using IPA analysis data showing the (A) the MHC I presentating cluster, (B) Phagosome maturation cluster, (C) Caveolin endocytosis cluster
MSI-High CRCs, that are under immune pressure, positively select mutations in APM genes, including transcriptional regulators of this pathway and B2m
Crosstalk of bone cells within bone marrow regulates bone remodeling, adipogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis
Cyclic nucleotides signaling pathway in plant cells
Action of xanthine derivatives as inhibitor for regulating the catalytic action of PDEs in signal transduction pathway
Exosomes can regenerate stem cell phenotypes and convert them to CSCs by regulating the Wnt pathway
Exosomes can regenerate stem cell phenotypes and convert them to CSCs by regulating the Notch pathway
Exosomes can regenerate stem cell phenotypes and convert them to CSCs by regulating the Hedgehog pathway
A signaling network was constructed by IPA core analysis from the MetS-FL miR trio, the eleven common miR targets of MetS-FL miRs, ZO1, and OCLN
Brain‚Äêderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) pathway
Phosphoproteomic pathway analysis of heat stress induced MET signaling
Schematic Illustrating Potential Pathways for Glucose Utilization and Energy Production by Tendon Cells
Insulin signals via IRS-PI3K to activate TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, which generates a robust inward cationic current to depolarize POMC neurons and increase their excitability
Mechanism of pyruvate pathway regulation in different culture conditions of Pichia pastoris producing antibody fragment scFv anti-LDL(‚àí)
Evolutionarily selected pathway (ESP) map
The proposed positive feedback mechanism for Th17 cell-secreted IL-17A and NLRP3 inflammasome activity in a circuit
Metabolome analyses of wild-type and mutants plants
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) signaling during neurite development
Schematic outline of the intracellular signalization in the retinohypothalamic tract
KEGG pathway suggested that various targets in p53 signaling were tightly associated with ADQ pharmacological action
Retinoblastoma is characterized by the lack of pRB or the overexpression of MYCN
SCCs can have LEF1 mutations and hedgehog activity
The multiple phases and regulation of cilium assembly
Proposing a mechanism for VPA, linking epilepsy and bipolar disorder with the phosphoinositide salvage pathway
Recognition of viral genomes by cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) trigger mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) activation that lead to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), IŒ∫B kinase-Œµ (IKKŒµ) induction of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IRF7 (tan arrows)
a Type I IFN signaling (green): Binding of type I IFN to IFNŒ±/β receptors (IFNARs) stimulates IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that results in antiviral activity
Nonstructural proteins block signaling pathways after virus recognition and inhibit type I IFN production
a Type I IFN signaling inhibition (blue): NS2a, NS4a, and NS4b complex inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling after IFNŒ±/β receptor activation
Schematic model for phosphorylation-dependent YAP translocation by DVL
Schematic illustrations of identified pathways in hepatitis C virus-induced liver carcinogenesis
Overview of calcium‚Äêsensing receptor signalling and trafficking
Pathway analysis shows apolipoprotein E along with its respective interactions in Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia pathway
Scheme showing a possible mechanism of the alleviated TLR-mediated inflammatory responses of macrophage U937 cells to the mycobacterial infection by coinfected A549 epithelial cells
Key molecular pathways altered in metastatic ACC
Molecular features of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Nutrient availability affects cellular response to stress signals
Potential mechanisms by which IFNŒ± disrupts thyrocytes to trigger AITDs
Tumor-derived ADM induces mast cell degranulation via PI3K-AKT signaling pathway activation
A proposed model for the roles of miR-494-3p in mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis in beige adipocytes
A schematic diagram of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation via Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) and GSK-3
Negative effects of resveratrol on NF-Œ∫B via several pathways in SCI
(1) The purines ATP and adenosine ligate to their receptors P2X7 and A2AR, respectively, which act through PKA/PKC signaling and thereby activate IKK
Suggested Schemes for PGI1-Mediated Biosynthesis of MEP Pathway Isoprenoid-Derived CKs and GAs in Cells of Vascular Tissues, and FAs and Proteins in Mixotrophic Maturing Embryos of Arabidopsis
Protein based pathway mapping of the patient response in the serum to antibiotic treatment
Cell intrinsic dysregulation of innate immune signaling in MDS HSCs
Schematic diagram of the role of the GŒ±-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in regulating the production of extracellular-degrading enzymes in C
Schematic representation of the signal transduction pathway activated by PND in PC12 cells.The proposed PND-activated cAMP-Epac1-Erk-CREB pathway is shown in the red arrow-connected cascade
Arrows with blunt ends indicate inhibition relation
GSK-3 regulated signaling pathways and splicing factor phosphorylation
Schematic depiction of hepatocellular mechanisms of gasdermin D-induced pyroptosis during NASH
Simplified PI3K Signaling Cascade and Known Clinical Disorders Caused by Genetic Pathway Activation
Regulatory network analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA
Beneficial effect of RC on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism signalling pathways
In this figure, we consider potential mechanisms regulated by physical activity and caloric restriction in inhibiting the mTOR pathway
The blue and red pathway nodes denote the process and the signaling pathways respectively
A) Schematic representation of the upstream components that activate the... B) YAP/TAZ - Wnt signaling interplay. The destruction complex is a multi...
