Illustrative model of the IFN signal transduction pathway
The role of the CREM feedback loop in transducing  a rhythmic clock-directed signal into rhythmic hormone synthesis
Components of the metabolic transmission pathway within a Purkinje cell dendrite
Hypothetical scheme accounting for NMDA-triggered neurodegeneration
Model depicting role of MAP kinase in cell migration
Model of the Wnt signaling pathway showing competition between endogenous and ectopic β-catenin for interactions with several protein partners, including cadherin, APC, and Lef/ Tcf
Model of p15/16, cyclin D:Cdk4/6, pRb, E2F pathway
BMPR-specific functions in limb development and molecular pathways elicited by IHH signaling
A model for the role of the DAF-3/DAF-8/DAF-14 Smads in dauer formation, as described in text
Model for the antagonistic action of hormone-activated nuclear receptors on AP-1 activity through the inhibition of the JNK signal transduction pathway
Schematic representation of adhesion-dependent and -independent pathways leading to DNA synthesis in ET-1-treated astrocytes
A neuronal model for olfactory associative learning in Drosophila, involving the cAMP signal transduction pathway
The metabolism of beverage alcohol (i.e., ethanol) by the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway.
Analysis of the region between styR and styA
Schematic pathway of pyruvate metabolism in L
Proposed model for Ca2+signaling in response to P
Model of signalling pathways for EGF activation of c-jun
Model for the CD5-induced signaling pathway, which is mediated by PI 3-kinase and Vav, resulting in the activation of Rac1
Schematic diagram of a current model of the yeast HOG osmoregulatory signal transduction pathway
Model for integration of growth factor-, retinoid-, and ECM-derived signaling pathways during normal mucosecretory cell differentiation
Model of furin trafficking in the endosomal system
Diagrammatic sketch of the effects of CRP and mannan-binding lectin (MBL) on complement activation, indicating the classical pathway (thin solid line), alternative pathway (dotted line) and lectin pathway (heavy solid line); arrows other than the directional indicators from CRP indicate enzymatic cleavages
Schematic drawing showing the relationship of PKA and hh pathways on CI proteolysis and activity
Two signal transduction pathways for mating, morphogenesis, and virulence in U
Schematic diagram showing steps in the signaling pathway by which P
Model for the potential role of the HOG and PKC-MPK pathways in regulating cell wall biosynthesis
Working model of the PTEN regulatory network
A model to illustrate how SHP-2 regulates coupling of the TCR to the Ras/MAPK pathway
Overview of hToll and TNFR-1 signaling pathways
Model of NFAT/AP-1 complex regulation by Ras family GTPases in mast cells
Schematic presentation of the signaling leading to JNK and AP-1 activation in response to Ngo-epithelial cell contact
Metabolic reaction network analyzed from the human erythrocyte containing 29 metabolites and the related 51 fluxes (37 internal and 14 exchange fluxes)
Simplified gluconeogenic pathway from [2-13C]pyruvate
Schematic model illustrating 20, 12(S)-, and 15-HETE as mediators of MAPK and cPLA2 activation in response to NE, Ang II, and EGF
Integration of tyrosine kinase signaling to both cAMP and MAPK 1,2 pathways, resulting in cell cycle arrest and the reduction of MAPK 1,2 triggered proliferation
Both the MAPK pathway and the A kinase pathway converge on FLO11 in the regulation of pseudohyphal growth
A model for the role of Win1 in controlling the fission yeast stress-activated Sty1 MAPK
Proposed regulatory role of Ptc1p in the HOG response pathway (; )
Stress response pathway in fission yeast
A model illustrating the signaling cascades leading to an increase in protein synthesis
Genetic models for ptp-2 signaling during (A) oogenesis and (B) vulval development
A model for the Egfr signaling pathway in dorsal follicle cell fate determination
Determinants of specificity in TGF-β signal transduction
Schematic diagram showing the function of msn, NIK, and mig-15 (see text for details)
A revised model of the pheromone response, HOG, and pseudohyphal growth pathways
Separate pathways regulate synapse-specific and electrical activity-dependent transcription
Calcium-mediated signaling and the regulation of actin assembly and tension
Schematic diagram showing the proposed model involved in the cAMP regulation of BDNF-induced collapse
Working model of the mechanisms whereby PS-1 mutations render neurons vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis
Proposed pathway forl-glutamate-mediated inhibition of NE-dependent melatonin synthesis in pinealocytes
Scheme of altered signal transduction and enhanced opioid efficacy in GABAergic nerve terminals of PAG after chronic treatment with morphine
Schematic diagram of possible signaling pathways involved in cer-induced IKir inhibition
Alternative pathways for induction of T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent IFN-γ synthesis
Recycling pathway of murein turnover products in E
Signaling pathways of IFN-Œ±, IFN-β, and cytoplasmic dsRNA
Proposed model for translational homeostasis in response to changes in eIF4E concentration
Model for differential PKB signaling to S6K1 and 4E-BP1
IFN-γ signaling pathway showing the defects in the human fibroblast mutants B3, B9, and B10
Proposed signal transduction pathways involved in PKC-mediated SRE activation
Model for the role of the Cdc28 complex in control of filamentous growth
The GH JAK-STAT intracellular signaling pathway
PI3‚Ä≤K signaling modules in mammals and nematodes have implications for cancer
Model for the role of Hsl7p during filamentous growth
Model of anchorage-dependent cell growth
Distinct signaling pathways are directly involved in the phenotypic determination of visceral and vascular SMCs
Model of a proposed functional role for PKC βII in colon carcinogenesis
The molecular mechanism underlying TIMP-1–mediated suppression of hepatocarcinogenesis
Hypothetical signaling pathways by which β-catenin might integrate cell adhesion, cell cycle, and apoptosis
Model depicting proposed roles of PTEN, Shc, and FAK in integrin- and growth factor–mediated cell motility
Fas (death receptor) signaling pathway and its inhibition
Evolutionary conservation of the DNA damage and the replication checkpoints
Stimulation of P2-purinergic receptors (P2R) increases intracellular PKC and adenylyl cyclase (AC)-cAMP-PKA activities through an unidentified heterotrimeric G protein (G?)
Signaling pathways required for transformation by v-Src
A two-step model for generation of axial and appendicular cartilage
The JAK/STAT pathway and the establishment of dorsoventral polarity in the eye disc
Model for regulation of reproductive growth and metabolism by the DAF-2 insulin receptor-like signaling pathway
Regulation of the Spc1 SAPK by PP2C and the Pyp tyrosine phosphatases
A model of how ECSIT may participate in Toll/IL-1 signaling
Models for SUR-6 PP2A-B function in the vulval induction pathway
Regulation of TNF-R1signaling pathways during apoptosis
Schematic diagram illustrating a model for the antagonistic roles of Dp110 and DPTEN in Drosophila growth control
Apoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling pathways
The proposed biosynthetic pathway for cotton terpenoids
Signaling pathways implicated in the hypertrophic response: the SAPKs, calcineurin/NF-AT3, and a putative costimulatory pathway
IFN-γ/STAT1 and IL-6/STAT3 or IL-6/NF-IL6 signaling pathway and Hsp gene activation and comparison to Type-I or Type-II acute-phase genes
Pathogenesis of the inflammatory response
Mechanism of microglial activation by fibrillarβA and PrP peptides responsible for neurotoxicity
Scheme summarizing proposed interactions between NGF signaling and apoptotic pathways
Schematic diagram of postreceptor adaptations of the cAMP pathway observed in response to chronic antidepressant treatment
MAP kinase signaling via Raf-1 and B-Raf
Signal transduction pathways operating in hippocampal synaptic plasticity
PACAP type I receptors couple through AC- or PLC-dependent signaling cascades to differentially regulate Œ±7- and Œ±3*-AChR function
CaM-Ks act as positive regulators of the ERK signaling cascade
Ras effector pathways in NGF stimulated PC12 cells
Signaling pathways for NF-Œ∫B activation by IL-1β
Model to illustrate the role of MAPK signaling in mediating Mos mRNA polyadenylation
A model for Shp-2 functions in promoting cell growth and survival
Model for control of LHβ gene expression by Egr-1, Ptx1, and SF-1
Model of P58IPK suppression of apoptosis
cAMP stimulates p70s6k and Akt through distinct pathways
Model for the central role of the E2F transcription factors in cell proliferation and apoptosis
Model for Cas-mediated activation of the SRE
Proposed relationship between the Lace and MAPK cascades in the imaginal disc cells
Caveolins negatively regulate signaling along the p42/44 MAPK cascade
Model for the mechanism of regulation of PLCγ2 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation by LAT
Photosynthesis and photoassimilate metabolism in cyanobacteria
Stimulation of iNOS production by Pln is dependent on the IFN-γ signaling pathway
Hypothetical biosynthetic pathway of coumermycin A1
Schematic diagrams of the downregulated and activated status of the downstream members of the Ras-mediated signaling pathways in the transfectants compared to those of the parental HT1080 and MCH603c8 cells
Various mechanisms to restrict the nuclear activities of β-catenin–TCF complexes in different species (A–C) and to generate promoter-specific transcriptional responses (D–F)
Pathways controlling cell cycle progression and survival
Proposed scheme for a second messenger pathway triggered by TGF-β1 leading to the induction of ZEBRA
Proposed model of the DEN-2 virus-induced apoptotic signaling pathways
Human SHH-PTCH-GLI pathway (left) and its links to human diseases (right)
EGFR transactivation by GPCRs and cytokine receptors
Triple membrane-passing signal mechanism of EGFR transactivation
Signaling through mammalian and Drosophila Toll-family receptors (TLRs)
This model schematically illustrates the various molecular mechanisms that can contribute to negative regulation of SMAD signaling and thereby to a loss of transforming growth factor (TGF)β-induced growth inhibition
Mechanisms of cell cycle arrest by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and their deregulation in cancer
Model of signaling pathways regulating Raf and MAPK in CHO cells
Oxidative stress signaling pathways that lead to transcription of the ctt1+ gene
Outline Model for the Genetic Control of Appressorium Turgor Generation by the Rice Blast Fungus M
Differential effect of β1C and β1A integrin cytoplasmic variants on FAK, AKT, and MAP kinase pathways
Signalling pathway proposed for the relaxant agents VIP, isoprenaline, forskolin, SIN-1, SNP and ANF in isolated smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig gastric fundus
Schematic pathway for TNF-Œ± and IL-1β signaling of cellular proliferation
Schematic drawing that shows the importance of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix-interactions in endothelial cell survival
c-Src and PDGFR are connected functionally to each other and provide  links to cell-cycle regulators in Gq-coupled 5-HT2B  receptor mitogenic signaling
Schematic representation of phosphorylation-dependent targeting  of CREB to proteasomal degradation by hypoxia
An integrated view of the biology of Halobacterium  NRC-1
A model for the regulation of MEF2 activity by CaMK signaling
Diagram illustrating how the Rb and p53 pathways are linked to form a complex tumor suppressor network
Binding of IL-12 to the IL-12Rβ1 and β2 chains induces phosphorylation of the kinases Tyk2 and Jak2, which associate with the cytoplasmic tails of the β1 and β2 chains, respectively
A schematic representation of the IFN-γ receptor-mediated intracellular signalling pathways (modified from [,])
Model for the roles that Cdc42 and Rac play in stimulating exocytosis of secretory granules in RBL-2H3 cells
Model of the FN-dependent matrix survival pathway activated in primary RSF when serum is absent
Model depicting the role of CAS/Crk and ERK signaling pathways in mediating cell migration and suppressing apoptosis during invasion of the ECM
Comparison of the protein kinase/phosphatase signaling pathways in flies, worms, and humans (see text for description)
Apoptotic pathways leading to caspase activation, loss of plasma membrane lipid asymmetry, and sphingomyelin hydrolysis
Model showing interactions of surface AChR with associated proteins and a suggested mechanism for the Rac/Cdc42-mediated clustering of these proteins in response to agrin
PDGF-PI3K–derived pathways that affect cytoskeletal organization and cell migration
Pathways indicated in red activate myosin II, resulting in contraction, cell migration and cancer metastasis
Mitochondria can be recruited into the apoptotic signalling pathway by Bid and Bax, which translocate from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane under apoptotic stimuli
A two-step model of type 1/type 2 effector T-cell differentiation
Receptor complexes sharing gp130 as a signal transducer
Two pathways from gp130 to hypertrophic gene expression
The hypothesized effects of ketones on metabolic blocks induced by Aβ1‚Äì42 and MPP+
Summary of cAMP signaling pathways in GT1 cells
A model for activation of specific target genes by TGFβ and Wnt pathways
A proposed pathway of EGF-induced cell proliferation of ER‚àí breast cancer cells
Model for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-mediated up-regulation of transcription
Usurpation of the Ras signaling pathway by reovirus
EGF and β–adrenergic receptors activate c–Src by different mechanisms that lead to the tyrosine phosphorylation of different sets of c–Src substrates
Model proposed for the interference of geminivirus proteins with the retinoblastoma-related (RBR) pathway
Model of Xdsh domains mediating Wnt signaling and its role at the membrane
Models for EGFR, FGFR and an unknown RTK pathways
Schematic model indicating the presence of two potential insulin receptor–dependent signal transduction pathways
Model for interphase/S phase omission between the two meiotic divisions
Models for the different functions of APR-1
The known components of the Wnt pathway in the male seam
Model showing the possible relationship of dTOR with the insulin pathway
Schematic illustration of the basic functioning of MAPK pathways
Schematic illustration of the possible functions of the  Arabidopsis ANP1 and tobacco NPK1 MAPK pathways
Pleiotropic effects of insulin to promote adipose storage
The pathway leading from sarcomere protein gene mutation to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the role of an abnormal Ca2+response
Hypothesized interaction of D2receptors and NMDA receptors in the striatum
Hypothetical pathway for GA biosynthesis in maize
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways of rice
Two important mechanisms by which P53 may inhibit angiogenesis in neoplasms are induction of the antiangiogenic protein, TSP1, and decreased expression of the pro-angiogenic protein, VEGF
A model of signaling pathways involved in NCAM-induced neurite outgrowth
Schematic representation of PAC1receptor intracellular signaling
Multiple signaling pathways regulate the cell death pathway in sympathetic neurons
Schematic diagram showing possible points of convergence of intracellular signaling cascades that might lead to NE plus ATP-mediated synergism
ERKI/II (MAPK) can serve as a convergence site for multiple extracellular signals known to induce plasticity in mature neurons
Model of caspase activation and apoptosis in Drosophila
Schematic model of cyclin E-associated kinase activity as an integrative convergence point for the regulation of G1/S transition by the “classic” pRb/E2F and the “parallel” Myc-dependent pathways in mammalian cells (thick arrows)
Model illustrating the relative positioning of aPKC within the NGF signaling cascades for survival and differentiation
Hypothetical pathways involved in ITF signaling
Schematic model for Ras pathway regulation of hTBP promoter activity in primary rat hepatocytes
MAPK pathways regulating invasive-filamentous and mating developments
The transduction pathways activated by recombinant somatostatin sst2(a) or sst2(b) receptor isoforms and proposed mechanism which determines the proliferative fate of the host cell
Model of the putative functional organization of Ras and Rap1 by the TCR-CD4-CD45 interacting complex
A model for the common and distinct activities of TGF-β and BMP in C2C12 cells
Carbon fluxes, expressed in micromoles of carbon per gram per hour, operating during growth of L
Signal transduction cascades regulating pseudohyphal differentiation in S
Signaling pathways regulating mating of S
Signaling cascades regulating virulence of C
Signaling pathways regulating virulence of the chestnut blight fungus C
Model for signal transduction pathways in N
Model for formation of TrkA–src-aPKC complexes
Cooperation between β-AR and B2R signaling leads to augmentation of isoproterenol-induced cAMP accumulation and prevention of BK-induced activation of MAPK
Overview of pheromone and glucose signalling in S. cerevisiae.
Relation between some major controlling factors involved in apoptosis
Proposed mechanism of action of ONYX-015
Model of E1A-induced apoptosis in DNA-damaged HCT116 cells
HBP1 inhibits Wnt–β-catenin-activated gene expression
The proposed role of HBP1 in the Wnt signaling pathway
Known signalling mechanisms of extracellular HMGB1
Schematic of the TGF-β signaling pathway, showing the activation cascade and points of inhibition (??)
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling and cancer
Simplified diagram of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Intracellular vesicle transport pathways and localization of selected Rabs
A partial depiction of the TGF-β and EGF pathways and their cross-talk mechanisms impacting on Smad activities
Effects of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) on cells
Transcriptional repression resulting from alteration of chromatin structure
Proposed pathway for the induction of EC PAF synthesis by VEGF
A model of leptin action on the TRH neuron
Two initiation pathways, triggered by separate events, converge to execute apoptosis
Models for the function of Ser307 phosphorylation
Proposed mechanisms of NF-Œ∫B activation in HIV-1‚Äìinfected cells
Modulation of the NF-Œ∫B pathway by viruses
Proteins of the sarcomere, cytoskeleton, sarcolemma, and ECM of muscle, which are connected
Effect of salicylates on insulin signaling during insulin resistance
Schematic representation of the TGF-&bgr;/Smad pathway and its interrelationship with mediators of inflammatory signals
Signaling pathways that may mediate eNOS glycosylation and phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells
gp130 cytokine family pathways on anterior pituitary cells
Corticotroph SOCS-3 as an intracellular suppressor of cytokine signaling
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways activated by N
Schematic representation of the hypothesized biochemical pathway responsible for the hyperproliferative phenotype of Nf1 +/‚àí mast cells in response to SCF
Model for a molecular mechanism whereby cAMP inhibits T cell function
Schematic representation of the relevant components of the Fas-signaling pathways in relation to the cytoskeletal networks, the Golgi-sorting compartment, and the surface membrane
Proposed involvement of PIP2 in stress-fiber assembly
Adhesion regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of signaling molecules
Adenosine is incorporated into human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells by equilibrative, Na+-independent nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive nucleoside transporters (system es or hENT-1)
We have previously shown that VEGF increases intracellular calcium and vascular permeability through a store-independent calcium influx (; dashed line indicates that this pathway is known not to be the mechanism)
Summary diagram showing the proposed mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) generated by NO donors or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) increases the heart rate response to vagal nerve stimulation
Proposed model for RhoA signaling to the c-jun promoter
Model of RegA regulation by differential degradation
Model for Nrarp feedback regulation of Notch signaling
Diagrammatic representation of a rodent taste bud and important components of the bitter transduction pathway
Biosynthetic pathways to GAs and ent-kaurenoids in  G
Signaling to eukaryotic translation initiation and elongation factors
(A) Schematic representation of the strategy for generating a functional... (B) Well established connections within RTK (growth factor-activated)- a...
Proposed model for Rac1-mediated STAT3 activation
Calcium-activated signaling pathways that regulate gene transcription
Heteromeric model of the TGF-β receptor signal transduction pathway
The effect of extracellular zinc on cellular calcium signaling
Schematic representation of the cellular effects of estrogen in the brain
Network of metabolic pathways leading from Suc  (orange, top left) to the volatile phenylpropanoids, phenylpropenes,  and terpenoids formed in EMX-1 basil peltate glands (outlined with  yellow backgrounds)
Aβ-stimulated microglial and monocytic proinflammatory products cause TNFŒ±/iNOS-dependent neuronal apoptosis
Proposed model for the synergistic effects by MPP+ and caspase inhibition
Trophic signaling attributable to depolarization: summary diagram
Model for the trafficking of NMDA receptors at the corticostriatal synapse
A model for the apoptotic signaling pathway mediated by NGF withdrawal
A schematic model of intracellular signal components that control S-phase entry in vestibular epithelia from neonatal mammals
Model of LPS-induced signaling pathways leading to activation of transcription and spreading
Proposed pathways for the cytokine regulation of Baf-3 cell survival
Receptor proximal signaling pathway for IL-1
Role of the Rfc4-Rpa1 interaction in DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoint signaling
Schematic of IFN signaling by the Jak-Stat pathway
Antagonism of the antiviral actions of IFN by viral gene products
Diagram of the proposed signaling pathways that modulate ManLAM-induced iNOS expression
Overview of the basic metabolic pathways in C
Model for the B(a)P-induced apoptotic signaling pathway, which is mediated by Œ±PIX
Potential pathways leading to Erk activation following TCR stimulation
Schematic representation of purine metabolism in S
A model for up-regulation of RAD51 in 8-MOP-treated cells
Model for str-2 regulation by the CaMKII–MAPK pathway
Model for the signalling pathways that act at different stages of Xenopus meiotic maturation in response to progesterone
Schematic representation of calcineurin regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells
Mechanisms and functions of proteasomal targeting of Smad1 in signaling pathways of BMPs.A
Schematic diagram of the effects of TSP2 and growth factors on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in microvascular ECs
Model for the terminal checkpoint and its regulation by SP85
Model for localization of the SIN proteins in fission yeast
Toward a model of B cell activation through CD40-regulated gene expression
Model for the role of retinoid inhibition of rod CNG channels
Model depicting an indirect pathway linking expression of activated Notch (NotchIC) with the inhibition of E2A
Model for the action of S-phase checkpoints in the suppression of spontaneous genome instability
Hypothetical pathway (solid lines) for glucose dissimilation by triose phosphate isomerase-negative (tpi1Œî) S
Schematic representation of the proposed c-Kit signal transduction pathway in PGCs
Model for oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation
Schematic illustrating the difference in the telomere damage signaling pathways in human and mouse cells
Model of Tpl2-mediated COX-2 transactivation and PGE2 production in response to LPS
Role of β-catenin in the wingless/Wnt nuclear signaling pathway
Activation of the NF-Œ∫B pathway by IL-1
Cell death regulation by baculovirus apoptotic suppressors
Aβ modulation of PKA/CREB pathway: a working hypothesis
Schematic representation of the interactions between the Gq and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways
Schematic representation of some of the negative feedback mechanisms discussed at the meeting
Scheme of Hsp27-induced effects on apoptosis
Model of the yeast glyoxylate bypass pathway and its possible connection with other predicted changes
Convergence of multiple intracellular signaling pathways at GSK-3
Model for cell cycle regulation by the PI3K/PKB/Forkhead pathway
Mating, osmoresponse, and cross talk pathways
A model for the selective interference of UVB radiation with the EGFR-dependent signal transduction in keratinocytes
A model for the role of Axin2 in Wnt signal transduction
Model for the activation of immediate-early genes and the HDAC1 gene by histone H3 phosphoacetylation
Diagram of the effects of HIC and I-mfa on Axin-mediated signaling
Model of the modulation of cellular signaling pathways by NS5A
Steps in the regulation of apoptosis by PKCŒ¥
Interdependence of prolactin receptor (PrlR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) signaling
Effect of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on the mevalonate pathway by inhibiting farnesylpyrophosphate synthase
A simplified model of some of the components of p53 signalling
Schematic overview of the signal transduction pathway leading to gelsolin-induced invasion
The major signaling pathways activated in response to oxidative stress
Regulatory interactions between SRF and TCF
Biochemistry of myosin, the Rho kinase pathway, and maintenance of tone
Model of UV-induced apoptotic signaling pathway
Schematic showing signal transduction pathways mediated by environmental stresses such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines, hyperoxia and irradiation (UV)
Contrapuntal Patterns of Gene Expression for Proteins Involved in the Conversion of Suc to Oil in Developing Arabidopsis Seeds.Only the major enzymes and transporters involved in the conversion of Suc to oil are shown
The dual role of β-catenin in cell adhesion and transcriptional activation
JAK-STAT signaling and the generation of Th1 and Th2 cells
Biological actions of isoprenoids and cholesterol
Model for the organization of cholesterol in the membranes of the sperm head, and its role in signaling
Signaling and transcriptional pathways of Th1 differentiation and the potential role of c-Rel
Events proposed to cause nephrotoxic ARF
Model Showing the Function of AtE2Fc in Relation to Cell Division and Development.Information for AtE2Fa/DPa is adapted from
GA Response Pathway Leading to Gene Expression in Cereal Aleurone Cells.ABA, abscisic acid
Major Types of Signaling for Plants during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress.Representative cascades, outputs, biological functions, and examples of mutants with phenotypes indicative of defects in the respective biological functions are shown
Representation of the cell cycle control pathway within TIGR Orthologous Gene Alignment (TOGA)
slpr, encoding Drosophila MLK, is the MKKK for the Jun kinase pathway during dorsal closure in the fly
Proposed intracellular pathways for the induction of NO and PAF synthesis by VEGF in endothelial cells
Signalling in osteoclast progenitor cells and cross talk with the interferon pathway
Schematic of Fas death signalling pathways
Schematic of mitochondrial death signalling pathways
Schematic representation of the signalling mechanisms involved in histaminic receptor activation
A schema presenting our hypothesis that interleukin-3 (IL-3) inactivates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), initiating signalling cascades that lead to the generation of survival genes through both an NF-Œ∫B pathway, as well as through an alternate mechanism
Summary of established β-catenin pathways
A model depicting the β-catenin phosphorylation–degradation cascade
Model. We propose that Wnt signaling acts to maintain lin-39 expression in all VPCs to prevent them from adopting the Fused fate.
Activated neutrophils, which mediate the acute phase of innate immune responses, use the myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride pathway to convert l-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde which partitions to plasma membranes to forms Schiff bases with …õ-amino groups
Furin in development, homeostasis and disease
Cross-talk between growth factors and integrins in endothelial cells
Models for the effects of inactivation versus activation of the Rb pathway
Proposed model for the roles of Sos-1 in the signaling pathway leading to activation of Rac
Down-regulation of the inflammatory response
Biosynthetic scheme proposed for resolvins: aspirin-triggered omega-3-derived products
ISO stimulates both β1-ARs and β2-ARs via Gs-adenylate cyclase (AC)/cAMP signalling to increase ICa,l
SMADS in the TGFβ/BMP signalling pathway: (i) receptor-activated (ra)-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3 are serine-phosporylated upon TGFβ-receptor interaction, whereas SMAD1, SMAD5 or SMAD8 phosphorylation is exclusively induced by BMPs; (ii) SMAD4, the common and unique co-SMAD signalling mediator to all TGFβ/BMP cytokines, heteropolymerises with activated ra-SMADs and migrates to the nucleus where it associates with tissue specific transcription factors (TF); (iii) anti-SMADs produced upon cytokine induction (SMAD7 for TGFβ and SMAD6 for BMPs) block ra-SMAD serine phosphorylation
Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders
The calcium/calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway in T cells
Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis
Conversion of major constituents in the stem cuticular wax biosynthetic pathway
Biosynthetic pathway of oxylipins in Arabidopsis
Neurotrophins, the ERK MAP kinase signaling cascade, and GSK-3
Cytokine regulation by NFŒ∫B pathway and the interaction with stress response
Interaction of stress and inflammatory responses
Aspects of the mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) and the component of the pathway that regulates them
Failure of endogenous regulation of wound-healing in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
Model for Ras-dependent regulation of the Schwann cell cycle
CEP-1347 blocks cell death, and JNK acts upstream of the divergence of cell death pathways
Biosynthetic pathway of physiological and engineered sialic acid precursors
Kv4.2 subunit is the target of MAPK signaling pathway
Overview of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and angiogenesis in cancer
Signal transduction model of the EGF receptor signaling pathway
NF-Œ∫B signalling pathways in different cell systems
Different cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)–cyclin combinations, DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK), cell division cycle 7–dumb bell former 4 (Cdc7–Dbf4), calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and casein kinase II (CKII) target different DNA replication proteins, such as replication protein A (RPA), DNA polymerase-α (Pol-α), replication factor C (RFC), DNA polymerase-δ (Pol-δ), flap endonuclease 1 (Fen1) and DNA ligase I (LigI) for phosphorylation (arrows)
Model of LTβR- and TNFR-I-mediated activation of NF-Œ∫B
Model for the NF-Œ∫B activation pathway induced by oxidative stress
Model of FADD-DD–induced apoptosis signaling in normal prostate epithelial cells
Model for interaction between the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways
Conservation of the Ral-centered signaling network in mammals and flies
Model for potential checkpoint function of HuCdc6
Signal transduction pathways in the regulation of RNA transcription (broken lines) and splicing (solid lines)
Schematic representation of pathways involved in sugar fermentation via glycolysis to lactate and/or other acids and biosynthesis of EPS in L
Schematic representation of molecules involved in the IL-3 signaling pathways that lead to mcl-1 gene transcription through the SIE and CRE-2 elements (see text for details)
(A) The interaction between the AR and the ErbB/MAPK pathway. Parallel p... (B) The interaction between AR and ErbB/PI3K/Akt. Similar to (A), ligand...
A synopsis of the crosstalk between AR and the ErbB cascade
Interplay of the major genetic alteration in pancreatic carcinoma with the cell cycle
Model for the role of DDR1 in p53-mediated tumor suppression
Proposed model of the MAPK pathway mediating ethylene signaling in plants
A JNK-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway
Signal transduction pathways for Ras/Raf-mediated growth inhibition and differentiation
Putative interactions between relaxin receptor signaling and intrinsic NO pathway
Mechanism of fetal hemoglobin induction by hydroxyurea
JAK-STAT antiviral defense in the cardiac myocyte and SOCS inhibition to limit early virus-induced cardiac injury
Mechanisms leading to neuronal degeneration in hyperglycemia involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
Proposed “synthesis” model for APV molecular pathogenesis in an infected host cell
A model for the role of Inp53p and other machinery in trafficking of TGN resident proteins between the TGN and endosomes
BMP signaling pathway (see text for details)
Highlights of key changes in cell cycle, differentiation, and metabolism-related transcripts
Schematic illustration of distinct signaling pathways induced by rhTum and rhEndo
Schematic diagram of pathways activated by vGPCR that contribute to the activation of NF-AT
Protein degradation through the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway
Ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated pathways of growth factor receptor (GFR) downregulation
Pictorial representation of a Notch protein and its signalling pathways
Canonic Wnt signaling pathway molecules can induce a similar phenotype
Schematic showing the mevalonate pathway
Hypoxic activation of apoptosis pathways
Proposed pathways for the ExoS-mediated apoptosis
Xu-5-P is the signal for the coordinated control of lipogenesis
Schematic representation of the DC maturation process
Outline of the different mechanisms involved in blood vessel formation
TGFβ superfamily signalling pathway (see text for explanation)
The neuroprotective actions of FK506 consists of a calcineurin dependent (right) and of a calcineurin independent pathway (left)
Mechanisms of agonist-induced smooth muscle cell contraction
AT1 receptor signal transduction pathways that result in transcriptional NA neuromodulation (a) and increased firing rate (b) in neuronal cultures
Signaling pathways potentially involved in altered AT1 receptor function and enhanced myogenic reactivity in CHF
Proposed mechanism for FK506-potentiated neurite outgrowth
(a) Generic schema for the cytokine/adaptor/MAPK signaling paradigm. Cyt... (b) Model of TNF-Œ± signaling pathway through TRAF2/ASK1 employing the c...
Neuronal cell death pathways may be divided into necrotic pathways, caspase-independent apoptotic pathway, and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway
A schematic model of the signal pathway of phot1- and phot2-dependent increase in [Ca2+]c in leaves of A
Under low oxygen stress conditions, plants activate three main fermentation  pathways that use pyruvate as starting substrate
Role of p21 in directing cell cycle exit after DNA damage in G2
Schematic drawing of a salivary gland with a high endothelial venule, representing the lymphocyte traffic, the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)/leucocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), the formation of Th1- and Th2-like lymphocytes, and the key regulatory cytokines and their interactions in SS
Schematic representation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induced apoptosis signalling pathways
Proposed signalling pathway for butyrate induced Caco-2 cell apoptosis
The key proinflammatory pathway induced by enteric pathogens results in nuclear factor Œ∫B (NFŒ∫B) mediated transcription of interleukin 8 (IL-8)
Summary of calcium influx- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent mechanisms of negative regulation of interleukin (IL)-12 p40 and p35 gene induction
Proximal B-cell receptor-mediated signalling pathways
Model depicting the cooperative action of JNK and GSK-3 in regulating the c-Jun stress response in neurons
Osteoblasts express components necessary for coordinating mineralization of ECM and phosphate handling by the kidney
Sprouty is a rapidly inducible negative regulator of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway signaling
Signal transduction in the Transforming Growth Factor β(TGFβ) family pathway is finely regulated at many levels
Model of hyperphosphorylation of tau caused by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of PP2A CŒ± in transgenic mice
Possible involvement of MRP5 in the regulation of the function of cardiovascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes via the NO/cGMP-signaling pathway
Schematic diagram showing our current model for the role of PIP4K II in  PI-3,4,5-P3 regulation
The osmosensing signal transduction pathway in yeast
View into an erosion: mechanisms involved in osteoclastogenesis and arthritic bone erosion
Metabolic map showing relative expression ratios (intensity of TF5015 versus that of W3110) of transcript levels in the central metabolic pathway (A) and the threonine biosynthetic pathway (B)
Conserved longevity-regulatory pathways in S
A model for GPR-mediated initiation of G protein signaling
Role of FXR in the suppression of CYP7A1
(A) The insulin recept... (B) Identification of... (C) FOXO family  membe... (D) Antibodies raised... (E) Insulin treatment... (F) Overexpressed dFOX...
Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathways involved in NTHI-induced IL-8 transcription
Fig. 5. Proposed pathway by which FGFR signals protein degradation in muscle.
Schematic of SPARC-mediated regulation of and coupling to the TGF-β signaling system
(A) Drosophila Toll pathway. Drosophila Toll controls dorsoventral axis... (B) Drosophila immune deficiency pathway. The immune deficiency (imd) pa...
The reaction steps of the Wnt pathway are numbered 1 to 19
Model for the cooperative role of the pRB pathway and the PRC2 complex
bFGF/Œ±vβ3 and VEGF/Œ±vβ5 signaling pathways
Model for recruitment of BMP signals in fate choice decisions
Regulation of bim gene expression by NGF in sympathetic neurons
Schematic representation of putative roles of 5-HT receptor modulation of neuronal properties in Aplysia californica
A proposed mechanism of CD4+ T cell priming after Leishmania major infection
Molecular dissection of the signaling cascade underlying BCR-controlled integrin Œ±4β1-mediated adhesion
Biochemical pathways of TSH and folate metabolism in Leishmania
Model of extracellular and intracellular antagonism of BMP signaling by myostatin and TGF-β
All NOS isoforms (eNOS, nNOS, iNOS and mtNOS) within specific subcellular compartments of the cardiomyocyte (e.g.
Model for the inhibition of bradykinin-induced cPKCs translocation by gelsolin in PC10 cells
Activation of the MAPK signaling pathway by FSH, ATP and GnRH in ovarian cancer
Constitutive signaling in resting thymoytes and our model Jurkat T cell line represses RAG gene expression
(A) Free p65 can protect against TNF-α-induced... (B) Subcellular localization of GFP-p65. Live I... (C) Model based on our studies. Cytokines such...
Microarray summary of proteasome subunits induced in mouse liver by D3T
Scheme to illustrate the separate functions and regulation of conventional nonsarcomeric myosin IIA and myosin IIB
Schematic representation of the cyclooxygenase–prostanoid biosynthetic and signalling pathway
Possible mechanisms involved in the autocrine–paracrine–intracrine regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme expression in epithelial and endothelial cells
Hypothetical Model of Chemoresistance in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Schematic model of the signalling pathway mediating cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by ethanol consumption
Schematic diagram of how integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) might be involved in the acute radiation response with regard to cell survival, cell cycle progression and initiation of G2 phase arrest
Model of the 13mer peptide-mediated invasion pathway
Schematic diagram showing the results of ras activation by Grb2
Model for the development, activation, and maintenance of the satellite cell
Schematic representation of CRP-dependent (A) and CcpA-dependent (B) carbon catabolite repression pathways and the Ntr regulatory pathway (C)
Working model for Smad6 functions in BMP signaling
Models of the insulin-signaling pathway in Drosophila and regulation of d4E-BP by phosphorylation
The Smirnoff-Wheeler AsA biosynthetic pathway
TGFβ signaling in normal colonic epithelium and cancer cells
Diagram depicting the yeast PKC signaling pathway
A simplified schematic representation of the three well-characterized glucose-response pathways in S
(a) Selenium compounds in cancer prevention. (b) Methylated selenium compounds. Methylated selenium compounds have be...
A cellular model of the rapid signaling of estrogen in hypothalamic neurons
Model of the FA pathways involved in Aβ-induced neuronal dystrophy
Model of estrogen action on PSD-95 new protein synthesis
The different isoforms of GSTs possess different JNK effector properties
The canonical pathway (left) is activated by a large number of agonists, a few of which are listed
(A) Early events after VV infection, up to 1 hpi, rely on the activation... (B) Events that occur between 1 hpi until late stages of VV multiplicati...
NPC1L1, expressed at the apical surface of enterocytes, may be the transporter that selectively absorbs dietary cholesterol (C) from micelles in the lumen of the small intestine, a step that is blocked by the drug ezetimibe
The effect of caloric restriction on energy metabolism translates into longevity
Apoptosis: the 'extrinsic' and 'intrinsic' pathways to caspase activation
Dependence of different CD95 signalling pathways on a functional DD
Schematic of generalized reactions for the JAK-STAT signaling network
Examples of extreme signaling pathways of the JAK-STAT signaling network
Downstream signaling elements in the cytoplasmic compartment
Probability flux distributions for human red blood cell
Anaerobic glycolytic pathway model of nongrowing yeast, S
Schematic diagram illustrating the major pro-apoptotic components of the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways as well as the sites where they are inhibited by Z-VAD-fmk
Model of TGF-β1-induced Erk activation and EMT being blocked by U0126
Genetic pathway integrating FGF, Wnt and Tbx3 in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions regulating mammary gland initiation
A schematic diagram for the synergistic JNK activation triggered by cross-communication between Gi-coupled receptors and EGF signaling
According to the main pathway in the model, repetitive low frequency stimulation of the nerve results in activation of muscle-type nAChRs and a local increase in postsynaptic free Ca2+, due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ through nAChRs and/or voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels
Gestational diabetes is associated with reduced adenosine transport through the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) leading to an increase (vertical arrows) of extracellular concentrations of this nucleoside
Role of Janus kinases (Jaks) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in cytokine signalling
Cytokine signalling and the pathogenesis of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Negative regulation of cytokine signalling
CD14/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) intracellular signalling complex: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binds to serum LPS binding protein (LBP) and is transferred to the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked CD14 receptor, which interacts with the signalling receptor TLR4 and the accessory protein MD-2
Pleiotropic effects resulting from the interaction of activated CD40L+ T cells, activated CD40L+ platelets, or soluble CD40L with immune and non-immune cells
Proposed framework for continuous recruitment of T cells into the gut mucosa through CD40/CD40L dependent mechanisms
A simplified diagram of the Wnt/APC pathway
The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway (after Danial and Korsmeyer)
The extrinsic, or death receptor, pathway (see text for details)
Mitogenic signals are transduced by Ras which inhibits the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein allowing E2F and Myc to promote cell cycle progression
Two major intracellular pathways cause apoptosis
Outline of possible scenarios for common mechanisms of pattern recognition of PAMPs and ACAMPs with differential macrophage responses illustrated by the pattern recognition receptor (PRR), CD14
Signalling cascades of the LPS pathway and reported sites of IL-10 intervention
IL-10, IL-22 and IL-22 receptor signalling
The figure depicts the role of various costimulatory molecules in the activation of naïve and differentiated T cells
A number of cell surface molecules controls and suppresses T cell activation by directly suppressing T cell activation (via CTLA-4 or PD-1), by directly signaling the T cell, or indirectly in the case of CTLA4Ig, or regulatory T cells by binding to DCs inducing IDO
Proposed model for the role of IGFs in multipotent neural progenitor cell fate specification: oligodendroglial and neuronal fate commitment at the expense of astroglial fates?
Scheme of proposed tumor cell signaling network to control polarity, proliferation, and apoptosis
Hypothetical scheme of the signaling mechanisms linking M3 and M4 to regulation KC motility and integrin expression
An outline of the calcineurin signaling pathway
Model of the PI3K–Akt–TSC–TOR pathway and feedback regulation of insulin/IGF-I signaling
Model of vFLIP effect of cellular survival
5-Fuorouracil drug pathway demonstrating the interaction of multiple gene products
Mechanisms of action of TPA to induce apoptosis and inhibition of the AR signalling of LNCaP cells
PC12 cell model of neuronal differentiation
Different signalling complexes and subcellular compartmentalisation can generate diverse cellular responses
The development of tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant breast cancer and the changing role of oestradiol (E2) in the life and death of ER-positive cancer cells
Schematic description of the apoptotic pathway in PC3 cells treated with DIM
The schematic representation of signalling cascades and activation of NF-Œ∫B and AP-1
Model of rapamycin-sensitive TOR signaling in the control of cell growth
Visualizing protein interaction networks in HPRD
Model for LMP1-induced canonical and noncanonical NF-Œ∫B activation
The type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of Bacillus subtilis with mapped transcript correlations RyjaX (same color scale as )
Statins and bacterial infection: model illustrating the effects of statins on S
Intracellular signaling events downstream of the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors
Model for the roles of Ras and Mob2 in S
pBimEL escapes sequestration by microtubules and becomes accessible to caspase cleavage
HDL enhances NO production by eNOS in vascular endothelium
Model for downstream signaling pathways that mediate the inhibitory effects of FGFR3 signaling on bone growth
A model for the regulation of IGF signaling by p53
Model for two differing innervation-dependent mechanisms that inhibit myogenin
Possible signaling pathways controlled by PAMH
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathway of UCP1 transcription in brown fat
Schematic representation depicting how NTHi and TNF-Œ± synergistically activate NF-Œ∫B as well as the induction of TNF-Œ±, IL-1β, and IL-8 in various human epithelial cells, including NHBE cells
Schematic representation of the multiple mechanisms by which HSV-1 blocks cellular IFN-based defense systems
Working model of potential mechanisms of DA receptor signaling and sites of action of the different pharmacological agents used in this study
A model for the activation of GŒ±9 by cAMP
Schematic model of the FGF signaling pathway in the control of cell migration in Drosophila
Model of CREB pathway and possible positions of proteins whose genes contain CREB1 binding sites
Model for NRIF3- or DD1-induced apoptosis
(a) Cobalamine biosynthetic pathway based on the KEGG database (). The s... (b) Genome organization of the B12 TU in C.acetobutylicum. CAC1365, CAC1...
Schematic representation of BMP4 and LIF signaling in pluripotency
Potential mechanisms of effects of ATRA/As2O3 on APL cells
Functional associations of genes selected as differentially expressed in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and normal controls
Functional associations of hypervariable (HV) genes in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Functional associations of genes identified by discriminant function analysis (DFA) in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) who were undergoing treatment
An HIF-1α–Myc pathway regulating hypoxia-responsive genes lacking the canonical HRE
Recapitulative scheme of the pathways analyzed in this study
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways involved in glucocorticoid-mediated enhancement of IL-1β-induced TLR2 expression via MKP-1-dependent inhibition of p38 and JNK in human epithelial cells
Schematic model of signaling events to MEKs and Erks induced by threshold concentrations of Epo
Summary of the known signaling pathways thought to control aspects of entry into quiescence
Schematic drawing of the hypothetical metabolic routes (glycolysis, Krebs, and glyoxylate cycles), modified from Tabak et al
Immune synapse_related signaling pathway and autoimmune diseases
Model of the Function of the Riboflavin Pathway in the JA Signal Transduction Chain.S1 and S2 represent two groups of substrates that are activated by the JA signals (JA) for ubiquitylation and degradation via SCFCOI1-26S proteasome (SCF/COI1)
A representation of the metabolic pathway displaying the enzymatic interconversions and structures of plant sphingolipids
Outline of the Taxol biosynthetic pathway
Schematic illustration of the signaling networks involving IAA, NO, and cellular messengers that regulate ARF in cucumber
The interface of the two major molecules implicated in AD pathogenesis with molecular mechanisms of apoptosis
Schematic model of the role of TRPC3 in calcium-dependent gene regulation in skeletal muscle
Strategy for unraveling interactions between components of the Smad pathway
Protein interaction map around some selected baits in the TGFβ pathway
Schematic diagram showing the proposed survival mechanism induced by 17-β-estradiol
Spindle assembly and orientation checkpoints in fission yeast
Cytokine activation of the Jak–STAT pathway
Signal transduction pathway in HIF-1Œ± regulation
IFN-γ-inducible CIITA transcription from the type IV promoter is mediated by the Janus Kinase-1/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1 (JAK-1/STAT-1) signaling pathway
Role of B-Raf/ERK in regulating Rho-activated pathways leading to actomyosin contraction
A wiring diagram describing the multiple interactions downstream of FGFR that lead to activation of the Ras/MAPK and PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways
An Updated Model of GA Signaling in Plants.GA induced phosphorylation (P) of DELLA proteins via an unidentified kinase and the SCFSLY1 complex interacts with the GRAS domain of DELLA proteins and targets their polyubiquitination ([Ub]n) and degradation via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway.
Consensus model of the cell cycle control mechanism in budding yeast
Schematic diagram illustrating second messenger pathways possibly involved in regulating pigment granule movement in RPE and entry points for muscarinic regulation
Schematic model for implication of the cell integrity pathway in the ŒîkexB (A) and wild-type (B) strains
Changes in transcripts associated with the DNA synthesis pathway
Schematic model for the induction of NO and CXCL10 production in macrophages in response to RV virions
Model of the role of aPKC in the estradiol-induced signaling complex
Action of SHP on negative feedback regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid signaling
Toll is activated by the processed Spätzle (left)
Multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis by VEGF-null tumor cells
Mechanism of endocytic downregulation of RTKs
Src-induced phosphorylation of FAK coordinates adhesion dynamics, cell migration, survival, and anchorage-independent growth
Schematic diagram of cholesterol metabolism showing the physiological compartments involved
Simplified representation of molecular mechanism involved in insulin signaling pathway that regulates glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation to cell membrane
Ethylene is perceived by a family of two-component receptors containing a consensus (unshaded) or degenerate (shaded) HK domain (H)
Signaling kinases involved in regulation of TNF-Œ±, IL-10, and IL-6 in Kupffer cells
Pheromone accumulated under the conditions of overcrowding or starvation induces the inhibition of gamravali production via the TGF-β pathway
Schematic presentation showing the possible route of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 signaling
GenMAPP of virus-induced gene expression changes affecting integrin subunits, integrin-to-actin signaling pathways, and actin cytoskeleton
Metabolic flux map of primary and intermediate metabolic pathways in developing soybean cotyledons cultured on Suc (10pct [w/w] U-13C) and Gln
Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway
Proposed schematic of chemokine-induced traffic and activation of DCs following DNA vaccination with plasmid-encoded Flt3L and MIP-1Œ±
Model of regulation of angiogenesis by the ancillary receptor endoglin
Models of Notch and polycystin-1 signaling via RIP
MAPK signaling pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Working model for SPRR1A activation in the myocardium
Proposed regulatory network directing Dll1 expression in the tailbud and presomitic mesoderm
Two models relating Akt and Tsc2 in cell growth control in Drosophila
(A) Initial model for the transcription system... (B) Summary of transcription factor localizatio... (C) A model of Start entry. Ribosome synthesis...
Heuristic model showing the tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathways in sperm cell involved in capacitation
Model for repression of pathological cardiac gene expression by CRM1
Model of MAPK phosphorylation-enhanced Ets-1/Ets-2-CBP/p300 interaction
Schematic diagram depicting the potential steps leading to caspase-3 activation in CNS trauma
Acid-sensing pathway in renal proximal tubular cells
Proposed model for KAR trafficking in hippocampal neurons
A Simplified Model Depicting the Induction of Ethylene Biosynthesis and the Downstream Ethylene Sensing/Signaling Pathway.Ethylene biosynthesis is induced in response to a variety of endogenous and environmental cues
Molecular events shown by associated predicates
A schematic of the Gp1 mGluR/FMRP pathway
Overview and comparison of the central intermediate metabolism of the endosymbiotic bacteria
Largest connected subgraph resulting from combined query on four pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (red); pyruvate metabolism (yellow); TCA cycle (green); and the glyoxylate cycle (pink)
DA concentration determines relative amount of inhibitory activity in PFC
Schematic illustration of p35/Cdk5 involvement in RasGRF2 signaling
Intracellular Ca2+ cycling and associated signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes
Mechanisms of activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in adaptive versus maladaptive hypertrophy
Gq/11-activated pathways in maladaptive hypertrophy
GSK-3 as a convergence point in hypertrophic signaling
PGC-1Œ± is an integrator of the transcriptional network regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and function
Possible negative feedback effects of estrogen-activated cAMP-PKA (protein kinase A) pathway on the estrogen-activated Ras-Raf-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway of cell proliferation
Schematic representation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways
A tonic pattern of motor nerve activity promotes changes in intracellular calcium that trigger a variety of intracellular events that modify the function of nuclear transcription factors
Establishment of G1regulatory (R-point) controls through cell cycle-regulated Cdk2 activity during ES cell differentiation
Schematic of the mTOR pathway and the potential intersection with LMP2A-activated PI3-kinase/Akt signaling
Schematic representation of signaling pathway of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells
Proposed model for differential regulation of the HOG pathway in C
Generalized insulin signal transduction pathways
IRAK1 functions in the TLR and IL-1β pathway upstream of convergence with the TNFŒ± pathway
Model of the secretory pathway and UPR under different conditions
Schematic view of the proposed pathway of carbohydrates and amino acids in growing embryos
PPD proteins and Dicer are proposed to function in three different pathways
We generated a MCF derivatization metabolite library, covering much of central carbon metabolism and nearly all of amino acid biosynthesis pathways
We detected the black-highlighted metabolites at higher levels in the mutant (GDH1 deleted, GDH2 over-expressed)
A schematic representation of the central carbon metabolism of E
A signaling model for hypoxic activation of HIF-1
Proposed model of Tiam1 and IRSp53 signaling
Models for the action of the Nck/Dock signaling pathways in R-cell growth cones
Regulation of G1/S transition by the E2F/pRb pathway
A schematic diagram for the Notch signaling pathway
A schematic diagram for the Wnt signaling pathway
Model for blastocyst-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the uterus
Complex inositol signaling pathways in mice
Cardiac glycosides inhibit TNF-Œ±/NF-Œ∫B signaling by blocking recruitment of TRADD to the TNFR
Schematic model depicting assembly of the Atg1 kinase complex
Model for the regulation of replication-dependent histone H4 genes at the G1/S phase cell cycle transition via the cyclin E/CDK2/p220/HiNF-P pathway relative to the E2F/pRB pathway
Metabolic reconstructions of the polyamine pathway based upon pam and sam analyses of poor-prognosis human NE tumors
Model depicting how inner ear polarity is generated in response to extracellular signals
A proposed model to explain the mechanism by which the MECT1-MAML2 fusion protein constitutively activates the CREB pathway
Regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)
The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthetic pathway
The NFŒ∫B pathway regulates inflammation, dendritic cell (DC) development and function, and thymic selection and regulatory T cell production
Regulatory network of stress responses to drought, salt, and cold: specificity and cross-talk
Vulval cell fate specification by the inductive and lateral signals
A crosstalk model of ATF3 and c-myc in serum induction
Schematic depiction of the crosstalk between different phosphodiesterases (PDE) and the effects of PDE inhibitors on cGMP and cAMP signaling
Pathway-analyses based on decreased (green) and increased (red) genes detected in fibrosarcoma cells after 24 h treatment with doxorubicin
Insulin activates protein synthesis by the PI3K pathway, which involves the activation of PKB/Akt
Proposed model for regulation of collagen formation in these experiments
IFNγ activation of the IFNGR in keratinocytes results in activation of STAT1 via JAK2 phosphorylation and leads to antiviral defence response (left-hand side)
Pathway analysis was seeded with the 53 differentially expressed and GR-bound genes, plus the GR itself, as described in
CdGAP mediates cross talk between the Ras/MAPK pathway and the regulation of Rac1 activity
This figure shows the association of NK receptors with MHC class I molecules and portions of the resulting signaling pathway, as described in the text
Schematic representation of the putative signaling cascades mediating G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by Vpr protein
RSV binding and triggering of cellular responses
Diagram to show a novel pathway for calcimycin-induced apoptosis in N/N1003A cells, also a novel protective mechanism of Œ±B-crystallin against calcimycin-induced apoptosis and the partial explanation why the ocular lens lacks spontaneous tumor
Several signaling pathways converge to drive actin polarization
Candidate genes that are involved with the metabolism of androgen and estrogen
Mechanism of TgHSP70 tolerance in PMs from WT mice
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger inducing Ca2+ influx via TRPV1
Complementary changes of transcript and metabolite levels indicating the activation of mitochondrial TCA cycle and of plastid biosynthetic pathways producing fatty acids, amino acids, and apocarotenoids
Schematic model for the chemokine responses of microglia to RV infection
A model for the possible gene regulation in macrophage THP-1 stimulated by theophylline
Schematic model depicting potential mechanism that might contribute to epithelial-specific regulation of the CFTR gene
A general model for murine embryonic Nkx2-5 transcriptional regulation
Knockdown of Smad4 affects only a subset of TGF-β-regulated target genes and functions
Possible ATM pathways contributing to polyomavirus replication (see Discussion)
In chondrocytes, high shear flow (20 dyn/cm2) induces COX-2 expression through a JNK2/c-jun-dependent pathway, leading to PGE2 accumulation and suppression of PI3-K activity and Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase 2 response
Regulation of the extrinsic pathway by Hsps
Model of canonical heterotrimeric and atypical G protein signaling in budding yeast
The Wnt-NLK pathway inhibits the activity of Myb family of proteins by two different mechanisms
Squares in yellow show genes that increased significantly on the GeneChip, whilst squares in blue show genes decreased by ADMA compared to untreated HCAEC, and “?” represents an unknown mechanism of action
Key components of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Working model of the signaling pathways involved in the radiation-induced bystander effect
. Apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide by way of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and increased H2O2 in cells; this lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the release of cytochrome c and the activation of the caspase pathway.
Model of receptor-proximal differences in α4β1 and α5β1 signaling events promoting p130Cas phosphorylation associated with Rac activation in migrating cells
An integrated model of signal transduction via the AT1R and resultant physiologic effects within the cardiovascular system
Schematic representation of the purine nucleotide synthesis pathway in yeast
Model for ACTH-induced hypertension by means of the cardiac glycoside binding site of the Na,K-ATPase
Model schema for the phosphorylation of CRMP-2 by Rho kinase, Cdk5, and GSK-3β
Putative signaling pathway of the evolutionarily conserved Toll/NF-Œ∫B pathway utilizing the E
Model of possible signal transduction mechanisms generating cAMP in relaxin-stimulated cells
A model for the role of cholesterol in membrane organization during neutrophil polarization and migration
Model of CENP-50 function in the centromere
(A) The two different benzoate pathways in LB400. The benzoyl-CoA pathwa... (B) The biphenyl pathway in LB400. The full protein names are as follows...
Interaction of the Wnt, BMP, and sclerostin pathways
Simplified diagram of the proposed signalling events leading to Cyp7b gene transcription in synovial fibroblasts
Ubiquitination of key signaling in anergic T cells
Systems and molecular complexity in glycobiology
The final network resulting from applications of our integration method to the 18 types of evidence for yeast galactose utilization and a set of network analysis tools
Schematic representation of NO‚Ä¢ regulation of the cell cycle
Upon ligand binding, RTK autophosphorylates (phosphates are shown as red circles) on tyrosine residues, which serve as docking sites for adaptor and signalling molecules
This schematic representation of a model of EGFR signalling mediated by adaptor and target proteins is taken from of [] and is reproduced with the permission of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Interactive map (pathway) of 46 genes/proteins created in PathwayAssist® from the list of transcripts up-regulated in the testes of ABP-transgenic mice
Schematic overview of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae central carbon metabolism
(A) Alignment of sequences adjacent to Y200 for human TRPV1‚Äì4. The bot... (B) Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways important in sensitizati...
Models for ECT-2 activation and its role in activating the EGFR/RAS/MAPK pathway
TGF-β cell signaling via Smad proteins and ERK 1/2 MAP kinase pathways
Genmapp view of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway
Model of Fz activation in PCP and Arm signaling
(A) In the absence of a WNT signal, a multiprotein complex consisting of... (B) In the presence of a WNT signal, the multiprotein complex is not for...
Schematic of EGFR and mTOR signaling network, and signaling mediator effects associated with rapamycin and/or EKI-785 treatments
Proposed model to illustrate the potential role of neuronal RyR as coincidence detectors of a simultaneous increase in [Ca2+] and ROS/RNS
Model for sustained activation of NFŒ∫B by IL-1 in astrocytes
Possible pathways leading to effector activation by A2B adenosine receptors
A proposed model for cellular effects of fenugreek seed extract on glucose homeostasis
The TWEAK-Fn14 signaling system may play a role in stroke pathophysiology
Model of TSC1/TSC2 in the canonical β-catenin signaling pathway
Erk- and PI3K-Akt-dependent cascades regulating mTOR signaling
Proposed pathway mediating protein overload-induced ET-1 expression
Hypothetical scheme of the signaling mechanisms leading to acantholysis through predominantly oncotic and apoptotic pathways in PV-1 and PV-2 patients, respectively
Hormone, cytokine, and growth factor mediated signalling to regulate HIF-1Œ± protein expression and transcriptional transactivation activity
Signalling footprints of the TNF/TNF-R superfamily
Pathogenesis of sepsis: endotoxin signalling pathway
Death receptor mediated (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis
Diagrammatic indication of the cytokines, transcription factors, and signalling molecules which polarise virgin CD4 cells into T helper cell type I cells
Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor signalling
The JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathway
Specific – receptor-mediated: Binding of the monoamine to dopamine receptors alters cAMP levels through modulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) – an enzyme to which these receptors couple (via stimulatory or inhibitory G-proteins)
Antiapoptotic molecules regulate the sensitivity to apoptotic signals
Model for the control of cell migration by integrin-specific regulation of Rho GTPases
Major signaling pathways for type I IFN gene transcription
Schematic representation of our model for the mechanism of anti-CD63 inhibition
Activation of the vagus nerve leads to the release of acetylcholine (Ach) that binds to Œ±-7 nicotinic receptors (Œ±7 nAChR) on cytokine producing cells
H. pylori CagA cracks the host signaling via its interaction with Crk.
The Wnt protein binds to its Frizzled receptors activating Dishevelled followed by the inhibition of GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β), Axin and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) tumor suppressor protein complex
Through its receptor Frizzled, Wnt inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)
Notch signal transduction elements: (1) Post-translational modification of precursor Notch-protein includes cleavage by a Furin-like convertase and glycosylation by members of the Fringe family (Radical (R), Manic (M), Lunatic (L)) in the trans-Golgi
Schematic overview of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling pathway
Cellular pathways that mediate apoptosis
Interactions between the Fas-dependent apoptosis pathway and the TLR4 pathway that mediates cellular activation in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Simplified diagram of some Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways
Schematic representation of c-Src tyrosine kinase as a potential hub for signaling pathways involved in PAH
Expression changes in genes of the TGF-β signaling pathway in lungs of mice exposed to nickel as measured by oligonucleotide microarray and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
The four pathways by which the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is thought to signal inside cells
Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders; the multiple influences on neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders
Model for ethylene signal transduction that incorporates biochemical features of the pathway components
Fibronectin-related signaling pathway graph stored in HBVPathDB
Signaling pathways for PDGF-induced proliferation in PSCs
Ingenuity® Pathways Analysis reveals a possible network of genes activated in IEC-6 cells upon induction of the ephrin-B pathway
Activation of MAPK pathway in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis involves predominantly point mutations in sporadic tumors or chromosomal rearrangements in radiation-associated tumors
CellDesigner () diagram of the insulin/IGF receptor signaling pathway
Model of the calcineurin-NFAT and MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling module
(A) In the absence of RA, RARŒ±/RXR heterodimers recruit the transcription corepressor (CoR), which mediates transcriptional silencing by mechanisms that include direct inhibition of the basal transcription machinery and recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes
Signaling cascades activated by glutamate NMDA/AMPA and mGlu receptors
Schematic illustration of the molecular mechanisms involved in the TGF-β-Smad7 signaling pathway resulting in activation of Akt and p38, followed by phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β
Effects of Taxotere and Furtulon on cell cycle, apoptosis, and other pathway related gene expression analyzed and visualized by GenMAPP software integrated with cDNA microarray data
Model for the CycD/Cdk4–mRpL12–Hph pathway
Model for the physiological role of Frat
(A) Shared MAPK cascade components signal to th... (B) By the selective recognition of mating comp... (C) Ste5 may act as a sequestering barrier to p...