The intrinsic pathway is initiated by death stimuli including DNA damage, ER stress, anoikis, and deprivation of cytokines, growth factors or nutrients, resulting in transcriptional or post-translational activation of BH3-only molecules (BH3s)
A schema of sortilin regulating EGFR trafficking ()
Schematic diagram showing both the pathway for VEGF upregulation though EGFR/ALK gene alteration and its immunosuppressive role
The mammalian autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP)
Ginsenoside Rh2 epigenetically affects genes in the cell-mediated immune response pathway
The pathological mechanism of low‐molecular‐mass hyaluronan (LMMHA) (200 000 MW) induces pulmonary inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils
Overview of MAPKs regulated by ABA in different plant species
RNA-seq analysis revealed that LECs exhibit a highly perturbed cytokine–cytokine receptor pathway at 24 hours PCS
Model of Arid5a in the IL-17R signaling pathway
Proposed model of irisin effects on pancreatic cancer
Model depicting the link between oncogenic Ras, DNA damage, type I interferon response, TNF, death receptors, and the p53 pathway to the apoptotic response and tumor regression observed in C/EBPβ-depleted tumors
a GSEA from whole-genome gene expression data revealed significant enrichment of genes in the “MAPK signaling pathway” gene set in SW480 cells treated with 0.1 or 1 µM Me2NNMe2 compared to untreated cells.
Structures of Vitamin K and biosynthesis in green plastids
Complex interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway controls numerous biological processes
O-GlcNAcylation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway cross-dysregulation in human chronic diseases
Theoretical background for an interaction between cyclooxygenase and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems
DNA hypermethylation, histone demethylases and histone deacetylases effect on the metabolic enzymes expression involved in glycolysis and glutaminolysis
Differentially regulated genes by IRF7 overexpression upon H6N2 infection
Hemoglobin production and redox homeostasis in erythrocytes
Functional analysis of genes differentially expressed in response to L-lactate after 1 h
Proteomics and phosphoproteomics driven identification of the aberrant regulation of signalling pathways leading to poor patient survival
At 6 hrs an induction of signaling pathways and transcription factors occurred, which was linked to SA signaling
For active immune response to defend the invading pathogens, TRAF6 mediates K63-linked MyD88 ubiquitination conferring its higher binding affinity to TLR4-TIRAP and inducing the downstream signaling activation through MyD88-dependent pathway (right side)
Networks analysis of the 24 differentially expressed genes with potential miRNA-mRNA interactions in hypoxic AC16 CMs
Canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway is central to intrinsic Notch1- and Notch3-modulated Treg cell function within tumor microenvironment
The diagram demonstrating the mechanism of cardioprotection by AsIV via downregulation of CaSR
Schematic of involvement of mitophagy in the transportation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors from the mitochondria to the extracellular matrix in stem cells with osteogenic potential
a. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with concomitant mutations in KRAS and LKB1 use an unusual form of pyrimidine biosynthesis initiated by carbamoylphosphate synthetase-1 (CPS1).