Apoptosis mediated by death receptors requires the FADD adaptor molecule
A schematic representation of the Wnt signal transduction cascade
Model for the inhibition of Myt1 in the meiotic and mitotic cell cycles in Xenopus
The pathway of circadian regulatory system of Arabidopsis thaliana according to the dynamic regulatory modeling in Table 1
The pathway of circadian regulatory system of Arabidopsis thaliana in Fig
5-Fluorouracil drug pathway demonstrating the interaction of multiple gene products
Schematic representation of GŒ±12-mediated activation of PDGFRŒ± signaling pathway
Substances common in viral pathogens (substances such as single-stranded RNA [ssRNA] and double-stranded RNA [dsRNA]) or in bacteria (substances such as endotoxin) are recognized by TLRs as pathogen-associated molecular patterns
TSH–cAMP signaling pathway in thyrocytes and its negative feedback regulators
Proposed model of mechanism by which inhibition of PKA phosphorylation of RyR2 prevents intracellular Ca2+ leak in heart failure
Model for PI3K action in chemoattractant signaling to ACA
Model for the interaction between activated MEK and the suppression of PKR function during viral infection of tumor cells by Œîγ134.5 mutant viruses
Schematic depiction of the proposed function of the Cdc42-Ste50-RA domain and Ste11-Ste50-SAM domain interactions in filamentous growth and HOG pathway signaling
Proposed Receptor Ck – dependent signaling pathway involved in hTERT gene regulation at the transcriptional level
Ciliated cell differentiation into goblet cells requires 2 signals
A model of biochemical pathways for LTM formation in associative olfactory conditioning
Association between human TLRs and adaptors determine each TLR-specific signaling pathway
The two signaling pathways of TLR in myeloid DCs
TNF-mediated death and survival pathways are activated following interaction with the TNFRs
The proposed tentative mechanism underlying MAFA-mediated selective inhibition of Fc…õRI-induced cytokine gene transcription
The two branches of the class I PI3K pathway
A proposed signaling pathway for VEGF-induced LIMK1 activation and cofilin phosphorylation
The ERK members of the MAPK family are components of the well-defined Ras/Raf/MAPK signalling cascade and have become activated by leptin (L)
Stimulation of the PI3K pathway by leptin (L) represents a key cascade to exert several different effects of the hormone at multiple sites
PDE4-inhibitor-induced apoptosis in B-CLL cells appears to occur by a PKA-mediated pathway, as the percentage of cells that undergo apoptosis following rolipram treatment is reduced by co-treatment with the PKA antagonist Rp-8-Br-cAMPS
A decrease in GM3 levels or glycolipid accumulation, as a result of the reaction catalysed by highly expressed NEU3, promotes cell adhesion to laminins, integrin-mediated signalling to ERK and subsequent activation of cell proliferation, but attenuates adhesion to fibronectin and its related signalling pathway
Integration of lipid metabolic and inflammatory signaling in macrophages by LXRs
(A) The pheromone signaling pathway. Shown are the pheromone receptor (S... (B) A schematic diagram of Fus3 regulation. Fus3 activation and deactiva...
A model illustrating a role of BRCA1 in the C2/M cell cycle checkpoint
Methionine-Homocysteine metabolism and related pathways
Elevated Homocysteine is associated with atherosclerosis
Inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling pathway in the absence of Wnt signals
Activation of canonical Wnt signalling pathway in the presence of Wnt signals
Inhibition of Wnt signalling by a Fz-dependent pathway
(A) Hypothetical model showing the function of the BLR complex in carbon... (B) Hypothetical model integrating the distinct elements that participat...
Our previous work suggests that Pam-3-cys, which signals DCs through TLR2, induces robust IL-10 and IL-6 but little IL-12(p70) (13, 14)
Pathway for the assembly of the repeating unit of EPS I in S
Cellular regulation of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) and Prohibitin
This model represents the known signalling pathways in addition to results in the present paper
MAPK signaling pathways produced by PathSys in comparison with the canonical KEGG MAPK signaling pathways
Cdc42 regulates HF differentiation and cell–cell contacts in keratinocytes by modulating the turnover of β-catenin and plakoglobin
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway regulating the expressions of SMŒ±-actin, SM-MHC, and calponin in SMCs on polymerized collagen in response to PDGF-BB/IL-1β costimulation
Proposed model for interferon-induced senescence
A schematic representation of the proposed TGF-β1 signaling mechanism that promotes EMT
Impact of SV40 ST on the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog Pathways
Based on inhibitor studies, a model for the activation of CNT2 transporter function triggered by TCA is shown
Comparison of results with the known response pathway
Topologies of signaling networks leading to cytokine releases derived from PCR minimal models and ANOVA analysis
Combined network of signaling components required for the production of cytokines
Graphical Interface for the KnowledgeNet of candidate genes for hypertension
Model for cDC maturation upon virus infection
The diagram shows the molecular components of the signaling pathways downstream of the muscarinic GPCRs in C. elegans.
Hypothetical model describing the roles of Rad18 and PolŒ∫ in the BPDE-induced S-phase checkpoint
Real time pathway analysis of cell-cycle related genes mediated via TS overexpression in HCT-C18 (TS+) cells using actual gene expression data
Conservation of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway from horseshoe crab to human
(A) Under basal conditions, a β2 agonist activates a stimulatory G prote... (B) PGE2 promotes the dimerization of EP1R with β2AR, uncoupling β2AR fr...
Alternative models for the function of presynaptic UNC-31 (CAPS)
A model of the molecular pathways controlling Aβ generation during aging
The role of aspartate and aspartate transport in the pathway of prostate citrate production
Synthesis, degradation and mode of action of retinoic acid (RA)
Schematic diagram describing a proposed mechanism for the differential induction of different forms of LTP by Ca2+
Scheme of trafficking pathways used by PyV for the movement towards the cell nucleus
Schematic of a proposed molecular mechanism leading to nr PN death
Sequence of events in ATM‚Üí ATR dependent signaling of DSBs in S/G2 cells
TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway of signaling
Modulation of TH1 cell immune response by Treg cells and CAM
A model for EPS-8 function during vulval fate specification
Pathways involved in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation induced by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Pathway Builder (Protein Lounge) and the Pathway feature of Resolver were used to visualize the expression of genes from the IFN signaling pathway in HCV-infected mice (A) and patients (B)
The metabolic pathway and bioenergetics of net citrate production in prostate cells
Insulin hyperpolarizes POMC neurons via robust (solid line) activation of PI3K (p85, regulatory subunit; p110, catalytic subunit) and generation of PIP3
Schematic representation of EDA signaling in hair follicle development
GenMAPP growth hormone (Gh) signaling pathway
Upon entering cells of various types, numerous glucose-derived metabolites are sensed by a variety of cellular sensors, including glycogen synthase, ChREBP, AMPK, SIRT1–PGC-1α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), and KATP channels
Cholesterol (Ch) enters adrenal cells through 2 routes that each delivers cholesterol to StAR for steroid synthesis: the LDL/endosome transfer pathway and the HDL/SR-B1/lipid droplet transfer pathway
Regulation of cell wall gene expression during the cell cycle (A) and in response to external stimuli (B)
Integrated view of regulatory pathways involved in cell wall biology
Schematic representation of different pathways involved in apoptosis
The Hoxc8-regulated transcriptional network in vivo
Proposed model for the action of Cry toxin
Model diagrams indicating regulation and function of E47 activity
Pathway diagram of genes tested for association
A model for the involvement of MACF1 in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Arf1 and Arf6 signal through PIPKIs to control intracellular trafficking and actin polymerization
Diagram depicting the mechanism by which NGF may inhibit GSK-3β and promote axon growth
The innate model of lupus pathogenesis: central role of TLR-activated MZ-B cells and pDCs
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in T cells
The expression (i.e., functional) states for two different environments, as generated by extreme pathway analysis of R*, are presented.
Expression data analysis and visualization on the PANTHER website
Proposed signaling pathways of MAO- A and R1-mediated apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)-C cells
For reasons of clarity, two populations of EGFR are shown, one driving basal Ras-GTP formation, the second being targeted and transactivated in response to PMA (TPA)
A model of the role of EIN5 in the ethylene signal transduction pathway
Scheme of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) induction of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) through the T-helper (TH)1/TH2 cell pathway
Transcript expression of BMP signaling pathway members
In the genomic pathway of estrogen action (i), estrogen or SERMs bind to the ER, regulating transcription of target genes in the nucleus by binding to estrogen response element (ERE) regulatory sequences and by recruiting coregulatory proteins (CoRegs)
Molecular control of alveolar morphogenesis
The ordering and correlation network diagrams for the significant pathways
Diagram of the proposed LITAF signaling pathway
The color of the nodes represents their function: enzymes are shown in red, signal transduction proteins are green, membrane transport–related nodes are blue, and secondary messengers and small molecules are orange
Levels of CRBPI, LRAT and oxidoreductases influence the retinoid flow either towards the storage pathway or towards retinoic acid synthesis
(A) Schematic representation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways
Proposed mechanism of cross-talk between the NFŒ∫B and the STAT3 pathways
Possible involvement of PLDŒ∂1/2 in the PC hydrolysis and DGDG accumulation during phosphorus starvation
Our data suggest the following model of DCN axon extension and retraction
An overview of the TNF-Œ± signaling pathway leading to apoptosis or proliferation of the cells
An altered balance of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic molecules in trauma patients' T cells could indicate specifically increased vulnerability to apoptotic depletion
Schematic diagram of the most probable 3OC12-HSL signaling pathway
Central nodes of the biological network generated by Pathway Architect assembly of GO designations for the most prominently overrepresented genes shared in presymptomatic and symptomatic infections including the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-β
Biological interaction pathways of genes induced in natural but not in experimental infection representing the immunological regulatory IL-10 and MAP kinase pathways created using Pathway Architect software
The phosphatidylinositide 3‚Ä≤-OH kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
HIF-dependent VHL pathways in oncogenesis (see text for details)
Model of RNF11 interactions in the TGFβ receptor signaling pathway
Model for regulation of insulin pathway phenotypes by AKT-1 and PDK-1 activation
Three possible examples of tumor-specific targeting using E1A fusion proteins
Engineered biodegradation pathway for paraoxon
Regulation of DNA synthesis by Mec1-checkpoint pathway
Cell-signaling networks induced by Pichinde virus infection as analyzed using the Ingenuity pathway analysis knowledge base
The starting slide or “cel” for the PowerPoint/Camtasia animation “Calcium and the Dual Signalling Pathway.” Each of the components contained in sequence for the animation is drawn in its relative position
The complete figure for the “Calcium and the Dual Signalling Pathway” graphic
Proposed molecular model of dietary omega-3 fatty acid interference with IL-1 signaling pathways leading to COX-2 induction in EC
The relative expression of components in the CaR/p38 MAPK signaling cascade, as determined by QPCR in FA-6 (F) and T3M-4 (T) pancreatic carcinoma cell lines
TRPC6 gene transcription is activated by the calcineurin-NFAT pathway, and an increase in the expression of TRPC6 further activates the calcineurin-NFAT pathway
The S. cerevisiae HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) pathway and its components.
Model for flow-mediated integrin suppression
Schematic illustration of mRNA expression levels in TGFβ-treated T84 epithelial cells compared to control cell culture
Schema of Ang II-induced NFAT activation in cardiac myocytes
Model of oncogene cooperation in malignant rasV12, scrib−/− tumors
Model for the role of HBP1 in p38 MAPK-mediated senescence
Model for the dynamic interactions between β-catenin and Mitf transcriptional activity
Schematic summary of the signaling pathway leading to Nanog repression
Smad-dependent signaling and Smad-independent BMP signaling originate from distinct endocytic routes of the BMP receptors
(A) Innate immune response in lung tissue with or without viral mRNA. Th... (B) T- and B-cell regulation in lung tissue with or without viral mRNA....
Regulation of the axon cytoskeleton by PI3K signalling
ECM-integrin signalling coordinates with growth factor signalling to regulate efficient axon growth
Proteins differentially regulated in RCC involved in carbohydrate metabolism are shown overlaid on the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway KEGG #00010 diagram
(B) The bow-tie architecture also exists at the signal transduction level
An SBGN process diagram (A) and a molecular interaction map (B) of a signaling pathway triggered by ligand binding to EGFR molecules
A flux map of the methanogenic pathway for growth of an mtr mutant on methanol and acetate
Graphical representation of the systems level response in Halobacterium NRC-1 to direct and indirect effects of γ radiation showing both repair and oxidative strategies for cell recovery
Activation of the Akt pathway through binding of a ligand to a receptor, tyrosine kinase
Effect of increased HER2 expression on phosphorylation sites within the EGFR signaling network
Effect of HRG stimulation versus EGF stimulation in high HER2-expressing cells
Integration of gene expression with the proposed mechanistic pathway initiated by comfrey treatment leading to tumorigenesis
The Petri net model of the mating pheromone response pathway of S
Cartoon depicting Intracellular Ca2+ signalling network
PKR is an intermediary component in TLR signaling
Model linking HSP70 induction to p33ING1b-induced apoptosis
Local NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+signaling in CaMKII translocation
A working model for regulation of muscle regeneration by the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway
Inhibitory signals of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-induced MyD88-dependent signaling pathway
In normal prostate epithelial cells (a), TGF-β binds to the TβRI and TβRII receptors, activating the SMAD signalling pathway and inducing the transcription of IGFBP-3 and other regulatory genes
The integration of signals from peripheral tissues in the hypothalamus is fundamental to the regulation of energy homeostasis
Development of the intracellular signalling mechanisms involved in smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, between 1975 and 2005
Proposed model of lacritin mitogenic signaling pathway lacritin signaling suggested by data outlined in the text
The complement system consists of about 30 proteins that can be activated by 3 different cascades
Signaling network in neurons Schematic overview of signaling pathway modules in neuronal cells (redrawn from Bhalla [82])
Schematic diagram of general and gene-specific transforming growth factor (TGF)β signaling in fibroblasts
Signaling pathways activated by serum and GF treatments
Functional dissection of signaling modules in human TReg cells
An extension of the Calvin pathway by the inclusion of an octulose phosphate shunt (vide infra)
Fourteen of 16 differentially expressed genes are down-regulated
Insulin, and to a lesser extent the IGFs, activate protein synthesis via a PI3 kinase → Akt → mTOR → p70S6k → 4EBP-1 → eIF4E signal transduction pathway, which can be inhibited at certain points by reduced molecular oxygen supply
Synaptic NMDARs couple strongly to Ras activation, with Ca2+-dependent activation of RasGRF being a prime mediator of this (although other mechanisms are also likely to contribute, such as activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) by Ca2+–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII))
A diagram of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, showing the possible distinct functions for ERK1 and ERK2
Hypothetical mechanism of action of PD‐0200347 on articular chondrocytes during the OA process
Schematic illustrating parallel signalling pathways mediating early LTP (E-LTP) at MPP–granule cell synapses in the dentate gyrus, as compared to the single pathway at LPP–granule cell synapses () and Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses () in the adult mouse
A, both insulin and amino acids stimulate the mTOR/p70S6K pathway to promote protein synthesis
Grow stimulation elicits activation of Akt and ERK, resulting in cell proliferation by activating both CDKs to progress cell cycle and mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis essential for cell growth and proliferation (through pathways indicated by dashed arrows)
AMPK activation may regulate cell proliferation not only by activation of p53–p21 axis and inhibition of mTOR signalling, but also by suppression of the mevalonate synthesis pathway and de novo fatty acid synthesis
Changes in AMPK activity may act through the acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)–malonyl CoA–CPT1 pathway to regulate food intake and other metabolic processes
Changes in AMPK activity act through the acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)–malonyl CoA–CPT1 pathway to increase fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) and regulate other metabolic processes in multiple tissues
Schematic representation of the signalling pathways involved in Pam3Cys-induced degranulation and cytokine/chemokine production in human LAD 2, MLMC and BMMC
Shown are effects on amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic APP metabolism (blue) as well as intra- and extracellular accumulation of Aβ products
Regulation of SMC Proliferation in Insulin Resistance
Proposed model showing the mechanisms underlying Œ±1- and Œ±2-adrenergic regulation of NMDAR function in PFC pyramidal neurons
Expression profiling of cell cycle related genes in non‚Äêabsorptive (crypt, shown in red) and absorptive (villus, shown in green) enterocytes superimposed onto the cell cycle pathway map
Hypothetical model of signal transduction pathways involved in Ha-ras-mediated AEG-1 induction
Interferences of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with inflammatory signalling pathways
Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) can bind to both the soluble (s) and membrane bound (m) forms of the IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R)
FFAs are taken up by a family of plasma membrane proteins (fatty acid transporter protein (FATP1), fatty acid translocase (CD36)) and in cytoplasm associated with fatty acid binding protein (FABP)
Diagram illustrating Functional JAK STAT PathwayThis “JAK STAT” pathway appears to be ubiquitous amongst vertebrates
Prosurvival signaling pathways and their downstream targets
The TGF-β signaling pathway and mechanisms of inhibition during leukemogenesis
Identification of a Bcr-Abl kinase signature
The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway
The RANTES/CCL5 signalling cascade mediated via the novel chemokine receptor, GPR75
Schematic representation of the newly identified NT3-activated signaling pathway
Model showing how altered cytoarchitecture and diminished scaffolding function of keratin networks could lead to up-regulation of the Erk1/2 pathway in plectin-deficient keratinocytes
Common oxidant sources signal through a variety of pathways
Model integrating calcium mobilization into the Fas signaling pathway
Activation of NF-Œ∫B via the classical and the alternative pathway
Potential mechanisms by which 12/15-LO may regulate ICSBP
Proposed model for the intersection of innate and adaptive immunity during polysaccharide-induced abscess formation in the peritoneal cavity
A proposed hypothetical model of the mini-dystrophin reduction effect on PLC activity
Overview of P2Y receptor-mediated signalling cascades in C6 cells
A proposed model showing the concerted effects of ATP and OGA on plant cell signal transduction pathways mediating stress, wound and defense responses
A model for endocrine resistance and its treatment: crosstalk between growth-factor receptor and ER pathways
Novel therapeutic targets and proposed mechanisms of androgen resistance (text in red) in hormone refractory prostate cancer
A putative self perpetuating, neoplastic paracrine loop, whereby protease degraded extracellular matrix components (ECM) release the tumour cell TLR signalling apparatus from inhibition and stimulate this pathway, culminating in enhanced protease production and hence ECM breakdown
Cytoplasmic/traditional and nuclear modes of the EGFR signalling pathway
Overview of signal transduction pathways and role of selective inhibitors
Differential targets of copy number-induced expression changes in key biochemical pathways between SCLC and NSCLC
Schematic pathway of prostanoids formation and actions
Inflammatory mediators and intracellular signalling pathways modulating TRPV1.NGF and other mediators activating tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors promote the insertion of TRPV1 into the membrane, from a pool located in subcellular vesicles, via a pathway in which PI3K plays an early role while the downstream tyrosine kinase Src activates trafficking to the membrane by phosphorylating Y199 in the N-terminal tail of TRPV1
Signalling cascades following activation of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
Effects of heat shock on apoptosis related pathways
Model of diseases associated with ENG, ACVRL1, and MADH4 mutations
Update schematic diagram of the ET signaling pathway
ET signaling and degradation of EIN3 by 26 proteasome
Diagram summarizing the signaling transduction pathways involved in RV-induced gene expression in primary human TBE cells infected with RV16
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling cascade
Revised model of oncogene-induced senescenceA: In cells that are insensitive to oncogene-induced senescence, activation of the Ras pathway leads to hyper-activation of well known effector pathways which function to promote tumorigenesis.B: In sensitive cells the ultimate response to the aberrant activation of the Ras pathway is the initiation of a multi-faceted negative feedback signaling network designed to terminate the oncogenic signal
The ERK1/2 pathway in airway epithelial cell responses to cigarette smoke
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signalling pathway
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signalling pathway
Schematic representation of the complement cascade
. The PI3-K/PKB signalling pathway contributing in cell survival, growth and proliferation, cell differentiation and motility.
Schematic model of mammalian heme homeostasis
A: GLP-2 stimulation of the Gs-Coupled Receptor induced cell proliferati... B: GLP-2 stimulation of the GŒ±i-Coupled Receptor induced cell prolifera...
Hypothetical mechanism of action of DA-9601 on TNF-Œ±-induced CCL20 expression in AGS cells
A: The intestinal mucosal barrier is maintained by a series of lateral m... B: The loss of mucosal integrity results in the translocation of pathoge...
Interaction between insulin and peginterferon alpha signalling pathway
Proposed role of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in the regulation of GLUT5 synthesis and trafficking (from Cui et al, 2005)
Molecular pathways contributing to the phenotype of microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC
Regulation of AMPAR trafficking by signaling cascades
The role of the BDNF-CREB cascade in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) – nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway
Synaptic stimulation can act via ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA/NMDA; 1a) and mGluRs (1b) and can initiate translation (2) of locally synthesized proteins (3; shown in yellow), including regulators (underlined red text) and plastic structural elements (black text)
The “central” RP–Bmp pathway in dorsal telencephalic patterning and MIH HPE
Estrogen mechanisms of action that lead to neurotrophic and neuroprotective outcomes
Signaling cascades in axon specification
Diagram of the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of p75NTR and TrkA in sensory neurons
Model for the promotion of neuronal development by CD47
Proposed model of Dexras1 in modulating photic responsiveness of the circadian clock
Genes enriched in the VS (shaded) are contained in the canonical pathway for Ras/MAPK signaling
The role of anti-apoptosis of families of HSPs
In response to death signaling, activator BH3-only proteins are triggered to interact with BAX and BAK, inducing BAX and BAK oligomerization
Glucose enters the β cell via glucose transporter 2 (Glut2; also known as Slc2a2) and is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, Gck
LPA-induced MIP-2 production depends on Bcl10
Schematic illustrates physiological and pathological signaling cascades
Low-level expression of a constitutively active ras-GTPase (ras-GTP) activates the MAPK pathway and converts quiescent normal urothelial cells into simple urothelial hyperplasia, which is persistent for an extended period (8–10 months) without progressing to urothelial tumors
CCM2 as a Scaffold for p38 MAPK Activation
Ubiquitination plays an important regulatory role in different steps of the innate immune signaling cascades
Model for the role of FLASH in the CD95 signaling pathway
Schematic diagram showing ligand-stimulated Ras activation, the Ras-Erk pathway, and the human diseases found to date associated with mutation of multiple molecules participating in this signaling cascade
Human and mouse mutations and the cognitive disorders affecting specific NRC/MASC signaling pathways and other postsynaptic proteins
Pathway of double-stranded break repair by homologous recombination and the factors involved
Complete pyrene degradation pathway in M
Potential strategies of the different HCV proteins to antagonize IFN therapy
Biosynthesis of pyruvate and its end products in “amitochondriate” protozoan parasites
(A) Recognition of LPS by TLR-4 activates JNK, p38 and ERK signalling pa... (B) Diagram showing the amplified signalling cascade responsible for the...
A model of the yeast response to osmotic and calcium stress
Receptor activation by TGF-β can cause activation of non-SMAD pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, ECM synthesis, and apoptosis
Dystroglycan (DG) is a key component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex that provides mechanical support to the sarcolemma
The synergistic effect of cell contact injury and TGF-β1 in the complex regulation of the SMA promoter
GPCR-mediated activation of MAPKs is also regulated by the generation of intracellular messengers
The Ras signaling pathway relays growth signals from activated growth factor receptors to the nucleus
A schematic representation of osteopontin/Œ±vβ3 signaling in the regulation of prostate cancer cell migration
Representation of TLR4-signaling through the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways
Model: How PP1 regulates the Wnt signaling pathway
Illustration of the TGF-β signaling pathway derived from KEGG database with mapped genes according to their expression level (at least two fold up or down regulated); green = down-regulated genes, red = up-regulated genes and yellow = unregulated genes; mapped genes are at least two-fold differentially expressed
Hyperglycemia, derangement of cell metabolism and oxidative/nitrosative stress
Hypothetical regulatory network influencing honeybee pollen foraging behavior modulated by insulin-like signaling and its effects on ovarian development
AA is metabolized through three main pathways: the 5-LOX pathway (red line), the 15-LOX pathway (blue line), and the COX-2 pathway (green line)
The roles of p16INK4a/RB-pathway in senescence cell cycle arrest
(A) Leptin binds its homodimeric receptor LRb, which results in autophos... (B) Signaling through gp130Rβ is similar to that through LRb. In the cas...
Reality and hypothesis of the pathophysiological mechanisms of rotavirus and NSP4-mediated diarrhea
Signaling pathways leading to pseudohyphal growth
Signaling pathways mediating the roles of Rho1 in cell wall assembly and actin organization
Model for G1 CDK inhibition of Ste5 signalingAs cells pass Start, G1 CDK activity inhibits pheromone signaling by phosphorylating CDK sites flanking the PM domain in Ste5
The working model for CARMA3-mediated NF-Œ∫B activation in GPCR signal transduction pathway
Regulatory networks model of GSL biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis accession Columbia
Schematic representation showing that many NK activating receptors employ the same SFK-dependent PI3K → ERK2 pathway and phospholipase Cγ → JNK1 pathway to polarize the MTOC and cytolytic granules during NK cell cytotoxicity, independent of the proximal signaling modules
Diagram of folate and one-carbon metabolism in mammalian organisms
Proposed roles of HRI signaling pathway in stress erythropoiesis
Role of the glutathione pathway and ABC-transporter family in drug elimination and defense from ROS-mediated oxidative stress
Multiple estrogen-regulated steps in the metabolisms of prostaglandin J2 and retinoic acid are implicated in estrogen-dependent growth of human uterine fibroids
Illustration of key proteins in the Rho GTPase signal–transduction pathway, focusing on the KALRN, CDGAP, and MYLK genes
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway and CDH candidate genes
DAF-2 signaling (red pathway) opposes degradation-promoting signal from FGFs (green pathway)
Schematic depiction of the molecular mechanism for the progression from HPS to chronic active disease or T-cell lymphoma in EBV-infected T cells
Working model for the caveolin-dependent trafficking of M1 muscarinic receptor
The schematic diagram depicts the EGFR signaling pathway
After IR, both the CDKF;1 pathway and WEE1 are regulated leading to inactive CDKA;1
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) appears in two forms: soluble TNF (sTNF) is shed from the cell surface on enzymatic cleavage of the membrane‐bound form (mTNF)
The Wnt pathway in the “off and on” states
Connection of adherens junction to β‐catenin‐dependent transcription
Functions attributed to adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and interacting partners (A)
(A) The endogenous MHC class I presentation pathway leads to the activat... (B) The exogenous MHC class II presentation pathway leads to the activat...
l-Arg enters MDSCs through a cationic amino acid transporter (CAT-2B) and is mainly metabolized by the inducible forms of NOS and ARG (i.e., NOS2 and ARG1, respectively) although the contribution of other isoforms cannot be ruled out.
The proposed rapidly induced second messenger‚Äì and CREB-mediated pathway (dark line) as well as the classical NF-Œ∫B (grey line) are shown
In (A–F and E′ and F′), black arrows represent positive inputs and black block arrows represent repressor inputs for target gene expression that are functional within a given cell type: vulA (A), vulB (B), vulC (C), vulD (D), vulE (E and E′), and vulF (F and F′).In (A–D), the larger font size depicts high levels of expression of the represented patterning gene within the specified cell type.
Schematic diagrams showing the basic components of the signal-transduction pathways for actin assembly, and showing the phosphorylation cycle for the shuttling of actin monomers by Hsp27 to regions of new actin assembly
Model showing the proposed dual role of Ipl1p in promoting chromosome biorientation and checkpoint activation in response to mono-oriented chromosomes
Model for Nef-induced signaling in monocytes/macrophages
A pathway diagram developed using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and Knowledge Base in which all genes changed by more than 1.5 fold were queried
Genomic organization of the CDKN2A locus and description of involvement of its transcripts (p16INK4a and p14ARF) in the Rb and p53 pathways
PELP1 participation in multiple stages of nuclear receptor (genomic and nongenomic) signaling pathways suggests that PELP1 deregulation likely contributes to the development of hormonal independence, tumorigenesis and metastasis
A pathway of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling in Kupffer cells
PDCD10/MST4 signaling pathway and CCM protein function
Proposed signaling regulation of MT1-MMP and Sp1 in prostate cancer cell lines
Model. The model depicts known and putative signal transduction pathways that might get activated in Dictyostelium cells in response to hypertonicity.
Potential chirality axes (A) and possible regulators of leftward polarity bias (B)
Cyclic AMP pathways in myometrial tissue
Image showing the human insulin signaling pathway from BioCarta
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1Œ± (HIF-1Œ±) and drug interventions currently in use
Synthetic pathway for prostaglandins and thromboxane A2
Model of the secretory pathway under different ER stress conditions (t-PA secretion, tunicamycin and DTT) together with examples of genes that are transcriptionally induced or repressed
Diagram of common stress response pathway genes
Signaling pathways downstream of the Toll/TLRs
Proposed mechanism by which GM-CSF regulates AM-mediated proinflammatory cytokine signaling and neutrophil recruitment upon exposure to Pseudomonas LPS
Late steps in corrin ring biosynthesis in serovar Typhimurium
A model of the role of FoxO4 in phenotypic modulation of SMCs in response to cytokine and growth factor signals
Molecular mechanisms of JNK activation by p85
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways activated by mitogenic concentrations of TNF-Œ± and roles of furin, MT1-MMP, and MMP2 in the activation of the nSMase in mesenchymal cells
HCMV MIE promoter/enhancer and its cis-acting elements
Model for induction of KSHV reactivation by metabolic end products from gram-negative bacteria, which contain high levels of butyric acid, inhibit cellular HDACs, and activate the p38 kinase pathway
A schematic model of Zfra/WOX1 involvement in TNF signaling
Hepcidin transcription depends upon signaling through BMP receptors (BMP-Rs) and downstream Smads
In silico modeling derived from Pathway Assist software analysis of differential gene expression in JRA neutrophils compared with healthy control subjects
Closed arrows indicate biochemical reactions, open arrows show transport such as transport into nuclear compartment, and double arrows indicate reversibility
Effects of anoxia on carbohydrate metabolism in rice coleoptiles
The WNT signalling KEGG pathway consisting of three subpathways with the genes on the microarray encircled (A) and expression profiles of genes during porcine myogenesis (B)
The essential signaling pathway for normal osteoclastogenesis
Vicious cycle in osteolytic bone metastasis
Striped view of multiple time-point comparisons
Upregulation of cyclins and CDKs in melanoma cells
A proposed model for GA biosynthesis and response pathway in regulation of heterosis in plant height
RAN regulation pathway constituents exhibiting abundance changes, with a figure adapted from the GeneGo MetaCore database
. Schematic Overview of the Interplay of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Genetic Variants Contributing to Disease Risk in Our Study Sample.
Schematic representation of ligands identified for EpCAM and possible functions related to them
Inhibition of EpoR signaling, which includes inhibition of the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway, as a result of downregulation of EpoR on erythroblasts, coupled with accumulation of hemoglobin, may result in ROS signaling, leading to Foxo3 nuclear localization and activation
Comparison between the gene expression profiles and predicted substrate uptake rates
Schematic illustration of different signaling pathway mediated by Œ±3(IV)NC1
A Model for the Establishment and Elaboration of CNS AsymmetryOn the left side of the schematic, events in the epiphysial region of the forebrain from late gastrula to 20 somite stage are indicated in the large blue oval
Proposed mechanism of action for AICAR in human leukemia ALL cells
Schematic of the two pathways that make precursors for ester biosynthesis
In silico reconstruction of the Aspergillus CWIS pathway based on Aspergillus and S
Model of IFN signaling during the clinical evolution of SARS
Model of Dd-STATa suppression by dutA overexpression
Signaling pathways that are most likely to be implicated in the generation of DAG at the Golgi
Model of PI3K activation by eIF2Œ± kinases
Signaling cascades required for TCR-mediated integrin activation
(i) Amplification. Prostate... (ii) Promiscuous pathway. N... (iii) Outlaw pathway. AR is... (iv) Bypass pathway. Prosta... (v) Stem cell regeneration....
Ligand stimulation of the β1AR leads to GRK5/6-mediated receptor phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment
Classical ligand-activated βARs enhance cardiac contractility by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLN], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]).
In the setting of muscle atrophy, nNOS activates FoxO, which is required for upregulation of the E3 ligases MuRF-1 and MAFbx
Proposed Model for BTH/SA Signaling Pathway in Rice.In Arabidopsis, most BTH-responsive genes are regulated downstream of NPR1, and this regulation is mediated by several WRKY TFs acting downstream of NPR1
. Diagram of the Assumed Core Subsystem of the Hypoxia Response Network Redrawn on the Basis of [] For simplicity we use HIF to represent HIFŒ±.
Through p 1, HIFŒ± is degraded directly by k 2
Each network is graphically displayed with genes/gene products as nodes (different shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products; see Node legend) and the biological relationships between the nodes as edges (lines)
The schematic cascades that are involved in receptor proximal signaling (solid arrows) and those leading to NF-Œ∫B activation (dotted lines) are shown
Regulation of intracellular cAMP in platelets by thrombin
Arrows show the known and predicted steps for glucosinolate biosynthesis with the gene name for each biochemical reaction within the arrow
Results of ANOVA testing of all identified aliphatic glucosinolate QTLs for significant impact upon the accumulation of individual glucosinolate metabolites, transcript level of all biosynthetic genes, total aliphatic glucosinolate content, and the average expression of the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway is presented graphically
Shown is the situation for mating type a haploid yeast cells
Model for the functionality of PARP and NAD in stress signaling
Ingenuity pathway analysis showing regulatory relationships among differentially expressed transcripts
Model summarizing the hypothesis on narciclasine-mediated apoptosis
Several of the signaling and cell physiology pathways that are abnormal in lung cancer are depicted schematically along with drugs targeting components of these abnormal pathways
Hedgehog (HH), Notch, and Wnt signaling are key stem cell self-renewal pathways that are deregulated in lung cancer and thus represent potential therapeutic targets (i)
Genes comprising simple linearly ordered pathways operate in a network context
Flow diagram of the P53/apoptosis pathway
E2-induced pathway in the luminal epithelium that leads to the canonical cell cycle machinery
Cross-talk between signal transduction pathways and ER signaling in endocrine resistant breast cancer, with opportunities for targeted intervention
Model of arterial–venous specification in the developing embryo
Signalling pathways activated by the RXFPs
Schematic diagram illustrating potential mechanisms involved in the synergistic activation of cAMP signaling pathway by NO and IM
Infection with KSHV leads to a population of latently-infected cells with varying levels of K13 expression
Hypothetical model of Noxa and Mcl-1 in the regulation of CPT-induced apoptosis
The Notch pathway is a frequent target of insertion
Schematic representation of PTEN/PI3K/mTOR/STAT3 signaling involved in breast cancer stem-like cell survival and proliferation
Model for biphasic expression and up-regulation of HWP1 at the bud-hypha transition
A schematic outline of fatty acid synthesis in apicomplexans
Proposed regulatory links between the SAPK and the cell integrity pathways by protein phosphatases (shaded figures) during growth and osmostress
The KEGG metabolic pathway "Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation"
It is hypothesized that OX40L-DCs first stimulate NKT cells (i) to proliferate and produce cytokines (ii)
Reactions of the Calvin cycle, starch synthesis, photosynthetic carbon oxygenation pathway, triose-P export, and Suc synthesis represented in the model (Supplemental Appendix S1, A and B)
Model of signaling cascades leading to D
A new calpain-dependent switch that controls cell spreading and retraction
Divergent TGF-β signaling pathways induce transcriptional regulation through Smads and translational regulation through the mTORC1 pathway
(i) BLM induces pulmonary c... (ii) Danger/stress signals... (iii) Danger signals induce... (iv) Inflammasome activatio... (v) IL-1β then activates th...
Signalling through IRS-2 is suggested as an alternative pathway to signalling through IRS-1, allowing for exercise to interact with insulin signalling
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), including receptors for AngII, endothelin-1 and α1a-R, are coupled to activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in cardiomyocytes
Putative major cardioprotective signal transduction cascades downstream of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)
Model of Myc and Ca2+signaling events downstream of the pre-BCR/BCR
Relative transcript levels for genes from carbon central metabolism for PB12 (first value) and PB13 (second value), as compared to JM101
Relative transcript levels for genes from carbon central metabolism for L-Phe overproducing strains
A hypothetical schematic representation of the effects of the combination of 9‐cis‐retinoic acid (RA) plus ciglitazone (cig) on growth and gene expression in colon cancer cells
A summary of purinergic pathways involved in microglial response
(A–E) Show calcium/calmodulin binding and phosphorylation reactions of a ring of six functionally coupled subunits of the CaMKII holoenzyme
Circadian oscillation in leptin signaling pathway in mouse brown fat
Schematic model of Nrf2 regulation by Keap1
The pheromone response signaling pathway
The filamentation signaling pathway recovered completely
Current model of the Fanconi anemia pathway
Schematic overview of the RANK-NF-Œ∫B signalling pathway
A proposed model of RasGRP1 in Fc…õRI-mediated signaling
MTA1 and MTA1s are induced by various growth factors, Hypoxia and E2
A) V. vinifera general pathway for phenolics biosynthesis leading to sti... B) Steps of plastidic isoprenoid pathway and monoterpenoids biosynthesis...
A GenMAPP view of energy production pathway in MCF-7 and ZR75-1 cells
GenMAPP pathway showing changes in expression of the transcription factor PPARŒ± and fatty-acid degrading enzymes upon fasting
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway for gene expression in the kidney of fetuses of nutrient-restricted (NR) versus control (CON) mothers half-way through gestation Green boxes denote genes down-regulated in NR samples; red boxes denote genes up-regulated in NR samples; grey/lack boxes denote genes that were similarly expressed between CON and NR samples; black/white boxes denote genes not detected on the human genechip with baboon RNA generated probe
Signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic chemotaxis
HIF-1Œ± up-regulation and ubiquitination pathway
Matrilysin and stromelysin-2 differentially control apoptotic transcriptional response
Schematic representation of regulation of the AHR-XRE pathway by NRF2
A schematic view of Ras- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in T cells
Illustration of Network Inference: The Predicted Pathway of the Circadian Regulatory System of Arabidopsis According to .The network nodes (ovals) represent genes and are differentiated by color into cryptochrome (yellow), phytochrome (light blue), clock genes (orange), light-dependent downstream genes (light green), and other relevant genes (gray)
Transcription regulatory network indicates utilization of various transcription factors following activation of TLR7
Protein regulatory network indicates importance of ISGylation pathway in TLR7-mediated activation of pDC
Polyisoprenyl phosphate remodeling in PMN: a rapid signaling pathway engaged during LX–ALX interactions
Signaling pathways activated by CO and BR
Possible mechanism for endocannabinoid-mediated control of nociception
Potential mechanisms of cannabinoid/PPAR interactions
Cell cycle pathway diagram obtained from GenMAPP (Gene Map Annotator and Pathway Profiler, Gladstone Institutes, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA [38]
Differences in signaling pathway activation of mechanical ventilation with and without hyperoxia
Proposed model for UV-B mediated signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the TIA pathway
Schematic illustration of mRNA expression levels significantly altered both in duodenal biopsy samples from untreated coeliac disease patients and in undifferentiated epithelial T84 cells in the epithelial cell differentiation model
Schematic illustration of the NE-stimulated signaling pathways leading to MUC1 and MUC5AC gene expression in airway epithelial cells
Rosilitazone stimulates NSCLC proliferation by affecting the Akt/mTOR pathway through PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent mechanisms
Possible signaling pathway for carbachol-induced pigment granule dispersion in bluegill RPE
The PI3K-AKT pathway is transcriptionally regulated throughout the lactation cycle
Genes involved in apoptotic pathways were altered in type II cells isolated from Stat3Œî/Œî mice
An overview of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
Schematic representation of wingless and integration site growth factor (WNT)-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation
Mechanisms of HER2/HER3 activation in breast cancer cells
Gene expression changes observed in Sema3A signaling pathway
Proposed mechanism for MnSOD-mediated mitochondria to nucleus signaling and crosstalk with the IIS pathway
Growth factors trigger local and long distance signalling
Kinetic model of the NSCLC-specific EGFR signaling pathway
Mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast function induced by Wnt signalling
(A) Gαq compared with β-arrestin-dependent path... (B) Model of IGF-1-stimulated PI3K activity (fo... (C) PAR-2 can promote β-arrestin-dependent inhi...
PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activated by 3Œ±-diol
Schematic representation of the regulation of SCD1 gene transcription in hepatic cells
Roles for the Epac‚ÄìPLC…õ pathway in cardiac calcium release A, treatment of isolated cardiac myocytes with 10 Œºm 8-CPT activates Epac and PLC…õ, ultimately leading to CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2 and either enhancement () or inhibition () of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR)
Activation of Epac by cAMP and activation of CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of the RyR Broken lines and question marks indicate aspects where the possible pathway requires further tests
cAMP elevation activates Epac, which stimulates CaMKII, which then phosphorylates RyR
PGE2 binds EP3 receptors, which activates Gs and adenylyl cyclase, thus increasing the level of cAMP
Metabolism of PtdIns(4,5)P2 by PLCγ and PI3K
Proposed mechanism for RES induced apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate tumour cells
Activation of the RAS–RAF–MEK pathway in thyroid cancer
c-MET/HGF signal transduction pathways in SCLC
Schematic depicting the central role of HER3 in mediating PI3K/Akt signalling downstream of the HER family
Contextual organization of the NFŒ∫B positive modulators
Network diagram comprising genes and functional processes associated with regulated AS events in the CNS
Example of EGFR-mediated signaling changes, a commonly disrupted pathway in lung cancer
The regulation of post-cushion valve maturation to thin fibrous leaflets also includes EGF receptor signalling in addition to differential signalling of the pathways in c
The contribution of If to sinoatrial (SA) node action potentials and        autonomic modulation of heart rate
Potential points of action of flavonoids within ERK pathway
Potential points of action of flavonoids within JNK pathway
Potential points of action of flavonoids within p38 pathway
Potential points of action of flavonoids within PI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Integration of the TGFβ1 apoptotic signal by the lipid oxidation end-product 4-hydroxynonenal
Examples of the molecular mechanisms by which phytochemicals activate hormetic stress response pathways
Schematic illustration of the co-ordinated activation of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways by TLR ligands and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFŒ±, IL-1 and IFN
A simplified network involved in the invasive growth in haploids
The EGFR signalling pathway in lipid rafts
The proposed mechanism of PDGF signaling in the lens epithelial cells
Schematic illustration of possible mechanisms of tip cell selection through modulation of different components of the VEGF signalling pathway following Notch signalling
A model summarizing some of the pathways described in this review leading to chemotaxis and cell motility
Model of Al3+ effect on phospholipid signalling, and its possible consequence on other cell signaling components (X, inhibition of the pathway by Al3+)
(A) Localization of pMtIRE-gusA expression in wild-type nodulated roots.... (B) Phospholipid signaling pathway that may activate MtIRE protein's pre...
Illustration of the dual roles of the ABP1 and TIR1 auxin receptors in control of the cell cycle
IIS has a key role in the normal development and physiology of multicellular organisms
The MAPK family with its classical cascades, the ERK 1 and 2,p38 and JNK
Schematic representations of potential signaling pathways involved in serum-deprived retinal ganglion cell-5 cells
Summarized neurotoxic mechanisms of synaptically bound ADDLs.Proposed mechanistic pathway for synaptically-bound ADDLs implicated in the induction of aberrations in dendritic spine composition and morphology and how this mechanism is related to synaptic dysfunction and connectivity loss in AD
Relationship of genes significantly changed in acute rejection to process pathways
Scheme depicting how Monarch-1 suppresses inflammatory signaling
Model for the role of microRNAs in the regulation of ‘tumor suppressor’ pathways in Drosophila
Signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) affects cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation
In the absence of Wnt stimulation, the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) forms a trimeric complex, known as the “destruction complex,” with glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK) and Axin
Simplified schematic diagram of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling
Simplified schematic diagram of transforming growth factor-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway (TGF-Œ±/EGFR)
A, Potential mechanism of action of Aβ*56 at neuronal surface
Signaling pathways initiated by TLR-2 and TLR-4 activation
Different mechanisms of RTK signal attenuation
A simplified scheme of the VEGF/VEGFR pathway
Signalling events which determine glucose utilization within the cell
Schematic illustration of signaling pathway mediated by Œ±1(IV)NC1
Schematic illustration of distinct signaling pathways induced by Œ±2(IV)NC1
Model depicting the E2Fs-FA/BRCA axis in the control of cell fate
Drivers of senescence and therapeutic opportunities in WS and HGPs
Wnt signaling pathway is regulated by SFRPs, epigenetic gatekeepers and APC; a genetic gatekeeper
Glutamate and dopamine signaling pathways act synergistically to induce Ca2+ overload and apoptosis of HD MSNs
A diagram showing the crosstalk between the DNA damage response pathway and BMP-controlled osterix expression and osteoblast differentiation
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway
Potentiation of growth factor signaling pathways involved in cell cycle progression in liver regeneration
The effect of ischaemic preconditioning and its effectors on the signaling pathways of liver regeneration
During the initial phase of breast tumourigenesis, the TGFβ signal inhibits primary tumour development
TLR4 signaling pathway and its relation with atherosclerosis
Dual role of Cav-1 Y14 phosphorylation: phosphorylat-ed caveolin (pYCav-1) is involved in the control of integrin-mediated signal transduction and caveolae-mediated cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains (CEMM) endocy-tosis
Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection of G-CSF in cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration
Effect of orally administered foreign plasmid pDNA3 on proteasome degradation pathway
Effect of oral foreign plasmid pcDNA3 on complement activation classical pathway
Overview of the AKT and ERK signaling pathway
Proposed signaling pathways associated with the gastrinreleasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in the central nervous system
Schematic representation of the two modes of Gq/11-coupled receptor mechanisms in SCG neurons
Stages of the neuroinflammatory process in which astrocyte calcineurin may participate
Summary of the effects of DA on synaptic integration
Model of regulation of vasopressin gene expression in the SCN
Proposed pathways that regulate spine density and that are affected by Aβ oligomers, based on the results of this study
Role of neurofibromin (NF-1) in the regulation of intracellular Ras signaling within DRG neurons
Scheme indicating differences between human primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells with respect to the production of kynurenine pathway metabolites and their effects in tumor persistence and the immune response
Model depicting a novel, early signaling cascade linking group I mGluR stimulation to FMRP phosphorylation through mTOR and PP2A
Hypothetical pathway by which isoflurane induces a vicious cycle of apoptosis and Aβ generation and aggregation
The pathways for energy production in astrocytes: effects of CNTF
Growth hormone-mediated JAK/STAT signal transduction
Genes up-regulated and down-regulated by FGF-2 in IGF-I signaling pathway
Genes up-regulated and down-regulated by FGF-2 in TGF-β signaling pathway
(A) Gas6 released by erythroblasts in response... (B) Gas6 acts as a bridging molecule between se... (C) Interaction of Gas6 and Gas6Rs downregulate...
Putative protective mechanisms of ACE2 against Ang II-mediated impairment of insulin/Akt signalling pathway
Molecules and pathways implicated in sulfur mustard (SM)-induced apoptosis
Regulatory networks sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in H3255 and MKN45 cells revealed by PhosphpScan-SILAC study
. Proposed model of regulation of brown adipocyte function by PRL/JAK2/STAT5 /IGF-2 pathway.
Wnts bind a receptor complex consisting of LRP5 or LRP6 and one of ten Fz proteins
Proposed pathway.In this model, IGF-I peptide binds to IGF-IR to induce tyrosine autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of its adaptor protein Shc
Schematic overview of the LPS TLR4 signaling pathway
Working models for how c-di-GMP influences flagellar function
HCMV regulates the expression of multiple components of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway (see Table  and Table S1 in the supplemental material for abbreviations)
Schema illustrating the effects of (a) metformin- or AICAR-induced AMPK activation, (b)adiponectin, and (c) TZDs or PPAR alpha ligands on the rat granulosa cell steroidogenesis
Proposed biosynthetic pathway for cylindrospermopsin (see text for detail)
Proposed model for the cAMP-dependent signaling events involved in the neurotrophic actions of PACAP-38 on SH-SY5Y cells
Left, the mechanism, described by , for the proapoptotic function of TSP1 or 2
The metabolic pathway in G. sulfurreducens after the refinement of the network based on the comparison of the in silico predictions with the physiological data from the mutant strains is shown.
Alternative models for selective Th1/Th2 induction by DCs
Mechanisms of arsenic-induced acquired androgen independence
Hypothetical ‘super pathway’ not stratified for cell type illustrating known direct interactions between the 892 PD priority genes (regulation, expression and promoter binding only)
Neuronal pathway containing proteins found in Lewy bodies []
Interactions of known PD genes (marked yellow) with the priority genes of this study
(A) Schematic representation of GADS-related signaling in T cells. TCR l... (B) Schematic representation of full-length GADS. GADS is composed of SH...
An association graph of (A) the top 10 gene sets in the (b ↦ p} transition and (B) the gene sets with p < 0.05 for the (b ↦ p} transition.
An association graph of (A) the top 10 gene sets in the (n ↦ p} transition and (B) the gene sets with p < 0.05 for the (n ↦ p} transition.
Growth factor stimulation activates a number of different intercellular signaling pathways that intersect to control cell fate outcomes like proliferation and apoptosis
Mep2 functions in the upstream of cAMP and MAPK pathways as an ammonium sensor
Working model for the interaction of AR and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells
Model for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Sorting and transport within the biosynthetic and endo-lysosomal pathways
Induction of immune response to Wolbachia infection in S2 cells
In silico knockout of PLCγ1 in the HGF stimulated signalling network
The synthesis of TGs in liver is nutritionally regulated
Bimodal genes highlighted in KEGG ECM-receptor interaction diagram
Proposed pathway by which GIP increases Bcl-2 transcription in pancreatic β cells
Schematic presentation of the signaling pathway induced by HCV core protein for insulin resistance in human hepatocytes
Schematic diagram of proposed mechanism of the IL-1β-induced signalling pathway involved in the synthesis of IL-6 in primary cortical neurones
The balance between muscle hypertrophy and atrophy depends on whether protein synthesis is more active than degradation or vice versa
The molecular regulation of autophagy and the link with apoptosis
Model of the possible contributions of JAK1, 2/STAT3 signaling pathway in CRC development
In IPF lungs, TGF-β3, gremlin, and LEF-1 are up-regulated, while BMP-2 is down-regulated
Mechanistic model for the cytoprotective effect of HIV-1 infection and Tat expression
Thirteen TFs included in the 117 HRG-regulated TF list involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and are highlighted in red
EBs bind to and activate PDGFRβ, possibly via heparan sulfate and/or PDGF
Gene expression changes detected in selected pathways in M group
BL module: A network visualization of the top 25 scoring genes in BL
Role of glycoprotein 130 (gp130) downstream signalling in the heart
Mutations in the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor lead to an imbalance in downstream signalling pathways
Signalling pathways leading to the phosphorylation and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)
Regulation of the transcriptional co-regulator β-catenin
Relevant aspects of phosphoinositide metabolism
Types of β-arrestin-dependent, G-protein-independent signals
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways regulating cell cycle and differentiation in tumor cells in response to shear stress
Schematic illustration of the major pathways leading to apoptosis
A schematic of signaling pathways in PDAC
Schematic presentation of the roles of phospholipases A2 and their lipid products in monocyte chemotaxis to MCP-1
Acrolein-activated MMP9 leads to persistent increase in mucin 5, subtypes A and C (MUC5AC) production
Schematic model of the extracellular arm of cAMP signalling pathway in skeletal muscle
Each example is shown in a pair: left: pathway 1, right: pathway 2
MAP kinase pathway analysis of the meta-modes
Rac activation, which is required for chlamydia invasion involves two different guanine nucleotide exchange factors that interact directly (Vav2) or indirectly (Sos1/Abi1/Eps8) with the phosphodomain of the TARP protein
A model for mesenchymal stem cell dysfunction in HGPS
Comparison models summarizing how eIF4E is not only downstream of the PI3K–AKT pathway (left) but can modulate this PI3K–Akt axis through NBS1 (right)
This diagram shows the temporal control of F-actin polymerization and emphasizes the role of Ca2+ and related factors
Model of the signaling pathway active in BxPC3 cells from collagen I outside the cell to induction of cell scattering and up-regulation of N-cadherin
Pathway Studio diagram of common regulators of differentially expressed genes
EGF signaling pathway generated by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software
A model of the role of the MAPKKKα/MEKK1–MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 cascade in regulating camalexin biosynthesis in plants challenged by pathogens
Model of NHERF1 inhibition of PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 activity
Schematic illustration of PARP-1 in NFAT signaling pathway
Regulation of the genetic network by metabolite pools of the following biological functions (central carbon pathway, redox and respiration coordination, phosphate starvation, nitrogen gestion, carbohydrates, nucleotide and amino acids metabolism, ribosome activity)
A pathway representation of all the tryptophan related genes analyzed
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) and the Slm1 and Slm2 proteins regulate the synthesis and turnover of complex sphingolipids and the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton
Pathway analysis of composite list of expressed genes and enriched transcription factors implicates specific regulatory networks
Summary of leptin's roles in the endocardial cushion
Complement system and complement regulatory proteins (CRegs)
Pancreatic islets of diabetic patients can be infiltrated, destroyed, or dysfunctional, which renders them unable to produce insulin
This schematic shows the major steps in EGFR signaling
Regulation of uPA expression in breast epithelial and cancer cells
IPA of the genes encompassed by the conserved 166 signatures and belonging to the Wnt signal transduction pathway
Schematic representation of candidate interactors and their putative postion in the Frizzled signaling pathway
Hypothetical pathway by which desflurane/hypoxia induces a vicious cycle  of apoptosis and Aβ generation/aggregation
Inhibition of IGF-I signaling is involved in neuronal death after H2O2
Proteome data (red lines) and transcriptome data (blue lines) are plotted in the same graph
Molecular pathways of rheumatoid arthritis-related cartilage destruction as reflected by the in vitro model
Programmed cell death can be executed via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways depending on the stimulus leading to apoptosis
The proposed model of APL pathogenesis induced by PML-RARŒ±
Regulation of glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis
HIF-1Œ± protein stabilization and transactivation activity induced by MIF is dependent on p53- and MAPK-dependent signaling pathway
Insulin and growth factors (GF) signal through the insulin receptor and its substrate (IRS1), whereas resistance exercise bypasses this receptor and activates protein kinase B (PKB)/akt independently of the insulin receptor
The right side of the figure shows that binding of NPR-C by CNP or cANF activates Gi proteins, which inhibit adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity via the α subunit of the G protein
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway involves the activation of death receptors at the cell surface, followed by a caspase cascade that eventually leads to the execution of cell death
Schematic mechanism of Aβ oligomer-mediated aberrant PAK activation and translocation in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis
Manual layout of Type II interferon signalling (IFNG) taken from the integrated pathway diagram (Figure 2)
The integrated pathway diagram presented at (a) 1–2 hours, (b) 2–4 hours and (c) 4–8 hours post-Ifng treatment
A miRNA model for the molecular pathogenesis of recurrent ovarian cancer
Proposed functions of hBVR in the MAPK-signaling pathway
Possible model for CCL5-mediated mRNA translation in CD4+ T cells
A model of the mechanism of retinoic acid stimulation of NIS expression by modifying signal transduction pathways in breast cancer and thyroid cells, based on the results of the inhibitor studies
Schematic of the NFŒ∫B signalling pathway (isoforms of IŒ∫BŒ± not shown)
The role of IRF-5 in the innate antiviral response
Model for autocrine/paracrine induction of osteogenesis in hMSCs by PKA signaling
ERK1 and ERK2 knockdown differently affect signals involved in patterning of the early embryo
Analysis of Nodal signaling processes in ERK1MO and ERK2MO gene expression profiles
Analysis of FGF signaling processes in ERK1MO and ERK2MO gene expression profiles
Analysis of Wnt signaling processes in ERK1MO and ERK2MO gene expression profiles
Analysis of BMP signaling processes in ERK1MO and ERK2MO gene expression profiles
MCF10A Pathway 2 affected by TFIIS knockdown
Major pathways affected by TFIIS knockdown in MCF7
MCF10A Pathway 1 affected by TFIIS knockdown
FAs, derived from the plasma-free FA pool, from uptake of circulating lipoproteins (chylomicron remnants), and from de novo hepatic lipogenesis, are esterified via fatty acyl CoA to diacylglyceride (DAG) derivatives and subsequently into TG droplets by diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1)
Citrate cycle genes are up-regulated in the brains of nurse bees
Color nodes: genes that changed significantly in RPE/choroid from old animals with a fold change >2
Schematic representation of RhoA GTPase modulation of the paracellular pathway for fluid flux
Altered fluxes in the PIM and LM/LAM biosynthetic pathways in the lpqW mutant and derived bypass mutants
Predicted pathways of propionate metabolism in M
Gene networks identified in both recEbo-VP35/WT- and recEbo-VP35/R312A-infected cells compared to mock-infected and irradiated controls
PPARŒ± and AMPK activities in the cancer cells exposed to energetic stress
Proposed P2X7-LPA signaling axis promoting osteogenesis
Schematic representation of proposed ET-1 signaling through βPix/p66Shc/FOXO3a complex in glomerular mesangial cells
CL6 embryonic cells start to differentiate into mesodermal cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway at the early stage (days 1–3), and mesodermal CL6 cells differentiate into mature cardiomyocytes by BMP pathway at the late stage (days 4–14)
Description of possible involved signalling pathways
The role of microvasculature in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
Model of glucose transport regulation by the Akt/TSC pathway
A schematic representation of RXRŒ± phosphorylation in HCC cells
A hypothetical schematic representation of the synergistic anticancer effects of the combination of PPAR ligands plus other agents
A model of proposed estradiol (E2) actions on hypothalamic cells
A: the 48 hours erythrocytic cell cycle of P. falciparum. Morphological... B: detailed APC/C-related and SCF complexes in P. falciparum. Identifier...
A model for the control of EC gene expression by VEGF signaling to HDAC7
Interrelationship of energy metabolism and insulin action in skeletal muscle
Schematic model of Wnt signaling pathways in INS-1 cells
A model for the activation of the UPR in the absence of H6PD
Inhibition of neurogenesis and axis duplication by mkrn2 via PI3K/Akt  signaling pathway
A model for Cdc1p function and the link between Cdc1p and Golgi inheritance
IGF-I-induced activation of PI 3-kinase/AKT and MAPK pathways in  VSMCs
Musashi1 signaling in mammary progenitor cell proliferation
Model for the PKD1/class II HDAC/MEF2 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle
Model for the role of cAMP-stimulated adipogenesis via PKA- end Epac1-dependent processes
CFTR-interacting HSP70 chaperones regulate cytokine expression
Induction and lifetimes of signal transduction proteins (and their mRNAs) at various positions in signal transduction networks
Comparison of pathway analysis on the data set using the MBCB, RMA or RAW background corrections
Summary of GRTH impact in apoptotic pathways in germ cells
Proposed Metabolic Map of the Blastocystis Mitochondrion-like OrganellesProteins with predicted leader peptides have solid black outlines and protein complexes for which leader peptides for only some of the subunits have been predicted have dashed black outlines
(A) Inactivation of ErbB signaling by monoclonal antibodies
The chromosomal passenger complex generates an alternative APC/C inhibitory signal that amplifies the 'wait anaphase' signal from unattached kinetochores
A model for the role of CREB and ICER in the regulation of  GABRA1 expression
Several signaling pathways work together in the  TGFβ1-induced expression of CCN2/CTGF in primary human gingival  fibroblasts
NGF binding to cell-surface TrkA receptor results in activated receptor complexes, which contain adaptors such as SHC (SH2-containing protein), GRB2 (growth-factor-receptor bound protein 2) and Gab (GRB2-associated binding) proteins
The nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-PARP pathway in health and disease
Exogenous/endogenous, regulators/modulators of PARP activity
Scheme of Proposed Model for MAPK Cascade Signaling Pathway Leading to NO and Oxidative Bursts.INF1 induces NO burst by means of MEK2-SIPK/NTF4 cascade and oxidative burst by means of MEK2-SIPK/NTF4 and (NPK1)-MEK1-NTF6 cascades
Positive and negative effects of GPC3 on cell signaling
Model of the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway by miRNA cluster mmu–mir-183–96–182
Indirect (classical) and direct (novel) mechanisms of PIP2 action on BK currents
Alcohol metabolism and alcohol metabolites are to a large extent responsible for toxicity of alcohols (ethanol (EtOH), methanol and ethylene glycol)
Possible interactions between the COX-2 and PPAR-γ pathways: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are substrates for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes leading to the formation of various prostaglandins (PGs)
Simplified scheme of the role of M1 macrophages in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis and the potential anticarcinogenic effect of PPAR ligands
Connections between the SAM cycle, transsulfuration pathway, and  glutathione production
Models for the action of Ssk1p and Skn7p in C
A model for the role of Plc1p in PKA regulation and expression of Msn2p-dependent genes
Apoptotic signaling pathways after ligation of Fas/CD95 in type I and type II cells and the levels of interference by T
Glycolytic pathway and principal branches
Proposed model of arrest of maturation/activation of DCs via ILT4 receptor and HLA-G ligand
Schematic representation of the activated PI3K-AKT pathway and its downstream effectors that contribute to the tumorigenesis of TSHomas in TRβPV/PV mice
Putative site of action of PKC…õ in the amplification pathway of GSIS
Schematic of the regulation of catabolic and anti-anabolic actions of FGF2 in intervertebral disc cells
Illustration of the Insulin Pathway and its Potential Contribution to High Salt-Induced Insulin Resistance in Dahl S rats
Molecular defect and phenotype in McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS)
In this model, IGF-I peptide binds to IGF-IR to induce tyrosine autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of its adaptor protein Shc
Oct-4 Targets in the Wnt Signalling Pathway
LPS signaling [modified from O’Neill and Bowie () with permission]
Schematic diagram illustrating how A-type lamins in association with other INM proteins modulate different signalling pathways that participate in either adult stem cell maintenance (TGF-β pathway) or growth-related stress responses (Ras/MAPK pathway)
A schematic composite of the complex protein circuitries identified by the authors and others [–] utilizing immunohistochemistry in cases of prostate cancer and HGPIN and depicting their interrelationships with the mTOR pathway
An outline of major signaling pathways leading to NF-Œ∫B activation
Pathway image was generated with GeneGo's MetaCore integrated software suite
Notch1, p53, and HMGA1 interplay in normal and HPV-infected keratinocytes
Coexpression of genes within three core metabolic pathways
Coexpression of the genes for fatty acid biosynthesis
Leucine degradation pathway in mitochondria
Inhibition mechanism of BMS-345541 and Purvalanol A in HTLV-1 infected cells results in blocking canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway and cell cycle progression
Kinetic model of the EpoR/GATA-1 network implicated in erythrocyte progenitor commitment
Role of purinergic receptors in regulation of insulin secretion in the β cell
Regulation of neuroinflammation by PPAR agonists in CNS diseases
Regulation of NF-Œ∫B pathway by PPAR agonists in CNS diseases
IL-12, IL-23 and IL-27 are heterodimeric cytokines signals through Jak-Stat pathway and induce Th1/Th17 differentiation and T-bet expression in T cells
Wnt signaling pathwhay in cervical cancer
Regulatory network of important genes involved in EBV-dependent NPC
Networks top-ranked by Ingenuity Pathway analysis after knockdown of TP53 (A) and LSR1+TP53 (B)
Networks top-ranked by Ingenuity Pathway analysis after knockdown of LSR1 (A-B)
Networks top-ranked by Ingenuity Pathway analysis after knockdown of LSR2 (A-B)
S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri induce PMN transepithelial migration through the utilization of distinct PLA2 enzymes.
Schematic diagrams of small intestine mucosa in normal and infected intestines
Model for exercise-induced transcription of the Pgc-1Œ± gene in skeletal muscle
Schematic illustration of Src-mediated signaling pathway leading to RPTC proliferation
Possible mechanisms of protection by DHEA against pulmonary hypertension via inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway
Graphical representation of connections between receptors and pathways implicated in NTS baroreflex modulation by pharmacological studies
JAK-STAT signaling in hepatocytes in the presence and absence of STAT5A/B
Proposed Model for the Final Common Pathway of Putative Mitochondrial Dysfunction Resulting from Either PTEN or SDHx Mutation in Cowden and Cowden-like SyndromesA simplified version of the signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis in the setting of dysfunctional PTEN or SDH (represented by hatched colors)
Interfering the PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway
The functional significance of each protein was defined using Ingenuity bioinformatics platforms designed for Systems Analyses of genes and protein expressed in human health and disease
During cortical neurogenesis, ventricular progenitors (blue) withdraw from the cell cycle (pink) and start to differentiate and migrate to their specific destinations to form cortical layers
Effects of Wnt signaling on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation
p66Shc is proposed to regulate a ROS-mediated, telomere dysfunction pathway that signals permanent embryo arrest.Extracellular stressors such as H2O2 or intracellular mitochondrial ROS production can activate various kinases that subsequently activate p66Shc (serine-36 phosphorylation) leading to its mitochondrial translocation and p66Shc-mediated ROS production and release from the mitochondria that can be partially detoxified by antioxidants
Signal transduction events initiated by Kit and FcœµRI leading to specific mast cell responses, and the integration of these pathways for the synergistic enhancement of mast cell mediator release
The Wnt signaling pathway and its inhibition by Aβ aggregates
Representation of the two NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
Increased extracellular pressure appears to activate FAK through a complex dual pathway requiring an intact cytoskeleton and paxillin as well as cytoskeleton-independent activation of Src and PI3K
A model of insulin/FoxO1, TGFβ1/Smad, and TNFŒ±/cJun signaling pathway crosstalk in coordinated regulation of bile acid synthesis in the cholestatic liver injury, fibrogenesis, and regeneration
Overview of the adenylyl cyclase–cyclicAMP signaling system
Time ordered sequential events control cellular decision of migration
Proposed model for effects of agonists and antagonists on PKC activity  that controls UGT activity
Schematic overview of the integrin signaling
Briefly, mTORC1 activation leads to PI3K and MAPK inhibition through a negative feedback loop stemming from S6K1 (left panel), while treatment with mTORC1 inhibitors results in a hyperactive RTK/IRS-1/PI3K pathway, increasing the signal toward the Ras-Raf1-MEK1/2-ERK pathway (middle panel)
Growth factor and other survival signals are transduced through receptor tyrosine kinases via adaptor proteins (such as GRB2 and the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor SOS) and activate Ras and its downstream targets, Raf and MEK1/2, which results in the activation of ERK1/2
Model of the pathways involved in polycystic kidney disease
Binding of specific signalling proteins to phosphorylated tyrosine residues on KIT following receptor activation and the subsequent signalling events leading to mast cell responses
Cellular responses after six hours exposure to L
Proposed model of KSHV-induced lymphatic reprogramming of endothelial cells
Components whose mRNAs are associated with PUM1 are depicted in yellow, those bound by both PUM1 and PUM2 are shown in red
. Illustration of the key proposed mechanisms of tissue cell injury induced by DOM with photographs of target sites.
Effects of various TZDs on the PGE2 pathway
Proposed model for Rap1-mediated response on stimulated amylase  release
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and ligands: pathways and functions
Intracellular signaling activated through FGFRs
Integration of genomic and nongenomic/rapid ER signaling and its crosstalk with growth factor receptor and cell kinase pathways in endocrine resistance: a working model
Schematic diagram illustrating the canonical insulin signaling pathway
Proposed mechanism by which CCL2 induces PC3 cell survival upon serum  starvation
Interactions of KEGG pathways for differentially expressed genes in different stages of PAD
Over-representation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway genes
Differentiation of Th17 cells and inducible TREG cells
Pathway analysis of representative genes involved in the response of A549 cells exposed to crocidolite
TNF provokes a cholesterol-insensitive processing of SREBP-1 in  ethanol-exposed cells that is promoted by caspase-4 or -12 activation,  resulting in the inappropriate induction of lipogenic enzymes and consequent  accumulation of triglycerides
Metabolic pathways for the synthesis of phospholipids and neutral lipid  classes in S
PI 3-kinase/AKT-dependent pathways involved in IL-1 induction of  IL-6
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of genes specifically overexpressed in β1-Arg389 transgenic mouse hearts
Alterations in extraceullular matrix and secreted proteins associated with metastatic cancer
Alterations in adhesion-mediated signaling and cytoskeleton remodeling in metastatic cancer
The NFŒ∫B canonical signaling pathway from IPA
Schematic illustration of the involvement of death receptor pathway (right half) and mitochondrial pathway mediated (left half) apoptosis in nurse cell formation
Schematic illustration of IGF-I signaling pathway in nurse cell formation
Biosynthetic relationships between amino acids, as defined by their biosyntheses and their relationships with the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle
Mechanisms for age-associated up-regulation of PGE2 production and its interruption by vitamin E in MœÜ
Chemokines can potentially be released from damaged muscle fibres, other resident cell types within the muscle, infiltrating leucocytes or myoblasts themselves
Signaling pathway for the regulation of actin polymerization in smooth muscle
Proposed model of ICAM-1-mediated changes in Ps in microvasculature
Glycerol biosynthesis and other major pathways contributing to cytosolic NAD+/NADH balance in S
Predicted targets of miR-100 and miR-101 in the 3‚Ä≤-UTR of members of the mTOR pathway
Model of signal transduction pathway elicited by Env interaction with CCR5 required for Rac-1 activation and membrane fusion
Schematic of cross talk between cAMP/PKA and MAPK1,2 downstream of atRA signaling in HIV-infected podocytes
The RGS protein Crg2 links the mating and cAMP signal transduction pathways in C
Networks among genes involved in milk fat synthesis
Proposed effects of calcitonin and MAP kinase pathways on CD44 expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer
Putative gene function in ascorbate homeostasis and Al tolerance
PGE2 inhibits lung fibroblast collagen expression and proliferation via independent cAMP effectors
Hypothetical mechanism whereby FRNK inhibits TGF-β-induced  Œ±-SMA expression in the presence and absence of FAK
(A) In the canonical TGFβ signalling pathway, ligands signal through typ... (B) During epidermal terminal differentiation, TGFβ1 stimulation of kera...
In the apoB-dependent pathway (black arrows), apoB48 becomes assembled in the ER with initially small amounts of triglycerides that are synthesized mainly by DGAT2 and transferred via MTP
Metabolic model used for the determination of intracellular fluxes
Ingenuity pathway analysis on AP-1 related gene network
Ingenuity pathway analysis on NFŒ∫B related gene network
(A) Following LPS stimulation, TLR4 signaling bifurcates into MyD88-dependent (brown) and TRAM-dependent (blue) pathways, which activates target genes such as Tnf and Socs3, and Cxcl10 and Ifit2, respectively
Working model for the differential regulation of the SNAT2 gene  in HepG2 cells during activation of the AAR or UPR pathways
Model for gonadotropin-mediated steroidogenesis in Leydig cells
Use of MIMO models to infer regulatory interactions in breast cancer cells
Genes with differential expression in the carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma tumors were assembled into distinct metabolic pathways
Higher expression of genes involved in O-glycan synthesis in the carcinoma compared to the papillary adenocarcinoma tumors
Merger of the interaction maps for the three human proteins ING1, MEKK, and p38a (p38MAPK) based on empirical data retrieved from the STRING database
Visualization of transcriptomic (DNA microarrays) and proteomic (2D gels) data for selected genes/proteins of S. aureus COL (wild type) compared to its isogenic menD mutant (ŒîmenD) and for the hemB mutant (ŒîhemB) compared to the menD mutant (ŒîmenD) grown in TSB medium at the exponential growth phase and at early stationary phase.
Signal transduction pathways in the airway epithelia
Schematic view of part of the IGF-1 and integrin signaling pathway genes transcribed by hNCC
Essence of retrograde signaling in model organisms
NCAM upregulation leads to a functional switch
Structures and abbreviated names for metabolites in the D2HN melanin biosynthetic pathway and related shunt pathways in W
Schematic illustration of controlled AQP2 transcription in collecting  duct principal cells
A: In wild type cells, activation of either pathways result in the phosp... B: In TSC2−/− ASM cells, the loss of tuberin may lead to modification of...
Function of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling in cancer
Anti-apoptotic mechanism of survival and growth of serum-starved 5637 human bladder carcinoma cells
Proposed model for the effects of hypoxia-induced energy stress on them TOR pathway in HNSCC cells
In healthy cells, mitogenic growth factors signaling through the MAPK pathway trigger sequential phosphorylation and activation of MEK and ERK kinases, which in turn leads to stabilization of Mcl-1, activation of Bcl-2, and degradation of Bim, thereby promoting cell survival
Model for S1P2 up-regulation impairs the activation of  integrin Œ±vβ3, chemotactic,  wound-healing, and morphogenetic responses in senescent ECs
TLRs recognize molecular patterns associated with a broad range of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses
Signaling pathway for proceeding from FosB or ŒîFosB/Œî2ŒîFosB toward thrombospondin 1/TGF-β1, which regulates cell-matrix adhesion
Schematic diagram of the proposed signaling mechanism that stimulates EMT
This diagram shows the direct (solid lines) and indirect (dashed lines) interactions reported for these putative target genes (grey shading) of miRNAs de-regulated in scrapie infection in mice
The diversification of the innate immune arsenal in amphioxus
Overview of the insulin-like growth factor-I signaling pathway involved in breast cancer
Inter-individual mRNA expression variances in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with normal control (NC)
Inter-individual mRNA expression variances in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with normal control (NC)
Signal transduction pathways activated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
The TCR activates cytoplasmic kinases (including Lck, ZAP-70, and PLCγ), which signal via intermediates to induce the activation of members of three distinct families of transcription factors, Rel, activator protein‚Äì1 (AP1), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)
Redox-sensitive steps in hypothetical redox signaling pathways
Current concepts of the amino acid signaling pathway leading to protein synthesis
Schematic representation of the role of the IGF-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in SI-induced atrophy and in the amelioration of atrophy by high-load isometric contractions
Proposed mechanisms by which BK channels mediate β-adrenergic relaxation in UBSM cells with illustrations of the differential outcomes following channel pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation in the WT (top) and the BK-KO mouse (bottom), respectively
Schematic diagram showing the pathway involved in high glucose- and high  insulin-induced extracellular matrix protein synthesis mediated by GSK3β  and eIF2BŒµ
Schematic representation of tight regulation of MUC5AC mucin induction  by pneumolysin via PAK4-JNK and MKP1 signaling pathways
Schematic representation of cross talk between PKA, PI3K/AKT and WNT/CTNNB1 intracellular signaling pathways
Model depicting signaling pathways for TPR-mediated modulation of OLG development and function
Uncovering cryptic genetic variation in C
Ingenuity analyses of micro-array data indicated a canonical pathway involving insulin signalling as significantly changed in muscle of the septic patients in comparison with age-matched controls
Regulation of smooth muscle cell contraction
Serotonin is synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelial cells by tryptophan hydroxylase1 (Tph1)
Classic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway and angiotensin II (Ang II)/insulin signaling in the vascular smooth muscle cell
Role of cytokines in DC and T-cell interactions
(A) In normal airways, CFTR and ENaC coexist in the apical plasma membra... (B) In CF airways, CFTR is absent or dysfunctional and ENaC is no longer...
Model of platelet antistaphylococcal response mechanisms
TNF-induced and ROS-dependent events in target cells: the role of JNK activation in mediating cell death
Reactions of peroxynitrite leading to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death
Dual role of IL-6 in modulating insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle
Schematic representation of the relationship between hyperglycemia, iAng II, and pathological effects
Schematic model illustrating constitutive vs
(A) Diagram describing MAPK pathway including a... (B) Expression profiles of genes involved in MA... (C) PowerBlot of MAPK proteins altered in macro...
Diagrammatic representation of pathways associated with aroma production and links to associated metabolic activities
A green box means that one or more isoenzymes of this reaction is down-regulated in the phosphoketolase over-expressing strain relative to the wild type
Mutations of GM-CSFRŒ± disrupt alveolar macrophage functions and surfactant homeostasis
Complement has three initiating mechanisms known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways
Furin action in pituitary gonadotrope cells
Schematic summarizing CRF and glucocorticoid effects on the β-adrenoceptor–cAMP signaling pathway in the basolateral amygdala in influencing memory consolidation
Oxidative and alkylation DNA damage is effectively repaired by the DNA BER pathway
Schematic representation of phospholipid metabolism in S
Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals activate monocytes via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and the inflammasome
The scheme summarises different intracellular pathways during osteoblast differentiation which include promoting (blue) and inhibiting (red) factors and are mainly mediated by Smad proteins
Model of relationship between EphB2, FGFR, MAPK, and cell repulsion
Signalling pathways underlying neuronal survival and cognitive performance
Gene expression data mapped on the mouse insulin signaling pathway
Expression of an oncogenic allele of BRAF (BRAFV600E) in human cells induces senescence
General regulatory mechanism of the HOG signaling pathway in fungi
Proposed model for SHC-1 function in the KGB-1 JNK signaling pathway
AKT reduces the growth-inhibitory function of TGF-β1
Network of differentially expressed genes in the cell cycle control pathway in sorted R1/R2 Eklf−/− E13.5 fetal liver cells
Modulation of epithelial barrier function by lactobacilli
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway and SARS-CoV
Gene expression and metabolite levels in the distal network pathways related to Met- and Trp-derived GS biosynthesis
Schematic illustration of the inflammatory myocardial contractile depressant model, with the general pathway illustrated on the left and specifics of these pathways on the right Although the pathway is illustrated as a linear system to aid in clarity, the in vivo responses are more complex with many of the effector factors, such as TNF, IL-1 or nitric oxide, being able to serve as inducing factors as well
Pathway schematic of significantly regulated genes in (A) NF-Œ∫B signalling and (B) MAP kinase signalling
Diagram illustrating how inhibition of ABCG2 could lead to accumulation of PPIX and elevated levels of ROS, which in turn caused DNA damage and eventually activating p53 and γH2AX, Activation of p53 lead to downregulation of Nanog whilst γH2AX causes cell cycle arrest
Networks were generated using the Ingenuity tool for both proteomic and microarray data from this study
The ATM pathway map on the left was based on http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~spike/images/1.png.
Hierarchical layout of the EGFR1 pathway downloaded from the HPRD pathway database []
Hierarchical layout of the B-cell receptor pathway downloaded from the   HPRD pathway database []
Putative biochemical pathways involving MGAT3
Progressive changes in progenitor cells during motor neuron development
Olig2 and the transcription factor network controlling motor neuron differentiation
Signalling pathways involved in the induction of astrocyte specification/differentiation
A schematic view of the Vav family-regulated signaling pathways of DT40  B-cells
PPARs are mediators of lipid signaling in inflammation and cancer
TFPI anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory activities
A current model of the Neurospora circadian negative feedback loop
The classical view of three independent Wnt signalling pathways
A new model for neural induction in Xenopus laevis embryos
The model of HOG signaling pathway response during the long-term  hypersaline adaptation in the extremely halophilic H
Cellular model of song-regulated synapsin expression in NCM, depicting direct and indirect pathways of synapsin regulation
A, Classical ER membrane-associated and nuclear-associated signaling
A hypothetical pathway for β2AR-mediated antiapoptotic effect in H9c2 cardiomyocytes
Simplified schematic drawing of the TGF-β-Smad pathway
Pathway analysis of genes that contain the 100 most differentially methylated CpG sites between normal and lung cancer tissue samples (p-value < 0.005)
Diagram representing the steady-state basal (top) and an acute IGF-I-dependent (bottom) regulation of IK and IK1 by MAPKs and PI3K in sham (left) and hypertrophied (right) cardiomyocytes
Bimodal genes that were switched "on" as a result of HIV infection in KEGG T-cell receptor signalling pathways
Ras signaling pathway influences the outcome of oncolytic virus G207 insult in MPNST cells
Biological network representing the schizophrenia p-value ranking
Biological network representing the bipolar disorder p-value ranking
Molecular Mechanisms in COPD pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets
ECM-receptor interaction pathway enriched by human switch-like genes
Model: Role of Malonyl-CoA in the Hypothalamic Control of Feeding BehaviorGlucose delivered to the brain is metabolized to pyruvate, which is translocated into the mitochondrion where pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase catalyze the balanced synthesis of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate for the net synthesis of citrate
Outline of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway indicating the principal core pathway components in Drosophila as well as the two pathway target genes used to generate pathway responsive reporter constructs (see text for details)
The signalling pathways mediated by vGPCR
Upstream regulators and downstream targets of β-catenin during embryonic liver development
Three Wnt signaling pathways (modified from Huelsken and Behrens, 2002)
Simplified schemes of the three Wnt signaling cascades
Schematic diagrams depicting the Wnt signaling pathways
Possible mechanisms of ethylene-GA crosstalk revealed by the analysis of the gai eto2-1 double mutant
Inhibition of each signaling molecules by natural products in insulin signaling
Apoptosis pathways: The extrinsic or death receptor pathway (left) is triggered by members of the death receptor superfamily such as Fas
Potential intrafollicular predictors and regulators of oocyte quality within the oocyte–somatic cell regulatory loop
Activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-Œ∫B in response to infection with a single-stranded RNA virus
Mechanisms underlying interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α synergistic/antagonistic actions in airway resident cells
An integrative model of differential recruitment of cellular calcium mobilization mechanisms
Signaling pathways that regulate actin polymerization and myosin II motors in smooth muscle cell migration
Pathways of global genome nuclear excision repair (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled nuclear excision repair (TC-NER)
Schematic diagram of signaling pathways triggered by bacterial components, saturated fatty  acids, and adipokines in epithelial and innate immune cells leading to either activation or negative regulation of proinflammatory pathways related to obesity and insulin resistance
Top network of upregulated genes in quadriceps muscles of COPD patients, compared with control subjects
During chronic inflammation, decreased tissue perfusion and increased energy demand causes hypoxia
From oxygen to HIF and from HIF to oxygen
From nutrients to HIF and from HIF to metabolism
From the extracellular matrix to HIF and from HIF to the extracellular matrix
A, in a non-catabolic state, stimulation with growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and hormones, such as insulin, leads to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling cascade
Mitochondrial regulation of the apoptotic pathway is altered in disease and modulated by sirolimus treatment
Signaling mechanisms underlying the cooperation between D2 receptors and group I mGluRs to induce I-LTD in dopamine neurons
Working model for Eph receptor function in tumor promotion and tumor suppression
Schematic representation of the erbB family and the IGF/IGF-1R system
Regulation of sodium transport by PAR2 in the rat cTAL
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway
A model of the role of the AMPK-GSK3β-CREB signaling pathway in  gluconeogenesis
A model for TRAF6- and MEKK1-mediated signal for IFN-β production  in the RLH/IPS-1 signaling pathway
(Left panel) In unstretched myocytes, Shp2 associates with and dephosphorylates FAK, inhibiting FAK activity
DHA, NPD1, and βAPP-derived Aβ peptide signaling circuits in homeostatic aging and in AD
Macroautophagy occurs at a basal level and can be induced in response to environmental signals including nutrients and hormones, and also microbial pathogens
Primary sequence alterations and significant copy number changes for components of the (a) RTK/RAS/PI-3K, (b) p53, and (c) RB signaling pathways are shown
Common polymorphisms in the genes associated with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Factors involved in the regulation of corporal smooth muscle tone
Based on duration and biochemical mechanisms, LTP has been classified into three distinct phases that have been termed LTP1, LTP2, and LTP3: LTP1 is a short-lasting (1 hour) early form of LTP that requires post-translational modification of synaptic proteins but is independent of protein synthesis
Reduction of hydrogen peroxide mediated by thioredoxin (A) and glutathione (B) pathways
Genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma frequently occur in genes of the MAPK signalling, p53 signalling, Wnt signalling, cell cycle and mTOR pathways
Response to pathway inhibitors of tumor cells depends on the mechanism of pathway activation
Signaling pathways involved in ET-1-induced c-jun expression
The complex relationship between PI3-K, mTOR and PKB signalling
An overview of the key proteins regulated by PKB that are involved in metabolism (yellow); cell cycle progression (green); cellular growth (red); cell survival and apoptosis (blue); angiogenesis (orange) and neurological processes (purple)
Schematic illustration of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Some cellular processes implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH
Genetic control of the RAM maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Summary of caspase 2-mediated signaling cascades in heat-induced germ cell apoptosis
The NOS/NO signaling pathways that regulate AJ and TJ dynamics in the testes
The TLR pathway and interactions with the specific immune response
Expression by QPCR of selected genes from differentially expressed pathways
Schematic representation of molecular toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract which act as sensors and are the first responders in the major pathway by which the immune system detects infection or damaged tissue
Key pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis and molecularly targeted agents currently under investigation in treatment of advanced HCC
Activation pathways of the complement system and complement regulatory proteins
A simplified signalling pathway is depicted to highlight known examples of bona fide oncogenes that are subjected to dysregulation by various mechanisms
Some putative molecular mechanisms that underlie the antineoplastic activity of mesalazine
Roles of the ILS pathway and HSF1 in aggregation toxicity and longevity
KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially regulated genes demonstrates enrichment of components of the MAPK, Focal adhesion and TGF-β signaling
The interferon-γ signaling pathway and mutations in its components found in human uterine leiomyosarcoma
Intersection sets of the differentially expressed miRNAs constitute complex interaction networks.A Venn diagram illustrating the production of intersection sets from three miRNA target prediction algorithms
(A) Several molecular features in the cell body of an oxidatively stress... (B) The possible toxicological events initiated by oxidative stress
Activation of various receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR, C-KIT, C-MET, FGFR, IGF1R, and others) by their cognate ligands (VEGF, SCF, HGF, FGF, and IGF1/2, respectively) leads to proliferation and survival of melanoma cells through two interacting signal transduction pathways
Apoptotic cell death can be initiated through two main pathways: the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
Group I mGluRs activate eEF2K via calcium-calmodulin (CaM)
HMG-R inhibitors block the conversion of 3-HMG-CoA to mevalonate, preventing the formation of Farnesyl-PP and Geranylgeranyl-PP and subsequently, prenylation of Ras, Raf, Rho and lamin B. HMG-R inhibitors also block cholesterol, thereby disrupting Cav-1 associated signaling and lipid bodies.
a) Conversion of Glucose to PRPP. Glucose and A... b) Conversion of PRPP to ATP or GTP. PRPP and g... c) Cofactor Regeneration Schemes. NTP Regenerat...
Illustrated are two canonical Smad pathways originating from two representative tetrameric receptors
Two pathways that promote axon formation by regulating SAD activity or SAD protein levels
Ligand-induced activation of PPARŒ± prevents G1‚ÜíS VSMC cell cycle progression and proliferation by transcriptionally increasing expression levels of the CDKI p16, an effect that represses the activity of cyclin D-cdk4/6 complexes to phosphorylate pocket proteins
Schematic representations of the activated RAS-MAPK, RASSF1A/NORE1A, and Dab2IP/ASK1 pathways, iNOS signalling, and FOXM1-related pathways involved in the dysregulation of cell growth and apoptosis in HCC
Signaling pathways that regulate the cAMP-induced exocytic insertion of Ntcp into the basolateral membrane
Signaling pathways involved in the exocytic insertion of canalicular transporters promoted by cAMP and by TC and TUDC
Signaling pathways involved in the co-stimulation of the canalicular targeting of AE2 and AQP8 by cAMP
Schematic of fluorescent assay formats used to characterize kinase inhibitors within the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway
Downstream effects of Ras glutathionylation in response to endogenous H2O2 production
Downstream effects of Ras glutathionylation in response to exogenous peroxinitrite or oxLDL
S-glutathionylation as a regulator of the JNK and MAPK signaling pathways in cancer
Ciliary functions of cystoproteins: mechanosensation and cell cycle control
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways
IL-6 induced classical and trans-signaling pathways
Negative regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway
Activity-dependent gene expression in neurons
Microarray data for the genes in the pathway coined from the central genes in the KEGG pathways ‘insulin signaling pathway’ and ‘adipocytokine signaling pathway’
Integration of lipid metabolic and inflammatory signaling in macrophages by LXRs.Recognition of cytokines, bacterial components, or intact pathogens by their corresponding receptors initiates expression of proinflammatory genes (e.g., iNOS)
NO activates sGC, and produced cGMP regulates PKG, PDE2, PDE3, and/or protein phosphatase (PPase)
Cellular mechanisms of estrogen-Induced vascular relaxation and remodeling
Proposed mechanisms of HDACi-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells involving the mitochondrial pathway
Sub-Cellular and Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Polar PIN Localization.A model of regulators and pathways contributing to polar PIN localization in roots is proposed based on results discussed in this review
Insulin can inhibit Foxo1 transcriptional activity through Irs1/2→PI3K→Akt pathway to phosphorylate Foxo1
Redox regulation of stress-responsive kinase (SAPK) signaling pathways
Redox regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
In the steady state, transmembrane vascular-endothelium cadherin molecules form a calcium-dependent zipperlike structure across adjacent cell membranes, through homophilic interactions
Both S100A8 and S100A9 induce the expression of SAA3 specifically in future metastasis sites in the lung, promoting Mac1+ myeloid and endothelial cell engraftment
The pathway involving the conversion of glucose to fatty acids (FAs) begins with citrate metabolism
Proposed pathway for metabolic activation and detoxication of aristolochic acid I (AAI), leading to renal injury and urothelial cancer
A schematic model depicting the potential preventative effects of RA against AP-1–dependent activation of COX-2 expression
Arf is induced by potentially oncogenic signals stemming from overexpression of oncogenes such as c-Myc, E2F-1, and activated Ras
Receptors that sense danger signals released from neighboring injured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells
Summary of proposed TG-FN mediated RGD-independent cell adhesion  pathway
Stoichiometry of the glycolytic, fermentative, and tricarboxylic acid  cycle (TCA) pathway
Schematic models of the roles of Gab1 in IGF-I-dependent myogenic  differentiation
Signaling through PAK in the hyperosmotic response pathway
Neuroendocrine control of pituitary and gonadal function
Regulation of Wnt/-catenin signalling pathway
The unfolded protein response in mammalian cells
Mechanistic model to the action of H2O2 and TSA in oxidative-damaged HCT116 p53+/+ colorectal cancer cells
Schematic representation of membrane VEGF receptors expressed by astroglial tumour cells
Caveolin-1 is a highly versatile regulator of cell signaling
Schematic representation of HSPs regulatory function in the intrinsic (A), extrinsic and caspase independent pathways to death (B)
Schematic representation of Tie2 (Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor) structure and Ang-1-Tie2 signallingsignaling
Schematic representation of the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor signaling pathways
Summary of possible IL-24-induced effects
Exposure of a melanoma cell to Wnt5a and a gradient of the chemokine CXCL12 polarizes the localization of the cell adhesion protein MCAM and the cytoskeleton (actomyosin) to overlapping regions that are distal to the Golgi, promoting migration toward the chemokine source
Interaction network and subcellular localization of differentially regulated genes by dasatinib in K562 cells
Actions of IGF-1 and angiotensin II in skeletal muscle
Classical neurotransmitters of clozapine neighborhood in A auto-layout format and B a gamut of multifunctional molecules identified by IPA core and functional analyses (see table 2)
Diagram of a PI3 kinase–aPKC signaling pathway mediating Wnt attraction in axon guidance
Model of the proposed p75NTR- and GIRK channel-mediated cell death signaling pathway
Increased sensitivity of mutant huntingtin striatal cells to glutamate and dopamine receptor activation involves enhanced Cdk5 activity
Proposed model of IL-18-mediated microglia/astrocyte interaction in the spinal cord
Posttranscriptional regulation of γ-GCSh mRNA stability by the MAP kinase pathway under oxidative-stress conditions
The Notch, Wnt, and SHH signaling pathways
NF-Œ∫B signaling and MDR gene expression
Nrf2 and transcriptional regulation of γ-GCSh expression
The role of caspases in promoting the pathology associated with AD
Cascade between VEGFA, a direct target of BP1, and its downstream target genes in cell proliferation
A schematic composite of the complex protein circuitries identified by the authors and others utilizing immunohistochemistry in cases of HSIL and/or invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix [, , ] and depicting established interrelationships with both HPV-encoded oncoproteins - E5, E6, and E7 [–, , , ] and with the mTOR pathway
Genes regulated by SHP in PPAR signaling pathway
Edges are displayed with labels that describe the nature of the relationship between the nodes
Model of the MAPK signaling module organized by arrestin
Signaling pathway mediating thrombin-induced NF-Œ∫B  activation in endothelial cells
Fig. 1: Working model showing potential routes by which stressors and cytokines could influence depressive state.
IL-6—and depending on the presence of its soluble IL-6R—induces neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation into astrocytes [via glia progenitor cells (GPC), pathway indicated by green arrows] and neurons [via neuronal progenitor cells (NPC), pathway indicated by red arrows]
DCs play an important role in inducing the differentiation of Th17 cells through the TLR9 effector pathway that upregulates the Notch ligand dll4
An enlarged section of the ubiquitin-proteasome system canonical pathway highlighting proteasome subunits and their reported IFNγ-induced exchange in formation of the “immunoproteasome” (, )
Mechanistic model for particle-related proinflammatory response that is consistent with our in vivo and in vitro data for CDNPs
A hypothetical scheme of activation of the murine Hamp1 promoter
Jak/Stat canonical pathway in human diabetic nephropathy as assessed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
Schematic representation of OPRM1-GŒ±i2-Src kinase  signaling pathway in lipid rafts
(A) Under normal circumstances, insulin stimula... (B) Mutation in INSR prevents activation of bot... (C) Mutation in the AKT2 gene impairs inhibitio...
Regulation of OC differentiation and OC-osteoblast coupling
Platelets have activities that span the continuum from acute inflammation to adaptive immune responses
. Signal pathways by autocrine motility factor (AMF).
Strategies to inhibit the VEGF signalling pathway
There were a total of 49 ligands (see  for complete list), 14 receptors, and 6 outputs
The three critical network reactions are highlighted in red
There were three critical network reactions that controlled the IL-1 induced activation of NF-kappa-B
The two critical network reactions MyD88 dimerization and TRAF6/IRAK1 ubiquitination are highlighted in red
Highly simplified schematic of PKA involvement in the AHP reduction after learning
Diagram of working hypothesis illustrating the mechanisms of HO-2-dependent excitation to hypoxia (hypoxic hypoxia and NaCN)
Model of adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, and leucine zipper motif (APPL1)-mediated adiponectin and insulin-signaling pathways
RST inhibits the first step of cholesterol/isoprenoid biosynthesis by blocking 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, thus reducing the formation of mevalonate from HMG-CoA
Pathways and networks associated with HSPA9, PHB, and ABCB6
The gene RE frequencies in the cell cycle pathway
Links between MAP kinase signaling cascades and control of LDL receptor expression in HepG2 cells
Model whereby increased Fgfr3 signaling in chondrocytes causes premature synchondrosis closure and unification of ossification centers
Metabolic pathway for PhIP activation and induced mutations
Top-level, intermediate, and MAP kinase modules are colored in orange, magenta, and navy, respectively
Visualization of molecular interaction and reaction networks in the KEGG database
Proposed integrated model for local water transport inhibition by activation of P2Y2 and adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) in inner medullary collecting duct principal cell
Homologies between mammalian and insect immune defense pathways
Schematic representation of tPA's role in acute cocaine-induced neuronal signaling
Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Pathogenetic mechanisms of CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPŒ±) dysfunction
Model showing RBR3 role in the RBR/E2F pathway controlling the expression of MCM2–7 genes, DNA replication, and cell transformation
Schematic representation of activation of α-secretase as a target for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease
Proposed model involving GSK-3 inhibition and the mTOR pathway to stimulate human β-cell growth and proliferation
Pathway mapping of OPC differentiation inducer genes
PD-1 signaling leads to dephosphorylation of molecules in the T cell activation cascade previously phosphorylated in response to TCR ligation
Model of KLF14-mediated TGFβRII silencing
A molecular interaction map displaying the functional interaction of genes in the MEK/ERK output profile with established roles in ERK signaling
Models of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling in tumor cells with RTK activation and with V600EBRAF
Model of insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling in AD
Conversations between Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK signaling pathways
The iron acquisition pathway in developing erythroblasts The Fe(III)-Tf complex binds to specific receptors present on the cell surface, inducing the formation of an endocytic vesicle
Because lin-17 mutants have both underextension and overextension defects, we propose that LIN-17/Fz can activate both a canonical pathway that attracts axons (or prevents axon termination) (left) and a yet uncharacterized pathway that repels axons (or triggers axon termination) (right)
Phenotypic proteome comparison at the pathway level
Binding of ghrelin to GHS-R1a activates the generation of the second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) by PI3K activation through Gi/o-protein dependent signaling pathway
Schematic of possible site for alcohol-induced inhibition of muscle protein synthesis
Resistance to stress conditions is essential for melanoma cells survival
The foetal liver-placenta-maternal liver excretory pathway
A proposed model for the signaling pathway of Cao-induced keratinocyte differentiation
Schematic representation of the potential consequences of the presence of KSHV-induced ANG for the infected endothelial cell population
Knockdown of Mtmr8 promotes PI3K/Akt pathway and prevents Hh signaling pathway
Activation of the G2/M checkpoint after DNA damage
Enrichment of TGF-beta signaling pathway
Enrichment of Jak-STAT signaling pathway
Sample signalling scheme showing pathways known to be active in melanoma
Schematic of hypothetical signaling pathway linking cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 4 activation and 20-HETE-induced protection from apoptosis
Representation of the noxious inflammatory cycle in CF cell: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and external stimuli, such as pathogens, activate ERK pathway and promote dissociation of NF-Œ∫B/IŒ∫B complexe leading to NF-Œ∫B activation
Network analysis using Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software
Corticosterone (CORT) binds to a yet-uncharacterized membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptor (mbGR) that activates the Gs–cAMP/PKA pathway to induce endocannabinoid (eCB) synthesis
Hypothetical model for the end-joining mechanisms during CSR
In endothelial cells, after activation, VEGFR2 is able to stimulate the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway through PI3K
Hypergraph representation of the Boolean model for yeast glucose repression
NKT and MAIT cells both arise in the thymus from uncommitted DN precursors
Brain lobes and the ring gland are indicated
Core pathways involved in the pathogenesis of gliomas.Note the interrelationships between p53, RB, growth factor receptor, PTEN/PI3K/AKT and RAS signaling on the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis
(A) Lithium directly inhibits key enzymes including IPPase and IMPase... (B) Overview of the                   Wnt and GSK3 signaling pathways. B...
Intracellular signaling of MET and other RTKs occurs via the PI3K or ERK1/2                   pathways
The degree of genetic risk is indicated by shading, with darker color indicating                   increased risk
Wnt ligands bind to transmembrane receptors of the Frizzled family
Each subfigure depicts the MFs and logic rules for the FL gates: (A) ERK, (B) MK2, (C) JNK, (D) IKK, (E) MEK, (F) IRS(Y), (G) ProC3, (H) FKHR, (I) Akt, (J) IRS(S), and (K) Casp8
(A) The original network diagram is adapted from Janes et al.  and was u... (B) This diagram depicts the global FL model, comprised of the 11 local...
A model for the expanded canonical Wnt/GSK3 signaling pathway
β-catenin regulation and function in less contracted and more contracted clubfoot tissues
The 3 mechanistic pathways known to be disturbed in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Model for P2X7R-induced signalling pathway involved in MP shedding and large pore opening in glial cells
Pathway for synthesis of native and foreign lipids in E
Juxtaposition of apical endoplasmic reticulum and mucin secretory  granules
Epithelial SC compartments in the mammalian intestine and the skin and Wnt signaling in SCs
Overview of the EXT/HSPG pathway involved in both peripheral and central chondrosarcomas
Model for the signaling pathways downstream of NK1R
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway of AngII-induced aldosterone production mediated by βarr1
Proposed pathway for polyoxin biosynthesis
Defective respiration of Œîisc1 in the post-diauxic  phase
The Proposed Mechanism of Selection by Environmental Stresses on the Polymorphisms of p53 Codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309The polymorphisms p53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309 are under selective pressure from the environmental stresses of winter temperature and UV radiation, respectively
The major pathway and inflammatory mediators of sepsis and its related conditions
Schematic representation of the proposed model
Roles of ROS in the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling and p38 pathway (Modified from Ref
Model of signaling by pleckstrin leading to platelet activation
Model for the mechanism of Xe-Cdc25A degradation and cell cycle arrest induced by the ERK pathway
IMP impedes Ras mitogenic signaling by limiting KSR1 complexes
Microarray data were collected, and the network of genes encoding enzymes involved in the sphyngolipid metabolism and predicted target genes that are significantly modulated was represented
Schematic diagram of metabolic pathways and 13C labeling patterns related to reverse flux through pyruvate kinase in skeletal muscle after [U-13C3]lactate administration
A model for the reciprocal misregulation of 24p3 and 24p3R expression by BCR–ABL
Schematic diagram of signaling in the PI3K/Akt pathway and deregulations detected in GRMD skeletal muscle
Novel functional modules with dynamic gene expression changes potentially linked to prion pathophysiology: (A) androgen metabolism, (B) iron metabolism, (C) arachidonate/phospholipid metabolism
Schematic representation of the glutamatergic synapse and the postsynaptic neuronal signaling pathways relevant to ASD, with the putative location of the proteins encoded by the genes affected by the CNVs detected [(1) PIK3CB, (2) PIK3R4, (3) PIP5K3, (4) DLG2, (5) RAF1, (6) PDPK1, (7) CHRNA7, (8) AGXT2L2, (9) GRM8 and (10) NAPG]
Model for regulation of osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by substrate rigidity
Regulated molecules in canonical signalling pathways identified by IPA
Loss of PTEN function results in accumulation of PIP3, which  activates a cascade of signaling molecules
Model for the assembly of 14-3-3:Shc scaffolds
Hypoxia-invoked response of the glycolysis gene network
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated regulation of vascular tone
Classification of lung adenocarcinoma reflects progression along a spectrum of invasiveness spanning epithelial atypia, bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma (BAC), BAC with foci of microinvasion, and invasive adenocarcinoma
Circulating blood monocytes adhere to activated endothelium at sites of disease or injury
Altered insulin signaling by lipid intermediates
Illustration of differences in the expression of genes for early steps of sphingolipid metabolism using a KEGG-based microarray analysis tool (GenMapp v2.1) that has been modified to display this pathway more completely (www.sphingomap.org)
The scheme shows some of the potential kinase activity-dependent and scaffold-dependent mechanisms by which GRK2 may modulate epithelial cell migration
Model showing the possible signaling pathway for ExtCaM-induced stomatal closure
Bile acids and FGF19 increase stability of hepatic SHP by inhibiting ubiquitin–proteasomal degradation and activating ERK pathway
Activation of Akt in the cytoplasm (A) vs
Major trends in mRNA expression at 56 days on experimental diets and summary network analysis among genes
Solid lines show relationships established with experimental evidence
A schematic model illustrating multiple signaling pathways in regulating StAR gene transcription
Graphical representation of the gp130/JAK/STAT pathway
Inhibition of the l-mevalonate pathway for immunomodulation
Model of Filia's role in ensuring euploidy of early cleavage embryos
PRO mapping to the Reactome TGF-beta signaling pathway
Model depicting pathways involved in activation and inactivation of  nPKCŒ∑
Model for SLK activation and recruitment at the leading edge
Working hypothesis for how meiotic arrest is maintained and how LH  causes meiotic resumption in follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes
Illustration of some of the key enzymes involved in the metabolism of methotrexate (MTX)
Full lines, H4MPT-dependent pathway, H4F-dependent pathway, serine cycle and ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway for glyoxylate regeneration; broken line, tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions (2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity (and a dissimilatory TCA cycle) are not essential for methylotrophic growth , )
Activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis during cisplatin nephrotoxicity by p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Specificity of thyroid hormone signaling through plasma membrane integrins
Proposed signaling pathway for adenosine-mediated inhibition of collagen production
Schematic of a link between glucose and insulin signaling in β-cells
An integrated model for the function of TopBP1 in the normal cell cycle and in cancer cells
Cpr2 activates the pheromone signalling pathway to regulate morphogenesis in C
mTOR supports hESC long-term self-renewal by promoting cell proliferation and repressing differentiation: A model
Mechanisms of insulin–EGF signal integration
p53-regulated pathway analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base (IPKB)
Schematic representation of the fungal cell wall and downstream cellular responses following engagement of Dectin-1 and TLRs on antigen presenting cells (APC)
In MSTN-null mice, regulators of the PI3K pathway and cell survival/apoptosis likely contribute to muscle hypertrophy
(A) DNA damage activates IKKβ, which can phosphorylate Bcl-xL and enhance its degradation (arrow 1)
NO/cGMP and calcium signaling in osteoblast mechanotransduction
Putative signaling pathways involved in the  anti-proliferative/prosurvival actions of Lot1 in cerebellar granule  cell precursors
Model for regulation of chondrocyte morphogenesis by Fzd signaling
Red denotes genes with increased expression in the autistic sibling while green indicates decreased expression
Color coding of entities associated with gene network: Red – upregulated genes; pink – other genes which are part of the regulatory network constructed by the pathway analysis program; green - small molecules; orange - functional class; purple - disorders
Schemata of mechanisms underlying the prevention of diabetes development by inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS)
Signaling pathway leading to Egr-1 biosynthesis in thrombin or carbachol-stimulated 39M1-81 cells
GG, EG, and EE links in the calcium signaling pathway
The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (pi3k)/protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway
Ingenuity pathway analysis of proteins displaying alterations in expression patterns following infliximab treatment in patients deemed to be non-responders
A: The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and the fold-changes induced for each of the enzymes within the pathway are indicated
A proposed scheme showing potential alternative pathways and redundancy in the biosynthesis pathway of PIMs, LM, and ManLAM
The model of stress -signalling to PRC1: In the nucleus of resting cells, a sub-population of MK2 (and MK3) is associated to PRC1 via specific interaction to Edr2 (and/or Edr1)
The role of matriptase-2 in the hepcidin regulatory pathway
Antigrowth signaling pathway and cluster around SMAD proteins
(a) Apoptosis pathway. (b) Differentially changed gene relations in apoptosis pathway. Red edge...
(a) Growth signal pathway. (b) Differentially changed relations in growth signal pathway. Red edges...
CG numbers are given for each Drosophila pathway component, as well as the protein names or complex names for their human orthologues
Schematic of networks used to generate simulated data
(A) Nodal signaling pathway. (B) Bmp signaling pathway. (C) Shh signaling pathway. ActR2A, activin A re...
Doxorubicin resistance mechanisms in chondrosarcoma cells
Purine biosynthetic pathway, showing protein abundance changes for the P
A schematic model of the angiopoietin-Tie2 ligand-receptor system
A simplified hypothetical illustration of signaling in response to low and high LET IR in U-1810 cells
The glycolysis pathway is altered in a grade-specific manner
Molecular targets of natural chemopreventive agents
Maintenance of the G1/S DNA damage checkpoint in the presence and absence of Cdk2
Potential targets for immunosuppressive drugs
Signaling control of mesenchymal and amoeboid cell phenotypes
Schematic overview of the human tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) apoptosis pathway
Hormone and nutrient signaling pathways modulating leptin translation
Glycerol phosphate pathway for de novo triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycerophospholipid synthesis
IL-1β-induced upregulation of RGS4 expression in colonic SMCs via canonical IKK2/IŒ∫B-Œ±/NF-Œ∫B signaling is differentially modulated by the MAPK and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathways
Proposed mechanism by which PSD-95 interferes with D1–NMDA receptor interaction and uncouples modulation of D1 function by the NMDA receptor
[Right] The schematic depicts an interconnected signaling network organized as collection of modules that define pathway structure
In young mutant mice with low p25 expression, GSK3β is inhibited by phosphorylation at Ser 9
A summary of the pathways transduced by the primary cilium
HIV-1 TAT T cell receptor signaling pathway
Display of genes with high expression in IVF embryos
Proposed model for the effect of HPTE in the granulosa cell
A sub-network associated with the Wnt signaling pathway
Cl− channels and their corresponding molecular entities or candidates are indicated
HCO3− entry is mediated by SLC26A3 with an exchange of 2Cl−/HCO3−
Schematic illustration of the proposed stimulation of HAS isoform regulation by prostaglandins in cancer cells
The classic pathway is initiated by the binding of C1q, C1r and C1s (the C1 complex) to antibodies linked to the activation surface
(A) Carbazole-catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas strains harboring pCAR1.1... (B) Genetic organization of the car and ant clusters on pCAR1.1 or pCAR1...
Revised PIM and LAM biosynthetic pathway in M
Schematic representation of the VACV- and CPXV-stimulated PI3K/Akt pathway of biological relevance in spontaneously immortalized A31 and MEF cells
Simplified schematic illustrates how the ERβ mediates activation of PI3K/Akt and apoptotic pathway and thus protects the female myocardium in response to I/R
A simplified schematic representation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway driven by muscle contraction, insulin, essential amino acids (leucine), and/or energy
A simplified schematic representation of the interaction between the mTORC1 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways following muscle contraction and/or insulin stimulation
Schematic representation of death receptor signaling
Signal-secreting cells (left) release the morphogen protein Hh after modifying it through the addition of two lipid molecules
Model of the NKG2D signaling pathway in CTLs
PDE4B signaling interactions highlight novel opportunities for combined therapeutic approaches in DLBCL
Schematic representation of the ER–mitochondria apoptotic signalling pathway operating in cells devoid of mitochondrial BAK and BAX, and of ER-located BAX
Diabetes alters the expression of multiple genes of the TGF-β pathway (left side of the panel) and BMPs pathway (right side) in rat retinal vessels
Alternative kinetic model incorporating unknown transcription factor (TFx) activation by Eda/Edar signaling
Schematic diagram showing pathways of EET-mediated improved left ventricular function
(A) Hepatocytes sense HCV dsRNA structures via pattern recognition recep... (B) Binding of IFN-β to the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR-1 and -2) activates...
Distributions of the orthologous gene groups containing duplicate genes that arose through 3R-WGD (shown as gray boxes) in the network diagrams
(A) Under hypoxia, brain tumor cells undergo HIF-1α stabilization, due t... (B) Raise of extracellular/intracellular oxygen tension and/or exogenous...
An emerging model for progesterone action in the human breast shares common features with a proposed paracrine mechanism of action model for progesterone in the rodent mammary gland (,,)
A schematic drawing illustrating that the occludin/ZO-1/FAK is a regulatory protein complex that mediates CdCl2-induced BTB disruption, which is likely used by the testis to restructure BTB at stages VIII–IX of the epithelial cycle to facilitate the passage of primary leptotene spermatocytes
Insulin signal pathway and insulin insensitive
Scheme indicating expression of Tcf4 proteins and effects of Wnt–β-catenin signaling to inhibit the transition from premyelinating to mature oligodendrocyte
Overview of catabolic pathways encoded by the T
Several intracellular changes, including down-regulation of PKA-RIIŒ±, PKIγ and PTG (green arrows) and up-regulation of t-Darpp (red arrow) work coordinately to enhance PKA activity
Upon binding of insulin, the IR undergoes autophosphorylation which enables the receptor to have a kinase activity and phosphorylates various cytoplasmic substrates, such as IRSs
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathway for Ang II-stimulated VSMC migration
(A) Expression of ion... (B) These signals mani... (C) These processes ar... (D) These processes fe... (E) Downstream of thes... (F) The ultimate resul...
Proposed model for As2O3-dependent activation of the mTOR pathway in a negative feedback regulatory manner in malignant cells
Proposed mechanism for MAP4K3 cell death signaling
Possible signal transduction pathways of photosynthetic redox signals
Metabolic implication of leaf mitochondria during water stress
Schematic representation of PROK1 induction of RCAN1-4 and IL-8
Schematic diagram illustrating four possible pathways for NAD biosynthesis
Direct targets of WT1 identified in the Wnt signaling pathway
The isoform numbers of the key enzymes in Arabidopsis (At) and rice are indicated
MetaCore analysis of altered signaling pathways in OSCC samples
Pathway involved in dehydration-dependent functional and regulatory networks in rice nucleus
Similarities between the Cry toxin mode of action in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
Surface components of P. acnes are recognized by both CD36 and TLR-2.
The IGF system: receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways
Proposed model for FAK-dependent mechanism for the effects of CD151
Schematic of estrogen and membrane ERŒ±-inhibiting ATR pathway signaling after DNA damage
DNA replication checkpoint pathways in different organisms
TrmB is a global bifunctional regulator, which coordinates the expression of evolutionarily diverse metabolic enzyme genes
Signal transduction mechanisms implicated in leptin action
Schematic representation of the putative role of TSPO in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)
Proposed TGF-β-induced MCP-1/CCR2 loop in podocytes
(A) Illustration of the mating pathway, initiated by pheromone stimulati... (B) Schematic representation of the core of our model with forward proce...
A sketched summary of the different actions by oligomers and fibrillar aggregates in LAN5 cell apoptosis activation
S-phase signaling pathways inferred with different heuristics
TLR-mediated innate immune signaling pathway
Signaling pathway inferred from a gene regulatory network
Canonical pathway underlines genes involved in inflammatory cytokines signalisation from the primary/secondary response comparison (PM8-MM8)
T cell receptor signalling canonical pathway obtained by IPA obtained in comparison MM8_PM8
Pathways of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, highlighting roles of Bcl-2 family members
Model for early- and late-phase platelet aggregation regulated through  PAR1
Signal transduction through activin receptors
Proposed model for integration of TCR and CCR7-triggered signals
A model for Notch1 signaling-enhanced apoptosis induction by TRAIL in HCC cells
An overview of the different NKG2D signalling pathways (arrows) in mice and humans and the consequences of their interaction with different receptor pathways, e.g.
(a) One subcluster identified by our method consists of proteins presuma... (b) Detailed interpretation of the relationships between each protein fr...
Proposed model of the relationship between p70S6K2 and the HH pathway
Crosstalk between Raf-dependent, positively regulated signal cascades and a PP2A-dependent negative signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
G protein-dependent and G protein-independent signaling activities of M33
Model for regulation of mTORC1 signaling by mTOR S1261 phosphorylation
PrPC and TNAP are GPI-anchored membrane proteins, which majorly reside in rafts
Interaction between insulin and interferon-alfa signaling pathway
The two main pathways involved in apoptosis regulation
In the absence of cytokines or growth factors, the stress-induced PI3K-AKT pathway and the p53 pathway are activated
Schematic showing signaling mechanism of β3 integrin-mediated Ub for NFŒ∫B activation and cIAP1 expression during compensatory cardiac hypertrophy
A potential model for estradiol-induced GCH1 transcription in PAECs
Model for the role of Mal connecting PI3K to TLR2/6
Multiple regulatory pathways for N-WASP and WAVE2 activation
Predicted general metabolism and solute transport in T
Schematic representation of DUOX1 involvement in TLR-mediated IL-8 production in response to bacterial stimuli
The exocytic signal conferred by PI signaling and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
The insulin signaling pathways were found to be significantly downregulated on the gene expression level using the program GenMAPP/MAPPFinder
The insulin signaling pathways were found to be significantly upregulated on the gene expression level using the program GenMAPP/MAPPFinder
Summary of consequences on signal transduction and brain architecture of conditional Pten or Pdk1 deletion, alone or in combination
The main detoxification mechanism for caffeine is extrusion by efflux pumps Hba2 and Caf5, which basal expression levels are dependent on the transcription factor (TF) Pap1
Modes of neurite growth inhibition of molecules expressed on CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes
The nitric oxide-oxidative and nitrosative stress–Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) pathway in traumatic brain injury
Regulation and function of sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1)
S1P receptor-mediated signalling in the heart
Signaling pathways triggered by TLR3, TLR4 and TLR1–TLR2
Besides well-known EGFR signaling pathways that link to the cell invasion and migration via activation of Ser/Thr kinases, EGFR can evoke a novel pathway that leads to the cancer invasion and metastasis, in which phosphorylated Tyr1068 or Tyr1086 binds directly to the PH domain of GEP100
The global molecular associations of the high-fat responsive genes are functionally characterized and divided into networks based on the functions and/or diseases that are most significant to the network objects (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis)
A series of signaling molecules, such as G-protein-coupled cell surface receptors for cAMP, phosphatidylinositol metabolites, and cyclic nucleotides, function as the signal transducers to control the dynamics of the cytoskeleton
Silent chromatin assembly in budding and fission yeast
Adipocyte lineage commitment and terminal differentiation
Putative BK-BKAP interactions derived from the BK interactome in mouse cochlea
Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled by multiple mechanisms, and its  regulation is central for physiological responses to extracellular and  intracellular signals
HERPUD1 Ingenuity Pathway Analysis illustrates interactions between indicated proteins
Engagement of B and T cell immune receptors triggers the activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases that lead to the phosphorylation of ITAMs within the cytoplasmic domains of immune receptor subunits and to the further recruitment of adaptor and signaling molecules, forming signaling platforms that involve lipid microdomains
Signaling networks upregulated in migrating neuroblasts
Major cell signaling pathways activated by bile acids in hepatocytes
Activation of the Akt (insulin signaling pathway) and FXR by bile acids in hepatocytes
Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways by bile acids
Akt pathway activation leading to VCAM-1 expression in HIMEC
Schematic representation of the postreceptor insulin signaling pathway and insulin-independent 5‚Ä≤-adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) beginning from insulin binding to its receptor to GLUT4 translocation via vesicular trafficking
Schematic depicting proposed mechanisms by which the nucleoside adenosine elicits an adenoprotective action in the myocardium
ANG II-dependent and independent pathways for renin signaling
(A) Metabolic map of HIF-target ge... (B) Mitochondrial map. Genes withi... (C) Graphical representation of pr... (D) enrichment for previously vali...
Schematic diagram of the modified Lee-Heinrich model of wnt pathway
Schematic representation of bile acid modulation of death and survival transduction pathways
Expansion of the yeast signaling model using the experiments proposed by MEED
Mechanistic model of unloading-mediated muscle atrophy
Model of receptor activation by IFN-Œ±2 versus IFN-β and signaling outcomes The model is based on reported in vitro parameters of binary and ternary complex assembly (see references in text) and on the present cell-based analyses
Mitochondrial dysfunction as an effector mechanism of OIS and replicative senescence (short telomeres)
Main pathways associated with response to CR
Hypothetical model of aedeskinin-III signaling to the paracellular pathway  in Malpighian tubules of the yellow-fever mosquito
Noteworthy, the inhibition of this pathway through COX-inhibitors leads to induction of apoptosis and tumor growth reduction (Figure )
Hemopoietic cell survival is regulated by exogenous concentrations of GM-CSF
A. Interaction between RA and the ERK pathway during promoted neural specification.
Proposed model for the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) regulation of human prostate cell motility and for its inhibition by genistein
Cooperativity between CD14 and Mac-1 enhances phagocytocis of B
Transcriptional control of HC and amacrine cell development
The genes that are shaded red are up-regulated and those that are green are down-regulated
Proposed pathway from pressure overload to LV hypertrophy and fibrosis
Overview of apoptosis and the main anti-apoptotic molecules: Binding of death receptors (Fas, TNF-R, TRAIL-R) to their ligands (Fas-L, TNF, TRAIL) initiates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway
Schematic representation of AGS3 up-regulation and cAMP superactivation
Schematic summary of LPS-triggered programmed cell death in human endothelial cells
The images depict day 0 (undifferentiated ES cells), day 4 and day 10 of differentiation
PAKs activated by extracellular signals participate in various signaling networks
The Cytoskeletal Remodeling: FAK Signaling pathway is enriched for HeLa and TOV edge hits using PIPA but not node hits using HGA enrichment
Possible mechanisms of UbcH7 regulation of Chk1 levels sand S phase
Kinetic scheme of the integrated signaling network
Data suggest that 2 ERBB-mediated pathways support colon cancer growth
Impact of a mixed microbial challenge on cell cycle control in HIGK
TNF-induced NF-Œ∫B and apoptosis pathways
Schematic view of PPARγ activation in VSMCs
Proposed metabolic model for syntrophic growth of D
Summary of environmentally responsive signaling pathways and Streptococcus interactive mechanisms in C
M. catarrhalis immune evasion strategies mediated by the UspA OMPs.
Mechanism of the time-dependent activation of Phox2a by cAMP signaling
Regulatory pathways in hepcidin expression
A model for the role of the Wnt-Sox2 pathway in the transition from a  progenitor to a differentiated cell
Several key players of the canonical Wnt pathway (green panel) were reported by our microarray to increase (red quadrangles) or decrease (blue quadrangles) in transcript levels under conditions of enhanced γ-secretase activity compared to inhibited activity
A: Organization of LGT-derived pro... B: Organization of LGT genes with... C: Network organization of protein... D: Network organization of protein...
Mechanisms of FXR regulation of enterohepatic circulation of bile acid
FXR-independent and bile acid-activated cell signaling pathways in regulation of CYP7A1 transcription
Hypothetical model of transcriptional regulation of cell cycle arrest gene p21 by ZBTB5
Schematic model of pneumococci-induced signaling molecules
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumour suppressor gene involved in the regulation of the threonine kinase protein kinase B (PKB/akt) pathway, by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3)
Model of known components of the IFN signalling pathway and explanation of observed results
Functional and structural organization of migratory mesenchymal cells
Stress results in elevated catecholamine release in the prefrontal cortex
Interaction networks of As sensitivity in yeast
Cluster 2 genes significantly overlapped with those in the eicosanoid signaling pathway (P = 4.6E-05)
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in PGN-induced COX-2 expression in macrophages through two separate pathways: the Ras/Raf-1/ERK pathway to induce IKKŒ±/β activation and the nSMase/ceramide pathway to induce MKK3/6/p38 MAPK activation cascades resulting in an increase in NF-Œ∫B transactivation, ultimately causing COX-2 expression in macrophages
Model for arachidonic acid-induced activation of RhoA/ROCK in MDA-MB-435 cells
Proposed catalytic mechanism for PseG based on modeling of the UDP-sugar complex and activity analysis of substitution derivatives
The expression of the genes related to central carbon pathway is schematically presented
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are activated by receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases through several mechanisms
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) targeting strategies
Diagram depicting proliferative and survival signaling pathways in cells
RCAN1 mediated regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis: Schematic shows that GC-dependent GR activation and subsequent MAP kinase-dependent phosphorylation enables GR binding to GRE sequences on target genes
The fMLF-induced signaling events leading to the activation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Nox2)
(1). The host through recognition of an as yet undefined viral RNA PAMP in the cytoplasm detects WNV.
Ingenuity pathway analysis shows 17 genes from the 180 genes associated with the NF-E2-related factor-2 (NRF-2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway
Partial representation of the metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of steroids (Kegg map 00100)
Proepicardial cells, likely a heterogeneous population (as indicated by shading), differentiate down the cardiomyocyte lineage in response to BMP signaling or down a non-cardiomyocyte cardiac lineage in response to FGF signaling
The enzyme names are for C. albicans but some have not been directly characterized and are annotated based on S. cerevisiae homology.
The most prominently affected gene network in response to DEX in TM 86 cells
The most prominently affected gene network in response to FA in TM 93 cells
Proposed VEGF-C/D cell signaling pathway to transduce LAM cell proliferation
The Rev-erbŒ±/PGC-1Œ± pathway regulating heme homeostasis
LPA effect and signal transduction pathway
(A) JNK2 constitutively represses JNK1-mediated apoptosis. JNK1 is prime... (B) Distinctive characteristics of components of the MAP kinase pathway...