Partners of p62 interact through specific p62 domains: PB1 domain binds other PB1-containing proteins to control autophagy, inflammation and serine biosynthesis; ZZ domain binds RIP and stimulates NFŒ∫B pathway; NR box binds VDR to limit inflammatory responses; TB domain binds TRAF6 to promote NFŒ∫B activation; LIR domain binds LC3 protein to promote autophagy degradation; KIR domain binds NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1, which activates several downstream transcriptional programs (eg, cellular detoxification, survival, pentose phosphate pathway, serine biosynthesis and lipid metabolism); UBA domain binds polyubiquitinated proteins that, together with the LC3 domain, serve as a bridge to exert its function as an autophagy adaptor
Signaling pathways and regulatory nodes that indicate novel therapeutic approaches for KRAS mutant NSCLC
Schematic diagram illustrating D1R and NMDAR signaling cascades in heterozygous Nf1 mice
Involvement of TLRs and CLRs during interaction with HDPs
Schematic models of mGluR1 modulation of the mGluR6‚ÄêTrpM1 complex
Model of ZnO NPs-induced neuroinflammation in the CNS via the taste nerve pathway and the related mechanisms underlying ZnO NPs-induced neuroinflammation
Overview of terpenoids biosynthesis pathway (A), and pathway engineering strategies (B,C)
Protein targets are grouped by pathway on a map created using GeneGO Metacore; icons in the key are derived from the GeneGO functions associated with each protein (see key)
Diagram of the AKT/mTOR Signalling Pathway
Pathway analysis of cytokine/chemokine driven JAK-STAT pathway in transgenic spleen
Schematic overview of the E2-mediated modulation of Gαi,o-coupled GABAB receptors via a membrane-associated receptor (mER) in hypothalamic POMC nerve terminals
ZIKV entry, replication and interaction with cellular pathways in target cell
Milk protein synthesis pathway in porcine mammary gland
Lipid synthesis pathway in porcine mammary gland
Schematic diagram of Pec-induced proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in NSCLC cells through the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway
Network of the two sets of top genes with P-value < 0.01 in the case–control and family-based analyses focusing on rare, deleterious variants
Expression and regulation of hepcidin in brain cells
Proposed pathways for inducing SR Ca2+ leak during β-adrenergic signaling and stretch in a ventricular cardiomyocyte
Possible signaling mechanisms of SERM actions in neurocognition and neuroprotection
Snapshot of protein-protein interactions involving p85α (the “p85α network”).The binding to PTEN and to BRD7-XBP1 has a negative effect on PI3K activity (red color), the first by stabilizing PTEN, the second via p85α depletion (, , –)
Schematic representation of RHBDF1-facilitated membrane trafficking of pro-TGFŒ± via CCV pathway
Salinity stress produces ROS as well as induces OsMADS25 expression
Scheme depicting the main upstream and downstream regulators of mTORC1 signaling pathway
Hypothetical scheme for the unfolded protein response-induced signaling cascade in MANF-deficient beta cells
Proposed mechanisms by which PKM2‚ÄêmTORC1 regulatory pathways contribute to resistance in RCC cells
Possible therapeutic strategies for cancer stem cell elimination
Hypothetic schematic model of the underlying mechanisms of targeting G9a to suppress NSCLC
Schematic representation of ARG1-arginine-immune suppression-fatigue pathway
Key cellular and molecular pathways regulating blood-brain barrier integrity
Possible mechanism of apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells is via immunogenic cell death signaling pathway involving mitochondrial damage, ROS production and ATP release (DAMPs)
Genes in red text reside in replicated CAD associated loci, with genomic and/or functional data supporting their causality [, ] [, , , , ‚Äì, ]
A model of TEdeff-induced immunotherapy resistance
The resultant DE miRNAs were analyzed through the use of IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, QIAGEN Inc., https://www.qiagenbioinformatics.com/products/ingenuitypathway-analysis) to explore the inversely correlated miRNA-regulated pathways and mRNA expression in preovulatory granulosa cells
(A) The resultant DE miRNAs were analyzed through the use of IPA (Ingenu... (B) Total mRNA was purified from CCs denuded from GV COC and M2 COC aspi...
Ubiquitin modifications in the TGF-β pathway
Ubiquitin modifications in the WNT/β-catenin pathway
(Left) In the “off” state, β-catenin binds with glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), axin2, adenomatous colon polyposis protein (APC), and casein kinase-1 (CK- 1)
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and DCU regulatory mechanisms (left) interactions between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the Notch signaling pathway, which regulate HF together
Interplay between Ca2+ and radiation-induced oxidative stress [extensively reviewed in Decrock et al
Complex DNA damage leads to immune signaling
DNA damage-mediated activation of ATM signaling pathways
GABAergic synapse signaling pathway, with the enriched target genes highlighted in red
Dopaminergic synapse signaling pathway, with the enriched target genes highlighted in red
Main signalling pathways coordinating the diversity of vessel formation processes
Effects of HIF-1Œ±, STAT3, NO, and miRNA in VEGF expression.Notes: STAT3 and HIF-1Œ± promote VEGF expression
MAPK–PI3K–Akt pathway and BRAFV600 mutation in melanoma.Notes: MAPK pathway in normal cells (left), where growth factors bound to RTK result in phosphorylation of Ras kinase, which further activates downstream kinases (Raf–MEK–ERK and PI3K–Akt–mTOR) and regulates the activities of several transcription factors responsible for cell growth, survival, and proliferation
Solid line represents a chemical reaction and dashed line represents catalytic effect on a reaction
Phospholipid-binding tumor suppressor ANXA7 linked to the interrelated FGF8 and cyclin E pathways through Ca/phospholipid signaling in prostate cancer
(Top) Basal overexpression of Dsg2 drives activation of various signaling cascade, but not overexpression of c-Myc, presumably leaving the epidermis primed, but unperturbed
Different ncRNAs regulate autophagy through diverse signaling pathway by targetting relevant proteins which ultimately result in different outcomes
SOX17 regulates IHH signaling pathway to govern uterine epithelial–stromal interactions during the window of receptivity
Schematic of Rag-independent Gln stimulation of mTORC1 via PLD-derived PA
miR-31. TGF-β binds to the receptors leading to SMAD phosphorylation, followed by aggregation with SMAD-4, which induces the synthesis of pri-miR-31, which is subsequently processed by Drosha, resulting in pre-miR-31.