Common features of host-Flaviviridae interactions
The proposed regulatory pathways are based on the present results and those of , ,  and in vivo, and also known pathways in vitro
T-Cell Activation Pathways Generated by HIV-Modulated Proteins
Genomic position of the FGFRL1, FGF8/17/18 and FGFR orthologues in several metazoan species
Network analysis of differentially expressed proteins (red symbols) involved in arteriogenesis
A diagram for the non-canonical MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulating autophagy via regulating Beclin 1
Schematic diagram of dual-signaling pathways regulated by Shp2
The proposed model for the interaction between PyVmT and IR or IGF-IR
The diagram depicts the AKT response to IGF-1 signaling which increases protein synthesis
miR-331-3p blocks AR signaling via inhibition of ERBB-2 expression and AKT activity in prostate cancer cells
Working model for the biochemical cascade leading to the AR
Schematic diagram of regulation of ENaC and CFTR by SGK1/Nedd4-2
Diagram depicting the inhibitory and activating effects of OSU-A9 on the Akt‚ÄìNF-Œ∫B signaling axis and stress response signaling, respectively
Metabolic fate of the 13C-label from [1-13C]-glucose
By several pharmacological experiments, it has been suggested that protein kinase A (PKA) is involved in the downstream of cAMP as an inhibitory signaling pathway together with calmodulin activated by Ca2+
Schematic of Wnt/PCP signaling and its effects on organogenesis
Diagrammatic representation of non-canonical Wnt signalling in a mammalian cell
Mechanism of the inhibition by 8-Cl-ADO in B-lymphocytes
Signal transduction pathway mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
In addition to classical G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) pathway described by others, data presented here suggest that the activation of ERK by focal adhesion signaling also promotes myometrial contraction and contributes to the initiation of labor
(A) Temporal expression of Bmp4, Bmp2, noggin and a putative Bmp activit... (B) Schematic summary of multiple expression sites of noggin, Bmp4 and B...
a Agonist (the triangle) binding to receptor activates a G protein, , which in turn activates an effector protein,
The minimum spanning tree of the network associated with cancer pathway genes
The cliques or near cliques from the cancer pathway related network Gp
The roles of BMP signaling pathways during SNS development
Gonad function and sexual differentiation
Tim–Tipin dysfunction creates an indispensible reliance on the ATR–Chk1 pathway for continued DNA synthesis
LMO4 is an essential intermediate of ErbB2-induced proliferation
Model for eNOS regulation of CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway via H2O2
AMPK plays an important role in whole-body energy homoeostasis as it regulates and interacts with different key metabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways of growth and proliferation
The AMPK–p53 pathway in metabolic adaptation
Schematic diagram contrasting “classic” (“ionic”) versus “signaling” pathways for CTS effects
A miRNA/TF-mediated regulatory pathway associated with tumorigenesis
Schematic of the EGF activated ERK pathway: This is a schematic of the EGF activated ERK pathway beginning at the level of EGF binding to EGFR and finishing at the level of ERK; see the text for more details on the features and functions of the pathway
Schematic of new model of EGF activated ERK pathway: This is a schematic of our new model of the EGF activated ERK pathway which was developed from the original [] EGF model
Experimental results of Rap1 pathway knockout from Falco et al
Comparison of growth factor receptor signalling: This figure shows a comparison of ERK signalling from the EGF and Insulin receptors
PKC signaling hypothesis to explain stress-induced prefrontal cortical pyramidal cell structural modulation and PFC-dependent cognitive impairments
Elementary flux patterns in a condensed model of the TCA cycle and adjacent reactions
Scheme of part of the central metabolism of E
Amino acid producing elementary flux patterns
Scenario for the application of minimal cut sets
Proposed scheme of the signaling pathway leading to immature dendritic cell chemotaxis upon exposure to M-tropic gp120
Proposed model for possible mechanism of MUC4-mediated resistance to apoptosis
Proposed mechanism to explain the downregulation of miR-1 and miR-133a by insulin in human skeletal muscle
Schematic illustration demonstrating signaling pathways involved in CCL2-mediated neuroprotection in rat primary neurons
Mechanisms involved in lipid modulation of voltage-gated N- and L-type calcium channels by the slow pathway
CaV2.2 model system to be tested by NK-1R activation
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism for Spred
Role of clathrin adaptor proteins in melanosome biogenesis
BANs of differentially expressed genes in common between cell lines
The human protein-protein interaction network of aging-associated genes
GH transcription and somatotroph proliferation are induced by cAMP acting through CREB ()
Based on the effects of Hfe deficiency and iron chelation on responses to TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 stimulation, low intracellular iron is likely to impair TLR4 signaling at a step in the TRAM/TRIF pathway proximal to TRIF
Metabolic pathway map for vitamin D2 using GeneGo MetaCore™
Proposed biosynthetic pathways for the generation of AEA from its arachidonoyl containing NAPE (NArPE) precursor
Major components and auxiliary factors of the Notch signalling pathway as described in Bilateria (modified from [])
Origin of Notch signalling pathway components in Unikonta (modified from [])
Overview of mammalian sialic acid metabolism
Pathway options for sialic acid glycoengineering
Selective pathway utilization of analogs is ensured by the nonpermissivity of enzymes at critical junctures
SCFA-analog hybrids enhance cellular uptake and endow analogs with novel activities
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism of induction of proasthmatic changes in ASM responsiveness following prolonged homologous β2AR desensitization
(A) Gene expression for p53 signaling in SY cells co-cultured with B. bu... (B) The inclusion of microglial cells in the co-culture of SY cells with...
A reconstructed model for polarity control and apical branching in A
Schematic of the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway depicting the possible sites of action by the PI3k inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin and the Akt inhibitors Akt-VIII, Akt-V, and Akt-IV
Schematic representation of pathways involved in NOR-1 upregulation by thrombin and VEGF (light lines) and hypoxia (bold lines) in endothelial cells
Model for a negative feedback mechanism of Wnt signal transduction by Gβγ signaling
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway of IL-1β-induced MCP1 expression in HASMCs
Grb2 coordinates signaling downstream of integrin/FAK and growth factor receptors to activate rac and jnk
Representation of selected metabolic pathways induced in –P-stressed nodules
Diagrammatic representation of intracellular pathways that lead to the production of IL-12p40 and the mechanisms of azithromycin (AZM) to inhibit the expression of IL-12p40 upon the stimulation of LPS/IFN-γ
A schematic representation of how NF-Œ∫B DNA binding is regulated by IŒ∫B degradation and processing following activating stimuli
Coordination of extracellular and intracellular signaling regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and axon formation
Proposed consequences of impaired insulin signaling in AD brain and in the STZ-injected rat brain
Current working model of the signaling pathway components (shaded areas) that are differentially regulated in C57 and CD-1 pup brain tissues and cultured NSCs under normoxic and hypoxic (Hx) conditions
Proposed model of estrogen's anti-inflammatory and pro-survival actions in the brain following severe burn injury
Pathway showing genes involved in Parkinson's disease (Courtesy: KEGG pathway)
Schematic overview about TCR-dependent signalling pathways
Inhibition of the calcineurin-NFATc pathway at multiple levels
Cartoon demonstrating the signaling pathways for the up-regulation of CXCR4 expression on fibrocytes related to the role of hypoxia and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway that culminates in promoting trafficking of CXCR4+ fibrocytes to the lung in response to CXCL12
Molecular pathway analysis of genes regulated in the NAc by the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 after chronic social defeat stress
Rod Signaling in the Mammalian Retina Travels via Three Routes(Ai) The primary rod pathway (rod → ON bipolar cell→ AII amacrine cell)
The cellular mechanisms by which flavonoids and their metabolites protect against neuroinflammation and neuronal injury induced by 5-S-Cys-DA, DHBT-1 and related ROS
Schematic diagram represents the T cell receptor signaling pathway populated by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis using genes assigned to all three classes detected throughout the time course of activation
Top two networks (A, B) assigned by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for upregulated proteins in the mouse plasma that were also enriched in the cancer cell line data
The figure shows various cellular targets of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW)
Sequence of intracellular events leading from the binding of AVP to its V2 receptor (top) to the insertion of AQP2 water channels into the apical membrane (bottom)
P2Y receptor signalling could enhance cyst growth
Crosstalk between ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis and NF-Œ∫B pathway
Crosstalk between apoptosis and NF-Œ∫B signaling by IAP-antagonist
The Drosophila insulin signaling pathway
Pink indicates higher phosphorylation in tumor samples, while green indicates higher phosphorylation in normal tissue samples
Regulatory mechanism of the Rho/ROCK pathway activated by angiotensin II (ANG II) in vascular smooth muscles cells (VSMCs, see text)
Metabolism of SFN via the mercapturic acid pathway
(A) The MAPKKK Ste11 and MAPKK Ste7 function in... (B) During mating, stimulation with α-factor le... (C) Expression of a constitutively active allel...
Negative-feedback loop linking NAD+/SIRT1 with the Clock network
Master regulator miRNA of oncogenic and tumor suppressor
Cell type-specific functions mediated by decorin via modulation of IGF-IR signaling
Network representation of p53, NF-Œ∫B and cell cycle interactions
Schematic diagram of two distinct signaling complexes produced by IKKγ splice variants
Schematics of the proposed participation of Pi4ka and PI3Ks in the FGF  signaling cascade in the developing fin bud mesenchyme
The direct interaction between PP2A and AKT is removed
Representative immunoblots of benign (A) and malignant (B) tissues
Schematic representation of the signaling network of differentially expressed proteins
Enzymatic sources of ROS, their effects and pharmacological modulation
Transmigration causes differential expression of genes in the apoptosis pathway
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of microarray data generated several genetic networks
Proposed IGF-1 signaling pathway in renal carcinogenesis induced by uninephrectomy
Schematic diagram for HO-1 modulation of signaling pathway and adiponectin, EET levels, and vascular function
Schematic diagram of HGF-mediated inhibition of gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes
A speculative model depicting mono-ubiquitination-dependent and independent functions of the FA-BRCA pathway in DNA replication-associated repair processes
Illustrations of the signaling events resulting from uPA-uPAR-transmembrane integrin interactions (A) and the plausible signaling events regulated by ECRG2 as revealed by this study (B)
Schematic diagram of the proposed DHA-mediated signaling pathway
Chronic immune activation is a multifactorial process driven by many cell types, including conventional DCs (cDCs), pDCs, T cells, or NK cells
The discovery of PDK1 () enabled an outline of the insulin-stimulated signaling pathway that leads to the activation of glycogen synthase to be formulated for the first time
In uncompensated insulin resistance (upper panel), signalling via the PI3K pathway is diminished, glucose uptake by the cell via GLUT-4 transporters is reduced, suppression of gluconeogenesis is reduced and glucose levels rise
Insulin increases activation of farnesyl transferase, which increases farnesylation of p21Ras
Schematic representation of the mechanisms of bradykinin B2 receptor-mediated responses to agonists in HEK 293 cells
Redox control of the cell cycle and cardiovascular diseases
PDGF-mediated engagement of the PDGF-β receptor stimulates the PLC/IP3 R pathway, which in turn, activates TRPC channels resulting in elevation of [Ca2+]i transients
The insulin-like growth factor-1-phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase-B serine/threonine kinase-forkhead box-O pathway
Schematic illustration of the calcium signaling pathways that are modulated by the cannabinoid system
The complex role of the PLAU-PLAUR pathway in the airways
IL-10 and IL-6 signaling pathways among 2,102 DEG due to IMI with Streptococcus uberis
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 5 (A) and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling pathways (B) among 2,102 differentially expressed genes due to intramammary infection with Streptococcus uberis
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® network depicting relationships among genes involved in immune and metabolic responses due to IMI with Streptococcus uberis
Schematic model depicting the putative mechanisms involved in the hypoxic regulation of CD36
All the nodes and edges are colored as green and purple respectively
Proposed pathway for protection of RGCs from apoptosis by apoE-containing lipoproteins
Up-regulation of TGFβ signaling in Timp3−/−-AB hearts
Proposed pathways for promotion (A) and progression genes (B) influenced by TLR4
The pathways depicted are based on the KEGG aminosugar reference pathway
Model for continued defect in IRF-3-deficient BMDCs
Inhibition of GSK-3 activates Wnt and mTOR signaling
Overview of base excision repair (BER) pathway
TNF- α–inducible genes that were specifically downregulated after DC treatment but not by C95 curcumin: the focal adhesion pathway
TNF- α–inducible genes that were specifically downregulated after DC treatment but not by C95 curcumin: the apoptosis pathway
TNF- α–inducible genes that were specifically downregulated after DC treatment but not by C95 curcumin: the cell-adhesion pathway
TNF- α–inducible genes that were specifically downregulated after DC treatment but not by C95 curcumin: the cytokine and cytokine-receptor interaction pathway
Signaling pathway whereby tumor associated macrophages promote Wnt signaling in tumor cells
Regulation of mTORC1 mTORC1 is a multiprotein complex composed of Raptor, mLST8, PRAS40, and FKBP38 and regulates protein synthesis and cell growth by phosphorylating S6K1 and 4EBP1
Viral ligands are shown as diamonds, genes/proteins as circles, and complexes or pathways as rectangles
We have demonstrated that ActRIIA and BMPRII receptor subunits are both selectively required for BMP7-evoked chemotaxis in monocytic cells
Wnt signalling pathway downregulated in osteosarcoma
Proposed model for AMSH and UBPY function in the pathway of agonist-induced trafficking of PAR2
Hyperglycemia increases TGF-β signaling through two proposed mechanisms (red dashed arrows)
Summary of glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine, GSH) homeostasis pathway identified in C
Schematic model showing the role of physiological synaptic vs
MYD88, denoted by *, is an important inhibitor of apoptosis and is significantly over expressed by CMCs by a factor of 2.39.
Aberrant Myc expression causes mammary cancer
Diagram representing lymphocyte stimulation and inhibition pathways
DMSO upregulates the tumor suppressor protein PTEN  in HL-60 cells
A model of leptin signaling and leptin resistance
Schematic diagram of IFNγ signaling pathway in retinal pigment epithelium
Proposed signal transduction pathways in fetal and adult cerebral arteries for PKC-induced contraction
A model for differential sorting of nephrin along endocytic pathways is shown
Francisella is recognized on the host cell surface by TLR2
Schematic depiction of the signal transduction events occurring in microglia following P2X7 receptor activation
Pathway analysis suggested that melanoma invasive potential may be mediated by the intersection of MITF-driven transcriptional networks with pathways involved in HIF/JUN activation and response to hypoxia
Wnt10b (a) and BIO (b) activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through the inactivation of GSK-3βY216 phosphorylation, which results in the nuclear translocation of active β-catenin, stimulation of myogenic genes transcription such as myoD, and inhibition of Srebp-1c transcription (f)
Proposed schematic charts showing various mechanisms by which CSp and SeSp extracts inhibit LNCaP cell proliferation
Anti-inflammatory effects of EPAC in VECs
Androgen-receptor signalling in normal prostate and PCa
Model of dopamine D1–D2 receptor heteromer signaling pathway
Interleukin (IL)-13/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathways
Summary of Trif-biased signaling and selective p38 activation by sMLA
Summary of the Effects of Nitrate, LBD37, 38, or 39, and PAP1 Overexpression on the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway.Anthocyanin-specific pathway steps in flavonoid metabolism are shown in a yellow background
Connective tissue associated signalling network common to various cardiac hypertrophy animal models and human cardiac disease
Scheme of the model for the mammalian cell cycle
Subnetworks of select putative DEP-regulated gene transcripts show an enrichment of inflammatory response
Identification of candidate molecular network for miRNAs most highly changed in response to DEP
Schematic model of the molecular mechanisms that regulate ionotropic glutamate receptor distribution during hippocampal mGluR-LTD induction and expression
Schematic model of molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of gene transcription and protein translation during mGluR-LTD in postsynaptic neurons of hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses
Schematic diagram depicting the pathway via which GC-A signaling inhibits cardiac hypertrophy
Network analysis of the top 250 predictor genes
Reconstruct part of KEGG pathway by our method
Different kinase signaling pathways link distinct stress signals to catalyze p53 phosphorylation at Ser20 in the TAD1 transactivation domain
Model for reversal of EMT induced by TGF-β1
Proposed mechanisms of toxicity in SOD1-mediated ALS
Summary. A schematic summary of our findings which includes the points of inhibition of the various inhibitors outlined in  on the signalling cascade.
Identified proteins within the primary metabolism
Example of pathway segments corresponding to FALZ identified from breast cancer data (Figure drawn with Cytoscape)
Pathway analysis of proteins upregulated during time course analysis in lung or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) following intra tracheal instillation of 20 Œºg carbon nanopaticles (CNP)
In the neuron, shown in a dotted square, BDNF induces three TrkB dimers: TK+ homodimer, TK+-T1 heterodimer, and T1 homodimer
Schema of PGE2-induced apoptosis in lung fibroblasts
Changes in Akt signaling with differentiation of CD8+ T cells and co-inhibitory receptor killer-cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG1)-blocked highly differentiated CD8+ T cells
Pathway analysis result showing 18 differentially expressed proteins following 50pct PH can be sorted into the c-myc pathway
In normal mitochondria, the pace of electron (e−) flow through the respiratory chain complexes (I–IV) is finely regulated by the activity of complex IV (COX), which in turn is modulated by phosphorylation of its subunits (P, COX phospho-residues) by mitochondrial PKA
The p53 signaling pathway in response to genotoxic stress in tumorogenic cells
The Trx-ASK1 pathway of ROS mediated regulation of the p38 MAPK stress response pathway
Effect of dasatinib on the BCR-ABL signaling pathway
Met signal transduction exploited by InlB from L
Putative host signaling pathway induced by Y
(A) Canonical pathways of sterol synthesis lead... (B) Numbering of carbons and cycles of steroids. (C) Table indicating the names and EC numbers o...
The ATM/ATR DNA damage response pathway and its downstream effectors leading to either G1/S or G2/M phase arrest
Inflammation at a molecular level: a simplified scheme
Working models for homosynaptic versus heterosynaptic gating of LTP in postsynaptic neurons
Overview of male gametophyte development in arabidopsis (a) and model of germ cell cycle progression and specification in the male germline (B)
Activation of apoptotic and survival pathways by TNF
Activation of cell-surface receptors by insulin triggers a signalling cascade in the cell that is mediated by the enzyme PI3K and subsequently by FOXO transcription factors
Insulin signaling pathway in adipose cells
Aβ induces cell death through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as through other receptors
TNF Œ±  inhibits erythropoiesis by direct and indirect effects
Part of Pancreatic cancer pathway adapted from KEGG showing the gene-gene interactions
Regulation of chromatin structure by drugs of abuse
Suggested signaling pathway for superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3)
Schematic representation of the artemin pathway in neurons
Synopsis of FGFR2b-mediated dermal-epithelial signaling in keratinocytes and sebocytes of sebaceous glands
A proposed mechanism of TNFŒ±-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of apoptotic signaling pathways in the intestinal epithelial cells during NEC
The figure shows the molecular pathway of mitochondrial biogenesis
Disruption of metabolic pathways involved in fat pad mass trait in mouse models of the candidate genes
Impact of the FSGD on the melanocyte/-phore signaling network
Model of redoxosomal signaling for IL-1β and TNFŒ± pathways
Ingenuity pathway analysis and expression profiles of genes involved in apoptosis that were uniquely up regulated in ER+ cells in response to EPA
The insulin receptor cascade was uniquely up regulated in ER‚àí cells when treated with AA
Pathway analysis of genes involved in cell-cell signaling significantly associated with ERbreast cancer cells in response to AA
Drugs targeting the TLR4/MD-2 signaling pathway
Schematic of IFNG signaling through the JAK/STAT1 pathway
Glutamate and three synaptic modulators (BDNF, estrogen, and adenosine) are released from the axon terminal (green) by patterned afferent activity
Depiction of the “Reelin signalling in neurons” pathway generated by Ingenuity
An Ingenuity pathway analysis containing about half of the genes in subfactor 8 of Myc factor 6
Disulfiram inhibition of the norepinephrine (NE) biosynthetic pathway
Altered signaling pathways and mouse models of thyroid cancer
Nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) can be activated by a multitude of different stimuli, like TNFŒ±, LPS and CD40L
Albumin alters TGF-β pathway gene expression
Selection of expression patterns and activities of members of the cadherin superfamily in cancer
Imd pathway in adult Drosophila melanogaster
Putative signaling pathway involved in radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction
PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and cross-talk with other signaling cascades: (Ras/Raf/MAPK and BCR-ABL)
Simplified diagram of the two major pathways affected by EGFR-mediated signaling in malignant glioma cells
We hypothesize that NF1 inactivation participates in gliomagenesis via three distinct mechanisms
An example of combined analysis of three identified regulatory modules
Model: a Src-Tks5-Nck signalling pathway in invadopodia
During normoxia, HIF-1Œ± is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Detection of WNV and activation of IFN-Œ±/β genes and ISG according to the 2-step model
Regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling functions
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway was the most significant canonical pathway in HBMEC up-regulation
Coordinated upregulation of cytoprotective genes occurs as a result of Nrf2 activation
NO can both protect and sensitize cells to excitotoxic cell death through a mitochondrial pathway
Pathways of autophagy control in mammalian cells
TSC1/2 integrates multiple signals to control cell growth and proliferation
Novel antifibrotic therapies in systemic sclerosis (SSc)
An overview of the inhibition of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
Fumarate/nitrate response regulator network in P
Schema of the HER family signaling pathways
Signal pathways in systemic regulation of hepcidin
The role of LMP1 in promoting survival in PTLD
Signalling pathway activation by C5a on neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells, resulting in compromised innate immunity, resistance of neutrophils to apoptosis, a cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation
Integration of BMP, FGF and Wnt signalling at the level of Smad1 during neural induction
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R)-signaling pathway and predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of EGF-R antibodies
Convergent stem cell regulatory networks control expression of key stem cell genes
Model illustrating the signaling effectors downstream of the umami receptor T1R1/T1R3
Neuroimmune interactions of kynurenine intermediates
Diagram connecting the insulin pathway and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis
Schematic representation of some of the effects brought about by HCV on insulin signaling in hepatocytes
Schematic representation of the effects of HCV on steatosis development
Activation of antiviral and proinflammatory responses during HSV infections
HCV induces the over-expression of PP2Ac via an ER stress response pathway
Summary of NSP1 inhibition of the innate immune response pathway
An integrated pathway model involving FOXA1 in breast cancer
Basic pathway controlling the G1/S transition
The canonical Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin) signaling pathway (adapted from Ref
Molecular factors and pathways that are boxed with red letters and red arrows show our observed effects that we speculate are an early response to exercise modulating synaptic proteins; Letters in blue show our observed effects that are down-regulated; Letters in black are generally accepted pathways for synaptic plasticity; and letters in red show exercise-dependent upregulation
In the fibrotic kidney or in the tumour inflammatory microenvironment TNF-Œ±, Ang II, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia converge in the induction of NF-Œ∫B, the main inflammatory response pathway
Diagram of the signaling pathway by which decreased glucose regulates action potential frequency of VMH GI neurons
TGF-β transduces signaling through Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways
Inversin functions as a switch between the canonical Wnt and non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathways
The planar cell polarity pathway (PCP pathway, non-canonical pathway) cascade
Proposed cell signaling pathway of noradrenergic influence on CRF transcription
Schematic diagram showing the Ras signalling pathway and its linkage to the GTPase cellular motility axis (Reproduced with permission from)
The Ca2+/calcineurin pathway and Ras-signaling pathway in C
Proposed model of the effect of crocetin on cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis
Model for the Cdc42-dependent regulation of neural differentiation in P19 cells
Proposed mechanisms for PDE inhibitor-induced cytoprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
This schematic shows the numerous pro-inflammatory mediators produced by peri-implant tissue and immune cells reacting to implant debris, which can negatively affect bone turnover
Schematic representation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway
Cartoons of the proposed mechanisms of action of DHA alone and in combination with CBP: (A) The ‘death receptor- and mitochondrion-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway’ demonstrates how DHA may exert anticancer effects in ovarian cancer cells; (B) Mechanism by which DHA enhances the therapeutic effects of carboplatin
Changes in the pRb and p53 pathway promoting cell cycle passage in high-grade central chondrosarcoma, as found in the present and previous studies
Activation of complement system by the amyloid plaques and its dual role in neuronal death
Different levels of HDAC-mediated control in the p53 pathway
Transcriptional modifications of DNA repair by UPS in response to cellular stressing conditions
Transcriptional activation of DNA repair mediated by UPS-dependent pathways
Schematic diagram of signalling pathways involved in skeletal muscle remodelling and atrophy following disuse
Schematic representation of the hypothetical mechanisms involved in fibronectin-induced P2X4R up-regulation in microglia
Proposed model for EGFR-related signal transduction pathways regulating Snail in Ishikawa (A), Ishikawa ER- (B) and primary human endometrial tumours (C)
A new pathway for memory B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Gene transcripts associated with sensitivity to gefitinib and EGFR and/or head and neck cancer, identified from the genome‚Äêwide statistical analysis, followed by pathway analysis
The scheme depicting the major compartments of the endocytic pathway and selected endocytic proteins participating in the transmission of signaling to the nucleus, by affecting the transcription machinery and/or the chromatin‚Äêremodeling factors
The internalization routes influence signaling output
p53 activity is induced by many stress-related signals and is under the control of various transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms
a | The oncogenic function of Notch signalling in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukeamia (T-ALL) is connected with the downmodulation of p53 through increased MDM2 activity
Model of IGF2 effects on colonic epithelia
Proposed TLR signaling network modified from previous reports (; ; )
Type I IFN acts on hepatocytes, inducing IL-7 expression and release
Hypothalamic fatty acid metabolism integrates peripheral signals with neuropeptide systems: Peripheral hormonal and nutrient/metabolic signals operate on the different components of the fatty acid metabolic pathway, modulating the cytoplasmatic pool of malonyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA
Schematic representation of the type I immune response in M
Schematic drawing showing p38 MAPK activation‐loss of ΔΨm‐ROS generation signalling pathway in toxin‐γ‐induced cell death
(A) A molecule class of phospholipase C (PLC, in yellow) in the Angiotensin II-stimulated signaling through G protein and beta-arrestin (PANTHER accession P05911)
DISC1 regulates neurogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Modulations in AMPK activity, glucose transport, and Œîœàm in response to the energetic stress created by transient glutamate excitation
TLR signaling (an example in macrophages and dendritic cells)
Model of TLR4 and chemokine receptor cross-talk
Signaling pathway downstream of PI3K affect cell death and cell survival
O-GlcNAc and phosphate regulate the insulin signaling pathway  at the plasma membrane
A proposed cell-signaling cascade underlying the enhancement of contextual fear conditioning by nicotine
The 495 differentially regulated proteins described in  were subjected to functional and canonical pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (Ingenuity Systems Inc)
Model for FGF-receptor signalling in the generation of hindbrain neural cell diversity
Model of pathway induction after pathophysiologic stimulation of BSMC by three coordinate stimuli: strain, hypoxia, and damaged matrix
The role of PARP in the repair of single-strand DNA breaks via the base excision repair pathway
Proposed mechanism for pathogenesis due to H
Schematic model of SAPK-induced Foxo3a nuclear export in muscle cells
The physiological function of SCARA5 is to inhibit the activity of the FAK signaling pathway by physically associating with FAK
This schematic illustrates the potential mechanisms of Notch activation proposed by Karbowniczek et al
TLR signaling upon intrinsic cellular defenses
A proposed revised model of mammalian DNA damage response
Signaling through the Lymphocyte receptor induces a novel regulatory motif for MAP kinase activation
Signaling by the sst2A receptor upon activation by different somatostatin analogs
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways regulating osteoblast-like cells proliferation in response to OSS
a Ligand binding and subsequent Erbb dimer formation initiates signaling through a complex array of intracellular pathways that initiate and control a range of cellular processes
Integrin trafficking and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein export pathways.A
Working model of TGF-β actions in renal interstitial fibrogenesis
(A) TLR4 signaling pathway can be activated via GAG fragments requiring... (B) CD44 adhesion receptor (55 kDa) is a hyaluronan-binding cell surface...
TGFβ superfamily and FGF signaling pathways
Summary of the AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways
Schematic representation of signaling pathway regulating Nogo-A expression in DRG neurons
Summary of the insulin/IGF signaling pathway, using the terminology for mammalian systems
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation pathway
Reversible phosphorylation regulation of the cell cycle
Model of the effects of the SOX4 and HOXC6 transcriptional networks on PI3K-AKT pathway activation in prostate cancer
Model of the effects of SOX4 and HOXC6 on Notch pathway activation and metastasis
Schematic summary of effect of IL-4 priming on phagocytic and secretory capacities of MŒ¶s
Notch1 signaling is major pathway down regulated by TWEAK in C2C12 myotubes
Possible mechanism by which Wnt determines the specificity of signalling pathway
Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signalling
Model of platelet interactions with Staphylococcus aureus
(A) Potential IL-8/CXCR1 cell signaling in CSCs. CXCR1 activation upon I... (B) Repertaxin treatment blocks IL-8/CXCR1 signaling and inhibits breast...
TLR4 triggering of CD4+ T cells activates NF-Œ∫B and MAPK pathways
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription/suppressor of cytokine signalling (JAK/STAT/SOCS) axis
RefSeq IDs for 33 of the top 56 sites that mapped to genes were uploaded onto the “Core Analysis” tool of IPA
Molecular targets in Nrf2/phase II enzymes pathway modulated by PEITC and SFN
Molecular targets in NFŒ∫B pathway modulated by PEITC and SFN
Alternative mechanisms exist for the induction of inflammatory and apoptotic genes in the absence of the IFN-Œ±/β receptor during influenza virus infection
Signalling pathways that regulate cell wall remodelling of Candida albicans
Schematic diagram of IL-1 and TNF signal transduction events
Schematic diagram of IL-6 signalling events
A. A diagram illustrating the Tir Y454/451 and Y474/471 actin polymerization pathways used by EPEC E2348/69 and C. rodentium.
Integrated pathway map shows the role of pathogen induced defensive genes involved in early defense, wound response, primary metabolism, transcriptional regulation and antifungal activity
Schematic representation of Prokineticin (PROK1) induction of regulator of calcineurin 1 isoform 4 (RCAN1-4) and interleukin (IL-11)
Potential roles of iron in the development of colorectal cancer
Commensal microbiota, or pathogens, at the mucosal surface create signals, called microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), to stimulate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors (TLRs), formylated peptide receptors (FPRs), or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NODs)
A schematic illustration of the recognition of microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide), by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on epithelial cells and activation of three (A, B, and C) pathways that induce production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines
mir-100 and mir-22 target known oncogenes that influence the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Key signaling pathways involved in testosterone-mediated mitigation of sarcopenia in aging
Signaling pathways involved in LPS induced TNFalpha production in human adipocytes
155 genes (IPA mapped IDs) are represented out of 190 SAGE tags up-regulated in both CIS and PC relative to BE
A. Venn diagram of up-regulated SAGE tags and corresponding IPA mapped IDs for the CIS and SCC datasets.
Network of proteins, functional classes and cell processes modulated in prostate cancer cells after curcumin treatment
Curcumin’s targets intracellular components implicated in cell proliferation signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells
Schematic junctional organization and β-catenin signaling in CNS ECs: comparison of brain and retina
The red and blue arrows indicate activation and inhibition, respectively
Induction of IFNs after virus infection in IFN-β pretreated human DCs
Schematic representation of some of the pathways that may contribute to the expression of D3 in pathologic ventricular remodeling
Sites within the early steps of the insulin signaling pathway affected by OGT and O-GlcNAcylation
Model illustrating the dynamic overlapping phases of early events of KSHV infection in endothelial and fibroblast cells and KSHV-induced signal pathways and their role in infection
NADHc generated by sorbitol oxidation is reoxidized to NAD+c largely by enzymes that promote the development of diabetic complications
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor binding and downstream signaling pathway
Schematic representation of a working model for endosomal transport involving CLC-5 and KIF3B interaction in polarized cells
(A) Signal transduction pathway from integrin r... (B) Example of how a relation between two group... (C) Same pathway as in
Downstream effectors of the ErbB receptor signalling pathway
Asbestos has pleiotropic effects on cell signaling pathways
Diagram depicting how tTG participates in an EGFR/Src signaling pathway that leads to enhanced cancer-cell growth
Schematic of pathway for cholesterol synthesis from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) by HMG CoA reductase and its inhibition by statins
Cyclin D3-specific deregulated genes and their functional networks
The synthesis, control of tissue level and signalling pathways for PGE2 is presented
Strain-induced quantitative mRNA-expression analysis of PDL cells related to MAP-kinase signalling and cell cycle, ECM and integrins, and growth factor pathways
Nutrient sensing machinery in K- and L-cells
Epac: novel cyclic-adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP) mediators
A schematic diagram summarizing the isoform-specific effects of the Numb proteins on the activation of the Notch pathway and the regulation of cellular Ca2+-regulating systems in PC12 cells under stress conditions
Simplified diagram of EGFR/ErbB1 signaling pathways in MSC physiology
Adrenal insulin signaling and glucose transport gene expression is overexpressed in the chromogranin A (Chga) knockout mouse
Adrenal cholesterol biosynthesis pathway gene expression is globally underexpressed in the Chga knockout mouse
Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis pathway gene expression is globally overexpressed in the Chga knockout mouse
miR-223 is implicated in the CREB signaling pathway
Previously sequenced insect genomes (fly, mosquitoes, honeybee, red flour beetle) have indicated that the immune signaling pathways, including IMD and Toll pathways shown here, are conserved across insects
Myelin debris generated in injured CNS or demyelinating diseases may bind to CR3 and then activate NF-Œ∫B through FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway, therefore initiating gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators
Schematic diagram of the biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanins, caffeoylquinates, and other major phenolic derivatives in potato tuber
Schematic representation of T-cell activation, proximal signalling complex and activation of transcription factors
Signaling pathways controlling ENS precursor migration and lamellipodia formation
Left-right AWC asymmetry is controlled by calcium
Possible mechanisms for ganglioside-induced autophagic cell death in astrocytes
The interconnections between p53 and IGF-1/AKT/mTOR pathways
Signaling pathway of NO-induced SMC relaxation in mouse small airways
The rates of nascent adhesion formation and turnover depend on the velocity of membrane protrusion (v), and the formation rate depends also on the density and composition of ECM
(A) Cytosolic microbe-associated molecular patt... (B) Comparison of the virulence mechanisms of S... (C) Comparison of pathologies in different anim...
Proposed biochemical mechanism of increased uric acid production induced by glycerol and ethanol (modified and updated after Lundquist et al () The first step in glycerol metabolism is phosphorylation to α-glycerophosphate associated with dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP
Schematic diagram of the signalling pathways in vascular endothelial cells that contribute to the beneficial effects of oligonol on hyperglycaemia-induced eNOS dysfunction
Tumor-associated angiogenesis is sustained through stromal microenvironment crosstalk
PPARγ agonists inhibit Stat3-mediated IL-6 gene expression in myeloma cells
P. putida reactions for growth on 1,2,4-TCB.
Schematic representation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway
Schematic diagram of a proposed mechanism of MNTX synergistic effects with temsirolimus on inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenic events
Schematic illustration of the multi-stage autophagic process
Proposed model for the signal transduction pathways involved in TGFβ1-mediated fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation
Interaction between sFRP4 and the Wnt signaling pathway
BS and M chloroplast distribution of proteins involved in primary carbon metabolism
(A) Master model: the molecular interactions between the main components... (B) The corresponding reduced model.
Glycoprotein D acts as the main signalling molecule on the surface of the HSV-1 envelope
Proposed mechanism for β2M mAb inhibition of AR and cell proliferation, survival, and progression through a MAPK/SREBP-1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells
Schematic of signaling pathways involved in Œ±-TEA-induced apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cell lines
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade
Actin cytoskeleton signaling pathway as represented by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
A schematic diagram of AGE-induced CTGF expression is shown
Proposed mechanism for ERK1/2 activation as a key signaling pathway targeted by PTHrP(1-36) through interaction with EGFR, TGF-β, and VEGF in renal tubuloepithelial cells
Model of EGR3 and miRNAs involving in signaling pathways and regulatory networks in schizophrenia and nervous system
Although heroin use or heroin use plus HCV infection has little impact on the gene expression of key elements (IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2, STAT-1, 3, 4, 5, JAK-2, TYK-2) in IL-12 pathway in CD56+ T cells
A working model of signaling pathways in postsynaptic assembly
A schematic diagram depicting a pathway that connects polycystins and calcium signaling to HDAC5 and MEF2C-based transcription activation in the suppression of epithelial cyst formation
A proposal of the regulatory loop of miR-24, miR-34a, and HNF4Œ± in bile acid synthesis
Model of the Rap1 pathway in Dictyostelium regulating adhesion and cell morphology
The downstream signalling pathways of TNF-Œ±
Proposed model for the regulatory mechanisms of the Ras and cAMP signaling pathways in stress response and antifungal drug susceptibility in C
Differences between TRAIL- and AD5-10-induced signaling pathways
Schematic model for the role of ROS/Akt/ASK1/p38 signaling pathway in nickel-induced apoptosis
Overview of differential gene expression in M
Simplified illustration of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway with the RAS/MAPK and PIK3CA/PTEN cascades
Schematic depiction of the signalling pathways stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) activation of the CCK1 receptor
Schematic summary of possible localization of β-arrestin related to wingless (from Drosophila) and the oncogene int-1 (WNT) signalling in cells
Emerging models for the role of β-arrestin in wingless (from Drosophila) and the oncogene int-1 (WNT) signalling
Proposed model of miR-486 regulation and function in muscle cells
Schematic showing cytoplasmic signaling pathway from ATM to TSC2 via LKB1 and AMPK to repress mTORC1 and induce autophagy
Schematic representation of the molecular basis of morphine peripheral analgesia
Antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzyme genes in response to MG132 (A), methylmercury (MeHg, B), and cadmium (Cd, C) in MEF cells
Changes in cell cycle regulation in response to MG132 (A), methylmercury (MeHg, B), and cadmium (Cd, C) in MEF cells
Parkinson's disease (PD)-related gene pathway in response to MG132 (A), methylmercury (MeHg, B), and cadmium (Cd, C) in MEF cells
The control of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis by the insulin-signaling pathway
K-ras mutation governs the effects of inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the Ras/Raf/Mek signaling pathway
Cross control between Wnt and TGF-β in part through Runx2 in osteoblasts
Schematic drawing of the four upstream molecular signaling pathways of p27 expression that could lead to activation of the unusually long 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) (-575) of p27 mRNA by 4-hydroxytamoxifen, dexamethasone and retinoic acids
Effects of COX-2 inhibitors on apoptosis
Schematic representation of corticosteroid-triggered multiple tentative rapidly influencing neuronal function
Diverse tissues participate in host defence in Caenorhabditis elegans
Allosteric regulation underlies the complex binding‚àífunction relationship in cellular networks
Relationship between increased production of IPP by GAS and signaling of γŒ¥ T cells
Transcripts regulating the mammalian cell cycle are up-regulated in the proliferative-phase endometrial epithelium
Schematic drawing summarizing the signaling pathway downstream from CB1 receptors in cerebellar granule cell precursors
Summary of PPARγ transcriptional mechanisms
Schematic depiction of TRPM8 regulation by Œ±2A- and β-adrenoreceptors
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in LTA-induced cPLA2/COX-2–dependent airway inflammation
Both GAS and GBS exhibit similar changes in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis
Current understanding of breast cancer progression mediated by ATX–LPA signalling axis
Model of contribution of p38 MAPK signal transduction in melanogenesis
The relationship of NFκB to genes identified as “linearly” changing with age on the basis of cocitation analysis (Genomatix BibliosphereTM) is shown as a Bibliosphere image
There are two main pathways through which MAP kinases signal: the classical MAPK pathway and the p38 MAP kinase pathway
Schematic model for UAG impact on EPC physiology
LH induces ovulation, COC expansion, oocyte maturation, and luteinization in preovulatory follicles
(i) CD20-specific mAb... (ii) Inhibitors such a... (iii) Proteasome inhib... (iv) Complement inhibi... (v) Abatacept and bela... (vi) CD40-specific mAb...
How the presence of virus acts on innate immune system components, i.e
Regulation of β-catenin levels in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Survival pathways with their cross-talk and immune regulatory mechanisms are shown in this pictorial representation of the Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cell
(A): Quantum dots as a multi-functional nanoplatform to deliver siRNA and to elucidate of EGFRvIII- knockdown effect of PI3K signaling pathway in U87-EGFRvIII (B): Detailed structural information of multifunctional siRNA-QDs (C): Two different strategies for the siRNA-QD conjugate
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is responsible for the development of all subtypes of hair follicles, a process that can be completely blocked by Dkk1 or Dkk2
The mevalonate pathway and the pleiotropic effects of statins
Simplified Overview of the Purine Metabolism PathwayThe scheme is derived from KEGG Pathways hsa00230 (purine metabolism) and hsa00240 (pyrimidine metabolism)
Proposed model of a EGFR/β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling pathway in oral cancer
Lysosomal participation in cell death signaling
Mitochondrial role in the development of insulin resistance and T2DM
The CDKN2A locus codes for the tumor suppressors p16 and ARF that regulate cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell invasion via activating pRb, and the p53 pathway via inhibiting the activity of MDM2, respectively
Modulation of CD40 responsiveness in Leishmania-infected macrophages: crosslinking of anti-CD40 antibody activates p38 MAPK-induced leishmanicidal function via iNOS2 induction
A cartoon representation of the proposed PKG-induced signaling pathway that modulates neuronal KATP channel function
Differentially expressed genes in the cAMP signaling pathway
Differentially expressed genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway
Differentially expressed genes in the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway
Differentially expressed genes in the estrogen receptor signaling pathway
The figure was obtained using Pathway Studio
Schematic diagram of signaling pathways activated by DMXAA
Schematic representation of the three complement activation pathways, converging to cleave C3
Arrows show promoting effects, T-bars show repressing effects
A model for Moe and Rho1 function in apoptosis based on genetic, biochemical, and subcellular localization data
Cyclical mTOR-independent autophagy pathway with multiple drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases
Mechanistic model of KLF11-mediated tumor suppression and its antagonism by an oncogenic pathway
Proposed model for NFŒ∫B repression by TRAF3 in LTBR activation
NF-Œ∫B in conventional T-cell activation
Map of selected p53 pathway-associated genes that harbor known or potential functional SNPs (octagon-shaped boxes) and their closely interacting genes (rectangular boxes)
Mechanisms and pathways targeted by mutations in MPN
Shaded genes are genes identified in the network motif and others are those associated with the identified genes based on pathway analysis
The four flux sensors of the in silico cell
Schematic diagram showing the RAS-MAPK signal transduction pathway and affected disease genes in disorders of the neurocardiofacialcutaneous syndrome family
The main steps and key regulators in blood and lymphatic vasculature development
Model of TAK1¬∑TAB2¬∑NLK complex negatively regulating canonical Wnt pathway
p38 MAPK mediates the transcriptional response to stress
Endosomal and cytoplasmic pathways for virus recognition and IFN production
TOM1L2 and genes associated with Alzheimer's disease in the human interactome
Shown is the relationship among different proteins encoded by genes known to be responsible for genetic syndromes associated with activation of mTORC1
Models of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila and mammals
Effects of ADT1 RNAi Suppression on Phenylpropanoid/Benzenoid Compounds, Aromatic Amino Acids, and the Shikimate Pathway Intermediates.Schematic representation of the shikimate and Phe biosynthetic pathways and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid network in petunia petals
Destruction of the β-catenin (β-Cat) destructor Axin
Yeast cell cycle KEGG pathway and reconstructed network by three different algorithms
A Proposed Model for How Nedd4-Mediated Downregulation of PTEN Promotes PI3K Signaling in an Axon and Its BranchingIn this model, external signals promote or reduce axon branching by modulating Nedd4-dependent PTEN downregulation, and consequently, the levels of downstream PI3K signals
(A) Proposed model for the mechanism of farnesol protection against OX s... (B) Interaction between farnesol-associated signaling pathways (, , , , ).
Model for membrane fusion-induced host cell signaling
Model for the regulation of miR-203 expression in differentiating normal and HPV-positive epithelia
Description of the sex hormone metabolic pathway: genes involved in synthesis, bioactivation, metabolism, and inactivation of estrogen and other hormones
Schematic overview of DNA-repair pathway
APE1 has dual roles in redox and DNA repair
Aging-related upregulation of AP-1 signaling in VSMC
Aging-related upregulation of NF-Œ∫B signaling in VSMC
CFTR depletion led to an increase in FA uptake mostly by L-FABP (and to a lesser extent by CD36) and channeled to the lipoprotein assembly pathway, resulting in increased output of FFA-enriched lipoproteins
A simplified view of differentially expressed proteins according to PPAR signaling pathway resulting from Pathway Express tool analysis
Proposed biological network of differentially expressed genes in sepsis
Proposed mechanism of HSPB6-induced smooth muscle relaxation
Proposed role for AMPK in the kidney in coupling catabolic pathways requiring ATP hydrolysis (primarily sodium transport) with metabolic pathways leading to ATP synthesis (primarily fatty acid and glucose oxidation)
Proposed p38 MAPK signaling pathway involved in cAMP-induced MRP2 translocation in hepatic cells
The NB 5–6 lineage is generated in all CNS segments, but the genetic pathway leading to Ap cluster formation is only triggered in the NB 5-6T lineages
Comparison of protein and gene expression studies
Pathway analysis of major gene products affected by virulent infection
Schematic representation of this novel proangiogenic Hedgehog signaling cascade in endothelial cells
Signaling pathway for zinc prevention of atherosclerosis in monocytes/macrophages and vascular endothelial cells: a proposed hypothesis
Proximal signaling events in the TCR-coupled signaling pathway
Role of BCR signaling to NF-Œ∫B in ABC DLBCL
Constitutive NF-Œ∫B pathway activation in multiple myeloma
Solid tumors activate the NF-Œ∫B pathway to maintain cell survival
Proposed model for the role of fibrinogen-bound latent TGF-β activated by reactive astrocytes after injury
Proposed role of IRS-1 in regulating SHPS-1 phosphorylation under hyperglycemic conditions
Working model for S1P/SK/S1PR interplay during acrosomal exocytosis
Molecular determinants of mitochondrial quality-control networks
Role of the major PD-associated genes in mitochondrial dysfunction
Regulation of spermatogenesis processes by non-classical testosterone signalling
A model describing the movement of preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB
Functional genetic network as defined by the bioPIXIE tool (Myers et al
A generalized depiction of the energy cost of neurovascular coupling and its impact on astrocytic glucose utilization (CMRglc)
(A) Rescuing effects of Korea red ginseng against H. pylori-induced infl... (B) Inhibitory activities and attenuated expression of 5-LOX with red gi...
Direct interaction network models constructed by Pathway Architect analysis of the differentially expressed transcript in the lumbar spine and iliac crest trabecular bone
Molecules are represented as nodes, and the biological relationship between two nodes is represented as an edge (line)
A, during LPS-induced endotoxaemia, cytokine-mediated impairment of Akt/Forkhead box O (FOXO) signalling is thought to be important in both the induction of muscle atrophy, via FOXO-mediated upregulation of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1), leading to an increase in ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP)-dependent protein degradation, and the impairment of carbohydrate oxidation, through upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and subsequent pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) inhibition
Some key insect recognition, signaling and response genes are missing in the pea aphid
TIF scores for genes in the KEGG colorectal cancer pathway
TIF scores for genes in the KEGG small cell lung cancer pathway
(a) The eicosanoid signaling pathway is mediate... (b) Inhibition of PLA2, COX, LOX, and desaturas... (c) Fatty acid 5Δ and 6Δ desaturase inhibition...
Case study of TNF-Œ±-induced NFŒ∫B pathway
Depicts the proposed signaling pathway on the basis of information accrued by the current study and available literature
Most significantly associated pathway (NRF-2 mediated oxidative stress response pathway) by the data set of 8,405 genes found in camel ESTs shared by human, mouse, rat, and bovine using IPA
CXCR5 activate PI3K isoforms through GŒ±-Src-FAK pathway or via Gβ/γ pathway leading to subsequent activation of ERK1/2
Relationships between differentially expressed miRNAs, putative target genes, and functions
(A) In WT cells, the transcription of the main... (B) Rb-knockdown cells are able to enter S phas... (C) Under limiting conditions CyclinA-ox cells...
The canonical Wnt and TGFβ pathways in D. melanogaster
Schematic representing the significant changes in gene expression in the lung of Keap1Δ2–3/Δ2–3;CctCre+ mice compared with Keap1flox/flox mice
Multiple effects of ER-819762 on pro-inflammatory responses
Overview of several disease pathways involved in AD pathogenesis
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway from an agonist stimulation to integrin activation
The binding of VEGF to its receptor initiates activation of both the PI3K-Akt and RAF-MEK-ERK pathways (1)
Alterations in transforming growth factor beta signaling cause changes in chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis development
A cartoon illustrates genomic and nongenomic actions of VDR signaling in inhibition of human CYP7A1 gene transcription in human hepatocytes
Proposed model of LH-mediated regulation of MTOR signaling in luteal cells
Cdk1 restricts the pheromone response pathway to the G1 phase of the cell cycle
Cdk1 modulates the activity of several DNA damage checkpoint proteins
Schematic presentation of the signaling pathway induced by HCV for metabolic regulation
Stretch and/or angiotensin II (Ang II) through AT1 receptor stimulation triggers the release/formation of endothelin (ET)
llustration of biochemical interactions: the carnitine shuttle, fatty acid oxidation, and glycolysis
a Insulin signal transduction system in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (see text for a detailed discussion)
Schematic representation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathway and its activation by NEFA
Mechanisms involved in the immune response and C4 intrathecal synthesis against Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae invasion throughout the damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB)
. A model showing PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway with miR-22 and the regulatory loop exerted by miR-22.
During primary lung bud morphogenesis, RA signaling in the foregut mesoderm allows induction of the Wnt pathway by suppressing Dkk1 expression; RA also inhibits Tgfβ signaling
In humans (upper left panel), the urate reabsorption pathway involves the apical exchanger proteins URAT1, OAT4, and OAT10; intracellular urate is released through basolateral Glut9
Schematic illustration of phosphorylation events in central metabolic pathways of M
Schematic overview of the pyruvate/isocitrate cycle and OGC, important components of the pathway regulating glucose- and glutamine-stimulated insulin secretion
Composite network presentation of the response to BPDE in normal fibroblasts
Activation of apoptotic signaling via caspase 3 and gelsolin
Signaling cluster and integrin signaling
Therapeutic drugs that target various components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway
Example of synthetic lethality: PARP inhibition in cells deficient in homologous recombination (HR)
Complex deregulation of the Neuregulin/ERBB2 signaling pathway
Networks for (A) Biological network (B) Network MDL approach (C) PMDL approach The performance on the algorithms is performed on a biological data set
The proposed role for two-pore channels in integrative Ca2+signaling
A proposed model of salt-stress tolerance in plants at cellular level
Signaling pathway model showing the role of NAADP in the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm
Model illustrating the role of WDR3 in mediating cross-talk between ribosome biogenesis and p53-mediated cell cycle regulation
Proposed mechanism of cAMP-independent PKAc activation by dissociation of an NFŒ∫B-IŒ∫B-PKAc complex in thrombin- and collagen- stimulated platelets
Smo conformational changes, trafficking and pathway activation
Schematic view of the GSL metabolism pathways
Disorders of GSL and ganglioside degradation
Signaling pathways involving molecular markers for human breast cancer
Chromaffin cell genes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, secretion and degradation
The graphical conventions  are explained in the legend
Mechanisms of tumor selectivity of several oncolytic viruses
p38 MAPK signaling pathway that is involved with pituitary adenoma nitroproteins
Significant signaling pathway networks mined from pituitary adenoma comparative dataset
ERK/MAPK signaling pathway that is involved with pituitary adenoma comparative-proteomic data
Metabolic feedback loops affecting gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Comparative lipoate metabolism in protozoan parasites
The model shows amino acid and IGF stimulation of transcription leading to the activation of the myogenic program in Atlantic salmon
The serine/threonine kinase Akt, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), has become a major focus of attention because of its critical regulatory role in diverse cellular processes, including cancer progression
Regulation of intracellular Stat3 signalling
Model of Nodal-Smad2 signaling regulation of the BMP pluripotency pathway in mouse ES cells
Network generated with proteins involved in cell-to-cell signaling biological process using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) as described in
Integrin and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways were the top two pathways associated with cell-to-cell signaling
Binding of ET-1 to ETBR leads to activation of PI3K–dependent ILK/AKT/mTOR signalling route, causing the inhibition of PHD2, thereby promoting HIF-1α stability, neovascularization and tumor cell invasion
Proposed model for the role of Twist1 in the ovarian cancer stem cells
An engineered T-cell proliferation regulatory system utilizing a synthetic RNA device to achieve drug-mediated modulation of cell signaling and proliferation
Model for the regulation of neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth by the MRTF/Srf pathway
Neurotrophic and neuroprotective pathways targeted by lithium
The target gene regulatory network, NF-Œ∫B/RelA:P50
In the development of primary hair placodes, TAK1 is involved in the Edar/NF-Œ∫B pathway
Comparison between a known pathway (NOTCH signaling pathway, taken from the KEGG database, ID: hsa04330) and the corresponding interactome network build using the proteins that interact with human NOTCH proteins
Snapshots from the integrated macrophage pathway diagram
Overlay of Ifn-β timecourse analysis onto the macrophage pathway using BioLayout Express3D
A model of regulation of TM by the PDGFR axis in bladder smooth muscle
Working model for ARF6-GTP-induced signaling during cyst development
Schematic diagram showing the relationship between AKT activation (survival stimulus) with adaptive reactions to oxygen and nutrient deprivation that lead to autophagy, cycle arrest and inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway that would otherwise have stimulated protein translation
Stages of apoptotic cell engulfment and associated cell signaling events that regulate each stage
Ingenuity Pathway Assist (IPA) analysis of significant genes involved in cell death
Schematic drawing of Akt/GSK-3β/tau signaling
Loss of RB function triggers CIN by several mechanisms
AKAP-Lbc integrates multiple signaling pathways
Simplified scheme of pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways leading to eNOS activation and endothelial hyperpermeability
The mode of miRNAs that regulate adipogenesis by modulating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Placing datasets into a functional context using pathway analysis
A Metabolic pathway map constructed using the E-Cell RBC model
Schematic overview of MAPK-regulated processes that are thought to couple light to the SCN clock during the early night
Regulatory network that links the activities of an ensemble of transcriptional regulators, signaling components and survival factors in developing B cells into a common pathway
A current model of the ACE2 signaling pathway involved in SARS-CoV-induced CCL2 expression
Overlay of predicted functional interactions onto a human curated GBM pathway from the TCGA data set
Schematic pathway of IL-8-mediated NAADP formation by CD38 in LAK cells
A subpopulation of non-nuclear ERs localize to EC plasma membrane invaginations called caveolae by direct binding to caveolar proteins, including the scaffold protein striatin, which is bound to the major caveolar structural protein, caveolin-1 (Cav-1)
The 3 major groupings of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPkinase) pathways are activated rapidly after OA injection
The left cell represents a vegetative cell while the right a nitrogen-fixing heterocyst
The CXCR4 pathway is affected in CD34+ cells from CAD patients
Putative signaling components in fungal mating interactions
Intracellular signal transduction pathways that have been proposed to be involved in macrolide immunomodulation
The II S and TOR-signaling pathway in Drosophila
Hsp90-dependent modulation of proangiogenic signaling pathways in cancer
Putative model for mechanism of rotavirus NSP1-mediated proviral function
Cell signaling model for the regulation of glucose metabolism in hepatocytes by taurocholate
Proposed model for the role of iPLA2β in mitochondrial function
TLR signalling pathways: All TLRs except TLR3 share a common initial signalling pathway through MyD88 to the IRAK1/2/4TRAF6 complex
The concurrent deregulation of the top five canonical pathways in retinoblastoma (RB) tumors
Signaling pathways for epi activation of secretion
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 regulates erythropoietin (EPO)
Model for erythropoietic regulation by an iron-aconitase-isocitrate pathway
Integration of oncogenic and tumor suppressor inputs by the GLI code in cancer
A schematic representation of possible signalling routes of copper (A) and hydrogen peroxide (B) (the dotted line denotes a putative pathway; for details see the Introduction)
A model depicting the Wg signal transduction pathway is shown
Suppression of IFN-induced Jak-STAT signaling in hepatitis C
Progressive inactivation of GSK3β may promote increased anti-apoptosis and oral cancer
Targeting GSK3β pathway may be highly beneficial for curing oral cancer
Genes in green and red are respectively under- and over-expressed in the DSS-gene signature
Inhibition of host signalling pathways by VACV members of A46 and related families
Several major signalling pathways are modulated by changes in PQQ dietary status
Proposed integrated signaling pathway responsible for the synergistic chemotactic responses elicited by antigen in the presence of SCF or GPCR agonists
Model of the intracellular signaling network regulating T-cell trafficking and differentiation
PGC-1Œ± coactivates ERRŒ± to stimulate the expression of mSIRT3, which, in turn, increases the expression of the ROS-detoxifying enzymes GPx1 and SOD2 to suppress the ROS levels
Signaling diagram depicting pathways activated downstream of CXLC12
Olfactory sensory neuron projections along the anterior–posterior axis in the mouse olfactory system
Cytokine signaling through the Jak/Stat pathway in mammary gland development
. Cartoon representation of the canonical MAPK signaling pathway.
Proposed mechanism of action for AICAR in human retinoblastoma cells
Probiotics modulate key signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells
The classical and basic view of transforming growth factor β signaling pathway during liver regeneration
A protein-protein interaction comprising the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway
Protein-protein interaction maps comprising the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway of transcription factors associated with liver cell proliferation
Activins signal through type 1 and 2 activin receptors (ACVR1/2) to phosphorylate and activate SMAD3
Pathways for S Acquisition and Assimilation.Genes encoding the proteins of these pathways are labeled with colors, indicating the fold change (log2) of their transcript levels under S deprivation relative to nutrient-replete conditions for wild-type cells based on RNA-seq data (color code is given in the figure)
Model for the signaling pathway of ApNHE3 activation upon oocyte spawning
Glucose uptake in adipose tissue and its regulation by ghrelin
Reciprocal inhibition mechanism by TGF-β and IFN-γ
Receptor tyrosine kinases bind with ligand and initiate the signaling pathway via intermediate molecules (IRS)
Tumor suppressor pathways control Mdm2 function
Overview of NF-Œ∫B‚ÄìIL-6 in the major regulated steps in vascular inflammation
Generation of a biological network of genes of the most significant Canonical Pathways for the EF¬∑CIF (Il10-/- vs
Generation of a biological network of genes of the most significant Canonical Pathways for the Il10-/- (EF¬∑CIF vs
The vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSN), which detect semiochemicals, are sequestered in the VNO, requiring chemical fluids to be drawn into the vomeronasal lumen via the anterior opening and entrance duct
Interconnected pathways that cause bone marrow failure
Cross talk of the Nodal/Cripto-1 signaling pathway with Wnt, hypoxia, Notch, Oct-4, and Nanog signaling pathways
A signaling model for the effect of morphine on hypoxia-induced HIF-1Œ±
Model for E-selectin–mediated slow rolling
Schematic model of crosstalk between PPAR-γ and Wnt-5a signaling in MSC
Gene Chip analysis reveal SOX11-induced regulation of Rb-E2F and TGF-β signaling pathways
Pathway packaging of the 'biopolymer metabolic process' module
Model showing the interorganellar flow of acetyl units in C
Model of Met RTK down-regulation through dorsal ruffles
Model for metalloproteinase-dependent cross-talk between the PDGFRβ and the EGFR/ERK1/2 signaling pathway
New model for a novel role of p38 MAPK in the DNA damage response in cancer cells
(A) Activation of the pheromone pathway after pheromone (Mfa) binding to... (B) After cell fusion, sexual and pathogenic development is orchestrated...
Proposed model for the role of NOX4 and DUOX2 in promoting cell cycle entry
By challenging PTX-sensitive Gi/o-coupled MT2 receptors on rat RGCs, melatonin potentiates glycine currents via a distinct intracellular PC-PLC/PKC pathway
Pathways of biosynthesis of O-glycans in normal and cancer breast epithelial cells
Schematic illustration of molecular pathway initiated by P4 signaling in BPBC cells
The Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
ACE inhibitors, ARB and Statins act effectively as antioxidants to inhibit inflammatory and growth pathways
Thalidomide bypasses the requirement of the TGF-β1–endoglin–Alk-1 signaling pathway for vascular stability
Intracellular signaling of FIP1L1/PDGFRŒ±+ (F/P) cells
HIF-1Œ± and HIF-2Œ± have different functions in the cartilage
Diagram of TGFbeta signaling pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes , ,  showing pathway components that are considered to be present based on a p-value of detection <0.01.
A. Diagram of MAP Kinase signaling pathways after the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes , ,  showing pathway components that are considered present based on a p-value of detection <0.01.
PDC113.824-mediated biased signaling effects through FP receptor
Proposed mechanism of LPA signaling in osteoclasts
Targeting HIF activation pathway for cancer therapy
Spatial-temporal signals determine the fate of activated CD8+ T cells
Molecular networks over-represented by E
Based on our earlier studies, it was important to assess the impact of the Gab2 interaction and PI3K/Akt pathway activation in the pathophysiology of MPD induced by persistently activated STAT5
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway in hepatic fuel metabolism
Dual regulation of fuel metabolism and cell viability by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
Biology of the von Hippel-Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) axis in the setting of hypoxia or a mutation or aberration of the VHL gene product
Common signaling pathways in inflammation and cancer including those regulating ARE-gene expression and mRNA stability
A) Overview of the potential mechanisms linking ischaemic postconditioni... B) Abrupt restoration of the blood flow to the ischaemic myocardium can...
The conserved ATR‚ÜíCHK1 checkpoint signaling pathway in eukaryotes (, )
A schematic for DSB repair by HR and NHEJ pathways
Model of paracrine-mediated tumor enhancement and maintenance of glioma heterogeneity
Schematic illustration depicting the cellular pathways that lead to eIF4E activation and phosphorylation by Mnk1/2
Upper boxes, up-regulation of genes in the mitochondrial function pathways in patients with CAD compared with healthy control subjects
(A) Using core analysis from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), curated i... (B) Six of the 12 signature genes also exhibited various curated interac...
Schematic representation of anisotropic regulation of Ankrd2 in the diaphragm muscle
Human erythrocyte metabolism modeled using detailed enzyme rate equations
Signalling pathways that regulate Candida albicansCHS gene expression
Model for signaling events involved in PKCœµ-mediated survival in LNCaP cells
The nodes in these graphs represent receptors, ligands, effectors, kinases and transcription factors, while each edge describes a relation between these species
Potential model for phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent opponent input to rodent olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)
Proposed model for dysregulated mGluR signaling in FXS
P-values for testing association of the genes within the MAPK signaling pathway with RA in WTCCC studies
P-values for testing association of the genes within the MAPK signaling pathway with RA in NARAC studies
A model of the IFN-λ receptor signaling pathway
The neurohormone bursicon acts on the Gs-coupled GPCR rickets expressed in wing cells
Molecular pathways involved in pancreas and liver differentiation from hES cells
Diagram of the insulin signaling pathway from PathVisio
Plastids play a central role in the generation of wounding and herbivory induced signals
A schematic diagram for the role of Glrx1 in regulation of IKKŒ± and IKKβ in response to CS
Model for the PA-mediated activation of mTORC1 signaling
(A) Schematic diagram of the interaction of HH... (B) Nanog promotes clonogenicity and proliferat... (C) Nanog controls stemness in cerebellar stem...
Observation of the differentially expressed genes on the human cell cycle (A) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways (B) modified from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg1.html).
Hypothetical scheme for the development of Th2 type asthma phenotypes
Hypothetical model for EGFR-dependent loss of cell polarity and activation of Wnt signaling in CS-exposed human airway epithelium
Model for Nitrogen Control of Virulence Functions in F
(A) uPA upon binding with uPAR activates secretion of angiogenin
Defects in physiologically driven actin signaling at hippocampal synapses in Fmr1-KO mice
Binding of VIP to VPAC receptors (i) activates adenylyl cyclase–mediated (AC-mediated) elevation of [cAMP]i, causing PKA-stimulated elevation of [Ca2+]i required for activation of basolateral K+ channels (ii)
The figure represents the detailed relationship between pathways associated to chemical hits and pathways associated to toxicity
Schematic diagram depicting signalling pathway in the follicle after LH peak leading to the resumption of meiosis in oocytes
Transport of heme synthesis intermediates and heme in metazoans
Metabolic signaling pathway of candidate pathway
Cell-cell contact activates ephrinA5-EphA5 receptor signaling during early development, prior to the onset of electrical activity
Left: (simplified) TCR signalling pathway
Two optimal regulatory pathways obtained by the present method are shown by bold black arrows, and one extreme regulatory pathway obtained by the extreme pathway analysis is shown by white arrows
The optimal regulatory pathway is shown by bold black arrows and the extreme regulatory pathway is shown by white arrows
p-mTOR triggers progression of the cells to G1 phase of the cell cycle
Considering the peculiar pattern of distribution of phospholipase D1 -whose product, phosphatidic acid is a rapamycin inhibitor - in diffuse PHHI (absent from the plasmalemmal aspect of the acinar cells with admixed endocrine and exocrine components, residual expression in the beta-islets and expression on the plasmalemmal aspect of mature ductal cells), we believe that rapamycin would inhibit the expression of m-TORC1 in the acinar, and possibly to some extent in ductal cells undergoing transdifferentiation, decreasing insulin synthesis in diffuse variant of PHHI
A schematic representation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Genistein inhibits critical pathways in cancer invasion
Distinct functions for TPPII in the nucleus and cytosol
Regulation of survival pathways by mutant B-RAF
Activation of NF-Œ∫B by the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways
Fluxmap of the glycolysis, penthose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle for the experiment where carbon-limiting medium is changed to nitrogen-limiting medium at time zero
Fluxmap of the glycolysis, penthose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle for the experiment where nitrogen-limiting medium is changed to carbon-limiting medium at time zero
Schematic illustration of the highly simplified PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways in thyroid cancer
Schematic illustration of the PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase pathways driven by the increasing accumulation of genetic alterations in the progression from low-grade to high-grade thyroid cancers
GRK2 interactome involved in cell migration
GRK2 interactome involved in the modulation of cell cycle progression
A model of the inhibitory effect of metformin in PMA-induced migration and invasion
Model of the Lrp5-dependent regulation of bone formation through inhibition of tph1 expression and 5-HT synthesis in enterochromaffin cells
Hypothetical scheme highlighting the potential roles of mitochondrial morphology in cardiovascular disease with factors promoting mitochondrial fission on the left of the figure and factors promoting mitochondrial fusion on the right of the figure
Proposed model for the action of both profilin isoforms in different neuronal compartments
Signaling pathways described in ARPE19 cells
Model of the phosphatase calcineurin in the β-adrenergic signaling pathway via regulation of PDE4D degradation
Schematic representation of TNF/Fas/TRAIL signaling pathway
Connections of literature-completed interactome of PI3K-mTOR pathway with other signaling pathways
Comparison of fluxes of central carbon metabolism determined by MFA and predicted from a genome-scale metabolic model
Multiple pathways are responsible for the antiallergic effects of azelastine.The figure summarizes the pathways of action of multiple action antiallergic drugs, which include membrane activation and cell degranulation (early phase reaction) and de-novo synthesis (late-phase reaction)
Schematic illustration of proposed signaling pathway by which all three PPAR isoforms exert anti-apoptotic actions via 14-3-3ε upregulation
mTOR-independent pathway, with multiple drug targets acting at various places in this pathway that induce autophagy
A current model of early symbiotic signaling pathways
The actin-cytoskeleton signaling pathway and the candidate genes involved in colorectal cancer progression in patients with ulcerative colitis
Pfn gene neighborhood and its interacting pathway
Domain organization of proteins in the Hh signaling pathway
Proposed inhibitory mechanisms of SOCS1 on TLR signaling
Molecular interactomes and sub-networks associated with tumor cell susceptibility to arsenic trioxide
Schematic of the three-tiered MAPK cascades (Adapted from Luster et al
Model outlining the LDCV/nuclear signaling pathway in which PAM and Uhmk1 participate
A schematic model of LH/hCG-mediated mTORC1 signaling in T-I cells
Schematic overview of the canonical Notch signaling pathway
Summary of findings of arthrofibrotic progression
Pioglitazone positively affects the insulin signaling system resulting in improved glycemic control, generation of nitric oxide and decreased MAP kinase pathway activation
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is mediated by at least two distinct pathways
A proposed scheme of the molecular mechanism underlying LPCAT2 activation
Visualization of the pyruvate metabolism before and during H2 production
A model of Ulk3 function in Shh signaling pathway
A hypothesized signal pathway that Mtmr8 regulates artery specification and hematovascular progenitor specification in zebrafish embryo
Convergence between Wnt and EGFR pathways
Upregulated genes present in GenMAPP pathways of “TGF-B signaling pathway” (A) and “cytokines and inflammatory response” (B)
Pathways and networks related to chondrocyte proteins identified by proteomics as altered by GS and/or CS
Overview of glucose metabolism in mammalian cells
The complement cascade is comprised of the Classical, Alternative, and Mannose Binding Lectin pathways
Central metabolic network of glycerol in wildtype E
TLR7/9 Signaling pathway leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFN
Cancer signaling pathways affected within the tumor
Moral graph Dm obtained from BCR pathway
Triangulated graph Dt obtained from BCR pathway
Our results suggest that AZD6244-induced up-regulation of Bim is mediated by FOXO3a, which is regulated through both the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways
Schematic representation of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway
The immunology of resolving infection and disease progression to Leishmania For both T helper 1 (TH1)- and TH2-cell differentiations, antigens are presented to naive CD4+ T cells by dendritic cells (DCs)
Regulation of adipogenesis by canonical Wnt signaling cascade
Proposed mGluR6-signaling cascade in rod bipolar cells
Assignment of Enzymes to Pathways and Average Maximum Enzyme Activities across All the Accessions.Rubisco and NADP-GAPDH are specific for the Calvin-Benson cycle, AGP for starch synthesis, cFBP and SPS for sucrose synthesis, PFK, PFP, NADH-GAPDH, PK, and PEPC for glycolysis, G6PDH for the oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP), and INV, SuSy, FK, and GK for sucrose breakdown and the use of hexose sugars
Metabolic Role of PEP in Plastids of Heterotrophic or Mixotrophic Tissues (i.e., Developing Seeds).In wild-type plants (A), PEP can be imported from the cytosol by PPT, or it may be produced from 3-PGA by the glycolytic sequence involving PGyM and ENO
Schematic illustration of the signaling transduction pathway leading to tPA induced fibroblast proliferation
Model for the role of PDGF signaling in the PrE lineage of the mouse blastocyst
Complete glycolytic, PPP, and TCA cycle pathways, and all components for aerobic respiration, are present
A schematic illustration of the PI3-k/Akt pathway initiated by PDGF/PDGFR which leads to proliferation and anti-apoptosis in megakaryocytes
Altered cellular pathways and processes in tumours
From cDNA microarray, heat map, and qRT-PCR analyses, genes involved at different phases of the cell cycle including the G1/S transition, and progression through S- G2- and M- phases, are shown
The molecular and genetic events in mammalian sex determination and differentiation
The AD APP is a single-pass transmembrane protein that includes the 42-amino-acid Aβ (red)
Schematic representation of HMGB1 signaling events mediated by RAGE and TLR2/4 and therapeutic strategies for cerebral ischemia
Putative signaling pathways leading to translational activation and enhanced MCT2 protein synthesis after BDNF treatment in cultured cortical neurons
Molecules in green are down-regulated in our microarray results while those in red are up-regulated
Structure and signaling machinery of the Met receptor
The eicosanoid signaling pathway from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
Overview of the folate metabolic pathway
Cell Cycle Pathway: Differentially expressed genes involved in the cell cycle are shown in pink
(A) Ligand binding and tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kin... (B) Endosomes carrying RTKs include ubiquitinated RAS, which becomes unc...
Metabolic flux distribution through branching areas of the central metabolism of MG1655 and ECOM4LA cell lines
Model proposing the attenuation of the Ras-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway by small molecules that stabilize the inhibitory RAF/14-3-3 complex
Schematic illustration of how DPAGT1 coordinates Wnt signaling with E-cadherin adhesion
Hypothetical model for Rad18-dependent activation of the FA pathway in response to bulky DNA adducts
A proposed model for oncogenic Ras-induced suppression of erythropoiesis
Functional gene networks identified using IPA from differentially expressed genes between control and 300‚ÄânM reversine-treated annulus fibrosus cells
Model schematic of Nipah virus-triggered DC immune response mechanisms and antagonist activity of the response
The different effects of gut- and brain-derived serotonin on the osteoblast
The gene network presented here was adopted from Ingenuity pathway analysis tool with differentially regulated genes by TNF-α with p-values ≤0.05 and ≥1.2-fold.
Schematic representation of gene network obtained from Ingenuity pathway analysis tool with differentially regulated genes by TNF-α with p-values ≤0.05 and ≥1.2-fold.
Lithocholic acid (LCA) extends longevity of chronologically aging yeast through two different mechanisms
The FXR/SHP pathway controlling miR-34a and SIRT1 expression
Proposed mechanism of mitochondrial respiratory stress-induced Akt1 activation and its role in transcriptional activation
Molecular mechanisms of apical extrusion of Src cells
Crosstalk between the three distinct oscillators that function in the mouse PSM
Diagram of the signaling network involved in regulation of light responses in Trichoderma species
Composite changes in gene expression of members of the insulin signaling pathway in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue in response to prenatal T excess: IR, IRS-1 and -2, PI3K, AKt, Glut-2 and -4, GSK-3Œ± and -3β), mTOR, rictor, eIF4E, ERK1, PPARγ, HSL, G6Pase), and PEPCK
Working model of the effects of E2 on cell migration
Protein serine/threonine phosphatases in the DNA damage response pathway
Highly expressed proteins in MII oocytes
Novel molecular regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway
In myxoid liposarcoma, the FUS/DDIT3 protein has been shown to upregulate the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) which leads to the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and other genes involved in adipocytic differentiation
Simple diagram of FTY720 action in the mitochondria mediated apoptotic pathway
Model. Brain-derived serotonin (5-HT) regulates bone mass accrual through a CaM/CREB signaling cascade in VMH neurons.
Thrombin-induced ET-1 secretion in RPE is rho/ROCK1/2 dependent
Schematic view of HMGB1 signal transduction
Scheme of the Wnt signalling pathway including proteins from the RT-PCR array
Graphical representation of the metabolic pathway LXR/RXR activation exhibited as the main metabolic pathway by the data base according to the best EV value selection
A model for activation of Gli proteins during vertebrate Hh signaling
Cartoon showing the pathway of cardiac fibrosis inhibited by E2/ERβ
(A) Insulin signaling pathway with emphasis on its role in regulating en... (B) Coordinated regulation of energy metabolism and the circadian clock....
Simplified, schematic representation of flavonoid biosynthesis in A
Overview of Wnt/β-catenin signaling Ctenophore pathway
The schematic diagram of NELL-1 signaling pathways in osteoblast cells
a, b Bioactive eicosanoids derived from the arachidonic acid cascade
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling and inhibition by viral proteins
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor Complex and Its Schematic Signaling Pathway
The TLR signaling pathway and downstream effector molecules
Currently-known relationships among genes analyzed based on manually curated examination of the published literature within the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® Knowledge Base
ErbB2 cellular signaling pathways and lapatinib mechanism of action
Molecular crosstalk between the ER and ErbB1/ErbB2 cellular signaling pathways in endocrine-resistant ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells
Selected signal transduction pathways that affect AS of transcripts of genes important in cancer
Schematic representation of molecular events associated with the repressive effect induced by PTCH1 receptor on the SMO activity and the activation of the Hh signaling pathway mediated by the SHH protein in the primary cilium
Cellular events and signaling elements involved in the regulation of SHH expression, GLI activation, and mediation of the Hh activation-induced cellular response
Scheme showing the signaling elements and frequent deregulations in the Hh signaling network and potential cross-talk with the EGFR signaling pathway involved in the malignant behavior of cancer cells
Illustration of pathway differences between FLT3-ITD and FLT3-WT samples
A hypothetical model proposed to explain RASSF1C action in breast cancer cells: we hypothesize that RASSF1C activates the Ras-Raf-ERK1/2 pathway leading to up-regulation of the CXCR4
The Nrf2 cytoprotective signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the AMPK pathway in relation to various molecules
A model to demonstrate the inhibitory role of p15RS on the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Model for Stbd1 participation in glycogen metabolism and Stbd1 structure
Repression of NRF2 signaling by members of the NF-Œ∫B pathway
Schematic signal transduction pathways underlying the interfunctional role of CO, NO, and H2S in the modulation of cell survival
Activation of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
The canonical signaling pathway of LPS-TLR engagement leads to NFŒ∫B dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production through the interaction of CBP with NFŒ∫B
Analysis of gene expression in CD44+/CD24‚àí MCF-7/ADR cell population by TaqMan Low-Density Array and Ingenuity Pathway analysis
DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathways in normal and malignant cells
Among the most prominent responses was activation of MAP kinases (p38, JNK and ERK) and the downstream transcriptional factors [STAT1 (Y701), ATF2 (T69‚Äì71), MSK1 (S360), and CREB (S133)]
Schematic diagram of OTR‐linked signaling pathways
Biological interaction between glucose and genes up- (light grey) or down-regulated (white) in primary hepatic stellate cells after overexpression of Smad7
A schematic diagram showing nimbolide (NL) activity in the TNF-Œ±-induced NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Schematic of MyD88-induced protein accumulation pathways through SQSTM1 and HDAC6
A, the yeast mating pathway is activated by binding of the mating pheromone (α-factor) to the membrane receptor Ste2 (in “a” cells, or Ste3 in “α” cells), which causes the dissociation of the G protein alpha subunit (GpaI) from the G beta (Ste4) and gamma (Ste18) complex (, )
Changes in gene expression in central carbon metabolism (A) and ergosterol synthesis (B)
Gene expression within cluster MCL2 is enriched in genes affecting NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Protein-protein interaction map of Notch transcription modifiers
Daphnia pulex insulin and TOR signalling pathways, adapted from Drosophila melanogaster []
Refined model of the ERK signaling network
Signaling pathway and transcription factors involved in HPR1 gene expression in cancer
Examples of the inter-relationship between host, tumor, and environmental factors (pharmaco-epi-bio-genomic triad) that determine the response to tamoxifen in an individual patient (phenotype)
The HER/HER2-PI3K-Akt-NF-Œ∫B-elicited pathway in prostate cancer cells
Role of the N-end rule pathway in RGS protein degradation
TGFβ canonical signal transduction pathway and transcriptional responses mediating TGFβ growth inhibitory effects
Mechanisms of rituximab-mediated cell death
N- and C-terminal cleavage of the PC1 protein
Growth factor signaling pathways mediating proliferation in multipotential stromal cells
Growth factor signaling pathways mediating survival in multipotential stromal cells
Schematic overview of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling pathway
Selection of miRNA implicated in the TLR4 signalling pathway
In adult worms the FGFR EGL-15(5A) targeted for activation by the Klotho KL1 isoform can allow EGL-17 ligand binding
The oxidative stress-Chronic stress cycle of aging
Pathway analysis on differentially expressed genes
PAR1 and PAR2 signaling involves MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways in the induction of innate immune responses
In control fetuses and lambs, stimulation of the β2-AR increases cAMP production to activate PKA to phosphorylate HSL and perilipin, which hydrolyses intracellular triglyceride stored in the lipid droplet
Putative mechanisms underlying the protection of dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurones following group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor activation
This figure shows a summary of the individual components of the classical and alternative complement pathways (CP), both converge at the C3/C5 step and share a common terminal pathway with eventual generation of the cytolytic protein, membrane attack complex MAC
Signaling pathway of checkpoint control and IR-induced perturbation (The antagonism reaction governing G1/S checkpoint in the model takes place between CycE and Rb and the antagonism reaction governing G2/M checkpoint takes place between CycB and Wee1
Schematic model for the regulation of stability of platelet aggregation in response to thrombin
Hippo signaling restrains Yki-accelerated cell division in response to injury
Schematic presentation of Nrf2-ARE pathway
Examples of pathways shared by a signature hub from the Wang dataset and a signature hub from the Desmedt dataset
The TNFŒ± signaling pathways to NF-Œ∫B activation
Proposed model of how immune response pathways affect clinical outcome in ER- breast cancer
A boxed gene/protein name indicates the activity of this enzyme was measured
Pathways leading to the type I interferon production
Hypothetical model of morphine-induced reduction of TSP1 levels via TGFβ1 and its impact on synapse formation
KLA increases mRNA expression of genes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis
Schematic representation of the regulatory network of apoptosis in BCL11B and its related genes
Different components of the RB pathway are deregulated in human cancers, with the overall effect of derepressing E2F transcription factors that promote cell cycle progression or programmed cell death
Stimuli and factors involved in yeast chronological aging
The signaling complexes are induced by TNFŒ± to mediate NF-Œ∫B activation, apoptosis, and necroptosis
Stress-induced regulation of TauT by p53 and c-Jun via JNK signaling pathway
Model of ER alpha nuclear export in breast cancer cells
Expression of genes in the GA biosynthetic and signaling pathways
Schematic diagram of the interaction of p75NTR and TrkB signaling
Gene list involved in TLR pathway generated by KEGG
The MAPK signaling pathways generated by GenMAPP
The Tor pathway in the model fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Candidate master switch molecules and signaling pathways involved in LPS-induced inflammatory response of monocyte THP-1 cells
Identification of putative signaling regulators for immune-modification
A proposed model of VSV-obatoclax synergism
Proposed model for the role of ID2 in clock resetting
Schematic illustration of the TLR/IL-1R-IRAK-NFŒ∫B connectivity and signaling in AD brain and in IL-1β+Aβ42 peptide-stressed HAG cells
Estrogen and Tamoxifen Metabolic Pathways depicted at the genomic level
Diagram showing curcumin and its potential inhibitory effects on the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid
Hypothetical model for the molecular signaling pathways of vasculogenic mimicry in tumors and anti-vasculogenic mimicry (VM) therapy strategies
Diagram of the Toll-like recepter 4 signaling pathway modified from Wikipedia Commons
Regulatory PathRNet Only nodes that are close to P38 MAPK Signaling pathway or "S-7" are kept (distance<3)
Location of 2,4DNT impacted genes in the pathway association network
Modulation of both the NO/cGMP and PI3K/Akt antiapoptotic signals in MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells, was elicited by pharmacological intervention using pathway inhibitors (e.g
Schematic diagram of the insulin signaling cascade that regulates GLUT4 exocytosis in the plasma membrane in adipose cells
Subnetworks (A–D) are examples of interesting conserved subnetworks discovered by the cross-species network search algorithm on differentially expressed genes between stem cells and differentiated cells
Comparison of the DC-ATLAS Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 3 pathway with other pathway databases
Summary of TG-FN-mediated cell adhesion and FN fibril formation pathway
Representation of the transduction pathway involved in Cd signaling
DNMT inhibitors and PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway
The IL-6ST (A) and IL-13RA2 (B) pathways induced in BeWo cells by C. burnetii stimulation were identified using Pathway Studio© software.
EGFR dimerization results in autophosphorylation, kinase activation, and subsequent activation of three major signaling pathways,including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and STATs pathways
The proposed model of GS-mediated apoptosis in HNSCC cells
Scheme illustrating the dynamic reciprocity between MMP9 and the Raf–MEK–ERK pathway, which determines whether cells would continue to proliferate or undergo acinar morphogenesis
Proposed model for the impact of the active Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex on the extrinsic death pathway
Differential host transcriptional responses within the acute-phase response pathway in r1918-infected WT, TNFRKO, and IL1RKO mice at 1, 3, and 5 dpi
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed genes between 24 DSS and 56 uncomplicated dengue patients
Central metabolism and analysis of flux-sum intensity in Z
Scheme of metabolic pathways where enzymes either upregulated (black boxes) or downregulated (white boxes) in LP are highlighted
Activation of β-adrenergic receptor pathway in the heart
DENV-ADE infection down-regulates TLR-4 and endosomal TLRs synthesis while strongly stimulates SARM and TANK, negative regulators of TRIF and TRAF-6, respectively
Model for the turnover of P63 on the surface of type II cells
Proposed signaling scheme for ischemic preconditioning
An overview of the EGFR pathway and its main downstream effectors (top)
A functional module of the CXC chemokine pathway uniquely identified by NeMo
Pathways in CG were used in constructing the general regulatory pathway
Hypothetic model that links GRK5 deficiency to the amyloid and cholinergic hypotheses
Schematic diagram of signaling microdomain for specific PIP2 signal
Model representing the signaling pathway of TRG-induced cellular effects in HCC cells
Scheme of the JEV-mediated signalling pathways linked to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expression in brain astrocytes
A summary of the proposed molecular mechanism through which 6-shogaol inhibits PMA-induced breast cancer cell invasion
Stimulation with Ragweed pollens, allergens, growth factors, or cytokines cause increased ROS production inside the cells
Schematic showing another inflammatory pathway that is activated by tissue injury
Regulation of Wnt signaling in Xenopus CNC
(A) A network of hits highly enriched in cell c... (B) A network of physically interacting (solid... (C) An example of a cluster identifying a new t...
A diagram illustrating the PS–Tyro3–Akt cell survival signaling pathways
Simulation diagram of the relationship between insulin signaling pathway and hepatocyte apoptosis
Numbers of reads in the non-normalized and normalized 454 sequence analysis for genes encoding enzymes in the fatty acid and TAG biosynthetic pathways in bitter melon seeds
A) mAKAP assembles a cAMP-responsi... B) When intracellular cAMP levels... C) As cAMP levels fall, the Epac1-... D) mAKAP assembles an oxygen sensi...
Hypothetical Scheme Showing the Possible Signaling Circuitry That Controls Cytokinesis in Arabidopsis.Components in the NACK-PQR pathway are shown
FoxO1 activates Tlr4 inflammatory pathway in macrophages and affects insulin resistance
Schematic presentation of the summary of our work
BDNF-activated transduction pathways induce dendritic sprouting
Potential mechanisms of malignant transformation by K+ channels
Model for host-cell signalling induced by EPEC Tir
Longevity pathway demonstrating how caloric restriction, exercise, and stress-derived plant products activate the mammalian stress response
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of miR-342 regulated genes
Mincle- and Dectin-1-mediated signalling in response to mycobacteria
Simplified overview of the pathways involved in miRNA regulation of gene expression in addiction
In normal cardio-myocytes, insulin triggers the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, resulting in increased Akt phosphorylation
(a) The innate immune induction pathway through RLR activation. HCV 5′pp... (b) The RLR family members. CARD, helicase, and C-terminal domains, incl...
Signaling networks associated with PPARŒ¥ and inflammatory and invasive gene expression
Ingenuity pathway Analysis network 1 depicting relationships among up-regulated genes in SB300 infection group relative to that of SB1117 infection group at 8 hours
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Network 2 depicting relationship among up-regulation Genes in SL1344 vs SB1117 infection groups at 8 hours
Regulation of peripheral tolerance by the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in T and B cells
(a) In the classical apoptotic pathway of mamma... (b) In 3D7 P. falciparum parasites treated with... (c) Only at high doses of CQ does the drug accu...
Schematic diagram illustrating the different mechanisms by which P2 receptor subtypes might alter cancer cell function
Zfra in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis
Positive effects of CDK8 at pre- and post-initiation steps
Enzymes of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid and glutamine metabolism and their regulation by known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in proliferating cells
Regulation of histamine synthesis by the post-translational processing of mouse HDC
Signal transduction pathways that regulate the initiation of meiosis in fission yeast
Potential mechanisms by which CD44 can modulate cell death
TRAF6 and A20 control K63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin 1 to trigger autophagy
Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) signaling pathway and potential mechanisms of resistance to IGF1R blockade (red asterisks)
Schematic diagram showing major GPCR signaling pathways
A working model for the role of WRN in the signaling pathways involved in pancreatic cancer cells
The AKt pathway mediates ischemia preconditioning
Schematic drawing showing the controversial role of IL-12 on bone resorption at apical periodontal sites
β-Catenin is at the hub of multiple signaling pathways
Model of melatonin regulation of breast cancer cell invasion
Mechanisms of monosodium urate (MSU)-mediated inflammation and the roles of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Nlrp3
Simplified schematic version of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade
Model showing PGE2/EP4/CREB/S100P signaling in a feedback regulatory loop
Model: The kinase IKK may activate Htt degradation by a mammalian version of the yeast Cvt pathway
Attenuated cytoplasmic dsRNA sensing in hESCs
Proposed model for how Shh signaling pathway negatively regulates its mitogenic potential through β-arrestin 1
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of the core Wnt pathway components APC, Axin and β-catenin
Wnt signaling components regulate ubiquitylation
Schematic illustration of signaling pathways regulating GSK3 and functions of GSK3 related to mood regulation
Hypothesized GABAergic molecular pathway of acquisition/consolidation, reconsolidation and extinction consolidation
Schematic diagram of the mechanism of cAMP inhibition of MAPK activity
Schematic summarizing the present findings
Model of human Th17 differentiation: IL‐1 signaling appears to cooperate with a pathway driven by TGF‐β+ IL‐6/IL‐21/IL‐23 to induce human Th17 cells, associated with expression of ROR‐c and Stat3
Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth
Viral infection triggers the IFNβ signal transduction pathway of the host innate immune system, activating the antiviral state
Integration of the identified proteins into the canonical pathway of TLR signaling
A model of the biochemical mechanisms underlying LTP at thalamo-LA synapses
Schematic diagram illustrating an overview of cellular injury and inflammatory-mediated steps in development of leiomyoma as compared with uterine scar formation caused by mechanical injury (i.e., myomectomy and cesarean delivery)
Cell surface receptors (FGFR or EGFR) activate RAS/MAPK or PI3K signaling pathways through FGFR substrate 2 (FRS2) and culminate in the activation of CREB3L2, which in turn stimulates transcription of ATF5
Regulation of cell movement and proliferation by nectins and Necl-5
HBOT affects gene expression in the Nrf2 Pathway
During innate immune activation via LPS-LPB-TLR4, a number of factors of the coagulation pathway are activated, creating the cooperative immuno-coagulative response
Insulin signaling pathway showing binding of insulin with the insulin receptor leading to the activation of glucose transporter 4 which imports glucose into the cell
Canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor-Œ∫B (NF-Œ∫B) activation pathways
Proposed model for Syk in mediating oxidative stress-induced calcium release
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and stimulated intracellular signaling cascades after activation of tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk)B
Key regulators of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway
mTOR activation supports cancer cell survival
Correlation of Predicted miRNA Targets with Hosts
Toll-like Receptor signalling canonical pathway
Stress-induced pathways in the PVN of the hypothalamus of DBA/2J (A) and C57BL/6 (B) mice
Pathway analysis of representative genes that responded to [BF/S+L/Ep] treatment
IPA representation of the canonical pathway for leukocyte extravasation signalling in cluster 4, 24 hours post-infestation with P
IPA representation of the complement system pathway enriched in cluster 6, 3 hours post-infestation with P
Complementary signaling pathways activated in human cancer cells
Nonlinear signaling through the PI3K-Akt pathway
Schematic representation of selected signaling pathways and the current targeted therapies related to RCC
Prostanoid biosynthesis and response pathway
Proposed mechanism of procathepsin D/cathepsin D function in cancer progression
Cell cycle is controlled by the Rb pathway and p53 pathway
Model of regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in response to apoptotic cells (ACs)
Functional network connections between HRneg/Tneg signature genes
The role IL-6 signaling in CCA inflammation-related epigenetic regulation
Unique glucose metabolic characteristics in GCC may have potential as targets for cancer therapy
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network
Proposed role of CnPlc1 in pathogenicity-related signaling in C
Effect of long-term, high altitude hypoxia on the adaptation of uterine artery contractions to pregnancy
Schematic diagram hypothesizing the role of Decoy/Guardee in mediating defense in chickpea upon Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceri (Race 1) challenge.
Proposed model for PAO-derived H2O2 participation in stress and development
Dimerization of ErbB2 receptors leads to phosphorylation and activation of several intracellular catalytic substrates, including the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk, PI3K/Akt and other important signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis, protein synthesis and cellular proliferation
Proliferation of β-cells or precursors is regulated by the classical cdk-pRB-E2F pathway
Protective effects of OxPLs against acute lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction
Hedgehog signaling pathway in vertebrates
Different models of Hedgehog pathway signaling
Overview of signaling pathways that control transcription during transition from exponential growth to diauxic shift and stationary phase
Activation of the Fas/FasL apoptotic pathway by interaction of Fas+ cells with FasL
Model of LPS-induced signaling pathway for autophagy as predicted from our recent data () and from recent studies
Simplified schematic of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Main signaling pathways that mediate visfatin/PBEF/Nampt-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration
Roles of the NF-Œ∫B-mediated inflammatory pathway in cellular transformation and in cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis
Apoptosis pathway triggered by induction of ER stress response and Ca2+ mediated calpain activation
Schematic of the kinase cascade and resulting cellular responses of the MAPK signaling pathways
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
Bayesian network fits for mutation data for cycle checkpoint II pathway using (a) Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm (maximum indegree of 1); (b) Bayesian Information Criterion (maximum indegree of 2)
Bayesian network fits for wildtype data for cycle checkpoint II pathway using (a) Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm (maximum indegree of 1)
(A) Lgl/aPKC regulates Yki activity by promoting the formation of Hpo/RASSF                         complexes
TLR-dependent and independent IFN-I induction, signaling and action
Signaling pathways involved in JSRV Env-induced cell transformation
Scheme of PMT-activated heterotrimeric G proteins and subsequent signaling pathways
Schematic representation of SPION-induced toxicity at cellular level
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway signaling in tumor and vascular endothelial cells
Potential targets for intervention in the TGF-β1 pathway (partial list) [, , ]
The effects of radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted agents on EGFR signaling
Signaling pathways of sunitinib and sorafenib cardiotoxicity
Bridged pairs and shared edges between 2ROs in the apoptosis pathway
Eukaryotic Phospholipid Synthesis and Editing.G3P produced by GPDH is converted to PA by sequential acylation reactions regulated by GPAT and LPAAT
Connections of praline metabolism to other pathways.Connections of proline synthesis to nitrogen assimilation by GS and GOGAT; the N-acetyl-glutamate pathway (chloroplast); the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (chloroplast); GABA metabolism (cytoplasm and mitochondria); and, ornithine-arginine metabolism (mitochondria)
A simplified view of the glucose sensing mechanisms in S
The Wnt signaling pathway is comprised of extracellular, cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling events that are amenable to therapeutic intervention
The basic signaling pathways and relevant targets together with their inhibitors associated with endocrine resistance Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and the growth factors (esp
Schematic signaling pathway mediated by the L-CBM complex in T and B lymphocytes.Notes: The L-CBM complex acts in the canonical NF-Œ∫B (p65/p50, cRel/p50) activation pathway mediated by IKKβ downstream of TCRs and BCRs
Schematic signaling pathway mediated by the L-CBM complex in NK cells.Notes: The L-CBM complex acts in the canonical NF-Œ∫B activation pathway through activating NK cell receptors (NKR) such as Ly49H, Ly49D, NK1.1, NKG2D, FcγRIII, etc
Simplified description of the insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction (IIS) pathway in invertebrates and mammals
Mechanism of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) as a screening test for cardiac dysfunction in liver cirrhosis, such as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM)
Dependence of the cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway on Ca2+ influx through Cav channels
Pituitary cells express GPCRs that engage the cAMP signaling pathway
GPCR-modulated channel activity in pituitary cells
Proposed mechanism by which erythrocytes participate in the matching of oxygen (O2) supply with demand in skeletal muscle
Overview of the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway involved in cytokine production
. Epidermal growth factor receptor signal transduction pathway.
Hyperglycemia inhibits antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH)) and induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) from different sources such as mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), NADPH oxidase, cycloxygenase (COX2), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein kinase C (PKC), polyol pathway and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
Impact of HCV infection on ILK signaling
PPARγ ligands can induce (A) or suppress (B) expression of cox-2
The cellular affects of TNFŒ±.Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFŒ±) is produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and keratinocyte
. Scheme of the PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway.
Stress signalling to fungal SAPK pathways
Simplified view of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (Modified from ref
A well characterized target of PI3K and PTEN signaling is AKT
Differential gene expression in the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway
Bacterial and host effector molecules with potential probiotic effects
The potential mechanism of the HGF/ c-Met signal pathway hallmarks in lung cancer
Schematic drawing showing the TNF-driven survival and apoptosis balance
Macrophage infiltration in adipose tissues, oxidative stress and IR
Schematic representation of the main actors intervening in the canonical and noncanonical NF-Œ∫B activation pathways
Potential mechanisms of NF-Œ∫B activation in T-ALL leukemic cells
Schematic of the proposed role of high CORT levels on the proinflammatory response triggered by LPS and related to MAP kinase‚ÄìNF-Œ∫B pathway in rat brain
The Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling pathway in alcoholic liver disease
A schematic presentation of the rationale of targeting PARPs for cancer therapy
PI3K/Akt pathway involved in tumorigenesis
The AMPK-p53-mTOR pathway in metabolic adaptation
The role of CHD1L in Nur77-mediated pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis
Network analysis of expression profiles of 10 Œºmol/L AA in HK-2 cells
Immune pathogenesis of gastric mucosa damage in H
Hyperglycemia alters the expression of multiple genes of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) pathway through the polyol pathway in retinal vessels
Mechanism of adiponectin stimulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α)‐dependent signalling
Biosynthetic pathway of leukotrienes (LTs), LT receptors, and mechanisms of action of antileukotriene drugs (reproduced with permission from reference [])
The core hypothalamic energy homeostatic circuit and the dopamine reward pathway
The Classical Jak/STAT Signaling Pathway
The mechanism by which Ang II mediates vasoconstriction
Main pathway for the synthesis and degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol
RAF fusion genes in prostate and gastric cancer and melanoma
A simplified diagram of the Ras/ERK pathway and SST effects through PTPs, SHP-1 and SHP-2
A simplified diagram of PI3K/Akt pathway and SST effects through PTP SHP-1
Gene co-expression patterns specific to smokers (A) and non-smokers (B) derived by the implication network algorithm (P < 0.05) commonly present in both training and test sets.
Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides (depicted as blue squares) are released from the ECM as a result of trauma and regulated by the balance of hyaluronidase inhibitors and hyaluronidase
Predicting response to induction chemotherapy in AMLA
A model shows the simplified NF-kB signaling pathway that is activated by oxidative stress
Cell adhesion pathway and ECM–receptor interaction pathways are affected by RCT
Leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway is affected by RCT
Inflammatory microenvironment provokes metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus by several mechanisms
Interactions between membrane–lipid metabolism, APP processing and β-secretase (BACE) activity, cholesterol uptake/efflux and cell cycle regulation
Schematic representation of the main modulated genes and their reciprocal interactions in the cell
细胞的“看门人”，p53作为细胞增殖的负性调节因子而发挥作用。P通过靶向作用于与cyclin D1/cdk4复合物结合的p21，p53可使细胞停滞于G1期。p53诱导凋亡的其中一种机制便是通过增加Bax的合成；随后Bax阻滞具有抗凋亡作用的Bcl-2（见）。p16/Rb通路介导G1/S期转化。Cyclin D1/cdk4复合物可磷酸化Rb。当Rb为磷酸化状态时，E2F被激活，可使细胞转化至S期。在S期，cyclinE和cdk2可调控Rb的磷酸化。As the gatekeeper of the cell, p53 acts as a negative regulator of cellular proliferation
在SCLC中，受体酪氨酸激酶及其配体通常呈过表达状态。缺陷性受体酪氨酸激酶及它们各自的生长因子包括：VEGFR/VEGF, c-Kit/SCF, c-MET/HGF, FGFR/FGF以及IGF-1R/IGF。通过多种通路的激活，包括在SCLC中失调的PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路，在存活、凋亡、细胞周期调节和翻译过程中发挥作用。Receptor tyrosine kinases and their known ligands are often overexpressed in SCLC
EGFR和VEGFR激活的下游信号转导和生物过程以及抑制这些信号通路组分的靶向治疗。肿瘤细胞中EGFR的激活会引起受体激酶区域内酪氨酸残基的磷酸化以及后续的Ras/Raf/MAPK或PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的激活，这将导致血管生成、细胞增殖、生长、转移和粘附相关基因的核激活。其它生长因子受体通路（如IGF-1R）的激活亦可通过PI3K和其它下游组分而传递信号，进而导致基因转录。内皮细胞中VEGFR的激活亦可活化Ras/Raf/MAPK通路，并调节基因表达和细胞存活。有两种策略可抑制EGFR介导的信号：可与细胞内激酶区域结合的小分子TKI（如，厄洛替尼和吉非替尼）或可结合于细胞外并阻止配体结合的单克隆抗体，如西妥昔单抗。可与VEGF配体直接结合并阻止受体激活的抗VEGF抗体（如，贝伐珠单抗）或VEGFR的小分子TKI（如，舒尼替尼和索拉非尼）亦可同样抑制VEGF介导的下游信号。Signal transduction and biologic processes downstream of egfr and vegfr activation and targeted therapies that inhibit components of these signaling pathways
Network view of associated proteins created within Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software for visualizing molecular interrelationships
Canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways of the AhR
Top network depicting the influence of high fat diet on mammary tumor gene expression (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Knowledge Base)
Top network of metastasis virulence biomarkers (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Knowledge Base)
Pathways regulating Leydig cell division activated by soy isoflavones
(A) Separate lists of genes for females and males are visualized with a Venn diagram illustrating unique and common genes expressed in women (pink) and men (blue) 3–10 days after YFV-17D vaccination
Various factors have been suggested to activate the pro-tumor phenotype of TAM; extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as hyaluronan (HA) and versican, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNFŒ±, and tumor hypoxia activates both HIF-1 and NF-Œ∫B
Two potential grounds for attenuation of IFN‐β bioactivity by statins
The molecular clock in flies and mammals is composed of transcriptional and translational feedback networks
Model figure for B-RAF inhibitor-mediated activation of the C-RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in non-mutant B-RAF melanoma cells
Conserved pathways control neurite degeneration
Schematic representation of the signaling pathway mediated by GABAB receptor in CGN neuroprotection
Proposed mechanism involved in pathological NO-induced synapse elimination
A proposed mechanism highlighting the role of AM in the development of morphine tolerance and morphine-associated hyperalgesia
An overview of the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS)
Schematic diagram of the signalling pathway activated by B1R agonists leading to iNOS-derived high output nitric oxide
Significantly altered genes by PEITC from the current study are presented in yellow boxes, and the effects of PEITC that have already been reported in previous studies are presented in blue boxes
Proposed model for the inhibitory effects of Ocimum gratissimum extracts on the oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis by affecting the mitochondrial pathway
Schematic diagram of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling
The involvement of zinc metalloproteinases in Aβ metabolism
The signaling cascade of class I and IIa HDACs in the development of cardiac hypertrophy
Schematics of the Hippo pathway in flies and mice
Schematic representation of pro-inflammatory pathway induction by cAMP/PKA signaling in BSC-derived lesions
Protein interaction network of highly connected proteins associated with the cardiorenal syndrome
Hypothetical roles for LAB-dependent positive signaling
Schematic representation of the molecular mechanisms employed by the Ras/MAPK pathway to regulate mTORC1 signaling
Case study of the discovered phosphorylation networks associated with insulin signaling pathway
Representation of correlation networks on a combination of four maps (Multiple Map mode) in KaPPA-View4 KEGG
ISC lineages of mammalian intestine and Drosophila midgut, and the common pathways that control them
When C. albicans is exposed to H2O2, the intracellular Ca2+ is increased and its downstream calcineurin/Crz1p pathway is activated.
Membrane esterified DHA is excised by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to yield free DHA; in turn free DHA is 15-lipoxygenated to generate NPD1 which then enters a neuroprotective cycle
Schematic diagram of TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway
Functional role of PP2C enzymes in yeast MAPK pathway regulation and organelle inheritance
Genes are represented as nodes, biological relationships between two nodes as lines
Genes regulated by Survivin in ITD-Flt3+KSL cells and deregulated in LSC are mapped on functional signaling network associated with epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
Post-transcriptional control of mammalian clock genes
AMPK-dependent transcriptional pathway for PGC-1a activation
Rationale for dual treatment targeting the IGF-1R signaling pathway in RMS
Patterning the DV axis in Drosophila and Tribolium
IPA pathway graphical representation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling
Pathway analysis of FBPA clustering on gene expression after direct irradiation
Pathway analysis of FBPA clustering on gene expression in the bystander response
The intracellular transport pathway of Shiga toxin
Summary of CD83 pathway regulating display of MHC II and CD86 on DCs
Model for PAR2signaling from apical and basolateral surfaces
Dysregulated expression of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis genes in liver is reversed by PPARγ ligand treatments
A model of APPL1-regulated TAK1-MKK3-p38 MAPK pathway in response to Ad stimulation
Multiple substrates of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway mediate growth and metabolic signals in skeletal muscle
Cell cycle, cellular growth and proliferation pathways detected by ingenuity pathways analysis
General pathway for phosphatidylinositide (PI) synthesis
(A) The complement cascade is triggered when CRP or L-ficolin is recruit... (B) Complexes are denoted by the names of their components, separated by...
Examples of the signaling role of Cdc42 in selective tissue cell types
The JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway transmits information from cytokine/chemical signals outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the gene promoters on the DNA in the cell nucleus, which causes DNA transcription and activity in the cell
Wnt signaling plays central role in embryogenesis and human diseases including cancers
Compartmentalization of TNF-R1 signalling and A-SMase activation
Metabolic regulation by FOXO1 in skeletal muscle
Simplified metabolic pathway of acrylonitrile, modified from Leonard et al., 1999
. Model of the transcriptional regulatory network in the AV canal myocardium that depends on Tbx2 for correct patterning of the AV canal myocardium, formation of the annulus fibrosus, and generation of AV delay.
Schematic review of the molecular mechanisms linking diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer
β-amyloid signals through microglial MAC1 receptor and PI3K to PHOX
Biological network of genes linked to the canonical pathway "molecular mechanisms of cancer" that were hypomethylated (fold change >1.5) in zebrafish hepatocellular carcinoma compared to healthy liver
The EP receptor intracellular signaling pathway and its effects on HFL-1 cell migration
Schematic diagram of the mechanism for phenamil-mediated activation of procontractile BMP signaling
Regulation of Cbk1 and Ace2 in mitosis integrates signals from FEAR and MEN to ensure the proper timing of septum destruction
Proposed model of SubAB-induced apoptosis signaling pathway in HeLa cells
CD36 contributes to inflammation and impaired insulin signalling in adipocytes and macrophages
The classic arginine–nitric oxide synthase–nitric oxide pathway
Signaling pathway model for taurocholate-accelerated canalicular network formation
Red and green represent up-regulated and down-regulated genes, individually
The role of interventions in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway
Tumor suppressor p53 and its signaling pathway
Key proteins and pathways in the replication stress response network
TFM-C-induced alteration to IL-12p40 chaperone interactions
Akt2 facilitates cell cycle progression by regulating two separate pathways: (i) upregulation of Cdk2 and Cyclin D, and (ii) downregulation of p27 at the levels of transcription and protein stability through the upregulation of Skp2
PTP1B can regulate adipogenesis through insulin-dependent and insulin-independent pathways
The potential novel molecular targets identified in this study were subjected to pathway analyses using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software, Version 7.5.
Expression of cell cycle genes in wild-type (WT) and CKX-4 tubers after GA3-mediated tuber sprouting
Expression of auxin transport and signaling genes in wild-type (WT) and CKX-4 tubers after GA3-mediated tuber sprouting
Coexpression network analysis and model of cell wall synthesis in rice
Wnt pathway and its regulation of β-catenin in stem cells and cancer
Hypothetical scheme for bacteria-regulated intestinal stem cells and tumorigenesis
Simplified schematic representation of the link between LPS-induced microglial activation, inflammatory mediators, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration
Wnt signaling and the evolution of a functional gut
Simplified schematic illustrating molecular mechanisms of neurite regulation
A hypothetical network based on differentially expressed transcription factors and DEmiRNAs
. Simplified schematic diagram of a MCP-1/MMP-2/TGF-β1 loop signaling pathway.
Lymphotoxin and the immediate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family
Cyclin D1, at the center of MCL pathogenesis
BCR, NF-Œ∫B, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR deregulation in MCL
Enrichment of fixed SNPs and Indels in an extended Notch pathway
(A) Interferon signaling pathway. IFNA and IFNG bind to their respective... (B) Predicted interactions between DENV proteins and members of the IFN-...
Organellar Ca2+ buffering and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics
Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases in the activating signaling pathways utilizing ITAM-containing adapters
Inhibitory pathways in innate cells utilizing ITIM or “inhibitory” ITAM signaling pathways
Regulatory Processes Linked to PL Metabolism
All genes whose mRNA expression levels were differentially regulated in the TGR at 3 months are highlighted in red
IPA generated network of interactions between genes deregulated by anti-CD20 antibodies in SUDHL4 and REC1
Schematic of proposed Atg1/myosin/Atg9 signalling pathway
Proposed model of ROS-mediated insulin signaling in mosquitoes
Models of Wnt11 signaling and of cell proliferation and competition in the developing mouse kidney
PGA1 binds to cysteine 118 of Ras and induces Ras¬∑GTP loading and Raf/MEK/ERK/Elk1 pathway activation
Similar to a gene expression array, those significant genes in the GWAS study are green, those in the expression study are pink and those that are significant in both are yellow
Similar to a gene expression array, those genes with significant expression in the GWAS study are green, those in the expression study are pink and those that are significant in both are yellow
Similar to a gene expression array, those genes that are significant in the GWAS study are green, those in the expression study are pink and those that are significant in both are yellow
The links are defined by the LinkDB function from the KEGG website
Signalling between p53 and the IGF-AKT-mTORC1 pathway
Development of thrombotic microangiopathy with loss of normal complement regulatory factor function
Simplified model for the intersection of signaling pathways regulating protein synthesis and degradation
Proposed mechanisms of ROS-dependent CO-mediated survival pathway in brain endothelial cells stimulated by TNF-Œ±
Schematic diagram outlines a signaling pathway that may mediate strain-induced migration in intestinal epithelial cells consistent with our present and previous observations
A model explaining how RSV may mediate energy homeostasis and lifespan expansion in Ppt1-KO mice
Signaling pathways activated by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)
Proteins of signaling pathways activated by ET-1 are targets for O-GlcNAc
Schematic summary of the proposed mechanism for TGF-β-mediated regulation of oxidant/antioxidant balance and IL-6 release in ASMCs
Spry2 and Spry2Y55F function in the context of EC MAPK signaling
Mapping the elements of the PI3K pathway based on a literature review , produces a network where many genes are targeted by common microRNAs suggesting a novel microRNA role of pathway regulation
The interactions occuring in the ovarian mural granulosa cells (GC) and cumulus cells (CC) after the administration of hCG for ovulation induction
A network of genes commonly regulated after pioglitazone treatment
Proposed working model and protein–protein interaction map
Schematic diagram showing the RAS/MAPK cascade and affected disease genes in                         the RASopathies
Metformin inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1Œ± protein expression through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration
Suggested modes of the involvement of Nrf2/ARE in the regulation of AML cell differentiation
A schematic diagram showing the signaling pathways in the CD40-induced ROS production
Schematic of RECK pathway in stromal–epithelial interaction in prostate cancer
Right side: Workflow (Boxes A through G and Steps 1–6)
Topologies of the family of filtered cFL models trained to the HepG2 dataset
A dataset describing release of five cytokines after three hours under conditions identical to those under which protein phosphorylation was measured was combined with the phospho-protein dataset
Model for the AKAP-Lbc¬∑p38Œ± activation complex
Signaling pathway of HMGB1-mediated ischemia reperfusion injury
Hsp72 regulates oxidative stress-induced HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation and release
Hsp72 is an important intracellular protein to inhibition of HMGB1 release and proinflammatory function in macrophages ()
Endocrine system development and function genes increase in the spleen of CVB3 infected males at 12 h pi
Cardiovascular disease genes increase in the spleen of CVB3 infected males at 12 h pi
The role of the Nrf2 pathway in PD pathogenesis
Proposed mechanism of norepinephrine (NE)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in T-lineage cells
(A) Apoptosis and cell cycle pathways during in... (B) mild influenza A infection (C) severe influenza A infection. Dark blue lin...
Metabolites (shown in inverse print) and inhibitor (Simvastatin) (shown in grey) used to dissect the pathway are indicated: Simvastatin inhibits HMGCR and prevents the synthesis of mevalonate and downstream lipids
Firstly, the key cytokine TNFŒ± binds to its receptor, leading to the recruitment of its adaptors and TRAFs, to form a complex which phosphorylates and activates IKKK, and the phosphorylated IKKK further activates IKK, leading to the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IŒ∫BŒ± by 26 s proteasome
Based on the different functions of components in the pathway, the whole system can be divided into four sub-systems
TLR4 signaling – a converged immune response pathway for hemorrhagic shock and septic shock
Schematic Models of Tap46/Tap42/Œ±4 Functions in TOR Signaling Pathways in Eukaryotes
Resulting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) gene network from a modelling approach using the set of differentially regulated genes common to all pancreatic cancer cell lines after nemorosone treatment
CRF1 receptor as the regulator of skin cells functions
Further implications of G-/GM-CSF-induced JAK-STAT signaling in peripheral sensory neurons
DNA-mediated activation of innate immune signaling
C. sinensis unigenes involved in three secondary metabolic pathways.
Hypothetical diaphragm of HS7 induced apoptosis and inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HT-29 colon cancer cells
Genes with vertical red bars adjacent are those which we identified as being regulated during the estrous cycle and are upregulated in ovarian cancer
The possible role of RACK1 in VEGF/Flt1-induced cell migration
Schematic of principal signaling pathways involved in plasmalemmal TRPM8 regulation
Knowledge-based pathway analysis (Genomatix BiblioSphere Software) indicating the network of high BMI-associated genes
A schematic illustration of signalling within the type I interferon (IFN) system
RPA/9-1-1- and hMSH2-mediated ATR activation in DNA damage signaling
A, one of the major networks identified by unsupervised analysis of genes differentially expressed in post-MI vs. sham myocardium.
The IL-17 pathway ranked as the third most statistically significant pathway (p-value = 1.45×10−13) using Metacore pathway analysis.
The CD28 pathway ranked fifth in significance and fourth by differential expression (p-value = 1.07×10−10) using Metacore pathway analysis.
In silico analysis of the genetic networks directly involved in Notch and Wnt signaling suggest overlap and direct crosstalk via Notch target gene activation through canonical Wnt signaling
Molecular and cellular alterations involved in neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
A simple schema of the IGF pathway and approaches to its inhibition
100 frequent associations obtained after p value cut off in MCL with CDCOCA
Networks most highly represented by transcripts differentially associated with HuR after IR treatment
Stimulation with IL1B results in an increase in Smad7 levels which inhibits the TGF-beta pathway by blocking the nuclear localization of the regulatory Smad 2/3/4 complex
SLC39A14 regulates the basal cAMP level by suppressing PDE activity, through either the direct provision of Zn to PDE or the indirect provision via unidentified molecular chaperone(s) (Protein X)
Elicitation of innate immune response in EBV infection
Evasion of immune responses by individual EBV products
CRF binds to GŒ±s-coupled CRFR1, leading to a Gβγ-dependent activation of MEK and MAPK, resulting in downstream CREB phosphorylation
Simplified diagram showing some of the identified BCR pathway members
Simplified cartoon of PRR signaling in epithelial cells showing only the canonical pathway of NF-Œ∫B activation and some of the key receptors, adaptors, and kinases involved
Proposed signal transduction pathways in NG following receptor activation with leptin and CCK-8
A model for the BRCA2/RAD51 pathway in response to DSBs
A model for the BRCA2/RAD51 pathway in the response to stalled forks
A hypothetical sequence of the pathogenic steps of the Alzheimer mitochondrial cascade hypothesis
Blue nodes: EGF-specific network components, Red: IGF-2-specific network components, Light blue: Key nodes of the EGF pathway, Yellow: IGF-2
The red color and green color indicate the up- and down-regulated genes after treatment with high-concentration of SWT in this pathway, respectively
The role of iron in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway
Schematic presentation of Nag PTS and parts of the central metabolism of R
Overview of metabolic disturbance and pathway activation in the Acsl1T−/− heart
Schematic representation depicting the mode of action of angiogenin in maintaining latency
Coordinately up-regulated TCA cycle genes in CD8+ T cells from the VIR group (VIR versus LTNP) illustrated in TCA cycle pathway from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)
Coordinately up-regulated cell cycle genes in CD8+ T cells from the VIR group (VIR versus BDL) illustrated in cell cycle pathway from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)
Branches of MAPK pathway significantly enriched in CD4+ T cells from the LTNP group (BDL versus LTNP)
Schematic overview of the network of enriched pathways related to HIV disease progression
There is a lot of cross-talk between these pathways and their downstream effectors, which we have classified into 8 pathways for simplicity to account for differences in treatment modalities (e.g.
(A) The biological network of 171 gene signatures identified in the brea... (B) The pathway organization of identified gene signatures involved in 3...
Schematic illustration of the interaction of Hedgehog and TRAIL signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells
Proposed signaling pathway for G2A-mediated enhancement of apoptotic cell engulfment
mTOR-based targeting strategies are presented in the context of the PI3K/mTOR signaling network
A: Potential routes of PARP-1 stimulation of inflammatory gene expression
Regulation of Atm pathway genes after Rif-Phen-MCT
Model of the EGR-1/GGPPS/Erk1/2 pathway in the promotion of the inflammatory response during cigarette smoke exposure
The biological actions of IGF-1 are mediated by IGF-1R and modulated by IGFBPs
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway
The endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway
Signaling modules identified by correlational analysis of end points
A schematic analysis of the regulatory pathways in BOO in AROM+/6J male mice
One experimental result of identified pathways from ovarian expression data
One of experimental result from pathways intersection
Genes mapping to KEGG pathway for phosphatidylinositol signaling system
Genes mapping to KEGG pathway for hedgehog signaling
Changes in mRNA levels among various signalling pathway members following inhibition of FGFR activity
Insulin Receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) are activated by Insulin and/or IGF1 signaling at the insulin receptor level
Warburg Effect and Metabolic Disorders with Features of Metabolite Shunting(A) The observed Warburg effect in cancerous cells is a metabolic phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis, that is, diversion of glucose via pyruvate to lactate even in the presence of abundant oxygen
treatment accelerates neural induction and imposes a caudal positional identity
Pathways that modulate canonical Wnt signaling
Schematic representation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of BDNF on dendritic development of cortical neurons
Models of how IFNβ and GA activate PI3KŒ¥/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways to induce sIL-1Ra production in monocytes
Cross talk between macrophages and hepatocytes and the regulation of hepcidin expression
Proposed ACE2/ANG-(1–7)/Mas signaling pathways in the central nervous system
Putative mRNA targets for the 4 focus miRNAs were compiled using PicTar, MicroCosm, TargetScan, and DianaT databases
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signalling is required for expression of a subset of interleukin-10 (IL-10) inducible genes
The role of the PI3K pathway in TLR-signaling
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways downstream of TNFR1, TLR4 and TCR/CD28
Model of DNA damage-triggered activation of SAPK/JNK at late times following cisplatin treatment
Regulated fatty acid synthesis and metabolism during cell differentiation
Bioenergenesis neurotransmitter pathways with differentially expressed genes between frontal cortex and hippocampus
Bioenergenesis neurotransmitter pathways with differentially expressed genes between frontal cortex and hypothalamus
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its small molecule inhibitors
Signaling pathway components used to test gene–compound interactions
Schematic representation of the proposed signalling pathway
Ganetespib exerts potent antitumor effects through perturbation of multiple signaling cascades, including the JAK/STAT signaling axis and cell cycle mediators
(A) GATA2 plays a pivotal role in both TRH-induced activation as well as... (B) Roles of GATA2, Pit1 and TR in hypo- and hyper-thyroidism. Co-expres...
Schematic representation of the effects of apoA-I on TNF-Œ± mRNA stabilization in LPS-stimulated macrophages
The model of Egr-1/GGPPS/Erk1/2 pathway regulating insulin resistance in hyperinsulinism
The schematic diagram delineating the Hsp90–NF-κB–Beclin1 pathway involved in the selenite-induced apoptosis and autophagy of NB4 cells
The proposed mechanism of homocysteine-induced inhibition of hepatic glycogen synthesis
Network annotation of genes differentially expressed according to the CD133 status in HT-29 using ingenuity pathway analyses
Schematic diagram of the effector signaling pathways activated during ischemia preconditioning
Model for central prostate cancer-related processes and their miRNA-mediated regulation
Leptin binding to the long form LRb results in the activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), which induces subsequent phosphorylation of downstream tyrosine residues (Tyr985, Tyr1077 and Tyr1138) in the intracellular tail of LRb
The PLD signaling pathway in primary epithelial cells
Extrinsic and intrinsic influences on stem cell aging
AGPAT, acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; CL, cardiolipin; DGK, diacylglycerol kinase; GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PS, phosphatidylserine
Expanded networks of transport and signaling pathways
A scheme for CCM including main pathways - glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, penthaphosphate pathway, citrate cycle, overflow pathway
(A) Cytosolic DNA from invading viruses and bac... (B) Four known cytosolic sensors are represente... (C) The receptor for advanced glycated end prod...
Top panel: Under favorable environmental conditions, signaling through the TGF-β pathway activates the R-SMAD proteins DAF-8 and DAF-14, which regulate insulin gene expression while antagonizing DAF-3 and DAF-5 function
Partial hepatectomy stimulates anandamide production through a pathway involving conjugation of arachidonic acid and ethanolamine by FAAH
Model for the participation of MCP-1, TNF-Œ±, MMP-9, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in macrophage fusion
Important genes involved in sia synthesis, activation, conjugation and breakdown are depicted in the boxes
Genes encoding enzymes in fucose synthesis, conjugation and breakdown are depicted in the boxes
NVN for Putative CHS-Mediated (CHS4) Medicarpin Biosynthesis.Nodes in the network resemble individual genes, and the connecting edges represent coexpressed links
Schematic of serpinin formation, its signaling pathway, and PN-1-dependent biogenesis of secretory granules in (neuro)endocrine cells
Src regulates several downstream signaling pathways including the STAT3 pathway, the PI3K pathway, and the MAPK pathway
Schematic diagram of hedgehog (Hh) -GLI signaling pathway based on published reviews.,, HHIP, hedgehog interacting protein; PTCH1, patched 1; SMO, smoothened; DISP1, dispatched homolog 1; FBXW1/β-TRCP, beta-transducin repeat containing; GLI1, glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 1; KIF, Costal-2 homologs; STK36, serine/threonine kinase 36; SUFU, suppressor of fused homolog; FOXM1, forkhead box M1; CCND2, cyclin D2
Conservation of the RB and Hippo signaling pathways in humans and fruit flies
Proteins encoding the CAF and tumor stroma-associated genes from seven different epithelial tumors share common involvement in the MAPK signaling pathway and focal adhesion
1. Mesenchymal cells located in close proximity to c-Met- and matriptase-expressing basal keratinocytes with high tumorigenic potential secrete single-chain proHGF/SF into the pericellular microenvironment.