Proposed model of 25HC preventing LPS‚Äêinduced TLR4 signalling pathway
Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathway involved in ephrinB/EphB forward signaling activation-induced TNF-α production in Müller cells and RGC apoptosis in COH retinas
Overview scheme of the PD risk factor genes and the molecular pathway where they are involved
Coloured arrows in pathways represent changes for cell cultured at 45°C: up- (red) or downregulation (green) or not significantly modulated (purple) or protein not detected (blue) and not known to be present in Lb
Network of drug-target genes and DPT-associated genes and their enrichment analysis
Schematic representation of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of b[Ca2+]i
Schematic representation of the TGF-β/BAMBI pathway
Structure of hRLX2, hypothetical pathway intermediates of RXFP1/2 and the benefits of hRLX2 therapy in radiation cystitis
Schematic depiction of proposal mechanism by which AF confers anticancer actions in TamR breast cancer cells
Schematic diagram of IL-1β signaling pathway in CXCR3-mediated MSC transendothelial migration
Schema of deriving corneal cell phenotype from iPSCs
Regulatory mechanisms by which miR-4295 influences the apoptosis in DDP-induced GC cells through activating the EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by targeting LRIG1
Regulation and downstream effects of the Akt signaling pathway
Cellular oxidative and genotoxic stress responses converge on the AMPK/mTORC1 pathway
Multiple functions of p21 in the cellular response to oxidative stress and associated injury to the genome
Leptin binds to LepRb and activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Tumor-induced CD8+ Treg cells and their potential role in tumor microenvironment
A pathway model of high temperature stress responses in U
Role of TRAFs in TCR-, costimulatory receptor-, and cytokine receptor-associated signaling pathways controlling TFH differentiation
Role of TRAFs in the canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
Workflow for analyzing toxicogenomics data at the network and pathway level
The variation and alternative splicing of some regulator genes in the eu-/pheomelanin synthesis metabolism
(A) Simplified schematic of glycolysis and acro... (B) A hypothesized glycolytic metabolon, where... (C) Localization of the glycolytic metabolon in...
The Potential Schematic Diagram of the Effects of CPE on the β Cell and Liver Tissue(A) The potential pathway involved in inflammation and apoptosis under CPE treatment in the pancreas of diabetic rats
Integration of oncogenic KRAS signaling by MYC in PDECs
The increased gene expression of the TLR signaling pathway in 85As2 cells compared to MKN45cl85 cells was demonstrated by MetaCore analysis of the DNA microarray
In the conversion of retinol to retinal a feedback regulatory mechanism normally maintains homeostatic levels of ALDH (the enzyme that metabolizes retinal into all-trans retinoic acid - ATRA)
A Simplified View of Rho Kinase Involved Metabolic Pathway
Fibroblast of Growth Factor (FGF) signaling activation and regulation
Scheme summarizing the inhibition of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by maltol via the down-regulation of AMPK through PI3K/Akt pathway
Complement activation pathway and regulation
Model showing possible mechanism for regulation of ovarian development by four key miRNA/gene pairs
Diagram of carbohydrate metabolism pathways with their related DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and DAMs
Brief diagram of amino acid metabolism pathways with related DEGs and DAMs
Regulations of BXXXT on TNF signaling pathway
Interconnected responsible pathways to cause amyloid and tau accumulation
Overview of lipid remodeling in yeast during acid adaptation, where heavy arrows indicate enhanced biosynthesis
NF-Œ∫B and Nrf2 pathways cross talk via different redox-sensitive MAPK, the oxidation of which affects activities of NF-Œ∫B and Nrf2 (, )
Summary of the Interdependence of Klotho and Nutrient Sensing Pathways in the Face of Advancing Age and Nutrient Excess, and Strategies to Reverse Age-Related Arterial Phenotypes
Functional role of the novel phosphorylation site serine 811 (S811).The amino (N)-terminal domain of NCC contains several key phosphorylation sites (T55/T66) that are essential for NCC activity and plasma membrane abundance
Mechanisms by which rLrp inhibits the production of LPS-induced cytokines
Mechanism of action of microtitre plate based complement activation assays
Potential mechanism of DQP on cardiac lipid and glucose metabolism
Toll-like receptor signalling pathway shows similarities, but also differences between LPS and LPS + IFNγ
Endogenous and exogenous metabolic pathways for butanol production in S
The differentially expressed proteins were mapped as green [–]
The potential mechanism of sodium butyrate on STZ-induced type 1 diabetes
Major pathways of cancer immunotherapy of Ganoderma in immune cells
We observed that chlorogenic acid showed binding affinity to interact with ctDNA, VEGF and VEGF receptors
Ras pathway was hyperactivated in Sorafenib-resistant SKOV-3 cells
Natural compounds as anticancer agents in TNBCs: Mode(s) of Action
TAM receptor activation results in cell proliferation and survival that are essential for normal neural development
Model of the topoisomerase 1 reaction and its inhibition by camptothecin (CPT) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor
IFN-λ3 rescued the RIG-I signaling pathway
Overview of the cytoprotective mechanisms of CAPE, CDDO-Im, curcumin and resveratrol
MAPK signaling pathway from KEGG database
Resveratrol attenuated ROS-induced cognitive impairments in rats with Ang-II-induced early AD
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is mediated by PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) signaling
Schematic representation of the effect of C19 on the activation of KRAS4b and oncogenic KRAS4b signaling
Distribution of the targets of Shenzhu Capsule on the compressed TNF signaling pathway
Schematic representation of main effects on pathways in the metabolic syndrome hearts (DKO) versus WT hearts and for both mouse models the effect of ACE-I
Schematic representation of the mechanism of action of PIAS in the regulation of the STAT signaling pathway
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-induced oncogenic signaling
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in S
Gene transcription pattern related to the TLR signaling pathway in white adipose tissue
Proposed role of luteolin in attenuating hepatic and adipocyte fibrosis and insulin resistance by targeting the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in high-fat-fed mice
Select HCMV gene products that target apoptotic pathways during HCMV infection
Regulation of insulin clearance by CEACAM1-L
Osteoclast precursor proliferation by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)/c-Fms-mediated monophasic activation of MAPKs and osteoclast differentiation by receptor activator for nuclear factor Œ∫-B ligand (RANKL)/RANK-mediated biphasic activation of MAPKs
Putative anticancer effects of MTF exemplified by molecular and cellular key events
Canonical and Non-Canonical Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial cells (ECs)
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) molecule or SHH secreted on extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediated functional improvement of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)
Maps of tryptophan metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction pathways: (A) tryptophan metabolism (auxin biosynthesis pathway); and (B) plant hormone signal transduction pathway
The proposed mechanism through which total osteocalcin/ucOC has been reported to elicit atheroprotective functions in vascular cells
Involvement of MAPKs in processes that lead to Parkinson’s disease pathology
Schematic illustration of interplay between host metabolism and cytokine induction
Regulation of PTPIP51 interactions in normal cells (represented by the HaCat cell line)
Pharmacodynamic mechanism of TCM against HSV-1
Proposed neuroprotective mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to H2O2-induced oxidative stress after pre-treatment with pomalidomide via Nrf2-SOD2/Catalase anti-oxidative signaling pathway and BAX-Cytochrome c (Cyt c)-PARP anti-apoptosis signaling pathway
A schematic representation of pathways linking the gut microbiota, the formation of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by flavin monooxygenase (FMO) 3 and the regulation of enterohepatic bile acid (BA) and cholesterol metabolism and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathways
Canonical FLT3 and mutant FLT3 signaling pathways
Regulation of SCAP/SREBP activation in Cancer Cells.In cancer cells, oncogenic EGFR signaling increases glucose uptake and enhances the synthesis of UDPGlcNAc, the end-product of the hexosamine synthesis pathway, promoting the N-glycosylation of SCAP, which enables SCAP dissociation from INSIG and leads to SCAP/SREBP trafficking from the ER to the Golgi
Studies over the past two decades have identified mitotic gene bookmarking as a broadly relevant epigenetic mechanism to coordinate cell proliferation, growth and identity in progeny cells
Schematic flow diagram of signal transmission from regulatory factors secreted by TM4 cells to ADSCs
Illustration of heterogeneous cancer death induced by dihydroartemisinin plus epirubicin liposomes through autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis
Overview of the Akt/mTOR pathway and regulatory effects of galangin and pinocembrin on the phosphorylation of key proteins
Overview of the WNK pathway and its connection to major cancer-associated signaling pathways discussed in the review
Iron and inflammatory signaling to hepcidin
Mouse breast carcinogenesis induced by the activation of the canonical Wnt pathway
Positive feedback loop between the Rspo/Lgr5 pathway and the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway
Crosstalk between the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) pathway and the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in the induction of breast cancer epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Diminished inhibin B (INHBB) expression activates the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) pathway to promote anoikis resistance and migration
The example of cross-talk pathways for radiation and TKI resistance
Network generation of CDK1, YWHAZ and PRKDC based on significantly differential genes found between cells with PAX2 over-expression and those that lack that over-expression
The potential mechanism underlying the role of PDE4 inhibitors in neuroplasticity after stroke
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways
Endogenous IL-32-induced signaling pathway activation in macrophages and the potential roles of this pathway in M