A proposed diagram for Œ±-mangostin-induced apoptosis in COLO 205 cells
GSK3-dependent control of SV recycling in mature nerve terminals
Fatty acid Biosynthesis (Source KEGG pathway database)
NFŒ∫B pathway activation via death receptor signaling
IPA was performed for validated targets of miR-295 from this and prior studies , , , and identified the network, “Cell Death, Cell Cycle, Cellular Function and Maintenance,” which centers around p53
A diagram of the proposed cell survival signaling pathway in ER+ breast cancer cells with PI3KCA mutations and low phosphorylated Akt
Autocrine signaling by IGF-II regulates muscle differentiation
Gene expression pattern of the P38 MAPK signaling pathway
Use of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) inhibitors to ameliorate FMRP deficiency
PepMV infection of tomato affects the citrate cycle and PTGS
Results of pathway prediction and network modeling showing interactions between genes containing SNPs associated with risk for breast cancer and genes involved in the Notch signaling and other biological pathways based on the Caucasian population
Results of pathway prediction and network modeling showing interactions between genes containing SNPs associated with risk for breast cancer and genes involved in the Notch signaling and other biological pathways based on the Asian population
Results of pathway prediction and network modeling showing interactions between genes containing SNPs associated with risk for breast cancer and genes involved in the Notch signaling and other biological pathways
Overview of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway and Potential Sites of Therapeutic Intervention with Small Molecule Membrane-Permeable Inhibitors
Overview of the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Pathway and Potential Sites of Therapeutic Intervention
Interactions between the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Ras/PI3K/PTEN/mTOR and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways that Result in the Regulation of Protein Translation and Gene Transcription
Role of ATR- or ATM-dependent modulation of WRN function in promoting correct recovery from replication arrest
Schematic representation of endoreduplication cycle control in plants
Schematic overview of potential links between calcium, hormonal and developmental signals and cell cycle regulators; note that the proposed scheme is not complete
Schematic representation of the genes and pathways associated with Crohn's disease pathogenesis
NSE activates AMPK in the liver and muscles to improve glucose metabolism
Molecular model outlining the proposed mechanism for the stimulatory effects of resveratrol and curcumin on IL-1β- or U0126-induced MAPK pathway inhibition and apoptosis in primary chondrocytes in vitro
Metabolic network used for metabolic flux analysis
BMP/Smad1 signaling pathway mediates the axon growth potential
Schematic presentation of BAD serine 134 phosphorylation in RAF and RAS mutant tumor cells
miR-122 and liver-related functions and diseases
Working model to explain the antidiabetic effect of Ad36
Schematic of proposed signaling pathway in normal kidney cells
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor with potent anti-inflammatory properties that modulates the immune inflammatory response
KEGG pathways used for the influence approach
Proinflammatory signaling pathways induced by SP-C BRICHOS mutants
Literature-based connections among genes in altered modules of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
miRNA biogenesis pathways and regulatory networks
mTOR regulation pathway involved in hypoxia
Model depicting the generation and consequences of ROS-mediated base damage
Globally, after ligand binding IGF1R can signal directly from the membrane (IGF1R signaling internalization-independent), with a major degree of IRS1/PI3K/AKT signaling activation and a smaller enhancement of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, or, when internalized either by clathrin and/or caveolin-dependent mechanisms, it can signal from vesicles
Schematic representation of RWPs-induced apoptosis involving p73 and  UHRF1 deregulation in Jurkat cells and in an in vivo colorectal cancer model
A, 20E pathway: 20E signaling leads HaCal protein phosphorylation by PKC via an unknown membrane pathway (1), HaCal is translocated into the nuclei (2), phosphorylated HaCal does not bind with phosphorylated USP1 in 20E pathway (3)
Œ±3β1-mediated stimulation of the Rac/PAK pathway is required for completion of the myoepithelial cell contraction/relaxation cycle
The UPR. At a normal [Ca2+]ER the ER-stress sensors are scaffolded and inactivated by GRP78/BiP.
A schematic diagram of signaling pathway in mast cells activated by antigen/antibody reaction and smoke exposure in vivo and in vitro
The figure summarises some of the postulated mechanosensory pathways active in cardiomyocytes, namely: (1) AT1 receptor-mediated pathway, (2) integrin-mediated pathway, (3) Z-disc-mediated pathway, (4) GPCR/N2B/FHL1/Erk 2 pathway, (5) MARP-mediated pathway, (6) titin kinase-mediated pathway
NAD+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), including H2O2, accumulate during inflammation and tissue damage
Activation of mTORC1 signalling at the early phase in response to mechanical overload occurs independently of PI3K/Akt signalling in skeletal muscle
Molecular model of Foxo1 and IGF1/insulin regulation of osteocalcin expression
The canonical structure of a MAPK cascade
Schematic representation of the Hog pathway models of Mettetal et al
PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; BCCP: biotin carboxyl carrier protein; BC: biotin carboxylase; CT: carboxyltransferase; PDC: pyruvate decarboxylase; ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; TE: thioesterase; FadD: fatty acyl-CoA synthase; FadE: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; WS/DGAT: wax synthase/acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase
GSK-3β regulates the production of microglial inflammatory molecules
GSK-3β in the regulation of microglial phagocytosis
Regulation of the estrogen signaling pathway inside the nucleus
The PKA pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Endogenous and exogenous regulators of TLR activation
Factors that increase IL-6 production in response to various stimuli
Model of canonical IL-6 signaling versus IL-6 trans-signaling in tumor progression and metastases
Proposed model of NPR-A signaling-mediated maintenance of ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency
The binding of a BMP-2 dimer to receptors R and S stimulates production of BMP-2 and MGP, while the inding of MGP to BMP-2 outside of the cell prevents this process
Model showing the role of the ecdysone signalling in Drosophila ovarian stem cell niche
Pathway context for RME modules found in glioblastoma
We have previously shown that HCV core/gC1qR interaction up-regulates PD-1 and SOCS-1 negative signaling molecules, leading to suppression of TLR-mediated IL-12 production
(a) Day 1- Genes in this network are responsible for cellular developmen... (b) Day 3- Genes in this network are responsible for cellular function a...
Intracellular pathway of folate metabolism with highlighted critical pathways of methotrexate (MTX) entry, effect and efflux
Model pathway for genistein-induced ASAH1 transcription in MCF-7 cells
Schematic showing the involving cAMP-PI3K-PKB-MEK-ERK1/2-TRPC6 signal transduction pathway
Effect of SCGB3A2 on TGFβ signaling pathway
Proposed model for the regulation of Dpr genes
The clustering and selection step extracts a ‘clusterable’ subset of differentially expressed probesets and cluster it into a number of expression patterns
Red boxes – up-regulated, green and white boxes –not affected genes
The signaling events induced by corticosterone (CORT) are mediated through the Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
The endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation of the IGF-1R pathway and therapeutic strategies for its disruption
miRNAs regulate DSB DDR through modulating the core protein components of various pathways
Summary of the common pathways underlying neurodegenerative diseases and cancer that are mediated by miRNAs
Genetic mutations of signaling molecules implicated in mTOR pathway (red Xs)
Signaling molecules implicated in epilepsy (see the text for the detail)
Interplay between Wnt, Nurr1 and En1 signaling in vitro and in vivo
RSS1 ensures cell cycle progression, and thereby contributes to the maintenance of meristematic cells under undesirable environmental conditions
Simplified diagrams for agrin-induced signaling
RhoA/ROCK I pathway and remodeling of microtubule network underlie the polarization and migration of HSPCs
Upper panel: The genes under the control of CRP are indicated under either purple background (the genes for sugar transport systems) or blue background (the genes for metabolic enzymes)
Genetic alterations in glioblastoma signal transduction pathways (adapted from Parsons et al)
Pathway analysis of transcripts (p < 0.05) involved in cell signaling
(A) IFN signaling pathway coded with identified proteins on day 7 postin... (B) Ingenuity Pathway Analysis highest scoring interaction network. Incr...
Membrane type-MMPs regulate vascular cell signaling in cancer
Functional pathway analysis of glycoproteins overexpressed in PC3-N2
Model for Kynurenine pathway interactions between astrocytes, neurons, and microglia during brain inflammation
The possible role of Kynurenine pathway involvement in dopaminergic neurodegenerative process through microglia activation: Parkinson's disease is associated with chronic activation of microglia, which also can be induced by LPS or Rotenone treatments
Francisella tularensis tularensis targets the PI3K/Akt pathway at multiple levels
Schematic representation of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms involved in neuronal plasticity and the role of GSK3
Proposed model of GSK3 activation by amyloid-β protein in AD
Gene regulatory network model for specification of the skeletogenic mesoderm lineage
Comparative pathway networks of cyclic genes in mouse, chicken and zebrafish
Multiple CHK1 inhibitors promote compensatory activation of the RAS-SRC / MEK1/2 / ERK1/2 pathway
Signal transduction by the HER family promotes proliferation, survival, and invasiveness
S-glutathionylation as a regulator for Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in cancer
Novel pathway of PKC and MAPK-mediated transcriptional activation of iNOS in LPS-treated BV-2 cells
(1) Exogenously applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and small interfering RNA (exo-siRNA) are thought to enter cells via SID (Systemic RNA Interference Defective) proteins SID-1/RSD-8 and SID-2
Following vaginal administration of CpG ODN or α-GalCer, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified “Inflammatory response” as the top bio-function network among significantly up-regulated (Q≤0.01) genes.
Modeled miRNA mediated pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis
Overrepresented miRNA regulatory pathways in PKD
(A) and (B) IPA analysis was performed as described in  on PU.1 target genes in both ES-EP and MEL cells.
Suggested signalling events involved in the effects induced by combined treatment with proteinase-activated receptor-2 activating peptide (PAR2-cAP) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) secretion by human neutrophils (a) and monocytes (b)
A summary of the signaling pathway mediated by RET
For  over-production, four enzymes (TKT, PEPS, fbr-DAHPS and fbr-CM/PDH) are overexpressed
Titin domain arrangement in the cardiac sarcomere and connectivity within a mechanical signaling network
Mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI (modified from reviews of Mitsudomi and Yataba [] and Yano [])
A: Phenotypically derived gene cluster associat... B: The Melanogenesis pathway (KEGG: hsa:04916)... C: Neighborhood of MITF gene in network ALL.
A cluster containing genes associated with distinct diseases is shown on the left part of the figure
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways regulating neurite growth from cultured neurons.In the canonical pathway (a,b), activated IKKβ phosphorylates (P) IŒ∫BŒ± at Ser32 and Ser36, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, allowing the released p65/p50 dimer to translocate to the nucleus.
Scheme of the signal transduction pathway in response to DNA damage
The PI3K pathway activates different processes that regulate proliferation, apoptosis and migration
Signaling Pathways Altered in Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells
Signaling pathway for adenosine receptors
Effects of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins on the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
DSBs in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, collapsed replication forks, and daughter-strand gaps all require HR for their repair
The CagA interaction can stimulate the downstream signals in the ERK cascade linked to aberrant cellular functions that leads to gastric carcinogenesis
The pathway for getifinib and docetaxel to generate the synergistic effects on KRT8
Model for the miR-29 regulatory network in Zmpste24−/− progeroid mice
The circles and rectangles in the network correspond to diseases and metabolic subpathways respectively
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of epidermal genetic information retrieval-harvested melanoma specimens identifies overexpressed genes involved in melanocyte development and pigmentation
LTP and LTD: Schematic of molecular mechanisms
Metabolic remodeling in cancer cells and regulation by signaling pathways involving oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Model of the networks of factors (genes product, hormones, and metabolites) potentially involved in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in lactating bovine mammary tissue
Overall results depicted in the networks of AA and glucose transporters and mTOR, Jak2-Stat5, insulin, and AMPK signaling with log2 fold change at 15 relative to ‚àí15 d postpartum
Overall results depicted in the networks of AA and glucose transporters and mTOR, Jak2-Stat5, insulin, and AMPK signaling with log2 fold change at 60 relative to ‚àí15 d postpartum
Overall results depicted in the networks of AA and glucose transporters and mTOR, Jak2-Stat5, insulin, and AMPK signaling with log2 fold change at 240 relative to ‚àí15 d postpartum
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling via MyD-88-dependent pathways
Alteration to activity of the Akt/GSK3-β signalling pathway can explain a number of the changes observed in microarray analysis of flies expressing rCAG, rCUG and rAUUCU repeats in the nervous system
Schema flowchart illustrating the role of HSP90Œ± in the mechanisms of cellular survival
The network is displayed graphically as nodes (genes/gene products) and edges (biological relationship between nodes)
Tenofovir handling by proximal tubular cells and potential molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences of tenofovir nephrotoxicity
Schematic representation of apoptosis or parthanatos cell-death pathways
Schematic model of the CREM-ACT-KIF17b regulatory pathway
Pathway analysis of predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNA families and clusters was carried out to assess their putative biological functions
Signalling pathways in oesophageal adenocarcinoma
A model for p53 activation by NML-MYBBP1A in response to glucose limitation
Schematic representation of the interplay between leptin, IGF-1 and Aβ42
Schema of the components and signal transduction of the Nodal/Activin pathway starting with different concentrations of ligands external to the ES cell lipid bilayer membrane and terminating with the pSmad2 transcriptional complex regulating Oct4 and different subsets of target genes in the nucleus
Proposed schematic of the roles of NIK and SMG1 in sensitive versus resistant cells in response to SMC and TNFŒ± treatment
Model of regulation of TTP expression by CK2
Key cellular signaling cascades regulating morphogenesis in C
Comparison of cAMP-PKA and MAPK signaling cascades in C
Perturbation of neural Ca2+ homeostasis under ischemic conditions
Diagram of the plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway detailing the level of co-expression that PSY shares with individual interrelated isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes
Profiling experiments and pathway analysis
Comparison of signal transduction pathways for itch
The transcription factor NF-Œ∫B regulates the cellular response to inflammatory and oxidant stress, as well as stretch
The thick grey line in the middle provides an arbitrary boundary between the pathways
Aspirin is connected to three proteins, which are connected to apoptosis pathway, which is then connected with disease ALPS
PMA affected pathways through IL2 are: Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, IL27-mediated signaling events, IL12-mediated signaling events, IL23-mediated signaling events, Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network, IL2-mediated signaling events, IL2 signaling events mediated by PI3K, Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, Regulation of Telomerase, IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4, Downstream signaling in naïve CD8+ T cells and IL2 signaling events mediated by STAT5; PMA affected pathways through IGHE are: IL4-mediated signaling events and Fc-epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cells; PMA affected pathways through CEBPA are: E2F transcription factor network, Regulation of retinoblastoma protein, regulation of Androgen receptor activity, FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks and C-MYB transcription factor network; PMA affected pathway through TPM3 is Muscle contraction
Overview of the pathway of alcoholic injury resulting in the direct production of oxidative stress and the LPS-TLR pathway that culminates in production of cytokines and other inflammatory processes that result in hepatitis of the liver
Visual representation of the JA/SA/ET biosynthesis and signaling pathways
Co-expression network of the ET biosynthesis and signaling pathways
Schematic of potential interactions resulting in myelin abnormalities in SSADH-deficient mice
IRF-3- and Bax-mediated apoptosis acts as a host antiviral response
A model of temporal regulation of apoptosis in SeV-infected cells by PI3K
Enzymes of the central metabolism with the biosynthetic pathway of l-valine in C
Proposed mechanism for the regulation of opioid receptor functional competence by activation of BK signaling, based on , , ,, , and the present study
An integrated network of the significant KEGG pathways with their temporal perturbation patterns
Schematic representation of the mTOR-signalling pathway from growth factor receptor through mTOR
Luteolin Effects on Estrogen Signaling Pathway (ESP) Genes
GenMAPP Diagram of Cell Cycle Pathway Genes Regulated by Luteolin in E2-Treated MCF-7 Cells
Detection of viral ss/dsRNA by RIG-I activates a cascade of changes that leads to activation of P38MAPK and NFκB
A. Graphical representation of the ‘NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response’ Ingenuity pathway annotation mRNA set indicating mRNAs either induced (red icons) or repressed (green icons) by L-SUL treatment.
Crosstalk and feedback in ERK and PI3K signaling downstream of RAS
Ras trafficking routes among subcellular compartments
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
NOD-like receptor (NLR) family and inflammasome
The host phosphorylation system is targeted during different stages of L
A working model of cervical infection by gonococci
Glutamatergic modulation of striatal NOS interneurons by cortical inputs
Sublytic MAC activation in RPE-cells increases regulated VEGF secretion
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide synthesis
Model of PMn mechanisms of stability and plasticity
Schematic diagram of molecular mechanism of autophagy with synthesis of cathepsin D
Schematic diagram showing signaling pathway HMC05 action against TNF-Œ±-induced vascular inflammation
The canonical Wnt pathway is summarized in this figure
Wolbachia-induced responses of specific cell types
Cellular targets of the Tax viral oncoprotein
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to generate a network of direct connections between all identified proteins with altered expression
Schematic diagram of the hypothetical pathways that lead to CARF-suppression induced apoptosis
Proposed mechanisms mediating the effect of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in metanephric kidney development
Non-small cell lung cancer-specific EGF-induced EGFR-mediated signal transduction pathway model previously developed in Wang et al
Model of functional inactivation of merlin by two-step phosphorylation
Overview of the basic metabolic pathways of E
Potential mechanism for the Œ¥OR-Cys27 variant-induced alteration in APP processing
Model showing the role for Bmi1 in the DNA damage response pathway
Proposed model for the involvement of the different CK1 isoforms in the Wnt pathway
(a) Netrin-1-induced a... (b) Netrin-1-induced r... (c) Nerve growth facto... (d) Myelin-associated... (e) Brain-derived neur... (f) Semaphorin 3A (Sem...
In the absence of activating mutations in key components of the Wnt signalling pathway, microenvironmental factors may contribute to transcriptional activation of Wnt/β-catenin target genes
Consolidation of interneuron fate specification and differentiation through the actions of Bhlhb5 and the Notch signaling pathway
Concerted regulation of the WNT-DVL-GSK3β signaling pathway in NAc by chronic social defeat stress
Role of Dot1 in DNA damage checkpoint response and repair
Regulation of HIF-1Œ± by the MAPK pathway
Regulation of HIF-1Œ± by the PI3K pathway
There are four different MAPK pathways in mammalian cells: extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (Erk1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (Erk5/BMK1) [, ]
Regulation of metabolism by p53 in proliferating cells
The coordinated regulation of p53, target of rapamycin (TOR), and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathways
The p53 pathway in development, cancer, and reprogramming
Schematic model of the survival and proliferative effects of Dilong extract on RSC96 Schwann cell
Signaling schematic representation: The postulated signaling pathway involved in this study
Canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signalling pathways
The “big picture” between DM2 and cancer
Type I and Type II interferon-induced genes including IRFs that are involved in the regulation of interferon response, and the JAK-STAT signaling components of the IFN signaling pathway that are upregulated in Subgroup X exacerbations are shown in red
Shown in red are B-cell receptor signaling pathway components that are up-regulated in Subgroup Y exacerbations
Shown in red are T-cell receptor signaling pathway components that are up-regulated in Subgroup Y exacerbations
A working model for the role of USP4 in the negative regulation of TNFŒ±-induced TAK1 polyubiquitnation and NF-Œ∫B activation
Simplified overview of the fatty acid biosynthesis and some of the competing pathways in cyanobacteria (adapted from Liu et al
Diagram summarizing the effects produced by L-DOPA and haloperidol on cAMP signaling in the striatal MSNs of the direct and indirect pathway
Targeting of eEF1A1 is a novel mechanism in TGFβ signaling
The network consists of 35 nodes and includes 11 out of 12 differentially expressed proteins (shaded green)
Models of Loco signaling pathway with small GTPases
Hypothesis of insulin signaling pathways associated with the regulation of CIDEA and CIDEC expression in human adipocytes
Proposed mechanisms of HK-mediated Ca2+signaling in endothelial cells
Schematic diagram of angiogenesis suppression by EEBP
Schematic diagram illustrating the signaling pathways involved in 8-PK's inhibition of RANTES production in H1N1-infected A549 cells
Schematic illustration of the inhibitory effects of THL and its active fraction EAS5 on the oncogenic signaling pathways in NB4 cells
Schematic representation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (adapted from [])
Signal pathway activation by the main TLR and CLR receptors that detect Candida
Signaling pathway for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Simplified pathway and drug interactions
Targets and therapies for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) within the context of the 10 hallmarks of cancer and overlapping oncogenic signaling pathways
β1/Fak/Src integrin signaling, cell survival, and suppression of anoikis
A schematic diagram of H1N1-induced signaling and inflammatory genes expression
A schematic presentation of the potential signaling pathway triggered by RANTES and MCP-1 through CC chemokine receptor 1/3/5 (CCR1/3/5) and CCR2
(A) Hyphal development in C. albicans requires two phases of sequential... (B) Hda1 is recruited only during the time period when Nrg1 is absent. T...
Variation in the suppressive abilities of Wnt antagonists with respect to canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways
Highest scoring network generated from entering the identified 29 proteins into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis system, with proteins identified in the study shaded grey and connecting proteins identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis non-shaded
The D1 receptor signaling cascades in striatonigral/direct pathway neurons
Roles of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the control of basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuitry
Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (green), oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (orange), tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, pink), anaplerotic reactions (blue), and biosynthesis (grey)
Schematic of the GAS pathway which is characterised by flux through the glyoxylate shunt and anaplerotic reactions for oxidation of pyruvate and succinyl CoA synthetase for the generation of succinyl CoA
A schematic of the de novo lipogenesis pathway is shown
Genes identified in the TGF beta pathway
Ca 2+ signal cross talk between Epac and Gβγ
TLR4 signaling cascade and evidence for modulation by neuropathic pain and opioids
The role of ER Ca2+ in synaptic plasticity
A model for an E-cadherin–mediated Hippo signaling pathway
Cause and metabolic consequences of fatty liver
External stimuli (hyperglycemia, inflammation resulting from trauma, infection, or other injury) activate certain cells (e.g., endothelial cells, osteoblasts) to release RANKL
The ethylene signaling pathway is composed of two modules which are mutually exclusive in their effects on the phenotype of the root cell
Schematic representation showing proposed role of TMPRSS6 regulation by the BMP6-SMAD signaling pathway and iron via ID1
Ingenuity pathway analysis of PKCŒ±-CT regulated, MEF2-targetted cardiac mRNAs
Putative crosstalk between D1and TrkB receptors in striatal direct pathway neurons controlling PPD mRNA expression
Inhibition of myostatin (MSTN) and activin signalling by the soluble activin type IIB receptor (ActRIB)
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-Akt pathway controls muscle growth also via glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β)
Multiple factors and pathways affect insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-Akt signaling
Signal pathway activation by different surface PRRs
Schematic overview of proposed G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) signalling
CSR pathways for primary non-HCC hepatocytes and HCC (Huh7) cell types
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) on genes modulated by BaP in G1-enriched MCF7 cell cultures
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) on genes modulated by BaP in S-enriched MCF-7 cell cultures
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) on genes modulated by BaP in G2/M-enriched MCF-7 cell cultures
Redox recycling of DOX in mitochondria results in increased levels of superoxide and subsequent generation of other types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)
TGF-β1 stimulates caveolin-1Y14 phosphorylation in a reactive oxygen species-FAK/c-Src dependent manner removing repressive influences on EGFR signaling (in red) leading to EGFR transactivation (also by c-Src), thereby, initiating signaling events leading to the MEK-ERK pathway activation necessary for PAI-1 induction
Pathway assignment of the important genes based on KEGG
Genetic model for nuage assembly and piRNA pathway genes in mice
Model of the transcriptional regulation of bim expression by prosurvival signalling pathways in sympathetic neurons
The top network of regulated genes in human myoblasts infected with Ad-ANGPT2 viruses vs. cells infected with Ad-GFP viruses (control condition).
Overview of the presence of genes for homologues of key enzymes of the carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism as well as of selected electron-accepting complexes and transporters
Model of PARP function in base excision repair and consequences of PARP inhibition
Schematic overview of the steroidogenic pathway
A model for cell death induced by Rb and TSC2 inactivation
Schematic overview of IDO induction by H
Possible ways in which miRNA govern different stages of the insulin pathway in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
More detailed biochemical model of scaffolding actions of KSR and MP1 in the dashed rectangular boxes are shown in  and , respectively
Both receptors partially share ligands and adaptor proteins
Schematic representation of perturbed TGF-β/Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways in Dupuytren's fibroblasts
Metabolic networks of Corynebacterim glutamicum (a) and Brassica napus (b) corresponding to the experimental fluxes measured by [,]and []respectively
The enlarged metabolic network of a heterotrophic plant cells
Proposed mechanism of podocyte foot process effacement by receptor-operated calcium channel signaling
Framework of integrated pathway simulation model of thrombin-, histamine-, and VEGF-mediated MLC activation
Summary of the UPR pathway in rotavirus infected cells
Single-run analysis of the yeast proteome by LC MS/MS
GProX Pathway Analysis of the Cellular Response to EGF Stimulation
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase and Alzheimer’s disease
Differentially expressed genes in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways
Inhibition of the KAI1 cancer metastasis suppressor pathway in African-American patients
Biosynthetic pathway of GSL and the CIRES procedure
Mammals have two distinct but ultimately converging pathways to apoptosis
Main steps in the trafficking of the signaling protein Hh
Schematic summary of a signaling pathway underlying IL-1β-induced dedifferentiation of primary cultured articular chondrocytes
Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway by insulin and growth factors
The suppression of anaerobic metabolism by p53 is mediated through multiple pathways
Schematic representation of the crosstalk between the NOTCH and AKT pathways at the molecular and cellular levels
Proposed lithium’s neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia
The signalling pathway of type III interferons (IFNs) compared with type II and type I IFNs
Insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes: showing potential sites of rhoifolin and cosmosiin interactions
Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in the senescent heart
Colors show up- (red) and downregulation (green) of molecules involved in muscle cell contraction
Signaling pathways associated with cardiac hypertrophy
Signaling pathways involved in the control of NCC specification and emigration during trunk elongation
Network representation of altered cellular functions during colonization of the mouse colon by A
Candidate proteins were uploaded into the Pathway Studio program after manually filtering for protein groups with 25–300 total spectra as described
c-Myc regulates the rate limiting steps at the entry into glycolysis
Working model of relaxin sustained-vasodilatory response
FRAM Is Characterized by Increased Signaling of the BRAF/MEK/ERK Pathway(A) IPA analysis led to the generation of a gene-interaction network of genes differentially expressed in patients
General and organelle-specific stress response pathways influenced by the ageing process
Crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and myostatin pathways
Arrows show the known and predicted steps for GSL biosynthesis with the gene name for each biochemical reaction within the arrow
A) Main components involved in the speract signaling pathway. The bindin... B) Events produced by the signaling pathway.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Resistance to RAF inhibitor (i) blockade of signaling through the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway can occur via acquired mutation in N-RAS (Q61K or Q61R) or up-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
The interaction between MAPK signaling pathway–related genes and miRNAs
Sensing the HP-PRRSV infection by host cell
Glu activates NMDAR, causing an increase in calcium into the cell
(A) Activation of the IS pathway negatively regulates the transcription... (B) Linear graph of the insulin/Tor pathway used to investigate the impa...
Gene names represented: Dishevelled (DSH), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), low-density lipoprotein receptor related proteins (LRP), casein kinase 1 (CK1a), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3- β), β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF), Wilms tumor-suppressor (WTX), Frizzled (FZD), dickkopf homolog 1
Possible mechanisms of opioid receptor mediated influence of morphine on tumor growth
Representation of PTEN/Akt/mTOR (phosphatase and tensin homolog/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of CDF driven pathway changes in BxPC-3 cells
Different RNA processing events in mammals
Extrinsic signal pathways for regulating pluripotency during reprogramming
TLR-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent and TIR domain containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathways
TLRs crosstalk with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway
A putative model integrating lipid peroxidation, phospholipids turnover, AA signaling, and SZ symptomatology
Pathways involved in platelet hyperreactivity in DM patients and therapeutic targets
Predicted synthetic lethal gene pairs in TCA cycle (A), phosphatidylserine biosynthesis (B) and pentose-phosphate pathway (C)
Schematic of the CO2 Concentrating and Photorespiratory Pathways in the C3-C4 Intermediate Species F
Crucial role of EGF signalling augments healthy lifespan in worms
mTOR signaling pathway‚ÄÉThe scheme depicts mTOR signaling cascade in the regulation of energy and growth factor-dependent translation and autophagy
In response to CS and pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as TNFŒ±, NIK phosphorylates IKKŒ±, and triggers the IKKŒ±-mediated histone modifications
Model of Rad6B/β-catenin regulation in breast cancer cells with autocrine Wnt activity
The regulation of apoptosis by the BCL-2 family
Model for the role of HLTF in remodeling protein-covered stalled replication forks
Solid arrows, most efficient EFM producing asparagine; dashed arrows, most efficient EFM producing lysine; dotted arrows, one selected EFM producing arginine via the pentose phosphate pathway
Summary of the detrimental effects of TNF-Œ± on both neuronal and glial cells during cerebral ischemia
Schematic presentation of the signaling pathway involved in histamine-induced up-regulation of H1R mRNA expression in HeLa cells
Model of ARV entry and signal pathways involved in this process
Schematic illustration of Wnt1/Fzd-1/β-catenin signaling as a candidate regulatory circuit controlling mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron-astrocyte crosstalk
The complement system: the classical complement pathway involves a sequentially acting multistep cascade in which the complement components C1q, C1s, C1r, C4, C2, and C3 play important roles
Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the absence and presence of Wnt stimulus
Overview of genes with ChIP-CHIP binding sites and differential expression
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway
Schematic of canonical and alternate modes of action of TZDs
Proposed wiring diagram of exit from mitosis homologues in A
Mi-2/NuRD complex depletion in germinal center B cells leads to alterations in chromatin, checkpoint activation, and delayed progression through S phase
(A) CERT and VAP-A are recruited t... (B) Alternatively, or in addition,... (C) GBF1-dependent activation of A... (D) GBF1 activity contributes to t...
Those gene indicated in red represent genes upregulated in expression and those in green, downregulated in expression, in response to Bcl11b
A) Key genes targeted in the various CRC phenotypes during development f... B) The figure shows how part of the phosphatidyl inositol network intera...
Summary of the modes of action of selected small molecules that modulate morphogenesis in Candida albicans
Metabolic pathways for acetyl-CoA generation in G
The glycolytic pathway and moonlighting actions of bacterial glycolytic proteins
(A) Schematic diagram of the ER stress response. Three sensors on the ER... (B) Schematic diagram of the mTOR pathway. Growth factors and metabolic...
Presumed metabolic fates of carbon and hydrogen at the 3-position of L-serine in gluconeogenesis via pyruvate (A) and hydroxypyruvate (B)
Zn2+-dependent signaling in neuronal cell death
Zn2+-dependent signaling in neuronal tolerance
Activation of NF-Œ∫B via the canonical pathway and putative sites for redox-regulation
Upstream kinases and redox-sensitive phosphatases in NF-Œ∫B activation
Overall cellular outcomes that are enhanced by PMT are indicated in red boxes, while outcomes that are blocked by PMT are indicated in blue boxes
Overview of the RIGI-like receptor pathway
Innate immune signalling at the mitochondria
PI3K signalling pathway: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway begins with PI3K activation by receptor tyrosine kinases after growth factors or insulin stimulation
A schematic diagram showing the cellular signalling pathway we suggest mediates the acute effects of DHT on amino acid in mammalian skeletal muscle fibre bundles
Regulation of the BMP signalling pathway during bone formation
Wnt signaling pathway induces LEF/TCF activation, resulting in up-regulation of Pf, Dkk1 and Notch signaling activators
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation were identified as putative affected pathways containing early induced genes after the eyestalk ablation
Functional relationship linking Crb proteins to the SWH pathway
An indirect interaction between the Axon Guidance and Insulin Signaling pathways in the network for the comparison between HF and LF diet at t = 0
Pathway interactions and detailed network visualization for the interactions with three apoptosis related pathways for the comparison between HF and LF diet at t = 0
Cytosolic HAV RNA is sensed by RNA helicases (most likely MDA-5) which interact through shared caspase-recruitment domains (CARDS) with the adaptor protein, MAVS, localized on the mitochondrial outer membrane
Binding of a ligand to a Type II receptor initiates signaling
G1/S transition and G1/S checkpoint induction
G2/M transition and G2/M checkpoint induction
New additions to the Hippo pathway in flies (a) and man (b)
A possible model of cellular functions of bifunctional Prdx6 with peroxidase and PLA2 activities
Schematic representation of a proposed model for Cdc5-dependent regulation of Ndt80
Proposed models for CrRLK-dependent signaling pathways in plant cells
PPCSE induces HO-1 expression through PDGFR/PI3K/Akt cascade in a PC-PLC/PKCŒ¥/NADPH oxidase/ROS-dependent manner in bEnd.3 cells
A model for p21 regulation by the PI3-kinase/PTEN signaling pathway
Comparison of the pathway of programmed cell death in C
The two major pathways to caspase activation in vertebrates: the death receptor or extrinsic pathway, engaged by the indicated members of the TNF receptor family on the cell surface, and the Bcl-2-regulated mitochondrial or intrinsic pathway
The involved genes are highlighted in the red color
The top scored network using the 57 genes identified as differentially expressed genes for the asdMO group (> 2-fold vs. ctrlMO) is “cancer, RNA post-transcriptional modification, reproductive system disease”, with 14 focus molecules and a score of 27.
(A) Human p53 network. (B) Mouse p53 network. (C) Zebrafish p53 network. Models... (D) Incoherent feedforward loop (F...
TGF-β/Smads and crosstalk pathways in renal fibrosis and inflammation
Inhibitory role of Smad7 in renal fibrosis and inflammation
Schematic diagram of the pathway for the transduction of mechanical signals that regulate SmMHC expression and the interaction of this pathway with the IL-13-activated signaling pathway
Ephrin and neurotrophin signaling pathways in primary neurons
CDK5 (A) and actin (B) signaling pathway in primary neurons
Ingenuity Pathways Analysis identified the canonical pathway “Interferon Signaling” as highly associated with the 3D7-regulated genes on NK cells
Expression levels of 24526 genes from 32 microdissected tumours were pooled and compared against 10 pooled perilesional controls, and genes that were differentially expressed (p value <0.01) were analysed using Ingenuity pathway analysis.
Map of cytoskeleton remodeling pathway (Genego Metacore, fragment) overlapped with quantile-normalized estimations of protein abundance
NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1)–Sam Pointed Domain Ets-like Factor (SPDEF)–associated gene network analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Schematic diagrams of the signal transduction in TCDD-induced MUC5AC gene expression and the conventional AhR pathway in the activation of CYP1A1 expression
Model of proposed in vivo innate and adaptive immune responses to AAV vectors
(A–C) Schematics of Wnt signaling components in the absence of a Wnt signal (A), the presence of a Wnt signal (B), and the presence of a Wnt signal blocked by the displacement of Tcf7l2 by dnTcf7l2 (C)
A highly simplified summary of the pathways underlying the proangiogenic activity of nicotine in HRMECs
Proposed model of early pathologic events occurring in the lacrimal glands of C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 male mice defined by changes in gene expression
a, 2DG is specifically taken up by cancer cells through a glucose transporter
Zn and Zn transporters are indispensable for FcŒµRI-mediated mast cell activation
Summary of fatty acid and glucose metabolism
Different pathways of myostatin signalling
Proposed model for a common symbiotic signaling pathway between actinorhizal plants and legumes
Schematic of the canonical vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway
Models for how Wnt signaling maintains pluripotency in ES cells
The RLR signalsome is shown including the RNA Polymerase/RIG-I pathway for indirect recognition of cytosolic foreign DNA
The NOD2 signaling pathway for recognition of bacterial and viral PAMPs is shown on the left
modified from []: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin
Runx2-deficient cells exhibit suppression of genes by insulin at multiple stages of the signaling pathway
Proposed signaling of TNF-α− and leptin-induced EL upregulation in primary placental ECs
Molecular pathways of oligomeric Aβ mediated synaptic dysfunction
Signalling pathway links were generated through the use of Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (Ingenuity® Systems, www.ingenuity.com).
Both TNFŒ± and palmitate induce the phosphorylation of TAK1 in a receptor dependent manner
Different databases offer different and complementary perspectives on the same data
Gap junctional communication between the oocyte and the surrounding somatic cells regulates oocyte meiotic maturation
Bleb formation mediated by the endogenous full-length NK1R in U373MG cells is dependent of PAK and is associated with tubulin depolymerization
Schematic diagram of the functional role of skeletal muscle-derived neurotrophic factors after exercise
PARP in DNA Repair, Induced Damage, and Tumor Cells
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis
The molecular mechanism of autophagy and its role in cell death and survival
Downregulation of TGFβ pathway genes in iMYC cells
Schematic diagram of the hypothetical molecular signaling pathways of the expression of p27 by which moderate increase in the concentration of D-(+)-glucose down-regulates and deficiency of D-(+)-glucose or L-leucine up-regulates the expression of p27
Pathway 1 shows the canonical TLR2 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway that activates NF-kB after S. aureus.
Regulation of the early myogenic transcriptional program by the kinome
Regulation of the late myogenic transcriptional program by the kinome
Nrf2 is normally retained in the cytosol bound to the actin-binding protein Keap1 and targeted for proteasomal degradation
In untreated rats, DOR activation in the VTA causes a postsynaptic decrease in GABAAR signalling that is probably mediated by PKC
Wnts signal through a “canonical” pathway involving β-catenin mediated transcriptional regulation (at left) and through “non-canonical” pathways involving calcium and Rac/JNK-mediated signaling (at right)
Wnts exert both pre- and post-synaptic effects
Inferences from past , , ,  and these studies are shown
Proposed signaling pathway that regulates the in AngII-dependent TRPC6 expression in podocytes
Rescue of the aged fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation by amplification of TGF-β signaling via the Tak1/AMPK/p38MAPK pathway
Representative autoradiographs showing expression and phosphorylation of the signaling-related proteins detected by Protein Pathway Array
Modes of Aβ toxicity as illustrated for the signaling through the NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR)
Model of the differential regulation of CD95L- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis by TNFR1
The signal-receiving cell—modulation of developmental signalling by intracellular trafficking
The model integrates findings on protein abundance from the low strain control bees and metabolic connections described in the literature (see text for details)
Homogenous MPC populations can be induced to differentiate to early MSCs by activating the Wnt5/Calmodulin pathway via Fzd1
Multigene signature-based network displaying AID as a key gene was created using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software (IPA; http://www.ingenuity.com).
Proposed signaling pathway to the actin cytoskeleton during HIV-1 entry in T lymphocytes
The extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondria-mediated) pathways that lead to apoptosis of HIV infected helper T cells
Interplay between HTLV-1 and the type-I interferon (IFN-I) induction pathway
Alteration of the IFN-I signaling pathway by HTLV-1
Cell surface and endosomal recognition of viruses by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
S1P receptor subtype-specific heterotrimeric G protein coupling and intracellular signaling mechanisms
Inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation through statin use, and its impact on the HMG-CoA pathway
Schematic representation of the proposed pathways used by Vpr to promote neuronal degeneration
Schematic representation of the molecular pathway by which FGF21 induces GLUT1 expression through the activation of SRE/ETS signaling cascade in adipocyte
(A) The diagrams represent the different methods of IL-15 production. Gr... (B) Red represents upregulation of gene expression, green represents dow...
Working model for the Grb14-mediated inhibition of PTP1B activity
PHD2/3 and miR-155 negative-feedback loops are part of the regulatory network of HIF-1Œ± in prolonged hypoxia
The standard receptor tyrosine kinase activation of the ERK pathway is shown
Axon viability depends on coordinated endocytic trafficking and signaling
Phosphorylation pathways adapted from KEGG (50)(51)
(A) Reduction of mitoc... (B) Our previous data... (C) Squamocin also cau... (D) In this study, it... (E) Squamocin reduces... (F) Caspase 8 cleaves...
Regulation of cell migration by signaling endosomes
Simplified schematic presentation of the transcriptional hierarchy of essential factors and signaling pathways during endocrine specification of the pancreatic endoderm
Altered striatal signaling pathways in HD
Toll-like receptor (TLR) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathways
Schematic model for the activation of NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
p130Cas and p140Cap signalling involved in migration and invasion
Signaling pathways leading to 3D invasion of ErbB2 transformed MCF10 cells over-expressing p130Cas
A, activation of AMPK pathway in muscle of HFDC mice
The three branches of Wnt signaling are shown –calcium (pink background), beta-catenin (green background), and PCP (blue background)
Overview of the TLR-dependent and JAK/STAT-dependent signaling pathways in microglia
Pathway of miR-148a induction of apoptosis
Schematic representation of the dual ERK1-dependent impact on regulated processing and transcription of PrPc
Proposed mechanism of ER stress-mediated induction of CAMP in human KC
FcœµRI signaling in mast cells proceeds through a network of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins, ultimately leading to effects on cell migration and adhesion, growth and survival, degranulation, eicosanoid production, and cytokine and chemokine production
The FcœµRI signaling pathway is negatively regulated by a number of cell surface and intracellular proteins that act at various points in the FcœµRI signaling network
Model of the signaling pathway of EpCAM complex proteins in the regulation and enhancement of OSKM-mediated pluripotency reprogramming
Model of Trim24 limiting IFN/STAT pathway through inhibition of Rara activity
Proposed mechanism for negative regulation of IL-12p40 expression by hyperactivation of ERK1/2 in the presence of LPS, corticosterone, and MW
Postulated model for GRTH negative autocrine molecular mechanism of regulation of androgen synthesis in Leydig cells
Molecular pathway by which miR-21 regulates HVSMC contraction
(a) Biosynthetic pathway for 2-AG. PIP2 containing AA at the sn-2 positi... (b) Biosynthetic pathway for AEA. An arachidonoyl moiety is transferred...
Local regulatory proteins that mediate some of the actions of TGF-β in human myometrium and leiomyoma
Possible mechanisms of involvement of nuclear receptor LRH-1 in development of pancreatic cancer
Overview of innate immunity against RNA viruses in mammals
Activation of NF-Œ∫B and regulation of downstream transcriptional antioxidant and pro-oxidant targets
Crosstalk of ROS with NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
Crosstalk between RANKL- and TNF-induced NF-Œ∫B signaling in OCs
NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways initiated by TLR4, TCR, TNF receptor 1, CD40 and genotoxic stress
Canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
NIK stabilization as a mechanism of non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling
Model of NF-Œ∫B activation by the canonical pathway
Expanding role of ubiquitination in protein kinase activation in diverse NF-Œ∫B pathways
The NFŒ∫B signaling module consisting of canonical and non-canonical pathways
Regulation of TPL-2 through IKK-induced p105 proteolysis
Model describing the proposed role of Rap1GAP in the control of GDNF-induced Ret signaling
Mechanisms of regulated necrosis in the intestine of FADDIEC-KO mice
Simplified cartoons illustrating the components of the cullin–RING E3 ligases (CRLs)
Two conserved branches of the canonical Wnt pathway
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified ERK as the Top network signaling Hub where the shaded shapes indicate the candidate genes from the present study
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified MapK as second Top network signaling Hub where the shaded shapes indicate the candidate genes from current study
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified NFKB as the Top Network signaling Hub where the shaded shapes indicate the candidate genes from the present study
An overview of the inhibition of the type I interferon (IFN) induction and signaling pathways by viral proteins of KSHV
(1) PilA binds the extracellular matrix component collagen, which then engages Œ±2β1 integrins on brain endothelium
Inhibition of PI3K results in the release of a negative feedback loop and                   activation of HER2 and, in turn, activation of ERK, a potentially detrimental                   effect
Comparative analysis of plastid transcriptomes in cucumber
A proposed pathway of the interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in endothelial cells during angiogenesis
Proposed signalling mechanism for the effects of kaempferol on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 cells
The mechanism of B7-H4 action in islet transplantation
Proposed model shows the requirement of the IL-4RŒ±-Jak2-mediated signaling pathway for IL-13-induced M2 gene expression in human monocytes/macrophages
Working model for the ATF4-dependent and c-JUN-dependent AA signaling pathways
Relationships of different neurons in the striatum and neurotransmitter signaling involved in interval timing
Network of upregulated genes in C2C12 cells treated with rhBMP2 and rhBMP7 using the STRING 9.0 pathway analyzer
Intracellular signaling pathways regulating growth
Hypothesized mechanisms for sphingolipids in cardioprotective signaling in response to ischemia or hypoxia
Activation of ERK1/2-related signaling and the mTOR/P70S6K/S6 axis favors the progression of cardiac hypertrophy
The node color in the network modules indicates the type of alterations relative to this cluster: red - copy number gain or over-expression, green - copy number loss or under-expression
In individuals with high macrophage aggregation around dead adipocytes as CLS, activation stimuli such as IL-1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and TNF-Œ± bind to their appropriate membrane receptors
Proposed model for Nox-induced ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysregulation in diabetes
A network of oncogenes and tumor suppressors regulates the mTORC1-signaling pathway
The mTORC1 pathway controls cellular metabolism
Glc is oxidized to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (Glycolysis, orange box)
Examples of the major immune escape mechanisms of different types of cancers displaying the involvement of the PI3K signaling pathway
Schematic model of NF-Œ∫B activation network
A diagram depicting the participation of RCAN1 in the CREB signaling pathway is shown
Schematic diagram illustrating some of the major abnormalities related to sensitized D1R-signaling and associated to LID
Graphical representation of the IL-6 signaling pathway reveals significant gene expression changes following sarin-induced seizure
Manipulation of macrophage signaling pathways by L
Homeostatic and leukemic expression of receptors, signaling proteins, and transcription factors along the B cell pathway
PI3K, AKT, FOXO, and BCL6 are key players in Ph+ stem cell survival
Schematic model for sprouting angiogenesis
Diagram illustrating the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway
Shh binds to the cell surface receptor Ptch, relieves the inhibition of Smo and triggers Shh signaling
EBV infection impacts on cell death and survival pathways in GC B cells
Maturational changes in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism gene expression
Uncoupling of GŒ±i/o proteins from their cognate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
Gi/o protein-dependent and -independent effects of PTX
(a) Structures of some of the molecules used in this study (X = O or S a... (b) The end product of the HBP is UDP-GlcNAc (2), the donor substrate us...
Costimulatory pathways relevant in transplantation
A coronin 2A-dependent LXR transrepression pathway in macrophages
Schematic representation of TRAF3-mediated positive and negative regulation of IFN signaling
Molecular modulation of peripheral myelination by the Sirt2/Par-3/aPKC pathway
Molecular regulation of peripheral myelination by the Sirt2/Par-3/aPKC pathway in SCs: Model illustrating how a decrease in Par-3 acetylation by elevation of Sirt2 levels during myelination results in aPKC inactivation and downstream effects on myelin assembly in SCs
Model of SHP-1 activation and modulation on ghrelin signaling to Akt
Different modes of Smad phosphoisoform signaling in normal epithelium and neoplasms
TRAIL signaling pathway and regulatory proteins
In the kidney and parathyroid glands, FGF23 signaling requires FGFR and the coreceptor klotho
Hyperglycemia synergizes with collagen stimulation in platelets to activate the AR-dependent polyol pathway, leading to increased ROS production (via GSH depletion and NADH oxidase [Nox])
Effect of miR-300 on TGF-β signaling pathway
Influence of miR-300 on apoptosis pathway
Effect of miRNAs on cell cycle, proliferation, and differentiation
miR-302/367 targets modulate TGF-β and BMP signaling
From a physiological point of view, exfoliated epithelial cells resulting from nutritional induction or mild stress are in anoikis by activating a survival mechanism partly using the molecular paths of macroautophagy
Schematic illustrating the potential role of integrin β3 (ITGB3) in ROS-induced migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells
(A), pancreatic cancer (B), and primary glioblastoma (C)
The ROCK signaling pathway with focus on survival and regeneration
Glycosyltransferase complexes in the O-glycosylation pathway
Model: TTP transition from “hypo- to hypermodified” determines its functional switch
(A) Co-regulated functions of E2F [14–16, this... (B) E2F, WNT and FGF activities are deeply inte... (C) Key components of WNT and FGF pathway are r...
Expression patterns of the TLR signaling pathway in CLL
Model for the multiple mechanisms by which Sox2 regulates the osteoblast lineage
IA30-infected pigs fail to induce immune response genes associated with pattern recognition of viruses and cytokine and immune cell responses in the lung
Schematic diagram of nitric oxide-activated AMPK activation in β cells
Synthesis, utilization, and regeneration of glutathione and regulation of mTORC1 activity
Schematic showing the mechanism(s) of activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways by vMyxM013-KO virus infection in human monocytic cell line THP-1
Schematic presentation showing leptin mediated signaling pathways
mTOR signaling pathway affected by pollen feeding or varroa parasitism
A model of crosstalk between chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and autophagy in human cancer cells
Model of Cyclin D1 action and degradation
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is upregulated in conditions causing genotoxic stress, leading to increased single-strand break repair
Schematic representation of the balance between Cdc42 and RasGRF pathways
Schematic outline of the elimination of apoptotic tissue from the sponge S
The synthesis began with a straightforward sequence that produced 56 from 44 (), in turn available from glucose in 3 steps
Proposed resveratrol-mediated regulation of p35 expression and Cdk5 activity
Activation of the P2X7 receptor with extracellular ATP opens a cation-specific ion channel that results in the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ and the efflux of K+
Network of canonical pathways (Wikipathways and KEGG) significantly enriched for genes identified by Bi-miR-34a pull-down (A) or down-regulated following miR-34a over-expression (B) in HCT116 and K562 cells
Each reaction in the network was a priori assigned to one of 11 canonical signaling pathways as described in
Possible mechanism of reciprocal enhancement between innate and adaptive immunity, through NF-kB and STAT-1/IRF-1 pathway
A Working Model for the Late-Acting Function of NFU1 in Mitochondrial Fe-S Protein BiogenesisThe findings of this work suggest a late-acting function of NFU1 in the pathway of Fe-S (red and yellow circles) protein maturation
Appearance frequencies of genes in the mTOR signaling pathway
Schematic of normal (A) and pathological (B) integrin-based focal adhesion signaling
Model of nongenomic signaling of aldosterone in mouse OMCD intercalated cells to stimulate H+-ATPase activity
Proposed signal pathway by which repetitive deformation may induce intestinal epithelial cell migration
Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by AKAP complexes
Schematic overview of CagL and CagA-mediated signal transduction pathways involved in H
Working model of the intracellular signaling pathway in the activation of mucous cell exocrine secretion by muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Molecular mechanisms through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor pathway
A: In the current model, activation of PI3K results in activation of Akt... B: According to the present results, in urothelial carcinoma mTORC1 regu...
The network was generated by Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software using the list of differentially expressed proteins identified by 2-D DIGE/MS analysis
Signalling network of proteins identified as major targets of autoantibodies in patients with unidentified ANA
Network pathway analysis of up-regulated genes in the gene category immune response
Network pathway analysis of down-regulated genes in the gene category mitotic cell cycle
Pathway generated by ingenuity pathway analysis with proteins identified as specific target antigens
Cross-talk among embryonic signaling pathways and experimental inhibitors
Embryonic pathway signaling leads to induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Putative mechanism of dexmedetomidine (Dex) renoprotection
The SRC-3Œî4 isoform acts a signaling adaptor for EGF-dependent cancer cell migration and invasion
Small-molecule inhibitors in the ubiquitin–proteasome system               (UPS)
Mechanistic pathways implicated in the human studies of ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction in critically ill patients
NF-Œ∫B is held in the latent state in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor IŒ∫B
IRAK1 and TRAF6 are adaptor proteins producing IKK that frees the NF-κB from inhibition by IκB
Schematic representation of dietary factors, one-carbon metabolism, methionine cycle in DNA methylation
Effect of carbon exchange and reversibility constraints
Activity-dependent gene expression in neurons is regulated by distinct calcium signaling pathways
Schematic model in which FGF2 stimulation of osteoblast differentiation is partially through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Impact of miR-215 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, chemoresistance, and EMT
The mechanisms of action of neuroprotective agents that are in clinical trials
Panel (A) shows Sl, activated by the insulin pathway, acting as a liaison r... (B) Conversely, for differentiation, reduced insulin receptor signali...
GSK3 plays pivotal roles in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarization
GSK3 is a key regulator of axon growth and branching
Vitamin D and the macrophage antimicrobial response to TB
Proposed model of TRAIL signaling pathway responsible for ICAM-1 expression
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 modulates the function of key signaling proteins in the wnt pathway
The MetaCore software platform was used to construct the diagram shown
Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-Œ±, trigger phosphorylation and activation of the IKK complex, which is composed of two catalytic kinase subunits (IKK1 and IKK2) and the regulatory subunit NEMO
Schematic pathway showing a possible role for STC2 in affecting the PERK signalling pathway
Reaction scheme for EGFR signal transduction pathway in H1299 cells
Lipid metabolism enzymes and P2X7R modulation
Schematic representation of the c-MET (mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor) dependent signaling pathway
Expression profiles of the RNAs encoding enzymes in the alpha-linolenic acid pathway
Signaling network connecting Rheb and AMPK
The mammalian heat shock response stress responsive signaling pathway matches proteostasis network capacity with demand in the cytosol
The three arms of the unfolded protein response stress-responsive signaling pathway
Modifications of chromatin structure in response to enriched environmental stimulation or injury in the mature CNS
(A) Relationship between Pomc expression (which encodes a precursor prot... (B) Use of a TKI reduces corticotroph adenoma growth and Pomc expression...
Adenosine/L-arginine/nitric oxide (ALANO) signalling pathway in gestational diabetes mellitus
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway
Network of core pathways that mediate commitment of cells to the division cycle
Different steps from multiple signal transduction pathways known to regulate longevity are shown on each row, including extrinsic inputs into the pathway (e.g., nutrient status, environmental stress, et cetera), extracellular ligands, transmembrane receptors, intracellular signaling cascades, transcription factors, and ultimate physiological outputs.
Model of divergent BMP signaling pathways controlling transcriptional and cytoskeletal responses
. Schematic linking the growth factor pathway to defects in cell cycle progression and apoptosis in diabetic β-cells.
The subset of reactions within the folate metabolic pathway that have been inferred to be relevant to purine biosynthesis based on observations in the literature (see text for details)
Greater growth factor signaling via the PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway and predominant MISS ER activity in ER+PR− tumors.Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ER, estrogen receptor; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; IGFR, insulin-like growth factor receptor; MISS, membrane initiated steroid signaling; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PR, progesterone receptor
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling network regulates cell survival, proliferation, migration, metabolism, and apoptosis, integrating the growth factor signaling pathway, nutrient status, and other oncogenic pathways
Proposed unified model of the pathophysiology of CD representing the different known and suggested mechanisms involved in that disease
Schematic representation of HCG/MET signaling pathway []
Pathways involved in mTOR signaling.Abbreviations: mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TSC, tuberous sclerosis.Adapted from: Kopelovich L, Fay JR, Sigman CC, Crowell JA
(A) VEGF activation of VEGFR-2 and downstream PLCγ-1-ERK1/2 signaling pa... (B) VEGF induces NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, which in turn oxidizes VEGFR...
Expanded representation of the KEGG pathway "colorectal cancer"
Proposed signal transduction pathways in nodose ganglia following receptor activation with leptin and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)
(A) EGFRvIII stimulates mTORC2 activity; PTEN suppressed it(B) mTORC2 promotes NF-Œ∫B activity
The canonical pathway can be activated by cytokines, or molecules of bacterial or viral origin such as TNFŒ±
DNA damage recruits and activates PARP-1 and ATM, with PARP-1 producing poly(ADP-ribose) leading to assembly of IKKγ/NEMO and PIASy and ATM
Sustained insulin/IGF signalling promotes NF-Œ∫B signalling by activation of PI-3K/AKT pathway whereas caloric restriction (CR) reduces NF-Œ∫B signalling by dampening PI-3K/AKT and increasing expression of SIRT1
A) FGFRs possess three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig I t... B) Creation of the ternary complex between heparan sulfate proteoglycans...
Autophagy pathway and relationship to mTOR signaling
Model showing the various molecular components associated with the store-operated calcium entry pathway
Diagram of the regulation of CYP1A1 by capsaicin in Hepa-1c1c7 cells
A model for multiple signaling pathways in podocyte injury: Is a multidrug, synergistic therapy the answer to proteinuria?
Platelet activation pathways and drug molecular targets
Simplified scheme for TLR signaling in enterocytes
Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and its signalling pathways
Different expressed proteins indicated in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and cell wall development
Illustration of main mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance (in red) and targeted agents to circumvent resistance (in blue)
CIS genes immediately upstream or downstream of K-Ras, p53 or Smad4 were identified and analyzed for the occurrence of transposon insertions
The 1830 up-regulated mRNA set are significantly enriched by mRNA coding for proteins involved in “dopamine neurotransmitter release cycle” pathway
An overview of mammalian MAPK signaling pathways
Model of EAPII-mediated signal transduction: (1) EAPII negatively modulates TNFŒ± signaling; (2) EAPII facilitates or represses the JNK-mediated apoptosis pathway, depending on the genotype of DJ-1 protein; (3) EAPII activates MAPK-ERK signaling; and (4) EAPII negatively modulates Nodal signaling through Smad3 association
Proposed model of the mechanism by which cilostazol increases cAMP accumulation and ATP release from type 2 diabetes erythrocytes
Mitochondrial and Fas death receptor apoptotic pathways to apoptosis before (A) and after (B) MUN insult at term gestation in rats
Physiological regulatory pathways of NKCC2 in thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop (TALs)
The general scheme of plant lipid biosynthetic pathway and representative chemical structures of petroleum diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol
All deregulated proteins (0.2 Gy and 2 Gy ICPL and 2D-DIGE; ,  and ) were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis as described in .
The glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, malate/pyruvate cycle, sterol, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid and glycerolipid synthesis pathways are outlined
Oxytocin receptor linked signaling pathways resulting in myometrial contraction
The RAF/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are shown
Schematic of IL-6 classical and trans-signaling pathway
Hypothetical representation of AR pathway regulation by IL-6 in prostate cancer cells
Cooperation of the genes in the DNA repair cluster
Displayed are common molecular pathways among all three wheat lines studied that may represent basal cellular response under exogenous H2O2 treatment, except for the JA/Et pathway which is specific for PmA
The red boxes indicate up-regulated genes and pink boxes indicate the gene is up-regulated and that target genes of the gene in the pink box are over-represented in DAVID analysis
In this figure, all entity relationships (protein-protein binding, promoter binding by transcription factor, known regulatory relationship, and other relationships) are shown for all up-regulated genes in the PS animals that were shown to be regulated by one of these five genes in the Sub-Network Enrichment Analysis
Evolutionary reconstruction of the ancestral TOR signaling pathway based on the evolutionary reconstruction of the AGC kinase ancestral genes of S6K, RSK1, PKB and SGK1
Canonical signaling pathways activated by the EP receptors for PGE2
Adhesion of sickle red blood cells to the endothelium and cell activation
Involvement of miR-221/222 as downstream effectors of the EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK pathway in progression of metastatic transformation of breast cancer tumors
Various signaling pathways modulated by the primary cilium
Intracellular signalling during inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis
miR-133 represses IGF-1R at the posttranscriptional level and negatively regulates the IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which is involved in skeletal muscle proliferation, differentiation and hypertrophy
A) Up-regulated genes are primarily associated with the functions of ant... B) Down-regulated genes are mainly related to the functions of prolifera...
Mycobacterial mechanisms of sensing and countering endogenous or exogenous                   stress
Control of Rho1 activity through the cell cycle
The phosphoinositide-signaling pathway at the plasma membrane (PM)
Model for Mpk1-driven FKS2 transcription
During early odontoblast differentiation, p-Smad2/3 induced by TGF-β1 signaling increased binding to NFI-C in the cytoplasm
Bacterial manipulation of mitochondrial cell death pathways
Bacterial manipulation of host pro-survival pathway
The existence of HtrA2 appears to be crucial for disease progression characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to neuronal cell death via up-regulation of the transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP
Regulation of epidermal homeostasis by PCP signaling
miR-451 levels determine cell migration or proliferation in response to glucose (blue triangle on the left)
Topography and signaling pathways triggered by selectin ligands in neutrophils
Network of differentially expressed genes in HMGA1 transgenics at 2 months (nonparametric CAM approach)
Network of differentially expressed genes in HMGA1 transgenics at 2 months (parametric approach)
Network of differentially expressed genes in transgenics at 2 months (parametric and nonparametric approaches)
Network of differentially expressed genes in HMGA1 transgenics at 12 months (nonparametric approach)
Network of differentially expressed genes in HMGA1 transgenics at 12 months (parametric approach)
Network of differentially expressed genes in transgenics at 12 months (parametric and nonparametric approaches)
Cannonical pro-fibrotic TGFβ signaling is initiated by the binding of active TGFβ to TGFβ receptors
Regulation of MAPK and NF-Œ∫B pathways and their manipulation by bacterial effectors
Topological scheme of modeled cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways
Continuous lines identify the major pathway stimulated by INSL3 and culminating in MEK/ERK phosphorylation via AC/cAMP/PKA
Model of enhancement of HIV-1 infection as a result of HIV-1 gp41 binding to CD74 and subsequent activation of the ERK/MAPK signal pathway
A model illustrating that early and late ISGs induction is regulated by multiple STAT1 posttranslational modifications
A model for FcγR stimulation-induced [Ca2+]i increase via Cx43/CD38/cADPR signaling pathway
Schematic representation of post-induction repression of IFN-β expression by YY1 in TLR3 signaling pathway
Growth factors or hormones can stimulate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling
A schematic of the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is shown with BRAF in red
An activated tyrosine kinase receptor induces class IA PI3K activation, which in turn phosphorylates the lipid phosphatidyl-inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate phosphatidyl-inositol triphoshate (PIP3)
Using the Kinexus Kinex antibody microarray, we uncovered an enhancement in signal transduction along the MAPK/RSK pathway following YB-1 induction in HMECs
[A] Ingenuity pathway analysis of primary events mediated by MI-219 single agent treatment at 16 hrs showing activation of NF-Œ∫B central hub
A. In response to TNF-Œ± stimulation, RIP1 is recruited to TNFR and forms a membrane associated complex I with TRADD, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2, which in turn leads to polyubiquitination of RIP1 and pro-survival NF-Œ∫B activation.B.
The pathway can be activated at multiple levels including at the level of InsR/Igf-1R, c-MET or HEH2/HER3 receptors, at the level of adaptor proteins, PI3K regulatory or catalytic subunits, at the level of downstream Akt kinases or through deletion/inactivation of inhibitors of the pathway
Hypothetically, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia activate NUAK2 through CaMKKβ in acral melanoma cells, and result in dysregulation of cell cycle machinery through the mTOR pathway
Schematic of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway
Intercellular signaling among tumor cells, stroma cells, pericytes, and endothelial cells: cellular players in the tumor/microvascular microenvironment
HPV 16 E5 enhances growth factor signalling pathways
Network images of FTO and candidates genes
In silico analysis and gene expression studies suggests functional coupling between FTO and the BDNF/NTRK2-signalling pathway
RA-dependent non-transcriptional involvement in neurite outgrowth
CDEP identified differentially expressed genes map to biological pathways relevant to cancer metastasis
Pathway analysis of the lymphocte-specific gene (A) or urine peptide (B) markers
Proposed mechanism for VEGFA165 induced tumour growth
Upregulation of a highly significant Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) gene network (IPA network score = 50) in response to endurance training in high responders (A), but not in low responders (B)
Schematic representation of signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity and neuroglia functions with associated molecules and cellular tasks (analysis based on Ingenuity IPA software)
HSC cell cycle entry is regulated by a complex network of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors
Schematic showing the proposed sites of RA action in lung development
Schematic diagram summarizing the main results obtained in the present study (A) and in a previous report by Oviedo-Boyso et al
The hypothesis of inhibitory signaling of sesamol in platelet activation
Different signaling pathways leading to the induction of virus stress-inducible genes (VSIGs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs)
Upon activation at the plasma membrane, the catalytic subunit of class IA PI3Ks phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), converting it to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3)
Model of the signaling cascade in response to the release of dsRNA from LRV particles, production of IFNβ and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
Melanoma signaling networks, progression, and influences by the BCL-2 family
Sometimes dysregulated expression of growth factor receptors occurs by increased expression, genetic translocations or genomic amplifications which can lead to activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways
A: The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways are both activated by upstream receptor ligation and frequently co-regulate many downstream targets in parallel
Chemotherapeutic drugs such as Doxorubicin and Docetaxel may also induce the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway which may contribute to emergence of drug resistant clones
Tumor cells produce pro-angiogenic agents including VEGF, bFGF and TGF-Œ± by the signaling pathways such as Hh pathway (19) as well as their intermediates including oncoproteins such as COX-2 and osteopontin (25, 26)
. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathway and anti-EGFR therapy in clinical use.
A model of FosB-mediated regulation of ECM genes by mechanical signaling in bladder smooth muscle
The scheme of the EGR-1/GGPPS/ERK 1/2 pathway
Synaptic translation and signaling pathways modulated by FMRP (a) and dysregulation of these pathways in the absence or significant reduction of FMRP (b)
Classes of potential overlap in synaptic mechanisms between ASD genes/proteins and pathways involved in FXS: (1) proteins involved in other forms of ASD may be in the signaling cascade for activation of FMRP-regulated translation; (2) FMRP may directly regulate proteins involved in different forms of ASD; and (3) convergence of glutamate and GABA pathway defects in FXS and ASD due to dysregulation of proteins generally important in maintaining inhibitory/excitatory balance and balance of activity in brain glutamate and GABA systems
Structural coverage of the core vision pathway and its links to other functional modules
IPA-based pathway analysis of differential expressed genes
Biochemical pathways and enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Cyanothece ATCC51142
Signaling pathways and proteins that increase or decrease STAT5 signaling in normal mammary epithelial cells
The p14-p53-p21 pathway and the p16-Rb signaling pathways involved in fibroblast senescence
Schematic drawings of GABAB receptor (GABABR)–mediated synthesis of IP3 and intracellular Ca2+signaling under (A) basal or (B) Gq-coupled receptor activation in human airway smooth muscle
Interaction between Jak2/Stat5 signaling and the PI3K/Akt1 pathway in mammary epithelial cells
Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling pathways regulate normal and stem cell fate
Parkinson's disease pathway from the KEGG disease database
The VHL complex targets HIF-1Œ± and HIF-2Œ± for ubiquitin-mediated degradation
Context-dependent regulation of Rho GTPase signaling
Change in RAF isoform usage in response to a RAS mutation
Correlations of genes in central carbon metabolism with SPPR
The p73 pathway and its regulators.A simplified view of the p73 pathway, of its regulators, and of the molecules that directly or indirectly can modulate its function
The IGF1R-IR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and its manipulation through diet
The Dys–Syn–nNOS pathway and miRNAs coordinate the muscle differentiation program
The potential regulatory mechanism of the identified gene switches for breast cancer
Endothelial adaptive response to moderate hypothermia (25¬∞C/72 h)
Schematic summary of striatal gene expression changes in response to SNCA overexpression
Summary of Kit/Kitl signaling during spermatogenesis
Signal Transduction pathways downstream of activated HER family of receptors
DRD2/GSK3β/DISC1 pathway modified from Beaulieu et al
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent and nuclear factor (NF)Œ∫B-mediated activation of proinflammatory cytokines
Schematic of the Ras-MAPK and TGFβ pathways
Pathway analysis of liver from Campari tomato treatment
Two proposed initiation models of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways
Functions related to hepatic cultures.Subgraphs of a hepatocyte response network induced by genes annotated with MSigDB gene sets
Starvation, withdrawal of growth factors and other cellular stresses can lead to the induction of autophagy
FAs enter the cardiomyocyte through specific transporters, and they are converted to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthethase (ACS)
Schematic overview of the multifunctional roles of c-FLIP in the TRAIL-triggered apoptosis pathway as well as activating various anti-apoptotic and cell survival signaling pathways
Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway displaying transcripts in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway
Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway display transcripts in cell cycle pathway
Schematic summarizing the role of signaling Smads in epithelial carcinogenesis
The cell cycle pathway and the significant genes on cell cycle-related miRNAs
Simplified illustration of the physiological pathways used for H2 production in Chlamydomonas (Adapted from The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook [])
Model of E2 action on D2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the lactotroph
Activation of inflammatory mediators in pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes
Differential gene expression in the TLR signalling pathway
Schematic representation of signaling pathways regulating epithelial immune response in nematode epidermal (a) and intestinal (b) cells, adapted from Tan and Shapira
The IKK complex (NEMO, IKK1 (IKKŒ±), and IKK2 (IKKβ)) can be activated by numerous stimuli and via shared signaling components
Macrophage iNOS signaling is imperative in generation of reactive nitrogen species to kill bacterial and viral pathogens, as well as a marker of macrophage polarization
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is significantly associated with oxidative stress
Overview of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway
How GSK3β phosphorylation is involved with microtubule destabilization
Schematic diagram illustrating reciprocal regulation between iNOS and Cx43 under inflammatory situations
Diagram of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway
Convergence of miR-21 target genes and the apoptosis pathway
Components of the TLR pathway and genes commonly induced during the innate immune response of zebrafish to bacterial infection
Differential regulation of genes in the IL-10 pathway in neonates and school-age children with septic shock versus age-matched controls
Differential regulation of genes in the antigen presentation pathway in neonates and school-age children with septic shock versus age-matched controls
Proposed signaling pathways modulated by Œ±-TEA and TAM in TAMR cells
Schematic representation of the molecular players involved in angiogenesis signalling mediated by the interaction of VEGF-A with VEGFR-2 []
Simplified TOR signaling network with known Arabidopsis homologs in Italic writing
Putative signal transduction pathways regulating fruiting body development in C
IsomiRs and miRNAs target similar biological pathways
Mechanisms of action of the enteropathogenic yersiniae Ysc T3SS effectors (Yops) on host cell signaling and survival
Schematic representation of key therapeutic targets in the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways together with pharmacological agents inhibiting members of these signaling cascades
Mechanisms regulating PI3K pathway in melanoma
Figure 2. Regulation of cadherins by Rap1 and other downstream small GTPases.
Figure 3. Regulation of neuronal migration within the mammalian cerebral cortex by the Reelin/Rap1/N-cadherin pathway and other small GTPases.
Ras activation of RalA leads to engagement of multiple effector pathways
(Cited from: Holoch PA, Griffith TS.TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): a new path to anti-cancer therapies.
FcεRI signaling events in WT, NTAL−/−, and LAT−/− cells
IL-1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment
Molecular mechanisms mediating the regulatory effects of hypoxia
Summary diagram of the proposed ADM signaling pathway in retina
Differential expression of mRNA and proteins encoding factors in the Notch signaling pathway
Association of cytoplasmic peptidyl Cys with functional networks according to reduction and oxidation of Cys residues
Association of nuclear peptidyl Cys with functional networks according to reduction and oxidation of Cys residues
Association of mitochondrial peptidyl Cys with functional networks according to reduction and oxidation of Cys residues
Antigen-presentation and apoptosis pathways are highly upregulated by Tx/91 NS1 : 1–126
Different stages of vesicle budding from the donor compartment and fusion with the acceptor compartment
Activation of the Pi3K/Tor pathway by insulin and glutamate
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis and signaling
Prostaglandin E2 acts as a gliotransmitter to stimulate GnRH neuron electrical activity
Central regulation of leptin signaling, autonomic innervation of the adipocyte and β-cell, and the starvation response
Emerging pharmacological strategies for CSCs targeting include self-renewal pathway antagonists and chemoresistance-reverting agents
Molecular pathway of activation of autophagy
Endocrine signaling pathways affecting longevity
A working hypothesis of the intracellular signal pathway of enocytoid lysis in response to PGs in Spodoptera exigua
Schematic diagram of IR and IGF-IR signaling
Allopregnanolone (APŒ±) mechanism of action promotes neurogenesis
Signaling molecules involved in the pathway by which IGFBP-3 enhances apoptotic triggers: Inhibition of which can lead to IGFBP-3 having the opposite effect
States of metabolic imbalance such as malnutrition and obesity have detrimental effects on the HPG axis, principally altering normal GnRH pulsatile release
Apoptotic caspases elicit Tax-independent transcription of the HTLV-1 LTR
Regulation of thrombin-induced RelA/p65 nuclear translocation by the Rho-actin pathway
Multiple transduction mechanisms induced at the FSHR
Canonical GŒ±s/cAMP/PKA pathway at the FSHR
Proteins interacting at the FSHR and their role in signaling
Hypothetical model of mir-35 family function during cell cycle
Model showing arterial, venous, and lymphatic cell fate specification in the developing embryos
Model depicting COUP-TFII functions in tumor angiogenesis
Upon LPS stimulation, TLR4 recruits TRAF6 via the adapters TIRAP and MyD88 to activate the TAK1 complex (TAK1, TAB2 and TAB3) for NF-Œ∫B activation
Pathway analysis of endometrial androgen target gene set
Schematic model depicting the proposed signaling pathway in LH/hCG-induced LHR mRNA down-regulation
A schematic of C/EBP Œ±/β functions in GCs
. The effect of insulin in drug-resistance.
Regulation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway by microRNAs
Signaling cascades that regulate the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis
Metabolism pathway of tamoxifen and its interaction with estrogen receptors.Copyright © 2009
XRCC1 is instrumental in base excision repair (BER) of small oxidative lesions and a related mechanism for the repair of single-strand breaks (SSB-R), both caused by ionizing radiation
Proposed three pathways for the mechanism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated survival signal transduction
The schematic diagram represents the ischemic preconditioning pathway in cardiomyocytes
NF-Œ∫B activation in pathogenesis and therapy of cancer
TLR4 signaling pathway: TLR4 is localized on cell surface for ligand recognition and activates both MyD88-dependent pathway and TRIF-dependent pathway
Host cell machinery gets activated during influenza infection and leads to trigger Signaling pathways
Double-stranded and single-stranded RNA signaling pathway
Schematic illustration of the role of activity-dependent Ca2+signaling in PACAP-mediated neuroprotection
Germinal-center B-cell-like (GCB) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) derived from normal germinal-center centroblasts
Activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are derived from plasmablasts that are characterized by a block in differentiation
Structural and functional characteristics of the human CD38 molecule
STRING interaction for proteins studied to find relevant networks in RCC
Insulin has two signaling pathways within the insulin-sensitive cell: one that uses the PI-3 pathway regulates metabolic activity, and the other that uses the MAP kinase regulates mitogenic activity
Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes occurs because of a block in the transmission of the insulin signal through PI-3 kinase
Schematic representation of decorin’s effects on β-catenin and Myc stabilization by directly down-regulating EGFR and Met
Arachidonic acid metabolic pathways and the role of IL-13
Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1R) signaling axis
Putative PGC-1-mediated mechanism of cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting
Schematic of canonical TGF-β signaling within distinct cell types located in tumor microenvironments
The activated TrkB receptor and the VEGF receptor recruit several specific small cytoplasmic signalling G proteins, including SHC, GRB2 and the Ras/Rho family; they are also involved in pathways regulated by MAPK, PI3K and ERK, evoking cellular responses that govern proliferation, migration and other processes
The expression of some genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis were significantly changed after LM23 knockdown, as shown by microarray analysis
A map of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis []
Nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling in breast cancer cells
A simplified scheme of the possible involvement of cAMP/PKA pathway in cancer
Signal Transduction Pathways controlled by the activation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR)
The modified Fearson and Volgenstein Model
Schematic Diagram of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) crosstalk
Growth factors mediated mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation
The NF-Œ∫B pathway and subcellular localization of differentially regulated genes connected with NF-Œ∫B: Within the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway a total of 26 genes were differentially expressed in Group 1 (a); whereas 27 genes were shown to be regulated in Group 2 (b)
The AKT/TGF-β pathway and subcellular localization of differentially regulated genes connected with this signaling network: Within the AKT/TGF-β signaling pathway a total of 26 genes were differentially expressed in Group 1 (a); whereas 21 genes were shown to be regulated in Group 2 (b)
The p53 pathway and retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein signaling are shown
Signaling pathway in glioma stem cell.BMP: bone morphogenetic proteins; BMPR: BMP receptor; Ptch: patched gene; SHH: Sonic hedgehog homolog; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; Smo: smoothened gene; TNFAIP: tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein; TRRAP: transformation/transcription domain-associated protein
The crosstalk between COX-2 and EGF signaling pathway in CRC
This figure provides an overview of the major signaling pathways of NOD2
Schematic representation of the interactions between Rho/Rho-kinase signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling
IL-6 signalling pathway and candidate genes
Schematic presentation of the PI biosynthetic pathway in S
EBPR metabolic map inferred from the Accumulibacter clade IIA genome, adapted from )
Multifunctionality of ARC in regulating apoptosis signalling
Schematic Rac1 signalling pathway leading to cardiomyocyte TNF-Œ± expression and cardiac dysfunction during LPS stimulation
The diagram represents the molecular cross-talk between TLR2 heterodimers with TLR6/TLR1 and GR through the participation of PI3K
P60TRP signalling based on the results obtained from different systems including NSCs, PC12 cells and p60TRP transgenic mice
The vicious cycle of bone metastases in the osteoblastic pathway, in which tumor cells secrete other factors (interleukins, prostaglandin e, tumor necrosis factor, and macrophage-stimulating factor)
Left: In vertebrates, insulin and glucagon control glucose homeostasis by differentially regulating a well-characterized pathway that involves the cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), SIK1/2 (salt-inducible kinase 1/2), and the Akt kinase
A proposed model for the tau signaling cascade in LPA induced neurite retraction in differentiated Neuro2a cells
Adenovirus elicits IFN-Œ±β production by a novel viral induction pathway
A simplified schematic of macroautophagy in mammals
Model showing elevated calcium and/or phosphate up-regulate HGF secretion and c-Met activation in conjunction with activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, leading to SMC mineralisation, which can be inhibited by AdNK4 treatment
Tissue‚Äêspecific regulation of polyol pathway and its metabolic cascade to diabetic neuropathy
Summary of pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy
An overview of the proposed signaling mechanisms underlying the protective effects of mood stabilizing drugs against experimental stroke
Graphical representation of the genomic neighborhoods of SRF and ZNF350
Intricate network of TLR signaling and miRNAs
Upstream and downstream AMPK signaling pathways that negatively regulate NF-Œ∫B activation and suppress inflammatory responses
Glucose and glutamine metabolism in cancer cells
nAChR-mediated signaling in lung squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas
Roles of ALK in the pathogenesis of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
Metabolic pathways of fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and mechanisms by which lipid intermediates affect hepatic insulin sensitivity
PI3K signaling in normal neural function and LTP induction
PI3K signaling in neural aging and disease
Microarray analysis results obtained from the anti-tumour studies of oil palm phenolics (OPP)
Suggested model for RF effects and interactions in various mouse tissues
A protein interaction pathway produced by combining known protein–protein interactions from the literature
Activation signals for effector and regulatory T-cell division and proliferation
A network produced by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of upregulated and downregulated genes in spontaneous mouse hepatocellular carcinoma, illustrating the interactome of mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (red, upregulation; green, downregulation)
A network produced by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of spontaneous mouse hepatocellular carcinoma illustrating the interactome of fetal oncogenes, protooncogenes, and cell cycle mediators that are expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (red, upregulation of gene expression; green, downregulation)
A network produced by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of spontaneous mouse hepatocellular carcinoma illustrating the interactome of growth factors and cell cycle mediators expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (red, upregulation; green, downregulation)
Upon Type I IFNs binding with its corresponding receptor, hPNPaseold-35 transcription is promoted through activation of the JAK/STAT pathway
Model for the activity-dependent control of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) regulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) signaling and function
The RAF‐MEK‐ERK signaling pathway (panel A) and activation via constitutive BRAF activation (panel B) (McCubrey et al., 2007).
PI3K signalling regulates both choline and glucose metabolism
The RNF8‐ and RNF168‐dependent ubiquitin signaling pathway at DSBs is stimulated by CHD4‐ and p400‐mediated chromatin remodeling
Pathways of steroid hormone synthesis, metabolism and tissue sensitivity to HRT (Kelemen et al., 2008; Pasqualini and Chetrite, 2005; Masson et al., 2010) MiRNA's predicted to target steroidogenic or metabolizing enzymes are encased in blue.
Broad overview of the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease giving examples of confirmed and candidate genes implicated in each pathway
Roles of the BMP system in steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in growing follicles
The Stat5a/b pathway (see Box 2 for explanations) appears to be the major, if not the only, signaling pathway triggered by the PrlR in mouse and human prostate epithelial cells
Feedback mechanisms regulating adult midgut homeostasis and regeneration in Drosophila
A schematic of IL-6 and IL-6 receptor interactions
Cell cycle pathway represented in KEGG [,]
Signaling pathway of chamaejasmine-induced apoptosis in A549 cells
A: competition between sialyl-transferases creating short sialylated structures (black arrows) and elongating glycosyltransferases (white arrows)
Putative mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of TGF‐β1 against Aβ‐induced neurodegeneration
A proposed model showing the interactions of Nm23-H1 with cellular pathways
Schematic model of crosstalk between oxysterol and Wnt pathways on the expression of myelin genes MPZ and PMP22
Model proposed to explain why BDNF fails to regulate local translation in the hippocampus of Ts1Cje mice
Proposed regulatory pathways involving two transcriptional activators, TSF1 and EfSTE12, and leading to the production of elsinochrome (ESC) and conidia in Elsino√´ fawcettii
Model of striatal plasticity induced in glutamatergic synapses onto both striatonigral and striatopallidal MSN populations in response to concomitant D2 and A2A receptor modulation
Schematic representation of the activated neuronal populations—identified with c-Fos—in the barrel cortex following whisker stimulation and how the different neuronal populations contribute to the evoked CBF response
Molecular signaling cascades which normally control mTORC1 activity and may become dysregulated in B-cell lymphomas leading to aberrant mTORC1 signaling activation
Major signaling pathways of IPC- and Ipost-mediated protection against cardiac cell death
Schematic presentation of molecular changes associated with N-Myc amplification in neuroblastoma
Genomic and non-genomic actions of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)
EA improves ERK signaling pathways through the regulation of neuroendocrine cytokines in myocardial hypertrophic rats
IL-10 signal transduction and hypothesized treatment by dual gene therapy
Cellular signaling pathways that control normal hematopoiesis and apoptosis
A model of abrin (ABR)-triggered apoptosis
Proposed model of functions of N-glycosylation in A
Pathways and functions of protein glycosylation in A
(1) The mAb anti-TNF drug infliximab triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion due to failure to internalize or shed cell surface TNFR1, (2) resulting in TNF-stimulated NF-Œ∫B activation through the canonical pathway or ligand-independent TNFR1 signalling
The interplay between autophagy and intracellular pathogens
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of transcription factors
The primary phosphatases function as tumor suppressors and their signaling pathways
Schematic diagram depicting the possible pathways in which NO modulates collagen type I gene expression to affect fibrosis
Schematic summary of the proposed role of mitochondrial cardiolipin oxidation in β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Downregulation of macrophages signalling by Leishmania infection
The recent focus in JMML has concentrated on using the information gained from knowledge of these molecular defects in order to design targeted drug therapy
Adaptation of endothelial cells to inflammatory stimuli and hypoxia
Fungal cell wall pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their host-pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Hypothetical model for a molecular chitinase response to chitin-containing pathogens or particles
Effect of FXR activation on triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism in the liver
TRAIL-induced apoptosis signaling pathway via the death receptors DR4 and DR5
Resistance mechanisms in the TRAIL signaling pathway
Model for ovarian cancer ascites-mediated protection from TRAIL-induced apoptosis
Regulation of intracellular signaling by antiepileptics and modulators of glutamate, acetylcholine, and melatonin systems
Gene expression changes in cell cycle pathways
Proposed MAPK pathways and their inhibitors involved in EVT dysfunction during an inflammatory state
Molecular control of palatal shelf growth and patterning
Fatty acid β-oxidation, TG synthesis, and phospholipid biosynthesis pathways
Metabolic pathways illustrating TCDD-elicited changes in the mouse (A) and rat (B)
Disease/drug mapping is the process to map all known disease genes (pink) and all known drug targets (light blue) against all KEGG pathway maps
Reformatted modeling of the BioCarta ‘apoptotic signaling in response to DNA damage’ pathway
(A) Single pathway view showing the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway.... (B) Multi-pathway view showing the calcium signaling pathway, with the v...
PP-associated modulation of inflammatory chemokine production and repair-related processes in keratinocytes through EGFR system
Representation of the resistance mechanisms to the vemurafenib
In prepubertal glands, when E2 levels are low and ERŒ± levels are relatively high, IGF-1 stimulates the formation of ERŒ±/IRS-1 complexes and activation of IRS-1, which directs signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway
AA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that constitutes the phospholipid domain of most cell membranes
Schematic working model for DR5 up-regulation induced by the oncogenic Ras or B-Raf
Three MAPK pathways in yeast share common components and also contain pathway-specific factors
Mechanisms of signal integration among regulatory proteins and pathways that control filamentous growth
A simplified diagram depicting the proposed signaling pathway of the CB1 activation that inhibits the activity of small GTPase RhoA to inhibit motility of PC-3 cells
Disruptions in STEP associated with excitotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, and drugs of abuse
Overview of CR-associated signaling and some of its key players
Visualization of the quantity of genes differentially regulated by γ-tocotrienol (GT3) and Œ±-tocopherol (aTOC) using the KEGG cell cycle pathway
TGF-β signal transduction pathway and targets for therapeutic intervention
Hypothetical pathway for transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)-induced glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, podocyte loss, podocyte proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by podocytes in progressive podocyte disease
Reversible shifting of Smad3-dependent signaling between hepatocytic growth and inhibition indicates that pSmad3C transmits a cytostatic TGF-β/activin signal, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines transmit a mitogenic signal through the JNK-dependent pSmad3L pathway
Altered genes in p85α−/− cells after SCF stimulation were analyzed by IPA software to analyze their closely associated gene network
Proposed similarities and differences in the maps of E
. Functional Annotation networks from IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) that show documented gene relationships among the genes in the hypothesized eight gene STAT1/IFN gene set (A) and that show the functional relationships among these genes as they relate to Interferon signaling (B) (genes in eight gene signature are shaded).
Sensitisation of type 2 cancer cells towards DR-induced killing by synthetic IAP antagonists
Schematic representation of the generation of CaR-induced Ca2+i oscillations based on dynamic phosphorylation of CaRT888
Summary of the results presented in this study
(A) GnRH signalling; (B) corticotropin releasing hormone signalling; (C) ERK/MAPK signalling
Differentially expressed genes are identified in red; potential target genes of commonly regulated miRNA represented in red and genes that are identified as differentially expressed and which are potential targets of the 5 miRNA are presented by degradation from red to green
Factors affecting the viability of dopamine neurons
Oncogenic and tumor suppressor control of metabolism
Fine adjustment of autophagy by the AMPK-mTORC1-Ulk1/2 kinase network
Schematic diagram of the TLR4 signaling pathway
A: The model of the EGFR signaling pathway cont... B: The mRNA BAD-1 is produced by the transcript... C: shows a simplified miRNA biogenesis, target...
Graphical representations of Microphage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) regulation of innate immunity signaling pathway and comparison of the gene- perturbation induced by the treatments (A) TNF-α challenge without α-tocopherol pre-treatment, and (B) TNF-α challenge with α-tocopherol pre-treatment respectively.Notes: Red-notes and green-notes indicate up- and down-regulated genes, respectively.
Graphical representations of LPS-stimulated MAPK signaling pathway and comparison of the gene-perturbation induced by the treatments (A) TNF-α challenge without α-tocopherol pre-treatment, and (B) TNF-α challenge with α-tocopherol pre-treatment respectively.Notes: Red-notes and green-notes indicate up- and down-regulated genes, respectively.
Hydration of CO2 into HCO3− inside the cytoplasm occurs naturally and via the carbonic anhydrase activity
Signal transduction by TGFβ family members
The PI3K pathway activated by EGF-stimulated EGFR or by the constitutively activated EGFRvIII
(A) Gene ontology analysis of microarray data (... (B) Graphical representation of the literature... (C) The Notch signaling pathway: The figure sho...
Model for the regulatory function of UBD-GEF proteins auto-ubiquitylation
Schematic model depicting the different overlapping phases of KSHV entry and infection in endothelial (HMVEC-d) target cell
RITA induces the activation of p53 through c-Jun/JNK signaling pathway by inducing phosphorylation of ASK1-MKK-4 and c-Jun which in turn induces apoptosis by up-regulation of p53 and Noxa; downregulation of Mcl-1, and cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3 and PARP
Schematic depiction of crosstalk between Notch and HIF-1Œ±
Effects of metals on the PLC signaling pathway at presynaptic terminal (green: activation/increase, red: inhibition/decrease)
Cyclooxygenase-dependent arachidonic acid pathway in platelets
Hypothetical model showing intracellular events in conferring amphotericin B resistance
Proposed model for regulation of HCV replication mediated by the Ras/Raf/MEK pathway
Model of PGC-1Œ±- and AMPK-mediated regulation of IL1Rn expression in hepatocytes
Activation of EGFR signaling in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can occur via disruption of several different components at multiple levels of the pathway
A and B: In these pathways a green color represents down regulation by MPA and a red color represents up regulation by MPA
Binding of Wnt proteins to FZD leads to activation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm
pRb binds to DNA-bound E2F transcriptional regulators and suppresses their target gene expression through recruitment of HDACs, co-repressors, and chromatin remodeling enzymes
(A) In its “off” state, Ptch1 represses Smo activity. Gli2 and Gli3, eff... (B) Hh ligand binding to Ptch1 abrogates its inhibitory effect on Smo, a...
HCMV infection results in AMPK activation, likely through activation of CaMKK
High: in the absence of FZC18, Wnt3a increases β-catenin signaling
C. burnetii infection increases TNF-Œ± release.
Metabolic pathway of AA transformation into eicosanoid products
Representation of signalling transduction via adiponectin receptor activation
Tumour suppressor p53 regulation and signalling
Overview of pathways and compartmentation of FA supply for TAG synthesis in plants
Schematic representation of acyl-CoA-dependent and acyl-CoA-independent pathways for TAG biosynthesis in plants
Model. Our data are consistent with published reports that the androgen receptor and Src form a signaling module that activates MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling in response to stimulation with androgen.
Schematic diagram showing the mechanism by which uPA/uPAR shRNA inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastoma cells and xenografts
Interaction of TOR pathway members for the regulation of phagocytosis
Metabolism of retinoids (A) and isoprenoids (B)
DN Tregs employ multiple mechanisms to exert antigen-specific control over immune responses
TGF-β signaling and negative regulation in bone formation
BMP signaling and negative regulation in bone formation
Regulation of proliferation and survival pathways by protein kinases activation in response to UV radiation
Signaling pathways leading to transcription factors activation in response to UV-radiation
The dentate gyrus (left) is built from stem cells that develop to neuroblasts and type 2b progenitors that still can divide
Regulatory network for PACAP-responsive genes
Pathway map related to cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity based on proteomic and genomic analysis
Regulation of cell death by glucose metabolism
Putative inhibitory pathway of LPS-activated inflammatory signaling responses by peptide K5
Putative galanin-mediated neuronal pro- and antinociceptive mechanisms in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Proposed p38 signal transduction pathways in thyroid cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells based on data from the present study and previous reports (, )
The model depicts the role of the NF-Œ∫B-YY1-miR-1 regulatory circuit in myogenic differentiation
Defects and mutations resulting in mucocutaneous candidiasis
A proposed model for IL-2–mediated reversal of T-cell tolerance through modulating Sirt1 expression
A schematic diagram illustrating the effects of Tor-signaling elements on axon guidance and synapse growth
Signaling pathways promoting trophoblast invasion and migration
Schematic depicting mTORC1 signaling in a NAC a medium spiny neuron with anterogradely transported BDNF being released from a VTA dopamine neuron terminal and glutamate released from a prefrontal cortex projection neuron
Recognition of Pathogenic Nucleic Acids by Patterns Recognition Receptors and Signaling
The involvement of the ERK pathway in the TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition
According to these data in primary VSMCs we propose that BAY stimulates sGC and promotes synthesis of cGMP which directly activates PKG and phosphorylates VASP pSer239 thus inhibiting cell migration (Chen et al., )
Model for the roles of FGF/MAP kinase signaling in the formation of NANOG-positive epiblast cells or GATA6-positive hypoblast/primitive endoderm cells
Effects of the two main anabolic pathways, PTH and Wnt signaling, on osteoblasts, and indirectly on osteoclasts
Signaling and cross talk of the PTH and Wnt signaling pathways in osteocytes
Schematic display of the molecular interactions of apoptosis related molecules in dental apoptosis indicating the central position of the mitochondria pathway, which has been shown to be essential
Overview of the effects of VitA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Pathway analysis on SNPs with top ROHF difference between adult and young subgroups show the involvement of chemotaxis process
Pathways for the synthesis of glycerolipids and their subcellular localization
Curation of phosphoproteomic profiling and bioinformatics delineates distinct tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in an oncogene-specific manner
Schematic depiction of proposed increased activation of ERK signaling pathway in SS RBCs
Proposed model for TIMP-1–mediated suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via let-7f in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)
Importance of cytokine signalling for CD4+ T-cell differentiation
FGF-signaling promotes neurite outgrowth by small GTPase-dependent-, ERK- and Akt-pathways
The EPO-immunity regulatory network affects host–pathogen interaction: Microbes induce host response pathways for example via activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), thereby leading to stimulation of the NF-κB pathway and subsequent transcription of genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) resulting in formation of the toxic radical NO, needed for effective anti-microbial immune responses
An example showcasing the performance of SA in recovering the true structure using the IFGS compendium derived from GnRH signaling pathway in KEGG database
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling to NF-Œ∫B
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway
Overview of the key genes and regulatory networks leading from the bi-potential gonad to either testis or ovary development in mouse
Known genes and pathways of the different cell types of the developing testis in mouse (modified from Wainwright and Wilhelm )
Our results suggest that TNFR1 receptor may convey its effect through a complex mechanism that includes a non-conventional NFkB-dependent pathway
The simplest explanation of our results is that following pathogen infection RHO-1 is activated in the rectal epithelial cells by multiple upstream regulators including EGL-30 (GŒ±q) and UNC-73 (Trio)
Thrombin Signaling pathway was constructed by Ingenuity
Proposed model for the host translation regulation by HCV NS5A
Simplified diagram of the unfolded protein response
Proposed model for the inhibition of Notch1 signaling pathway by Fe65
Changes in redox potentials and cellular function
Role of PHLPP in terminating oncogenic signaling pathways
Schematic overview of the different signaling steps involved in B(a)P-induced β2ADR-mediated [Ca2+]i induction in endothelial HMEC-1 cells
Schematic model of the nitric oxide signaling pathway regulating SVCT-2 expression and ascorbate uptake
Model of RET/PTC-mediated TRAF activation
(A) Schematic of a neuron and axonal-dendritic synapse that depict examp... (B) A signaling pathway at the excitatory synapses that couples activity...
The timing and the potential mechanisms underlying remote ischemic conditioning (RIC)
(a) miR-23b and tretinoin, which was associated... (b) The MAPK signaling pathway that was enriche... (c) The mTOR signaling pathway that was enriche...
Denitrification pathway (a) and regulation (b) in bacteria
(A) IL-7 stimulation triggers PI3K-Akt activation in naïve CD8+ T cells,... (B) Absence of TSC1 causes hyper-activation of mTOR which leads to suppr...
Arrows represent activation and cross-bars represent inhibition
There is significant cross-talk between these pathways and their downstream effectors, which we have classified into 6 pathways for simplicity to account for differences in treatment modalities
uPAR can interact with different types of Integrins and participates in the activation of the MEK/ERK and Rac pathways, both leading to mesenchymal migration
Genes within the TLR signalling pathway showing differential expression are highlighted in colour
Genes associated with apoptosis showing differential expression are highlighted in colour
Genes associated with intracellular PRR signalling showing differential expression are highlighted in colour
THP-1 cells activated with a TLR2 agonist activated the MEK/ERK MAPK signaling cascade to induce production of TNF
Drosophila signaling pathways that regulate humoral responses
Proposed mechanism for FTY720-stimulated β-cell regeneration in vivo
Schematic presentation of the ROS-DAPK-PKD1-GLUT4 axis as a novel pathway involved in contraction-induced glucose but not LCFA uptake
In normal pregnancy, MSX1 and MSX2 act to repress WNT and β-catenin signaling and inhibit FGF synthesis in the uterine stroma, thereby suppressing stromal-epithelial cross-talk
NGF-TrkA signaling induces Sprouty4 expression via MAPK pathway
Wnt/β-catenin signalling and β-catenin role in adhesion in glioma cells
Cell-line subtypes have unique SuperPathway network features
Pathway diagrams can be used to predict response to therapies
Signaling through CD44: hyaluronan binding to a receptor such as CD44 or RHAMM will cause a conformational change in the receptor
A working model for NMDAR-regulated Wnt5a protein synthesis
Schematic representation of the anatomic and molecular mechanisms of sepsis-mediated sympathoexcitation and ghrelin's anti-inflammatory effect via sympathoinhibition
A working model of ID/anemia-suppressed hippocampal IGF signaling
Chronic JNK signaling dominates over AKT signaling and overrides the inhibitory effect of AKT on FOXO3a for the transcription of its effectors, BNIP3 and MurF-1 in POH and in heart failure
IPA illustrating the predicted effect of milk removal on PI3K signaling in T lymphocytes
Proposed mechanism of AP complement activation and order of events in elastase-induced AAA disease
Signaling pathways possibly involved in the interplay between cell death and cytoprotection processes in yeast cells in response to acetic acid stress
Anti-inflammatory actions of 15dPGJ2 in T
Data associated with a Pathway in BiologicalNetworks system
Selected essential fatty acids molecular mechanisms
Proposed role of essential fatty acids in “micromanaging” molecular actions
Activation of monocytes in the circulation is characterized by increased activation of the inflammatory toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2)/NFŒ∫B signaling pathway
The possible implication of UPR in inflammatory response
Proposed schematic diagram for of EA-induced analgesia in normal rats
Chlamydomonas fermentative pathways under dark anoxic conditions
62 genes (in red) belonging to the insulin signaling pathway (GenMapp), selected as differentially expressed and associated with significant temporal expression patterns
A general scheme for biogenesis of Fe-S clusters in mammalian cells
Activated by a wide variety of different tresses, including oncogene activation (sensed by p14Arf), telomere dysfunction, and DNA damage, p53 transcriptionally induces a broad spectrum of genes implicated in apoptosis, cell cycle progression, DNA repair, autophagy, metabolism, antioxidant signaling, angiogenesis, and fertility
Proposed model of molecular mechanism of SW-induced apoptosis in A549 cells
Diagram of the mTOR signalling pathway (see text for details)
A metabolic switch in carbon source for lipid synthesis
Gene functional association networks for selected pathways in p53 dataset
The top scored pathway map affected by BaP "Apoptosis and survival_Endoplasmic reticulum stress response"
Overview of agent classes and functions in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) agent-based model (ABM) and schematic for Hill equations
The diagram shows the enzyme points (in cycle) on which the effects of n-3 PUFA might operate in the homocysteine metabolic pathway of relevance
Schematic representation of the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer cells
Role of the Wnt signaling pathway in prostate cancer bone metastasis
Diagram of the molecular pathway that leads to EMT downstream of TGFβ and HMGA2, as analyzed in this study
A, hypothetical model of d-glucose-dependent NO-mediated iron mobilization from cells
Control of the EGFR pathway and cell cycle entry by miRNAs
KEGG pathway mapping overlay for acidic pHe upregulated genes pertinent to OXPHOS
Model of the allosteric effects of losartan-bound AT1R on its protomer D1R
H5N1 and H1N1 influenza viruses differentially regulate the acute-phase response during infection
Potential mechanisms of control of Listeria entry by the type IA PI 3-kinase signaling pathway
Model for the signalling induced by salt stress and biotic stress (as induced by the Harpin elicitor) in grapevine
The JAK-STAT intracellular signaling pathway in myelofibrosis
Pathway model for interleukin (IL)-1Œ± and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-Œ±-induced inhibition of human skeletal muscle cell (HuSKMC) differentiation
The possible signaling pathways of EPCs senescence
Interactions between insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor (IR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways
Pathways involved in diabetes-induced EPCs toxicity and possible strategies to reverse EPCs damage during bone marrow mobilization
Schematic representation of intrinsic and exrtinsic pathways of anoikis
Possible mechanisms that make the diabetic heart more or less susceptible to infarction following ischemia reperfusion
Working model of diabetes-associated accelerated atherothrombosis
A schematic of signaling pathways activated by the Rho GTPases in macrophages
Differences in signal reconstruction of a selected portion of the insulin signaling pathway of KEGG (hsa04910)
(A) Evolutionary timeline summarizing key events in chordate/vertebrate evolution
BR-DIM regulated the molecules in RANKL signaling (A), prostate cancer signaling (B), and signal transduction networks (C, D) analyzed by microarray and Ingenuity Pathway analysis in C4-2B cells
Oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with the regulation of autophagy
Innate immunity and the ubiquitin–proteasome system in PD
Proximal signaling pathways upon stimulation of immune receptors in B and T cells
The network involved in HSC establishment and development (red nodes), cell growth control (blue nodes) and multipotency (orange nodes) was identified among up-regulated genes in CD34+ cells (>2 fold) and displayed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA)
Schematic representation of the interactions between the Hippo and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways, based on ,  and this study
Consequences of lamin B1 accumulation on redox balance, senescence and neurological defects
Depletion of PERK, PI3K p110Œ±, and LRP1 but not caspase-8 reduces phox-ER stress-induced immunogenicity
Proposed model to illustrate the signaling pathways involved in MMP-9 expression in RBA-1 cells infected with JEV
A tentative scheme for luteolin regulation of the IGF-IR signaling pathway in HT-29 human colon cancer cells
Molecular mechanisms of HGF-c-Met-mediated signaling for inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-Œ∫B activation in macrophages
Pathophysiology of muscular insulin resistance: normal (a) and impaired (b) insulin signalling pathway (from [], reprint with kind permission of Elsevier Limited)
Molecular mechanisms of fungal biofilm resistance
Diagrammatic representation of the Akt signaling pathway.Notes: Activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) by growth factor binding activates PIK3
Signaling cascade following TLR2/TLR4, TLR7/TLR8, and TLR3 activation with envelope glycoprotein, ssRNA, and dsRNA, respectively
Left half, signaling via IPS-1 following dsRNA/ssRNA recognition by RIG-I and MDA5
Model for how BRG1 and CHD4 antagonistically influence Wnt signaling during yolk sac vascular development
Normoxic and hypoxic conditions lead to differences in signaling, attributable to reduced ARSB activity leading to increase in chondroitin-4-sulfation, reduced galectin-3 binding to the more highly sulfated C4S, increased nuclear translocalization of galectin-3, and increased transcriptional events in association with activation of AP-1, including increased expression of HIF-1α
Myostatin signals through the ActRIIB-ALK4/5 heterodimer activate Smad2/3 with blocking of MyoD transactivation in an autoregulatory feedback loop
Overview of the signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and activation
Viral frequencies superimposed for each of most frequently differentially expressed proteins, where red circles are differential expression of genes by 7 viruses, orange circles are differential expression of genes by at least 6 viruses, and blue circles are differential expression of genes by 5 viruses
Multiple instruments: a potential advantage of a two-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization approach is the exploitation of genetic heterogeneity where multiple instrumental variables can be combined to strengthen causal inference for a role of DNA methylation in the causal pathway between exposure and disease
The PI3K/AKT signaling module and cross-talk with other pathway
The regulatory function of TRAP1 in the crosstalk between mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum
Association of the canonical interferon pathway with the IRF5 haplotype
Sixteen genes associated with enzastaurin response were established by pathway analyses and prediction of drug response using an eight-gene signature
Schematic representation of AβPP processing, the adaptor proteins interacting with its intracellular domain and the pathway leading to ERK1/2 activation
Schematic representation of the intracellular pathway by which AβPP and PS1 control the activation of the MAPK/ERK1/2 cascade and their final biological effects
Summarized the signaling mechanisms of various matricellular proteins contributing to cancer progression
The JNK signaling pathway in the mammalian brain
The JNK signaling pathway regulates axonal transport and autophagy
Differential regulation of fibrogenic phospho-Smad signaling between HSC during acute liver injury and MFB during chronic liver injury
Schematic representation of the regulation of Wnt pathway by malin and laforin
Imbibition activates the phosphoinositide signaling pathway through inducing of the PI3K activity, which plays a central role in the activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of ROS that act in the germination of rice seed
Model for Parp1 mediation of Sox2 activity in ESC pluripotency
Model for the functional role of Akt1, EMSY, and BRCA2 in the regulation of ISGs
Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) is a major candidate pathway in human longevity
Interaction motifs and domains of RANKL signal intermediaries
p62 in osteoclast signaling and protein trafficking
Folate conjugated NPs loaded with nutlin-3a (o) and curcumin (‚Ä¢) synergistically activates major apototic proteins or down regulates major antiapoptotic proteins involved in apoptosis pathway
Interactions of signaling by ER stress, oxidative stress, and cytokines with the pathways of autophagy: Induction of autophagy requires the assembly of Beclin-1 with class III PI 3 kinase (Vps34) and UVRAG
Overview of BDNF signaling through TrkB receptors
Progesterone receptor signaling upregulates Msx2 transcription via inhibition of the phosphatase Akp2 and upregulation of Alk2 activity, leading to phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the Smad transcription factor proteins
A model of muscle cell signaling in response to 1E3
The PepT1-nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) pathway
Diagram of ouabain/EO-activated, Œ±2 Na+ pump/Src-mediated signaling cascade (the EO/Œ±2 Na+ pump signalosome)
Scheme for the intracellular renal RAS on the nuclear membrane
This figure shows three novel intracellular signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of IBD
Summary of GILZ's regulatory effects on the AKT pathway in BCR-ABL cells
A schimatic signaling pathway for the AT1-mediated, NOX2-derived ROS production
Schematic view of potential targets and site of action of some biologics in IBD
Positive selection of nonautoreactive immature B cells into the peripheral B-cell compartment requires a threshold level of tonic BCR signaling
Genetic pathways involved in the regulation of the Mesp2 pathway
Genes identified as part of the significant Para-ICA networks highlighted on a KEGG Alzheimer’s pathway diagram derived from the DAVID functional association tool
Networks built using differentially expressed genes in uninfected macrophages from C57BL/6 and CBA mice
The pancreatic cancer pathway was reconstructed from Pancreatic Cancer Pathway (has:05212) in KEGG
Hypoxic stress is known to up regulate both the HIF-1 controlled response and the antagonistic p53 response [A]
Schematic of proposed effects of IGFBP1 on vascular endothelial cells
(A) AβOs stimulate TNF-Œ± signaling, which activates the JNK pathway and... (B) Stimulation of insulin and GLP1 receptors blocks AβO-induced defects...
Src family kinases become activated between 30 and 90 minutes after infection and exclusively phosphorylate the tyrosine residue of an EPIYA motif surrounded by C segment sequences
Dopaminergic neurons receive excitatory input from glutamatergic neurons
Networks of related genes were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software
The model also shows the Imd pathway and the position of Relish
BP induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells through multiple apoptotic pathways, including G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, death receptor pathway and ER stress-dependent pathway
A graphical representation of the model NF-signalling network detailed in
A schematic representation of potential mechanisms by which resistin may mediate cardiovascular dysfunction
Schematic illustration of the potential mechanisms of C/EBP action in maintaining distal axon integrity following axotomy
The JNK pathway is a kinase cascade that, when activated in Drosophila, leads to phosphorylation of the transcription factors JRA (Jun-related antigen) and KAY (Kayak)
. Role of PTEN in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.
In a variety of associative learning systems, a potential coincidence between the trained stimulus and the reinforcement is detected at the pre-synapse by a particular kind of adenylate cyclase
JAK/STAT signaling pathway targeted by different inhibitors
Significant differences in mRNA expression were seen for genes involved in the JNK signaling pathway between tumors arising in different CNS locations
Schematic representation of AKT-mTOR signaling pathway showing rapamycin inhibition sites in astrocytomas
Altered signaling pathways and inhibitors
Model for the activation of TLR2 by Leishmania sp., leading to a proinflammatory (left), or anti-inflammatory arm (centre and right)
Proposed models for the activation of intracellular TLR9 and TLR3 by Leishmania
New therapeutic approaches based on targeted biologic agents have generated great interest and are currently being investigated in several clinical trials focused on treatments for recurrent ovarian cancer ()
Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathway, and ribosome map views of identified proteins
Structure of the ERK pathway (adapted from http://www.sabiosciences.com/)
The JNK signalling pathway (adapted from http://www.sabiosciences.com/)
The p38 signalling cascade (adapted from http://www.sabiosciences.com/)
Alternative signaling in the presence of cyclosporine A
Simplified scheme of cell death and survival pathways involved in ALF
Strain-specific host gene networks activated in Mtb-infected BMM
Schematic proposal for the mechanism responsible for syringaresinol-induced vasorelaxation
Network one comprising of upregulated genes (>2.5-fold) involved predominately in cell death, cancer and morphology.
Network two incorporated 17 focus genes (upregulated >2.5-fold) involved in cell cycle, embryonic development and tissue development.
(R,R)ZX-5 promotes choroidal blood flow through PI3K/Akt and Akt-Ca2+-eNOS pathway and inhibits CNV through inhibiting angiogenesis
RLIP76 depletion leads to predominant inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway as revealed by the inhibition of PI3K as well as decrease in the levels and phosphorylation of Akt
Potential crosstalk among Ras, PKCŒ∂/PKCŒ¥ and the mTOR signaling pathway(s) regulating calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-induced VEGF overexpression in renal cancer cells
Potential signaling pathways involved in anthracycline-induced cardiomyocyte injury
The involvement of PI3K and NF-Œ∫B pathways in the apoptosis delay in A
The subnetwork of functional interactions of ESRP-target networks
Summary model of rAdV-sensing cascades in RAW 264.7 cell line
Model of calcium-mediated induction of myocardin expression in VSMCs
ABHD6 is strategically positioned to regulate 2-AG levels at the site of its generation
A model of Wnt signaling regulation induced by cell surface HSPG desulfation during dentinogenesis
Proposed mechanism for overcoming HNSCC resistance to EGFR antagonists using PI3kinase/Akt/mTOR and NFŒ∫B-IL6-STAT3 pathway inhibitors
Coregulation of gene transcription by p53 and Smad complexes
Canonical and noncanonical pathways of NF-Œ∫B activation
Chronic production of inflammatory mediators by microglial cells, particularly the generation of ROS and NO by activated microglia, mediates the majority of DA-neuronal degeneration and cell death
If the fold-change of the cancer patient group over the healthy control group is greater than one the gene is red, otherwise green
miR148a increases β-catenin expression by inhibiting PTEN
JCV T-antigen is downregulated by glucose deprivation in an AMPK-dependent manner
Mechanism for synthetic lethality in BRCA1/2 deficient cancer
cAMP Signaling CascadeLigand binding (represented in this example by PTH, but other ligands and receptors can stimulate cAMP synthesis), activates Gs-Œ± and stimulates cAMP synthesis by adenylate cyclase
Hypothetical model for neuroimmune-related actions of miRNAs in brain of human alcoholics (e.g., in microglia)
TGFβ signaling pathway overlaid with differentially expressed genes
Enrichment and submodularization of cell cycle in terms of E3-mediated regulatory modules
Schematic representation of pathways required for the role of CDCP1 in EGF/EGFR-induced cell morphological changes and increased cell migration
The convergence of several upstream adhesion receptors regulates Merlin (Mer) activation and subsequently controls downstream mitogenic pathways
Based on the finding that the expression of the two molecules is upregulated during Ca++ depletion condition, it is proposed that these proteins are involved in the development of the precursor sclerocytes to the functionally active catabolic sclerocytes
Feedback inhibition mediated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Graphical representation of the known connections between the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the Notch1 signaling pathways, according to the knowledge of the current literature
Annotation of the insulin/TOR network in Apis showing methylated and differentially methylated genes
Insulin receptor (INSR) belongs to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that includes the receptor for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1R)
Binding of the TNFŒ± ligand to its receptor, TNFR1, leads to recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD)
The pivotal role of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and Wnt signaling pathways in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program
The Ras/Raf/ERK pathway culminates in the activation of the Mnks (especially Mnk1a)
Ras inhibition by FTS acts differently on Foxp3 expression in immune cells and in cancer cells
Hypothetic diagram of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-mediated upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cells in response to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulation
The substrates are G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; 2-LPA, sn2-lysophosphatidic acid; PA, phosphatidic acid; MAG, monoacylglycerol; DAG, diacylglycerol; TAG, triacylglycerol; PC, phosphatidylcholine
Long-term memory formation is linked to circadian time and the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Schematic diagram of retinoid absorption, transport, and metabolism
Molecular changes of serous carcinogenesis
Scheme showing the essential functions of Notch in blood and vascular cell types (a) Osteocyte... (b) Notch sign... (c) Schematic... (d) Notch indu...
The DLG4-KCNMA1 network (Panel A), APP-ACTB network (Panel B) and AGT-TP53 network (Panel C) are represented
Mechanisms of exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
Molecular pathways affected by panobinostat and sorafenib
Beyond inactivation of the MEN1 gene, additional mutations in other genes may be responsible for acceleration of tumor growth, thus involving a process of multistep tumorigenesis
ROS-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced by particulate pollutants
Physiological and pathophysiological stimuli regulate tonicity-responsive enhanced binding protein (TonEBP) in diverse cell types
Cbl-b functions as central gate keeper of T-cell activation
Diagram of canonical actin cytoskeleton signaling pathway
DAS: Diallyl sulfide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; BHA: Butylated hydroxyanisole; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; MEK: Mitogen-activated kinase kinase, Nrf2: Nuclear factor-erythroid2-related factor 2; Erk1: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ARE: Antioxidant response element; XRE: Xenobiotic response element; TRE: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element
A model mechanism on the ability of piceatannol to induce apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation in CaP cells is proposed
Mechanisms of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD)
Top Networks Associated With MK-801 Treatment Identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Schematic diagram illustrating intracellular signaling cascade that may mediate feedback inhibition of AT1R expression via inhibition of protein kinase G (PKG) pathway
Major signalling pathways identified in ischaemic postconditioning (PostC)
Regulation of hepcidin by iron and inflammation
Examples of pattern recognition in ancient symbioses
Regulation of muscle glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by insulin and contraction
Tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the Wnt pathway
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2 signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis and cardiac survival
Integration of the metabolomics with transcriptomics data and their superimposition to build metabolic networks
Wnt signaling pathway participated in the activation of hepatic stellate cells
Schematic illustration of TGF-β signaling pathway members and potential pathway member LRG1
Ingenuity pathway analysis of microarray data from 6 hours p.i.
Red boxes indicate proteins identified in our 454 results and grey boxes the absent ones
The Wnt/β catenin signalling pathway was chosen from the pathways identified in the IPA analysis () for closer examination
The PTEN signalling pathway was chosen from the pathways identified in the IPA analysis () for closer examination
Mechanical strains of 2500 µε, once a day at 0.5 Hz, and a periodicity of 1 h/day for 3 days.
Therapeutic modulation of the TP53 pathway
IL-1β induces NFŒ∫B activation involving phosphorylation of IKK2, degradation of IŒ∫BŒ± and nuclear translocation of p65/p50 leading to upregulation of Rgs4 mRNA expression
One-hundred and two differentially expressed probe sets were identified from the analysis of ECD kidneys preserved using PPP vs. CSP.
The membrane FAS-R (blue) forms a trimer upon ligand binding (TNFSF13, red)
Double-strand break repair in mammalian cells
The NFŒ∫B pathway induces glucose import to support survival of B-cell lymphomas; autophagy prolongs survival after NFŒ∫B inhibition
Model for the regulation of Torso- and EGFR-dependent responses in the Drosophila blastoderm embryo
Schematic model illustrates the synergy of Bmi1 and PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathways in prostate tumorigenesis
(a). PI3-kinase/AKT/GSK3β pathway control of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells determines the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses.
Putative inhibitory pathway of inflammatory signaling events by CA
(a) BCR crosslinking activates the non-canonica... (b) Unlike lipid A, LPS triggers both BCR-signa... (c) CD40 activation of the non-canonical and ca...
Canonical and non canonical NF-kB pathways and related drugs inhibition
A net synthesis of TCA cycle intermediates occurs when the initial reaction is catalysed by GDH which paves the way for the complete oxidation of the carbon skeleton of GLU
The sAC is abundant in kidney intercalated cells (ICs; an A-type acid secreting cell is illustrated here), where it colocalizes extensively with the V-ATPase
Schematic diagram of repressed (left) and activated (right) canonical HH signaling pathways
Schematic diagram of mechanisms of activation of HH signaling in hematological cancers
Schematic of the signaling pathways involved in MA-mediated expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8
The data from the RNAi screen was processed to calculate MAD scores and was used for Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
The diagram illustrates components and interactions in the mGluR pathway
In the basal cell state, cytoplasmic β-catenin levels are low due to rapid turnover mediated by the destruction complex (AXIN1, APC, CK1 and GSK3), where CK1 and GSK3-mediated phosphorylation targets β-catenin for degradation
Properties of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptors and their signaling
EGF decreases sphingolipid biosynthesis transcripts
EGF decreases free fatty acid (FFA) biosynthesis transcripts
Putative molecular mechanisms of Wnt signaling, lipid metabolism, and IL-6 effects on insulin signaling in nonobese PCOS adipose tissue
Activation of NF-Œ∫B enhances GRK5 transcription and subsequent expression in myocytes
(A) Supernatant transfer assay. The supernatant transfer assay used to d... (B) V2R-regulated signaling. V2R-regulated β-arrestin–dependent activiti...
Schematic diagram of RyR2 dysfunction in metabolic syndrome
A scheme to explain the increased production of HA in fro/fro (NSMase2−/−) mouse fibroblasts
Apoptotic cell death by a TG2/calpain/Bax-dependent mechanism involving both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways
The cytosolic fumarate biosynthetic pathway in S
(A) A linear representation (left to right) of... (B) The Anchor Cell (AC) in the gonad secretes... (C) A diagram representing the rab-7 W03C9.3 ge...
Common miRNA targets were subjected to DAVID functional annotation with KEGG pathway analysis
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling
Possible signaling pathways by which CHK1 inhibitors activate ERK, and mechanisms by which MEK1/2 and SRC inhibitors potentiate CHK1 inhibitor lethality
Illustration of the PI3K pathway signaling pathway
Autophagy within antigen donor cells and cross-priming
Major therapeutic targets for inhibition of donor-reactive memory T cell responses
CD44 potentiates T cell activation, expansion, contraction, and maintenance of memory cells
Possible signaling pathway activated by the phytol-based immunostimulant PHIS-01
Neonatal seizures induce intense synaptic activity followed by rapid increases in extracellular glutamate and BDNF levels (within 1 h post-HS; )
Role of autophagy during innate immunity
Heterotypic adhesion-induced mast cell activation
Schematic diagrams of the cytoprotective effects of H2S against hypoxia/ischemia-induced injury
Proposed signaling pathways of H2S during angiogenesis
Network is derived from an un-biased search of literature using Pathway Studio™
Sub-networks were identified using global literature analysis with Pathway Studio™
(A) (Left) A generic pathway consi... (B) The RB-E2F switch, partitioned... (C) Algorithmic approach to search... (D) Calculating tension. Given a n...
Mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways
Mitophagy inhibits pathways of mitochondrial dysfunction and associated cell death and inflammation
Three major signaling pathways are altered in prostate cancers
Schematic of the effects of curcumin on the TNF-Œ± receptor and its downstream signaling pathway
Type I IFN signaling starts by activation of the IFN-Œ±/β receptor (IFNAR) and subsequent activation of the IFNAR1-associated TYK2 and IFNAR2-associated JAK1, with consequent recruitment of STAT2
MAPK/ERK signaling and the hallmarks of cancers
A schematic diagram showing the proposed mechanism by which intracellular signaling pathway involved in resveratrol-induced brain endothelial cell angiogenesis
Schematic diagram shows the role of miR-132/212 in Ang II-induced VSMC dysfunction
Model of the molecular mechanism of bilirubin-induced growth arrest in hVSMC
Overall scheme of hypothetical effect of endocannabinoid signaling in human melanocytes
PKCœµ regulation in neuroprotection against ASPD
Simplified flavonoid biosynthetic pathway showing steps specific to the biosynthesis of flavonols (VvFLS), proanthocyanidins (VvLAR and VvANR), and anthocyanins (VvGST); genes included in expression analysis are in bold type
(a) One of the KEGG prostate cancer pathways (b) the paths detected by our method
(A, B) Schematic view of the Fas/Fas-ligand (FasL) apoptotic signaling pathway
The four major molecular pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)
The modulation of type I IFN production by PRRSV
Proposed model of SubAB-induced PERK-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway in HeLa cells
TGFβ and FGF signaling pathways in tongue development
Signaling pathway for the cytoprotective effect of STI571 in TRAIL-treated colon cancer cells
Two hypotheses may be arisen in regards to the non-antioxidant protective role of α-tocopherol against the action of preclinical and clinical protein kinase inhibitors
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signal transduction
Signaling mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction under diabetes
Activation of GABAA receptors generates a depolarised plasma membrane and activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs)
Potential signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms mediating dendritic spine injury and drebrin A loss in epilepsy
Identification of transcripts and proteins associated with hemocytes
Overlap in FcŒµRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIIB signaling
Oncogene-induced senescence in pilocytic astrocytoma
Intracellular signaling pathway of endocannabinoid system in neuroprotection
Bioinformatic analysis of the differentially expressed proteins.The list of the MS-identified protein spots from 2D-DIGE was subjected to String (v
Proposed model of minimal completeness of cell death signaling induced by oxidative stress as a mechanistic explanation of neuronal and cancer cell demise.The neurotoxins Aβ[25‚Äì35], dopamine (DA) and its related neurotoxins (6OHDA, 5,6- and 5,7-DHT), paraquat (PQ), and rotenone (ROT) trigger a cell death subroutine in lymphocytes, a well-established model of AD and PD
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways occurring during neural induction in the amphibian ectoderm cells (left panel) and in the ESCs (right panel)
TRPC1 channel is a major regulator of EGFR signaling
Working model for onset of emphysema in Fut8+/‚àí mice upon exposure to CS
Control of Pax3 expression in the caudal neurectoderm via NCE2
Activity of the ERK1/2 MAPK cascade can be modulated by inputs at different sites in the pathway
Calcineurin reverses negative feedback on B-Raf to permit ERK1/2 activation by nutrients in pancreatic β cells
Proposed model of WNK4 signaling pathway mediating NCC regulation in DCT
Signaling pathways mediating β-adrenergic effects on the cardiac microtubule network
Proposed signaling pathway for ATP release from erythrocytes in response to activation of the prostacyclin receptor
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified critical expression networks containing genes that are significantly correlated with the extent of necrosis in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioblastoma (GBM) samples from all subclasses (A and B)
The photosynthetic electron sinks in higher plants
Suggested mechanisms by which NPs may induce molecular signaling cascades leading to upregulation of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in the liver of exposed C57BL/6 mice
Two distinct DC semi-maturation pathways induce different types of regulatory T cells
Nuclear receptors and photoreceptor differentiation in mice
The photorespiratory carbon and nitrogen cycle (black) of a C3-plant short-circuited by the novel glycolate catabolic pathway (red)
Co-expression of genes involved in lignin formation across species
Genetic events involved in thyroid tumor initiation and progression
The role of K63-linked polyubiquitination in the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
A schematic representation of the cross-talk between extracellular and intracellular progesterone signaling pathways in female reproductive behavior
Regulation of FOXO3 and β-catenin by AKT, ERK, and IKK signaling pathway
Regulation of Mcl-1 and Snail by AKT, ERK, and IKK signaling pathway
Most significant canonical pathway from this study
Factors and molecular mechanisms that influence ecdysone synthesis and the timing of critical weight attainment
For each sample, the top panel shows the pathway crosstalk map, and the bottom panel shows the genes contributing to the crosstalk
Proteins appearing in the turbot transcriptome are represented in reddish color and absent proteins in grey color
Proteins appearing in turbot the transcriptome are represented in reddish color and absent proteins in grey color
Influence of Tc-axin and Tc-pangolin on canonical Wnt signaling and role of Wnt signaling in axis formation in the bilateria
An overview of the canonical WNT signaling pathway
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify biologically related networks from the subtype specific genes deregulated by subtype-specific copy number alterations (see Methods)
Gene mutations involved in PTC carcinogenesis
Translation initiation control during growth factor stimulation, cellular stress, and cellular physiology
Translation initiation control relays signals to erythroid and granulocytic differentiation
TWEAK signaling pathway: illustration of the TWEAK signaling pathway as visualized in NetSlim web page
TLR4 signaling in alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis
Model for P2X7 receptor-induced signaling pathway involved in MV shedding
Activation and inactivation pathways for hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF-1) in normoxia, hypoxia/anoxia, and cancer
Modulation of gene expression by PPARs and inflammatory transcription factors: transactivation and transrepression mechanisms
COX and 5-LO pathway in the metabolism of PGE2 and pLT for in vitro diagnosis of NSAID-triggered hypersensitivity
Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) pathway leads to attenuation of wound repair via different mechanisms
The text above each map indicates the pathway responsible for the phenotypic difference, the phenotype with which the strategy is associated, and the gene deletion for which the phenotype occurs
Schematic representation of the involvement of AMPK in DHT's inhibitory effect in FSH-mediated mitogenesis
Network analyses showed that all the genes involved in the major branching events in  are related to positive regulation of cellular, biological processes and relevant to growth and organ development (the nerve growth-factor signaling pathway and retinal cone-cell development, also see )
Regulation of homeostatic AMPAR trafficking and turnover
Several growth factor signals activate cell membrane receptor tyrosine kinases leading to activation of downstream interacting signal transduction pathways (PI3K/AKT, RAF/MAPK, and MTOR)
Model of the role of neuronal chemokine (FKN) and neuronal cytokine (IL-34) in microglial phagocytosis and neuroprotection
Linking pathways to disease: Crohn's disease (from Wang et al
P2X4R-p38 MAPK is a core signaling pathway through which spinal microglia and peripheral macrophages contribute to neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain
Schematic illustration of examples of signal transduction pathways in astroglial cells following P2X7R activation
Schematic illustration of examples of signal transduction pathways in astroglial cells following P2Y1R activation
Synthesis of eicosanoids and their actions in mast cells
A) An illustration of light signal's progression through the core and sh... B) A consolidated view of an SCN neuron. Genes listed were used in the q...
(A) Metabolome and transcriptome data of the pathway involved in biosynt... (B) Level of some biogenic amines and its precursors during encystation....
IQGAP1 regulates cell homeostasis through mTORC1
Signaling pathways of TNFŒ±-induced hepatocyte death
Model of UCB interaction with neural plasma membrane (A) and pathways by which UCB may affect neuronal function (B)
Diagram of signaling pathways in a principal cell that have been exploited to bypass the VP/VP type 2 receptor (V2R) pathway, and induce apical membrane accumulation of AQP2
The role of RIP-1 in programmed necrosis
Modulation of mitochondrial quality control by the p38 stress kinase
Schematic of the WNT10b and galanin-mediated signaling pathways linked to adipogenesis
Signaling pathways involved in IL-4-induced DC-SIGN expression on THP-1 cells
S-allylcysteine (SAC) prevents the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by multiple mechanisms: (1) antioxidant, SAC scavenges free radicals and oxidant specie (direct antioxidant) and restores glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase levels (indirect antioxidant)
Figure 1. Proposed cross-talk between EpCAM signaling and the Wnt pathway.
Figure 2. EpCAM expression in normal and regenerating liver, mature hepatocytes, liver carcinomas and TICs thereof.
Figure¬†1. Signaling between the muscle and tendon cell is essential for MTJ formation.
N-BPs may modulate myeloma progression through their effects on the mevalonate pathway and directly on MM plasma cells, bone marrow cells and immune cells in the bone marrow
Figure 4. The pathway analysis revealed the most affected molecular pathway by AKBA.
Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum is altered in Manf mutants
Changes in gene expression related to endocytosis in Manf mutants
Subcellular localization of components of the PIWI-piRNA pathway and the proposed mechanism of TE suppression by this pathway
LPS can induce COX-2 production either directly through TLR-4 signaling or via EGFR transactivation
Pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of heat and heat shock proteins
Aβ1‚Äì42-activated cellular signaling pathways and AMY3 role in AD
Model for RANKL-induced actin ring organization in mature OCs
Schematic of α6β4 integrin regulation of α3 and α2 integrin expression
The Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway and their inhibitors
The Notch signaling pathway and their inhibitors
The Hh signaling pathway and their inhibitors
Hypothetical model of T cell signaling pathway used by A2 and A9
Lung level of SIRT1 is reduced in response to CS or oxidative/carbonyl stress, which leads to acetylation and degradation of FOXO3 and culminates in stress-induced premature senescence
The protective and pathogenic functions of Th17 cells
Proposed model by which Œ±2β1 integrin mediates doxorubicin resistance in T-ALL cells
Schematic diagram showing the role of NDRG1 in inhibiting the EMT via regulation of the TGF-β/SMAD and Wnt pathways
Proposed mechanistic link between Por deletion and up-regulation of MHC II expression in enterocytes
Signaling pathways involved in head and neck cancer
FGF signaling cascades, an example of RTK signaling
Canonical (left) and noncanonical (right) WNT signaling pathways
The BMP signaling pathway and regulation of SMAD activity
Interaction map showing potential links between the Par proteins and components of the Hippo pathway
Wnt signaling at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions
Arabidopsis flowering pathway depicted by Higgins et al
Proposed mechanisms of leptin and glucocorticoid stress hormones in the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway
(a) In young muscle, abundant serum IGF-I can stimulate protein synthesi... (b) In sarcopenic muscle, myostatin signals through the activin receptor...
Schematic diagram of the multi-scale model of the immune response to Mtb infection in the lung
Functional interaction network analysis of genes with enriched expression (EE) and differential splicing (DS) in the placenta
Schematic diagram showing the putative TGF-β signaling pathways involved in EndoMT
Encircled + or – symbols indicate a stimulatory and inhibitory role on the insulin pathway in mammalian model systems
A pathway diagram of the cyanobacterial core metabolic network
Summary diagram of the proposed adrenomedullin (ADM) signaling pathway in the retina
BMPs and SHH cooperatively provide favorable circumstances for the growth and/or survival of prostate cancer cells and the differentiation of stromal cells
Partial representation of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid metabolism related to synthesis and digestion of glycerol 3-phosphate
Schematic representation of the ARF6 signaling pathway involved in HLHCGR internalization as deduced from the present study
Somatic Activating PIK3CA Mutations in CLOVES Syndrome(A) Demonstration of the PIK3CA c.1624G>A somatic mosaic mutation in participant CL4
Model of the regulation of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by MAPKs in THP-1 cells
Figure 4. Diffusely Adherent E. coli (DAEC).
(A) Enriched cellular genetic pathway for candidate genes from all genom... (B) Enriched network for human homologs of Drosophila candidate genes (g...
miR-519d, miR-190, and miR-340 in the TGFβ signaling pathway
Mechanisms underlying the biological effects of polyphenols
Schematic model showing the events occurring in B cells latently infected with KSHV in the context of angiogenin and the consequences of silencing angiogenin or inhibiting PLCγ activation by neomycin
Simplified schematic presentation of HCV genotype 2a-mediated blocking of the insulin signaling pathway
Model depicting miR-155-mediated modulation of macrophage apoptosis
Schematic representation of the two major signaling cascades operating in cancer, following overactivation of the INSR/IGF-IR signaling pathways
Schematic diagram showing the influence of fluoxetine on NCAM140 homophilic interaction-induced activation of Ras-MAPK pathway
Interstitial oedema elicited by extracellular trypomastigotes might offer a window of opportunity for infection of heart cells via the endothelin/kinin pathways
Model of how Ang-(1-7) via its Mas receptor might inhibit diabetes or high glucose-induced EGF receptor signalling and prevent vascular complications associated with diabetes and/or hyperglycaemia
β-Arrestin-dependent endocytosis and signalling of GPCRs
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to identify the forty-five BAFF- and/or APRIL-related genes represented on the microarray
Caspase-8 has a crucial role in the regulation of DRs
Rho1 in cell wall remodeling, exocytosis, and cytokinesis
Model of SHRC interaction with retromer on membranes
Diabetes and/or hyperglycemia via attenuation of the EGFR/erbB2 signaling and through subsequent modulation of downstream effectors such as ERK1/2, p38 MAPK or AKT/FOXO can lead to cardiac dysfunction
Upon receptor engagement, in addition to transduce apoptosis signaling pathway, TRAIL induces activation of TRAF6, at least in part through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the TRAF6 RING finger domain via a distinct signaling pathway
Comparison of the pathways responsible for the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic effects of immune complexes containing oxidized LDL (oxLDL-IC) and malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL-IC)
Model of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3/β-catenin pathway activation in fluid shear-stressed osteoblasts
Under basal condition (), glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region is coupled to proteins required to induce synaptic plasticity (SP), such as N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and Œ±-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, Nramp1), neuronal NADPH oxidase and a large number of kinases that are activated by calcium (e.g.
IL-2 release by DCs stimulation of PRRs triggers the calcineurin/NFAT pathway via PLC-γ2 and intracellular Ca2+ flux
Hypothesized Pathway for Mandibular Patterning Associated with Mutations in the Endothelin-DLX5/6 PathwaySeveral reports support the premise that mutations in the endothelin pathway cause homeotic transformation of the lower (ventral) jaw to a maxillary (dorsal) identity
Core components of the canonical Notch signaling pathway in Drosophila
Proposed Model of Psoriasis Pathogenesis in the Presence of Psoriasis-Specific CARD14 AlterationsAfter an inflammatory trigger, alterations in CARD14 induce activation of NF-kB
The logic of TGFβ signalling from the membrane to nucleus
Figure 2. Tumors parameters implicated in the activation of NK cells.
Figure 1. Tumor-associated macrophages contribute to the cancer immune suppression and cancer inflammation in RCC via enhanced 15-LOX2/15-S-HETE pathway.
Shows gene expression changes in 2.2.15 cells treated by 20 ng/ml TGF-β for 48 h versus untreated controls.
Prototypical angiogenic cytokine signalling pathways invoking endogenous NO production and subsequent kinase cascade activation
PKA-dependent signalling pathway is activated by various stimuli (e.g
IPA identified ‘LXR/RXR activation’ as the canonical pathway with the highest predicted potential/significance of being affected by the altered levels of TTR, ApoA-I and GDI-2 in HepG2 cells that were treated with T. indica fruit extract.
Proteins are translocated directly from the ribosome into the ER and protein folding takes place with the help of specific chaperones
TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6 are expressed on cell membrane
Model of the Drosophila IMD and mammalian TNF signalling pathways
The relationship between binding of ligands to the pattern recognition AGE receptor (RAGE) and inflammation, gene expression, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and damage to the macro- and microvasculature
TKRs (for example, IGF-1R) stimulate class I PI3K activity
Flow diagram showing the major key factors involved in the pathogenesis of DR and the clinical symptoms evident at different stages of DR
Complete staphyloxanthin biosynthetic pathway, gene cluster organization, and reconstructed staphyloxanthin pathway in heterologous host E
A proposed model for hYAP regulation in response to SN2 alkylating agents
Major mechanisms of immune modulation by tolerogenic DCs
Proposed model for the role of the IGF-1R/NFŒ∫B signaling pathway in regulating the caspase-3 differentiation initiation signal
Blue nodes represent candidate disease genes, and the yellow ones represent known disease genes
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of altered expression of proinflammatory genes in normal human melanocytes
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of altered expression of proinflammatory genes in normal human melanocytes transduced with Ad-Slug
. Solid lines (direct relationship); Dashed lines (indirect relationship); Red filled (up-regulation); and Green filled (down-regulation).
Solid lines (direct relationship); Dashed lines (indirect relationship)
The mitochondria are central organelles in determining cell fate in liver diseases
Mitochondria biogenesis allows tissue adaption under stress
Molecular network of protein degradation, amino acid metabolism, and behavior for NC-treated cells in comparison with TC extract-treated cells
Schematic representation of the role of Notch ligands in our models
Schematic diagram of the GFPT1-mediated MTOR signaling pathway affected by glucose and fructose in a pTr cell line
The ERK signaling pathway controls T-cell activation and anergy
Figure 2. Th17 stemness, HIF/Notch/Bcl2 signaling and T cell immunity.
Figure¬†1. Proposed role of LRH-1 and glucocorticoid synthesis in tumor immune evasion.
Schematic representation of the mechanism through which PTPN22 blocks proapoptotic and enhances antiapoptotic BCR signals
Figure 1. Aging and rejuvenation of adult myogenesis.
Signaling pathways that regulate cytokine AREs post-transcriptionally
Schematic depiction of NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway highlighting FOXP1 target genes
Proposed model of signaling associated with Fst-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy
CRLs/SCF E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate mTOR pathway
Schematic illustration of the mTOR signaling pathway
In the extrinsic pathway upon ligand binding to specific receptors the DISC complex is formed and caspase 8 activated
Paralvinella conceptual glutathione pathway and responses to thermal exposure
Schematic representation of the plasma proteins that regulate ionic gradients following neurotransmitter release or during the time course of an action potential spike
Chronic morphine decreases VTA DA soma size yet increases neuronal excitability, while DA transmission to NAc is decreased
Up-regulation of the cAMP pathway in LC as a mechanism of opiate tolerance and dependence
Hexosamine and acetyl-CoA metabolite levels integrate signaling with cell growth and proliferation
Gp130 mediated IL-6 family of cytokines signaling pathway
Rad3ATR is initially activated via an ssDNA pathway which is independent of the Rad4TopBP1 AAD (right side)
Our data showed that the STAT6 and IRS-2 pathways are activated in mouse eosinophils in response to IL-4 (black oval) but to a lesser degree by IL-13
AhR-related signaling molecules are enriched within the AML Signalisome
A: Standard N-glycosylation pathway in the ER.... B: The engineering strategies used to obtain a... C: Man3GlcNAc2-glycans can be further modified...
The sub-network was extracted for modules p-module-5-ne(ps)
. The genes which have negative connections with the miRNAs in the modular network are shaded with red.
Dual Aspects of Altered Bone Remodeling in Psoriatic Arthritis
Antiinflammatory mechanisms of tissue-protective molecules
Schematic pathway highlighting major events in mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced cell death in hATF: HMG-CoA inhibition with simvastatin concomitantly induces apoptosis, autophagy and UPR/ER stress in hATF
Model of RIP1- and EDD-mediated pathway of TNFŒ± production
Association between sorafenib and the MAPK cascade
Shared biological pathway activation between chemotherapeutic agent treatments
Common biological pathways activated in OVCA cells in response to chemotherapeutic agents
Cytochrome c and mitochondrial dysfunction in AA-PCD pathways
The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis seed
(A) Ingenuity Pathways analysis: representative analysis of ARC identifi... (B) Representative western blot of hypothalamic proteins taken from rats...
Activated Rac (Rac*) at the CpC-GSC interface sets up an intracellular polarity within the GSC that couples the control of the plane of cell division to the response to the extracellular BMP maintenance signal
Model of regulation of KCNQ channels function by the Gq signaling pathway
Schematic of signaling pathway involving CaMKK regulation of GluA1 synthesis and synaptic incorporation as CP-AMPARs
Schematic diagram illustrating the activation of immune genes [human β-defensin (hBD)-2, hBD-3, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4], cytokines, and chemokines [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL)-20] via the Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway triggered by exposure to mechanical stress (MS) in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells
Schematic representation of TZD action in osteocytes
Multifunctional roles of glucose metabolism
Formation of the COPII vesicle on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum
Important molecules involved in negative immune regulation
The impact of a negative regulator on pathogenesis and the development of sepsis, secondary to acute insults
Illustration of the strain-dependent alterations in STEP phosphorylation and proteolysis following mechanical stretch injury via the NMDAR and calcineurin pathways
FAE induced conformational change in Bax through intracellular generation of ROS and triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis involving loss of mitochondrial membrane potential
The Role of RAS Protein in EGFR Signaling Pathway (Source: Medscape General Surgery)
PI3K pathway components showing the level at which the inhibitory compounds used in this study have their activity
A model for the control of perineural and cortex glia proliferation in the Drosophila larval brain
Chemical structures of PSI-352938 and its potential metabolites and the proposed metabolic pathway of PSI-352938 activation
Upon FcŒµRŒô stimulation, Fyn kinase and Ras become activated in a Shp2-dependent manner
(A) pam16-I61N strain. Nuclear, mitochondrial, and peroxisome associated... (B) pam16-I61N sur4Œî strain. Negative genetic interactions leading to a...
Cytoskeleton remodeling signaling, an example of a differentially regulated pathway in the motor cortex of SALS
Developmental gene expression changes in (A) glycoylsis and the (B) pentose phosphate pathway are illustrated as in
Gene-to-metabolite networks in snapdragon petals
Schematic representation of the proteins involved in the different pathways related to eicosanoid biosynthesis
Schematic showing observed protein level alterations in VSCC proteome in the context of HPV infection
The Roles of Platelets and the Signal Transductions Identified as the Major Cascades in Hepatocyte Proliferation
Glycolytic pathway and its metabolic interconnection with the pentose-phosphate pathway
. Role of PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling cascade in simulated microgravity induced angiogenesis in HUVEC-C.
Figure 1. (A) Schematic of various signaling inputs and regulatory pathways t... (B) Left: Signaling inputs that activate PKA in the human fungal pa...
Schematic representation of metabolic fluxes upon different carbon sources
(A,B) Modulation of host defense-signaling networks by pathogen effectors
Regulation of presynaptic Cav channels by GSK-3
Summary of ion channel targets of the GSK-3 pathway
Viral genes and the activation of apoptosis
A map of the VEGF signaling pathway (as an example of an important target in cancer therapy) obtained from KEGG is shown []
Proposed signaling pathway for fragment C
Possible molecular mechanisms of Ngb neuroprotection by modulating cell death/survival signaling pathways
Schematic presentation of signaling pathways and their downstream targets that are affected by a feedback loop between hBVR and PKCŒ¥
Signaling pathways that regulate cAMP-mediated WPB exocytosis
One of the primary pathway networks is associated with network functions of “Inflammatory Response, Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction, Hematological System Development and Function”
Mating, Filamentous Growth, and Virulence in U
Cell proliferation and survival of human lung cancer cells harboring activated mutant EGFR (PC9 and 11–18 cells) closely depend upon EGFR-driven PI3K/Akt pathway, and this proliferation/survival is highly susceptible to erlotinib and other EGFR TKIs
“Hpo signaling pathway in Mammals and the cross-talk with RASFF1A signaling.” Schematic representation of mammalian Hippo kinases cascade and interconnections between Hippo pathway and rassf1a protein signal
Signaling pathways regulating autophagy and their inhibitors
Figure 2. The highest scoring gene network based on classification of DE genes from elk brain tissues (brain, midbrain and thalamus) using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.
PGI2 metabolism and vascular disorders in premature and full-term newborn
Schematic representation of the regenerating islet-derived type IV signaling pathway
(A) Colour coding iden... (B) Different aspects... (C) Brain imaging and... (D) Use of glucose ana... (E) Contour map showin... (F) Pyruvate productio...
Models for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates T-cell activation, differentiation and migration
Control of ATM function by Pdk1-Foxo1 pathway
Our results indicate that (P)RR gene delivery induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK/HSP27 pathways, and had deleterious effects on cardiac function and structure
Multiple novel miRNA candidates are predicted to target each of the genes implicated in the pathway, and each novel miRNA candidate is predicted to target multiple genes in the pathway
Regulatory changes in the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis between female and male flowers
A proposed mechanistic model on how SHARPIN regulates TNF-induced NF-Œ∫B activation through linear ubiquitination-mediated mechanisms
The proposed renin-induced signalling pathway in the NTS to regulate systemic blood pressure in WKY rats
Networks generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the expression signature
Schematic diagram of regulation of HCA3-induced ERK1/2 activation in A431 cells
Classical view of the RB pathway and RB function in mammalian cells
Model of the molecular pathway regulating Xenopus lung development
Immediately after injury, SN is released from nerve endings in the cornea to recruit circulating neutrophils and induce an initial inflammatory response (Phase I)
The intracellular HIF-1Œ± regulation pathway in normoxia and hypoxia
(A) After LFA-1 activation, JAB1 relocalizes into cytoplasm and nucleus,... (B) When Pep24 binds to JAB-1, JAB1 relocalization is blocked inhibiting...
Red, genes up-regulated in both STZ and NOD diabetic mouse oocytes; Blue, genes down-regulated in both STZ and diabetic mouse oocytes; Yellow, genes up-regulated uniquely in NOD diabetic mouse oocytes; Green, genes down-regulated uniquely in NOD diabetic mouse oocytes; Orange, genes up-regulated uniquely in STZ diabetic oocytes; and Purple, genes down-regulated uniquely in STZ diabetic mouse oocytes
Scheme for MKP-1-dependent regulation of Na+ reabsorption by hypotonic stress in renal epithelial A6 cells
Schematic representation of RyR-dependent signaling pathway that mediates PCB-induced and activity-dependent dendritic growth
PKC can activate LKB1/AMPK, leading to phosphorylation and activation of Syk, then Src and FAK subsequently
Schematic diagram summarizing cAMP-mediated signaling in NS-1 cells
dsRNA receptor signaling pathways in dsRNA-sensitive and -resistant cells
The role of angiogenesis in tumor progression
Schematic diagram summarizing the known possible TrkB signalling pathways associated with neuronal plasticity
Schematic of the processes included in the insulin model
Distinct types of apoptosis-induced proliferation in Drosophila
Potential models of apoptosis-induced proliferation in mammals
Patterning of the early Drosophila embryo
The conserved Wnt/β-catenin-dependent signaling pathway
The C. elegans Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry (WBA) signaling pathway.
Restoration of cell death by ABT-737 in cancer cells that overexpress Bcl-2 and caspase activity is blocked
Schematic model showing role of AMPK-Œ±1 as an upstream kinase of TAK1 in TLR4-mediated signaling pathway
A model of the role of FoxO1 in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mouse granulosa cells
Hypothetical model elucidating the regulation of phosphorylated FAK expression through an integrin Œ±5 and β1-mediated MEK-ERK1/2-dependent pathway after ESWT
Ischemia/reperfusion (IS/RP) induces MKP-3 expression, leading to inactivation of ERK1/2 and recruitment of HDAC1 to the eNOS promoter, thus attenuation of eNOS expression and NO formation
TSA induces apoptotic cell death of NSCLC cells via a unique NQO1-initiated and ROS-mediated activation of a p53 independent but caspase dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
CsA promotes the invasion of human trophoblast cells via two independent signaling pathways, calcium/CaN/NFAT and EGFR/ERK
A summary of pathways with differentially expressed genes comparing sarcomas to MSC in the current study
The STAT3 signalling pathway in ALK+ ALCL
The MEK/ERK signalling pathway in ALK+ ALCL
The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in ALK+ ALCL
Model of the molecular pathway required for NOD2-dependent autophagy
Proposed protective pathway by E-LP against glutamate-induced apoptosis in RGCs
Schematic representation of a novel KRAS-initiated pathway leading to the activation of VMP1 in cancer cells
Model of glucocorticoid (GC) actions in the airways epithelium
Systems-level regulation of metabolic genes by Met TFs
Overview of metabolic genes regulated by the Met TFs
Thrombin-mediated activation of the cell-surface-expressed protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) affects the MLC phosphorylation-state through multiple intracellular signaling pathways
Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum induces activation of multiple signaling pathways
The upstream alarmin signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets for immunomodulation in both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases
Broad receptor antagonism and attenuation of downstream signaling cascades mediated by decorin in tumor cells
Immune cell types implied to be involved in celiac disease by pathway analyses
Schematic representation of insulin signaling pathway
Structure and interacting partners of p62/SQSTM1
p62/SQSTM1 acts either as a pro-oncogene or as a tumor suppressor protein
Pathways of autophagy induction by hypoxia and mutant RAS
Role of Akr1b7 in bile acids metabolism and signaling pathway
Proposed mechanism of GPR30 activation of glutamate transporter function in astrocytes
Network pathways analysis of molecules identified in T-cells that are involved in LFA-1/ICAM-1 signaling
Binary-relation notation and key molecules of AlzPathway
Following DC-ATLAS pathway structure, receptor/sensing modules, transduction modules and the outcome modules were represented for (A) Dectin-1 signaling and (B) DC-SIGN signaling
Our data support a model in which inhibition of integrin Œ±vβ3/Œ±vβ5 signaling by RGDfV activates c-Abl (26)
(A) In cells with “wild-type” AKT signaling, the presence of BRAFV600E e... (B) In cells where AKT signaling is aberrantly activated (by PTEN loss,...
Cell-proliferative signaling pathways in lung tumors
This diagram of BCR/CD19-initiated signaling shows two key outcomes of PI3K activation
Atypical PKC signaling pathways leading to lymphocyte activation and/or differentiation
Model for NP1 level modulation by glucotoxicity in β-cells
Scheme of the Rho signaling canonical pathway identified in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the proteins with altered expression in both KO cell lines
A, Differential expression of proteins involved in glycolysis and TCA cycle
Proteins and protein isoforms in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, and glutamine metabolism pathways
Integrated functional association analysis of protein and genetic interactions on alanine and aspartate
LCAT functions potentially affecting the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease
A model describing the mechanisms of quercetin-induced cholesterol efflux in macrophages
Figure 1. Schematic of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways.
(A) It seems that halofantrine and vinblastine could affect on five diff... (B) We hypnotized that halofantrine and vinblastine are synergistic beca...
Role of the PI3K pathway in B cell antigen presentation functions
Alterations in the PI3K pathway in malignant B cells
Schematic diagram of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
AKT/mTOR signaling and crosstalk with glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
General diagram of rapalogs, ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors and dual AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors that are clinical use
The LECA Rabs and their proposed functions
The two branches of the unfolded protein response
Combined etiopathogenesis of spina bifida (Shh: sonic hedgehog, Wnt: Wnt ligand in Wnt/β catenin signaling pathway, BMP: bone morphogenic protein, IGF: insulin-like growth hormone, and W: weeks) []
Schematic of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) processing pathway leading to AD
The central role of the cAMP pathway in amplifying and diversifying CRH-R signalling
Evolution of the PI3K-Akt pathway from a modular perspective: focusing on the role of the SH2 domains of p85
(A) Schematic representation of the HOG pathway. (B) Outline of the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway in S. cerevisi...
Model of RANK-mediated osteoclast cytoskeletal organization
Schematic representation of proposed metabolic pathways for central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Y88 during glucose growth, based on protein identifications (dark gray ovals) and the presence of their corresponding genes in the Y88 genome
DNA damage agent, cisplatin induces TAp73 accumulation and the subsequent up-regulation of its pro-apoptotic target genes to induce cell apoptosis
The role of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Tregs
Intracellular “tug-of-war” determines T cell fate
Cell death regulation: Signalling pathways and potential sites for pharmacological intervention
Cyclic AMP-mediated induction of Treg cells and suppression of effector T cells
Cyclic AMP elevation leads to induction of the SOCS-3 gene in VECs
Schematic presentation of the signalling pathway involved in isoprenaline-induced up-regulation of IL-6 production in NMCFs
Context-dependent effect of PI3K signaling on Treg development, differentiation and maintenance
Signaling within the JAK-STAT pathway in bovine monocytes and M
Immune activation in the GBS UTI transcriptome comprises prominent cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling (innateDB pathway number 604) (A) in which 12 genes were highly active (red circles; expression and significance cutoffs, 2.0 and 0.1).
Interaction Map for PTMScan Direct: Akt/PI3K pathway reagent
Figure 1. A schematic model of ethylene biosynthesis showing a few of its components as affected by NO during fruit ripening.
Schematic presentation of the different mammalian MAP kinase pathways
Molecular mechanisms of the pro- and anti-oncogenic properties of ERK3, ERK4, and MK5
MK5 is implicated in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis
Proposed model of FGF23 signaling in proximal tubular cells
Global regulatory network model of energy-converting pathways
Schematic of protein kinase CŒ¥ (PKCŒ¥) activation by proteolytic cleavage downstream of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling in dopaminergic neurons
Proposed signalling model of the essential role of PI3Kγ in MCP-1-stimulated aortic smooth muscle cell as an amplifier of PDGF-induced cell migration
(A) DP1 regulates the Wnt pathway both negatively and positively. Under... (B) DP1 dual activity refines patterning of the neuroderm during early X...
The p53 signaling pathway: In normal conditions (black arrows), p53 is maintained at very low levels
Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease
Xenograft growth from human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 was induced in mice by psychological stress via the interaction of β-adrenergic and COX-2 signaling pathways
Activation of LET-60 RAS in the VPCs causes phosphorylated MPK-1 to enter the nucleus where it phosphorylates transcription factors such as LIN-1 ETS, which represses 1¬∞ fate-specific gene expression
Schematic representation of the prolactin signaling network in NetSlim
Mixed-acid fermentation and the FocA channel
Network of 25 target genes and their interactive genes involved in regulating apoptosis and autophagy
Metabolic adaptations drive acquired drug resistance in breast cancer cells
Scheme of proposed signaling pathway used by bradykinin to stimulate proliferation in A498 cells
Pathway analysis of the antiviral IFN response in infected THP-1 cells
Model of the mechanism of vGPCR-mediated ARE-mRNA stabilization
Apoptosis affects cell signaling pathways that control lipid synthesis and energy metabolism
Downstream molecular signals of the insulin receptor pathway
Proposed signaling pathway of effects of sEHI on MCP-1 and TNF-Œ± release in LPS-stimulated monocytes
The transcriptome of genes encoding enzymes and proteins on the lactose synthesis pathway, including GLUT1, HK1, PGM1, UGP2, GALE, GALT, SLC35A2, LALBA, and β4-GALT1, -3, and -5
Proposed model for hormonal control of lactose synthesis utilizing prolactin receptor (PRLR) signaling canonical pathway curated using the ingenuity pathway analysis list and the fluorescence intensity of selected transcripts and lactose concentration
Measured metabolites are shown in orange boxes; enzymes are shown in bolded alphabets
(A) mRNAs encoding TF/... (B) mRNAs encoding TF/... (C) TFSMs induced from... (D) Biological associa... (E) cell cycle (F) chromatin assembly...
Functional analysis of the top-scoring network of AE9a dysregulated genes
Proposed models of Ang II-induced apoptosis signaling in PAEC
Schematic representation of the interplay between pituitary hormones and main signaling pathways of the IGF system in thyroid, adrenal and ovary cancers
Ischemia-reperfusion stimulates multiple catabolic/autophagic cell signaling pathways during total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Biological association network (BAN) of differentially expressed genes in common between CA and ICC
Major steps in MP3 and H-cell development
ODN activates both adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC) in astrocytes, however only the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is involved in the effect of ODN on cell survival
A working model depicting some of the multiple signaling pathways that have been reported to modulate cell-cycle activation and/or proliferation in rodent β-cells
Intracellular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal transduction pathway
Genes known to cause kidney cancer and their relationship with the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway
Flow chart of the RANKL signalling pathway, illustrating the dependence of osteoclasts on osteoblasts for their function, and the role of MCP-1, MIP-1Œ± and IL-6
Role of stathmin in thrombin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and acute lung injury
CO prevents inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Overview of the Asparagine N-Glycosylation pathway
Flow chart showing the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway
Cross-talk between the different pathways is illustrated by the central role of PI synthesis and DAG production/utilization
IPA network analyses were applied to differentially expressed genes in mouse brain after in vivo ketamine exposure
Model of agonist and antagonist roles for Ang2 on Tie2 function
MUC5B gene expression is transcriptionally regulated by various mediators and pathways
Note: Rectangles with rounded corners figure represent differentially expressed miRNAs (red – increased, blue – decreased); circles represent genes; lines represent regulatory relations between differentially expressed miRNAs and genes
The red arrowheads indicate the more significant upregulation of apoptosis-related molecules induced by R-form than that of S-form
A schematic view of PPR-induced pathways involved in stimulation of NFŒ∫B and MAPK signaling
Figure 1. Signaling crosstalk between the UPR and autophagy in the nervous system.
Figure 1. CVB3 and autophagy: Proposed interactions, and their pathogenic effects.
Tyrosine kinases such as EGF are frequently dysregulated in cancer and signal downstream to multiple growth and survival pathways, including the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT pathways
Simplified schematic representation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway.Notes: Red, pathway inhibitor; Green, pathway activator; Blue, mTOR complex protein.Abbreviation: NOS, not otherwise specified
Statistical enrichment of deregulated pathways within our differential gene-sets include metabolic pathways
Schematic illustration of the signaling pathway ofGHRregulated by let-7b
The PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway and control of autophagy
Signalling events activating PKB/Akt and cellular functions regulated by PKB/Akt
A simplified illustration of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Model for TRPC5-mediated feedback of Ca2+ and NO signaling in endothelial cells and attenuation of Ca2+ entry through TRPC6 by NO in smooth muscle cells
Figure 8. Autophagy induction pathway under the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Figure 1. Proposed schema of anti-tumor immunity following DNA vaccination with DKK1/defensin-2 DNA fusion vaccine.
The opposing roles of FGF2 and BMP4 in directing TB formation from epiblast type ES cells and iPS cells and the need to exclude FGF2 from the growth medium to minimize the co-induction of mesoderm and endoderm
Schematic depicting a central role for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling in osteoclastogenesis and immune dysregulation of osteolytic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
Summary of pathways controlling muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB)
Molecular relational network of genes modulated by BaP in lung tissues enriched for cancer function using IPA for all three doses with p53 at the central node
TRAIL signaling pathway and mechanisms of TRAIL resistance
Postulated mechanism of FWFE on modulating insulin signaling and inflammation pathway in TNF-Œ±-induced insulin resistant FL83B cells
Signaling pathways regulating lipogenesis in cancer cells
Schematic representation of signaling pathways regulated by ROS in C
Mitochondrial fission and autophagy events are activated after 6-OHDA addition
Class I PI3K signal transduction pathway
Potential mechanisms of acquired-resistance to vemurafenib
TLR signaling and proposed model for DMF-mediated impairment of DC maturation
Interaction between the insulin/Igf-like (IIS) signaling pathway with immune function and pathogen resistance in Drosophila
Specific and non-specific mechanisms of oligodendrocyte injury
Signaling mechanisms of oligodendrocyte injury
The map of wnt signaling pathway included at least three different Wnt pathways: the canonical pathway, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway
. A schematic diagram showing the interlinks of PI3-K signaling pathway.
Concept of molecular network in schizophrenia
Epistasis network for WTCCC GWAS of bipolar disorder
Pathways activating and inhibiting complement
Activation of the IKK-NFŒ∫B pathway by radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Rac and RhoA signaling pathways during cytokinesis
Basophils deliver activation signals to mucosal and lymph node B cells
The two NF-Œ∫B activation pathways induced by RANK, CD40, and Ltβ R signaling
Summary of the biochemical pathways for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-, dopamine-, and FGF-23-mediated inhibition of phosphate transport in the renal proximal convoluted tubule
The single gene and protein network generated by Approach 3 (Network 1) that demonstrated significance as a clinical relapse predictor following a stringent permutation based test
Immune response to phagosome in antigen presentation network pathway map associated with the proteins identified as differentially regulated during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration
A putative scheme of the cellular metabolism in the hydrogen producing arachaeon T
The acute phase canonical pathway and corresponding acute phase reactants identified as significant for interaction effect
(A) Diagram of tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent pathway of methionine tr... (B) Schematic depiction of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis...
Translational impact of the mTOR signaling pathway
Schematic of the canonical translation pathway in eukaryotes with the ribosomal recycling and initiation phases shown in detail
PPAR signaling pathway is significantly altered by 1Œ±,25(OH)2D3 treatment on dpf 6 [120-h 1Œ±,25(OH)2D3 treatment]
Interactions of Rex with host pathways, uncovered and covered
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–cMET axis signaling network and ongoing targeted therapy strategies
A proposed common pathway by which somatic IDH mutations (red) and damaging mtDNA mutations (red; affecting complexes I, III, IV, and V of the electron transport chain) lead to metabolic deregulation, altering the relative amounts of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis (magenta) in early tumorigenesis
Putative mechanisms of the effect of the Kv1
Schematic diagram of the interaction between Ryk and Wnt signaling pathways
Schematic representation of MyD-88 dependent TLR signaling pathway
The model illustrates proposed two pathways of regulation of S100A4 mediated by HBXIP
Model of Ang-II signaling to the endothelial cytoskeleton via MARCKS and H2O2
Ensemble representation of EGF signalling network
Protein–protein interaction sub-networks (largest connected components) for target and reference set pairs with small overlap, predicted to be functionally associated by EnrichNet: (a) gastric cancer mutated genes (blue) and genes/proteins from the BioCarta pathway ‘Role of Erk5 in Neuronal Survival’ (magenta, the shared genes are shown in green); (b) bladder cancer mutated genes (blue) and genes/proteins from Gene Ontology term ‘Tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3’ (GO:0042503, magenta; the only shared gene NF2 is shown in green)
Boolean network model of the HGF-induced keratinocyte migration
The class I phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway
Formation of the NFŒ∫B-stimulating TNFR1 signaling complex
Altered pancreatic beta cell mechanism silencing alpha and delta cells
Schematic illustration demonstrating putative signaling pathways involved in PDGF-BB-mediated increase in proliferation of NPCs
p53-dependent and -independent therapeutic strategies for cancer cells
Model of anti-apoptotic effects of HIF-1Œ±-modified MSCs
GlyRŒ±2 and GlyRŒ±3 mediate inhibition using different inhibitory circuits
Model of the role of dimeric TIR platform for the inhibition and activation of MyD88 signaling pathway
WNT signalling pathway map enriched with genes up-regulated in tumorgraft-forming tumors
Immune response pathway map enriched with genes down-regulated in the tumorgraft forming patient tumors
The predominant subcellular localization (cytosolic or nuclear) of each polypeptide identified is also indicated
Model for diverse cohesinopathy phenotypes
Transcriptional regulation of PDPN expression
Simplified overview of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Two pathways, Ga13 pathway and Gai pathway, are connected via Gaq pathway
Simazine inhibits testicular Rxfp1 expression, which consequently may limit the intracellular signaling of relaxin in the testis
TLR4-induced macrophage activation regulated by NF-Œ∫B, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways
Molecular network of downregulated genes in U373MG cells following exposure to ET-770, the compound 1a
Molecular network of upregulated genes in U373MG cells following exposure to ET-770 derivative, the compound 3
Schematic of the mechanism of chondrocyte integration of cues provided by ECM stiffness and TGFβ
General scheme illustrating the arachidonic acid pathway through which IL-1β regulates PGE2 production
RdgBβ binds PA derived from the phospholipase D signaling pathway
Genes Involved in the Calvin Cycle and Photorespiration
NGF signaling pathways in mediating neurotrophic and nociceptor effects.Notes: NGF signals through the high-affinity TrkA and low p75NTR receptors
Figure 2. PEA-15 function is determined by phosphorylation.
Figure 1. Regulation of filamentous growth in C. albicans by multiple environmental cues and signal transduction pathways.
Figure¬†4. Model of the control of nlp-29 expression.
Figure 1. Putative plant PI3K/TOR-S6K pathway.
Figure 2. The multifaceted roles of autophagy in immunity.
Figure 1. PRODH/POX and autophagy under the hypoxia microenvironment.
Figure 4. Gsk3β exists in different regulatory networks in pluripotent stem cells.
A model for H2O2-modulated permeability increase and cytoskeleton reorganization via MARCKS phosphorylation in endothelial cells
Two mechanisms underlying circadian control of NF-Œ∫B response
TCDD-regulated miRs as described in  were analyzed using IPA software and the database (Ingenuity Ssytems, Inc)
Overview of the molecular interaction between estrogen and thyroid hormone
The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in thyroid cancer by mutant BRAF
C-srcregulating primordial follicle activation and growth through PI3K → PKC → MAPK signaling pathway
(A) Constructed minimum protein-pr... (B) Drug-target network for cardio... (C) Target-pathway network for put... (D) Pathway associated with myocar...
ATF-2 is a nuclear target of p38/Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)
Sequence of events proposed to occur prior to heterotopic ossification within tendons
sentences with expert curated information
This is one of the canonical pathways that contained statistically significantly more genes than expected by chance in the group of genes that are highly expressed in the non-pigmented epithelium (NPE) of the ciliary body
Alterations in the FGFR signalling pathway that influence breast cancer
The impaired immune system in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
The role of A20 in the nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-Œ∫B) pathway
Viral proteins inhibit nucleic acid receptors of the intracytosolic innate immune response
Nuclear receptors LXRs, FXR, and PXR as central regulators of renal lipid, inflammation and oxidative stress
Proposed model of the induction of endothelial proinflammatory response and barrier dysfunction by P
Hypothetical model of Cdx gene regulation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis
Ingenuity pathway analysis of the genes differentially regulated and common to the three systems described above (in orange)
Lysosomal pathway to apoptosis mediated by the accumulation of aggregated proteins following metabolic incorporation of DOPA
LPA-induced platelet signalling during platelet shape change
Impaired lipid metabolism induced by HFD or genetic manipulation induces heart dysfunction
JAK/STAT signaling pathway is targeted by RVFV NSs protein at different levels
Genes containing only indels (pink), only SNPs (yellow), and both SNPs and indels (green) in target sites are within colored rectangles
Deregulated genes from the 45-gene signature are colored in red
Glucose enters β-cells via GLUT-2 transporters, and its metabolism generates an increase in the intracellular ATP/ADP ratio (1), which leads to closure of ATP-dependent potassium (K+ATP) channels, generating plasma membrane depolarisation (2)
Two proposed models of ephrin-B reverse signaling in palatal EMT based on current evidence
Schematic overview of the results from the present study indicating WNT-5A secretion from astrocytes and the WNT-5A-induced signaling pathway towards ERK1/2 regulating distinct aspects of the proinflammatory transformation of microglia
PTEN knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFPTEN−/−) results in an accumulation of PIP3 produced by PI3K at the plasma membrane
The TGFβ pathway and regulations by ubiquitination and PPARγ
The role of PPARγ in the pathogenesis of fibrosis
Analysis of pathway crosstalk based on protein-protein interaction networks
Schematic representation of RAS pathway and its correlation with RASopathies
Lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 signalling lipopolysaccharide recognition.Notes: Overview of LPS/TLR4 signalling LPS recognition is facilitated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and CD14, and is mediated by TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex
Pathological functions of LOX family oxidases during cancer progression and metastasis
Usually growth factors bind and activate EGFR on the cell membrane of cancer cells to stimulate the down-stream PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MEK pathway
Central role of AP convertase in complement activation
Activation of p38 MAPK downstrem of TNFR1
The mitogen activated protein [MAP] kinase signalling pathways
Figure schematically highlights those genes in the TGF-β pathway that are regulated by mutant FOXL2
(A) Lovastatin-induced apoptosis is regulated in part by the inhibition... (B) Western blot analysis of SCC25 cells treated for 24 hrs showing lova...
Overall picture of the physiology of FGF-23 and its role in phosphate homeostasis
Schematic representation of major pathways involved in motor neuron death
B-RAF kinase inhibition by Zelboraf, and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to Zelboraf treatment
Overview of drought stress effects on maize ovary tissue at 1
Overview of LPS/TLR-4 signaling pathway.Notes: LPS is delivered to CD14 by LBP, which in turn transfers LPS to TLR-4
Signaling cascades mediated by plexin-A and plexin-B, and their crosstalk with oncogenic pathways in gliomas
Notably, different key points of PDGFR signaling can be the object of pharmacological inhibition
Numerous signaling pathways are constitutively activated and/or deregulated in MCL, including BCR, BAFF-R, mTOR, WNT, and NOTCH1 signaling as well as pathways that promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis
TGF-β signaling is dysregulated on several levels in cancers, including glioblastoma, and mediates many systemic (immunosuppressive and angiogenic) and cellular effects
Overview of the main metabolic reactions in central carbon metabolism.A) Xylose can be assimilated through two pathways: the fungal oxidoreductive pathway consisting of XR and XDH or the bacterial isomerization pathway via an XI
Schematic diagram showing a putative GSH system and its role in LAB
Proposed model of the signaling pathways involved in hCG stimulation based on current data and its relation to leptin expression
Diagrammatic representation of the amino acid sequence of human preproinsulin (signal peptide–green, B-chain–red, C-peptide–orange, A-chain–dark blue) indicating sites of mutations identified in patients with diabetes as well as hyperinsulinemia and hyperproinsulinemia
The schematic diagram depicting the potential interactions between EGF, S100A11, and Ca2+signaling pathway in human endometrial cell
Figure 1. The induction of autophagy in glioma cells treated with 2OHOA.
Schematic representation of the inductive and effector sites for the mucosal B-cell response in CD
The solid line and dashed line, respectively, shows the direct and indirect interactions between genes
Red thermometer: genes transcriptionally up-regulated in HEY A8 cells; blue thermometer: genes transcriptionally down-regulated in HEY A8 cells; yellow thermometer: proteins topologically relevant to the set of up-regulated genes
Linking cellular metabolism with the circadian clock transcriptional complex
visualization of the proposed cardioprotective mechanism of action of metformin in the human heart after myocardial infarction, resulting in improved systolic and diastolic function
Pre-treatment expression of TLR, RIG-I and IFN-beta pathway genes compared between the two patient groups
Schematic representation of signaling involved in MUC4 expression upon Nicotine, IFN-γ and Retinoic acid stimulation
Diagram of bioenergetics pathways in sperm
Schematic illustration of cellular mechanisms of neurotransmission in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) reward pathway
Changes in hepatic gene expression in the KEGG PPAR signalling pathway in SNEB compared to MNEB cows
Wortmannin inhibits PI3K class kinases and has been shown to inhibit insulin signaling
G1/S checkpoints regulation pathway highlights regulated genes in the comparison between Asclepios and NCSC mix
The symbols, “↑, ↓, and ↓↑,” indicate the protein abundances up-, down-, or bell-shaped-regulation response to temperature change
Schematic diagram showing the proposed crosstalk between integrins and GPCRs in ASM cell contraction signaling
Schematic representation of the integrated large-scale logical model
Biological insights obtained by combining logical modeling and experimental data
GSK3 regulates a variety of pathways involved in neurodevelopment
Figure¬†1. Reciprocal crosstalk between estrogen receptor (ER) Œ± and growth factor receptor signaling pathways.
The ubiquitin ligase complexes SCF and APC/C in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of regulatory molecules essential for cell cycle control
Model depicting the molecular underpinnings of lamin B2 origin licensing
A. IL-1β induces release of NF-Œ∫B subunits from regulatory proteins by activating the IKKs.
A schematic representation of skewed Th17/Treg cell differentiation in patients with BD, a hypothesis
Schematic of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Crosstalk among Wnt, insulin, and FOXO signaling cascades
Whole genome and RNAseq data were integrated and analyzed using GeneGo's Metaminer Pancreatic Cancer Disease module to identify pathways that may be affected by mutations and/or significant expression changes (q-value<0.05, corrected).
Putative mechanisms responsible for UPR activation by CD147 in human HCC cells
Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by cytochrome P450scc inside steroidogenic mitochondria
Figure 2. Apoptotic signaling induced by TRAIL.
Model of SP-A-regulated signaling pathways in human macrophages
Schematic diagram of neutral lipid and phospholipid biosynthetic pathways
shows changes of proteins belonging to apoptosis pathways in the cells incubated with POAG serum
Established signaling cascades in activated T cells
The merged network was generated from the list of transcripts differentially expressed in 2 week-old NOD mice compared to both control strains, NON and C57BL/6
The merged network was generated from the list of transcripts differentially expressed in 4 week-old NOD mice compared to both control strains, NON and C57BL/6
A single network was generated from the list of proteins that were differentially expressed in 2 week-old NOD mice compared to both control strains, NON and C57BL/6
A single network was generated from the list of proteins that were differentially expressed in 4 week-old NOD mice compared to both control strains, NON and C57BL/6
Proposed signaling mechanisms regulating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and baroreflex function (BRS) within the brain dorsal medulla of transgenic rats with long-term alterations in brain renin-angiotensin system
Activated CD47 is a proximate regulator of multiple cell survival and cell death pathways
Proposed model describing the signaling cascades leading to HAECs cytoskeleton remodeling following either thrombin stimulation or HLA class I ligation
The MDM2–p53 pathway, the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN and their modulation by Nutlin-3, in neuroblastoma cells
Simplified schema of putative signaling pathways accountable for the differential responses of A549 (A) and SNB19 (B) cell lines to Hsp90 inhibition and IR
Pathway analysis by Ingenuity software based on BMS 406 related MIG
Hh pathway activation, inhibition, and mechanisms of drug resistance
PDGF-CC-mediated engagement of the PDGF receptor stimulates the PLC/PI3R pathway, which in turn, activates TRPC channels resulting in elevation of [Ca2+] transient
Coordinate regulation by NR signaling pathways of genes encoding enzymes in the de novo purine base biosynthesis pathway
The effects of sleep deprivation on the insulin signaling pathway
KEGG global pathway map of identified and putatively annotated metabolites labeled by 13C-glucose (red) and unlabeled putative metabolites arising from alternative sources (gray)
EGFR signaling pathway (reprinted with permission from BioCarta Pathways
Main pathway disorders leading to muscle proteolysis, atrophy, hypoxia and anti-oxidant response
Antigen engagement of T cell receptor stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) that hydrolyses PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) into IP3 (inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate) and diacyl glycerol
Diagram demonstrating the sites and mechanism of action of novel agents for the management of pancreatic endocrine neoplasm
The mitochondrial energy–redox axis and generation of redox- and energy messengers
Overview of apoptotic signaling through tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor 6 (Fas) and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)
Signaling pathways mediated by rat sarcoma (Ras) and protein kinase B (Akt)
Thiol-redox signaling and apoptotic signaling cascades
Scheme of the various interactions between GSTs and MAPK implicated in stress-signaling pathway (adapted from [])
Possible states of impairment in the autophagy pathway in different neurodegenerative diseases and possible links to neuronal cell death
The role of blood‚Äìbrain barrier (BBB) transport in homeostasis of brain Aβ
Effect of HDL/apoA-I on autophagy in preadipocyte
Figure 4. L1CAM can trigger different signaling pathways.
Schematic model illustrating the oncogenic pathway addiction
The signaling pathway for CREB in the regulation of FMRP by Group I mGluRs in ACC neurons
Positive and negative regulations in the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway
In this study we examine the levels of PI3K, mTOR and phosphorylated Protein S6 as indicators of cellular response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition
PPI subnetworks of the extended disease pathways
Multilevel factors cooperatively perturb pathways
Model of regulating IRES-mediated LamB1 translation during hepatocellular EMT and carcinoma progression
Metabolic Map of Phenolic Metabolism in the Inflorescence Stem of Arabidopsis.The main pathways involved in lignin biosynthesis are framed with a bold black border
Metabolic Shifts in Phenolic Metabolism as a Result of a Mutation in the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway.The relative increase and decrease of transcript and metabolite abundances in each of the mutants compared with WT24cm was mapped manually on the pathway as discrete features
Schematic representation of molecules in the EGFR/Akt signaling pathway that are inhibited by miR-7 in HNC
Illustration of the most expressed genes in the microarray of FoxM1-depleted cells, which included cell cycle regulators and DNA repair-related pathways
Overview of innate immune signals during B
Scheme demonstrating mechanisms used by natural compounds to drive changes in the epigenome
Schematic representation of the different main molecular pathways that are involved in neuronal stress response
The pRb/E2F signaling pathway mediates three distinct arms of TGFβ tumor-suppressive effects
Overlapping network between MCF-7 and ZR-75.1 cells
Pathway Diagram of Oxidative Stress along with PI3k/Akt
CB1 cannabinoid receptor signalling and regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation
CD73-generated adenosine orchestrates the tumor-stroma interplay to promote cancer growth
Canonical biogenesis pathway and mechanisms of miRNA deregulation
Regulatory function of TIR8/SIGIRR in signaling
The figure summarizes the most important findings related to syndecan-1 overexpression
Alterations induced in the CD8+ T-cells by lung cancer
G protein-dependent signaling pathways activated by VPAC receptors
Insulin like growth factor (IGF) and insulin receptor (IR) signaling system
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway []
Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: Ligands binds to the receptor tyrosine kinases like EGFR, IGF1R, Her2, and Ras leads to conformational changes and activates PI3K
Rbf1 occupies multiple nodes in conserved signaling pathways
Schematic diagram of the glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFPT1)–mediated MTOR signaling pathway affected by glucose and fructose in porcine trophectoderm cells
Model for the regulation of mutacin production in S
Schematic representation of A2A-receptor actions in SH-SY5Y cells
Hypothetical model of AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR signaling in PCV2-induced autophagy in PK-15 cells
Network analysis of the host factors found to be associated with the extremities of the murine norovirus genome
Rac and Ras cooperate to activate Raf which leads to ERK activation, while Rac stimulates the PI3K/Akt pathway which antagonizes ERK by inhibiting Raf
Rac and Ras cooperate to activate Raf, while Rac stimulates the PI3K/Akt pathway
Expression of suicide genes in T lymphocytes
Schematic pathway of MLT's action on GSK3β and EMT
Significant sub-networks (see also ) found among the lists of most essential genes, ranked by the RIGER parameter, obtained for both cell lines: (A) Jurkat and (B) K562
Proposed model for the role of TGFβ in IL4-induced alternative microglia activation
Proposed model of HER2/3 signaling in epithelial cells
Signaling networks induced in the spleen at 1 day post infection in wild-type mice (A) and STAT1 KO mice (B)
Figure 2. Transcriptional regulation of MHC Class II genes.
Figure¬†2. Necroptosis induced by the DAI pathway.
Figure 1. Differentiation pathway of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in metastatic cancer.
Representative KEGG pathway change of Endocytosis
A mechanism for postsynaptically expressed PACAP-induced synaptic enhancements in the BLA–CeL projections
Recipient T-lymphocytes govern Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based bone regeneration via IFN-γ and TNF-Œ±
Reactions involved in the flux of fatty acids into
Prostate cancer miRNA targets are enriched with pathways associated with cancer
Pathway enrichment map [] of first degree partners of targets of functional miRNAs predicted in Figure
Diagrammatic presentation shows how Notch and TGF-β signaling pathway involved at each pathogenic stage of HBV infection
The 5-HT6 receptor physically interacts with proteins of the mTOR pathway, including mTOR itself and Raptor, which with GβL constitute the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)
Metabolites are shown in plain text and enzymes in blue boxes
Schematic representation of two Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways that have been shown to modulate muscle phenotype
MicroRNA targetome suggests aberrant upregulation of cell cycle regulators in AD brains
MicroRNA targetome suggests aberrant upregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway molecules in ATL cells
The principal IFN-Œ±-modulated canonical pathway in MT-4 cells
NOD1 and NOD2 signaling pathways and interaction partners
Diagrammatic representation of BMP signaling pathway
Figure 1. CGI-58 and ATGL functions in adipocytes (A) and hepatocytes (B).
Synaptic model of caffeine-MDMA interactions
Ligand-specific signalling complexes at the ¬µ opioid receptor
The proposed NPY signalling pathway for the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in the NTS
Four developmental pathways regulate C. elegans dauer entry and exit: a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) signaling pathway, an insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) -like signaling pathway, a dauer transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway, and a nuclear hormone receptor (DAF-12) regulated by a class of steroid ligands known as dafachronic acids (DAs).
The left side of the model indicates components of the classic Wnt/Frizzled mediated activation of ß-catenin
The metabolic network that was reconstructed from the KEGG pathway and SGD annotation (http://www.yeastgenome.org/) included glycolysis (grey), the pentose phosphate pathway (olive), the TCA cycle, fatty acid de novo synthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis (blue), triacylglycerol and phospholipid biosynthesis (purple) and lipolysis, β-oxidation in mitochondria (orange) or peroxisomes (pale green) and the glyoxylate cycle.
TP53 mutation status-specific network of potential candidate driver genes shown based on their known and predicted functional interactions
Suggested Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway from amino acid starvation to autophagy
Schematic diagram of the mechanisms by which AP-1 transcription factor regulates LY6K expression, which activates the ERK signaling pathway to mediate cell invasive motility and metastasis in human breast cancer cells
Baculovirus infection impact on host cell metabolism
VANTED integrated pathway map of quantitative regulation of metabolites and enzymes of primary metabolism under nitrogen limitation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Impact of SIRT1 knockout on selected cellular pathways and protein complexes
Downstream anti-inflammatory effects of AMPK signaling
The regulation of MDM2 by chronic stress and neurohormones
Schematic model of ER involvement in L-Arg depletion-induced autophagy, survival and apoptosis
Figure 1. NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 subunit 1 (NAE1) inhibitor MLN4924 triggers protective autophagy in cancer cells.
Figure 3. IL-1RI and TLRs share a common intracellular signaling pathway.
Transcriptional regulation of the cytoprotective phase 2 genes under control of the transcriptional factor nuclear factor-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
. Proposed apoptotic pathway induced by dicycloplatin.
Figure 1. Proposed model of Phactr4 function in regulating directional migration.
Signal transduction in solid cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in cell proliferation in solid cancer
HCV Infected Cellular Distribution of PIPs, Binding Proteins
Mechanisms of ErbB signaling and inhibition in tumour cell
Schematic representation of selected signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Overview of signaling partners involved in oxidative stress mediated Egr-1 signaling
When exposed to low O2, membrane-associated haemoglobin releases O2
Binding of selective agonists to the IPR or βAR results in activation of Gs and, subsequently, AC leading to increases in cAMP
Metabolic pathway construction for direct microbial synthesis of pentanol from glucose or glycerol
Comparison of theoretical maximum yields of pentanol biosynthesis through various biosynthetic pathways
Model of the signaling pathway by which FSH promotes AKT activation in GCs
A summary of how microenvironmental factors typically affect signaling pathways regulating alternative splicing and translation
p38, acting downstream of cPKC, triggers endocytic internalization of the apical carriers presumably towards apical early endosomes (AEE), the first intracellular endosomal compartment receiving internalized proteins from the apical membrane, in a microtubule-independent manner (solid arrow)
The catalysis by Prx, SOD and NADPH oxidase (also called Rboh) lead to ROS accumulation (1, 2A,), and Rboh activity is controlled by the small GTPase (2B) that were positively regulated with PLD-derived PA (2C) and GAP proteins (2D), and negatively regulated by GDI2 (2E)
After skeletal muscle damage occurs, cytokines and growth factors are released from the injured blood vessels and from infiltrating inflammatory cells
TLR signaling overview: the TLR family can be subdivided into two categories
Statins activate Ras by inhibiting the synthesis of FPP, and then stimulate the expression of BMP-2 through the PI3K/Akt/MAPK pathway
Schematic illustrations of the two significant pathways in the genome-wide gene self-reported asbestos exposure interaction analysis
Signalling schematic of the integrated pathway, with EGF and TGFβ as the two external stimuli
Signalling pathway with encoded therapeutic value information
Alterations in the NRF2 canonical pathway in livers of mice treated with TMHF
Synopsis of major pathways activating mTORC1
Aberrations of PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer
Cell-signaling pathways from the UPR to autophagy and ER stress-induced apoptosis
The RIG-I signaling pathway and inhibition by influenza A viruses (Figure adapted from [])
The type I IFN signaling pathway and inhibition by influenza A viruses (Figure adapted from [])
Regulation of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine by biosynthetic enzymes (shown in green) and catabolic enzymes (shown in red)
Main therapeutic targets along the BCR signaling pathway in CLL cells
Proposed mechanism of the inter-relationship between hepcidinand HJVexpression during the inflammatory response, and the effect on iron flux
Model for ERK1/2 phosphorylation of ICs regulating cytoplasmic dynein binding to endosomes in response to neurotrophin
Pathways regulating NEKs in cell cycle control
Role of Esrrb in ESC self-renewal and reprogramming
Activation of stress signalling pathways in the liver of sows during lactation
Mechanisms by which HER3 contributes to resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy
Reactive oxygen species-mediated autophagy regulation
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulates central carbon metabolism
(A) Characterized pathway for activation of STAT. The Upd3 ligand binds... (B) Dicer-2–dependent activation of STAT transcription via Vago signalin...
Protein network and pathway structure for biologically informative priors in