Co-occurrence networks of diagnostic KOs involved in major energy and carbon fixation metabolic pathways in Llamara microbial mats from pond LLA9
The canonical Wnt pathway and the role of the LRP6 receptor
Schematic model of the nuclear envelope proteins and their potential roles in EDMD physiopathology
Summary of the potential treatments tested so far in EDMD
DE genes on “Wnt Signaling Pathway and Pluripotency” pathway upon S
DE genes on “Insulin Signaling” pathway upon S
Crosstalk of FGF10 during pancreatic cancer
FMN-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation via the PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathway.Notes: FMN is absorbed into the endothelium and targeted PTEN leading to the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt
Model of DSB-free recombination-dependent replication.A
Model of Erdr1 Regulation and Downstream Pathways in CD4+ T Cells : Erdr1 suppression is regulated by the microbiota via TLR signaling in CD4+ T cells
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanisms of over-activation of UPR to trigger apoptosis
Different levels of drug-drug interactions
Eicosanoid biosynthesis and PGE2 signaling via EP receptors
EGFR signaling and generation of Treg and tol-DC
The mechanism by which TM contributes to eotaxin-2-mediated apoptosis in monocytic cells
A simplified model showing transcriptional changes in gene expression of metabolic enzymes that characterize the progression from a normal liver to cirrhosis, which culminates in HCC
HMGB1 signal by binding to TLR4, CXCR4, and RAGE to moderate BV2 cells, RGC cells, retinal endothelial cells, and retinal microvascular endothelial cells function in PDR
HMGB1 signals by binding to RAGE to activate T-cell cytokine release and Fas/FasL signal pathway in uveitis
Circular RNA ITCH and 0043256 act as miRNA sponges to regulate the expression of ITCH
Glucocorticoids regulate NK cells and ILC1s functions upon MCMV infection
Association network between microbiome and transcriptome
The gene regulation network of 4 gene signature models
Diagrammatic representation of pathological phenotypes (depression, dementia, inflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid plaque, neurotransmitter deficits, Lewy aggregation, ER stress, mitochondrial deficits, and cell death) and underlying molecular pathways that could be involved in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Polyamine Pathway and Reaction Mechanism of DHS
Suggested mechanism of action of morusin in MDI-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells and primary adipocytes
Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which TPAE attenuates H/R induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating NO production via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
The cartoon chart of mechanism of compound 2d against EV71
Host cellular responses to the low and high concentrations of cnidarian PFTs
Proposed signaling pathway triggered by kaempferol in EJ cells
Pathway networks of differentially expressed genes
Melatonin-mediated biotic stress response in plants
Proposed mechanism of action of the GPCR modulator KMUP-1 on the adipocyte development in 3T3-L1 cells
Schematic of signaling mechanisms driving activity-dependent transcription of immediate early genes and late-response genes
This figure shows the reconstructed signaling network from a combination of databases
The Liver X Receptor (LXR) pathway as the result of the integration between transcriptomic and metabolomic data
Paclitaxel facilitates binding of NCS-1 to InsP3R, thereby inducing Ca2+ oscillations from the ER
Glycoengineering mAbs for enhanced sialylation and glycan-targeted ADC production
Central carbon metabolism pathways in daf-2 and eat-2 mutants
Molecular mechanisms of (-)-epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) suppressing the proliferation of cervical cancer cells
Current understanding of the mechanism of action of T-oligos
Model summarizing current understanding of gonadotropin hormone receptor post-endocytic pathways and receptor signaling from VEEs
a Reconstructed metabolic pathways (KEGG) of S
Representative image of the anti-angiogenic potential of autophagy
Activation of the interferon-…£/STAT1 pathway
Models depicting the recruitment of BLM, FANCJ and other DNA repair proteins to double-strand breaks
miRNAs modulating dendrite morphogenesis converge by targeting components of the actin remodeling complex and cross talk with each other via neuronal activity-dependent gene regulatory networks
Snail, one of EMT transcription factors, could dramatically impair cell-cycle progression by repressing the transcription of cyclin D2
Cross talk between the SphKs-S1P-S1PRs axis and the TGF-β1signaling pathway in fibrosis
Genes altered in NHE1 transgenic hearts were enriched in KEGG hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) pathway
Differentially expressed miRNA-mRNA pairs in nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) cardiac hypertrophy pathway from NHE1 transgenic mouse hearts
Metabolic pathways associated with cancer
Metabolic pathways involved in anticancer drug resistance in multiple myeloma (A), lung- and ovarian cancer (B), breast cancer (C), and melanoma (D)
Effect of radiotherapy on DNA repair, mitochondrial function, cellular ROS, and EMT
a) Scheme depicting the experimental design of... b) Table of the predicted upstream regulators r... c) Table of the canonical pathways revealed by...
In vitro, HKL activates SIRT3 via the AMPK-PGC-1Œ± signaling pathway to facilitate anti-oxidation, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction
Over-expression of MUC15 activate MEK-ERK pathway dependent on integrin-FAK and GPCR-cAMP pathway thereby promote cancer stemness and metastasis
Communality network analysis for k-clique 9
Significant correlation of degree centrality between the OncoPPi BC network and our BC integrated network (p < 0.05), (r2 = 0.23688)
IL-13 signaling mechanisms and associated host directed targets in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
The simplified PI3K-AKT pathway regulation of compounds in LP
Schematic view of TF functions extracellular and intracellular signaling
Schematic representation of HBSP regulation on PI3K/Akt signaling to affect Fas-apoptotic pathway
Mechanisms of bile acids initiating colorectal cancer development
Oncogenic signaling network activated by bile acids
Representative scheme of the presence of O-GlcNAcylation on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle
Mitochondria undergo metabolic disorders, manifested by decreased fatty acid oxidation
Ceramide pools and their metabolic connection
Canonical Notch signaling takes place between two juxtaposed cells (left: signal sending cell, right: signal receiving cell)
RTK-independent PI3KŒ±/Akt/mTOR pathway leading to cell growth
Model for the procoagulant properties of platelet CD36/ERK5 signaling
Induction of oxidative stress by a virus infection and genome replication
Diagrammatic representation of occurrence of colorectal cancer (a) and various modulatory mechanisms of combinatorial administration of probiotics and celecoxib (b) in CRC with respect to different biomarkers
Engineered metabolic pathway for 3-HP production by S
Pathway analysis within the identified metabolites in the (a) tocilizumab plus methotrexate, (b) tocilizumab, and (c) methotrexate strategy arms
A schematic representation of signaling reactions induced by thrombopoietin
A graphical representation of IFN-γ signaling pathway
Schematic summary of events presumably occurring in the early symbiosis of reef-building corals and alga, based on the transcriptome data of D-corals
Cell cycle pathway (the chart is from the KEGG database, gene symbolized by ‚òÖ and correlation P values can be found in )
Mechanisms mostly deemed to contribute to the development of APAs
CDK4/6, PARP and PI3K pathways inhibition by SMIs
Targeting glycosaminoglycans to influence embryonic stem cell fate
The result of RNA-seq mainly involves the signaling pathway
Schematic model of the stimulation of autophagy by MAC in lung cancer cells
Potential contributions of PCAF‚Äêinduced acetylation to the development of hepatic Glucose homeostasis
Potential contributions of PCAF‚Äêinduced acetylation to the development of liver injury and mediators of inflammation
Potential contributions of PCAF‚Äêinduced acetylation to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cancer tumour growth
Gentisic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through downregulation of the ERK1/2 pathway
The signaling pathways involved in the regulation of HSPs in bone metabolism
cAMP mediated intracellular signaling of A2 AdoR
PD-1 signal inhibits T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway through several different mechanisms
Cell cycle regulation pathway and the genes whose expressions were altered by 11-KT
Metabolisms of SGG in seminiferous tubules: interrelationship between testicular germ cells and Sertoli cells
The calcium-calmodulin-calcineurn-NFaT-DYRK1A pathway to human beta cell proliferation
. Three signal pathways contribute to stemness properties of gastric cancer stem-like cells: Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, Notch signal pathway, and Hedgehog signal pathway.
Schematic depiction of GDNF/RET/GFRŒ±1 signaling in the ureteric bud (UB) tip during kidney development
Schematic overview of feedback regulation of the MAPK pathway
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis signaling and regulation of hepatic functions
Foamy phagocyte polarization follows a triphasic pattern
Innate antiviral immune responses during viral infection
Approaches targeting endogenous cardiac regeneration (green boxes) involve activating the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes and targeting the cardiac fibrotic response
Schematic of AS-amplified JQ1 toxicity in gastric and colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway.Notes: In gastric and colon cancer cells, AS and JQ1 synergistically modulated NFATc protein family and c-Myc, which were responsible for cell viability and tumor invasiveness and metastasis
Mechanistic regulatory network of FSH to cervical cancer, mediated through the PKA-NF-Œ∫B pathway.Note: After PKA activates FSH, GSK-3β activity is downregulated, which induces the inactivation of the NF-Œ∫B pathway to decrease the cell cycle and activate cell apoptosis.Abbreviations: FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; PKA, protein kinase A; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor-kappa B; CASP3, Caspase 3
Simplified diagram of transcriptional pathways and targets for intervention for AUD treatment
Caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways in myofibroblasts
Autophagy as an anti-inflammatory process
Translocation and generation of toxic metabolites to the neuroglial circuitry mediating cognitive functions
Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics pathway diagrams
KEGG insulin signaling pathway identified by WebGestalt from the bta-miR-486 target gene list
The miRNA-target genes network constructed using the miRNet and the corresponding target genes involved in KEGG Pathways.Note: (A) The total network of four miRNAs and their targets; (B) pathways in cancer, (C) p53 signaling pathway; (D) cell cycle pathway; (E) renal cell carcinoma; (F) Wnt signaling pathway.Abbreviation: KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
Schematic diagram of molecular network and proposed mechanism of activity.Notes
Arginine is transported into mammalian macrophages by amino acid transporters (SLC7A1/7A2/7A5/7A7, SLC3A2), then metabolized by either inducible NO synthase (iNOS) into NO and citrulline, or arginase into ornithine and urea
MAO A generates ROS that inhibits PHD activity and stabilizes HIF1α to induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition
The figure shows the activation pathway for cytokine production, including the steps of receptor activation, gene transcription, and cytokine production
Novel agents targeting inflammation in SCD
The RAS signaling pathway with proteins mutated in JMML in red
Discovery and development of the complement inhibitor eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Simplified schematic of the primary pathogenic processes in SCD
Signaling pathways subverted in T-cell oncogenesis
(A) Moderate-intensity continuous training (MIC... (B) MICT enhances the mitochondrial activity in... (C) Exercise performed at high intensity (≥80pct...
Insulin signalling pathway in normal cells
Insulin signalling pathway in cells of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Proposed role of macrophage LRP1 depicted in diet-induced inflammatory conditions
Schematic diagram of molecular mechanism underlying paeonol protects against atherogenesis
The outline of the molecular pathways in the fat body and prothoracic gland (PG) implicated in ecdysone-mediated body growth and size determination
Somatic mutations of the canonical signal transduction and tumor suppressor pathways in HCC
Pathway analysis infers molecular pathway of relapse
Overview of Cdc5 functions in key cell cycle pathways
13C metabolic flux analysis and RNASeq explain the overflow metabolism
Schematic overview of the cardioprotective mechanisms of bioactive compounds derived from natural products in activating Nrf2 signaling pathway
Modulation of Keap1-dependent and Keap1-independent mediated Nrf2 signaling pathways
Model of X4-gp120 activated signaling pathways involved in the activation of TNF-Œ± and IL-10 gene expression
Implication of microglia in the development of Alzheimer's disease
Therapeutic targeting of the FOXM1 genetic network in myeloma
A proposed working model underpinning that decreased ATF4 disrupted ovulation
The inflammatory response and cell death after stroke
The proteins mapped by IPA to be part of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are presented as gene symbols
The role of the Wnt/β-catenin, insulin (IN)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), and IN/IGF-1/IRS1/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways in the transcriptional regulation of aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH)
The proposed mechanism how aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) may affect the progression of pancreatic cancer (PC) through the activation of Notch signaling pathway []
Molecular mechanisms underlying entrance and quite G0-phase of cell cycle by cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)
Cellular and molecular regulators of glioma CSC quiescence in the niche
SIRT7 maintains genome stability through multiple pathways
Summarized Ca2+ Signaling pathway by S1P
Nimbolide-mediated P-glycoprotein downregulation is accomplished through targeting PTEN and MYC
Detection of volatile pheromones on the antenna
Proposed model of the different photoperiodic signals interacts with LsFoxO to regulate the nymphal diapause
The canonical IRF5 signaling pathway and its negative regulation
Transcriptome response of Salvia miltiorrhiza to overexpression of AtPAP1
Non-canonical mechanisms whereby betaine inhibits IL-1β production
Mechanisms whereby betaine inhibits IL-1β release
The proposed anti-inflammatory pathway of beauvericin (BEA) in macrophages (adapted from Yoo et al., )
Schematic summary of molecular mechanisms for duhuo jisheng decoction (DHJSD) on the lower back pain (LBP) caused by Bi Zheng
Targets of BA, JA, and BJ in the CD27 signaling pathway in lymphocytes
Schematic overview of phosphatidylcholines to lysophosphatidylcholine metabolic pathway in relation to OAPhosphatidylcholines include both acyl-acyl phosphatidylcholine and acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholine, where the latter is an ether lipid and potential precursor for synthesis of platelet activating factor
Presumable molecular mechanisms induced by fasting and anticancer treatment to promote intracellular changes and autophagy induction in tumor cells
Pathway relationship network of glaucoma-related DEGs
Pathway relationship network of TGF-β1 and −2 treatment-related DEGs
Pictorial Abstract showing that the molecular or therapeutic inhibition of TRPM7 expression and/or activity attenuates the cancer stem cell-like and metastatic phenotypes of lung cancer cells through the modulation of the Hsp90Œ±/uPA/MMP2 signaling
Signaling pathway associated with gene expression changes in Sert HZ and KO mice
CREB1 signaling is predicted to be altered by ID
Scheme summarizing the protective effects of miR-27a on LPS-induced acute lung injury via the inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-Œ∫B activation
JAK1 may be the target molecule of (+)-terrein in the IL-6 signaling pathway in HGFs
Flavonoids downregulate mdr1 expression through wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway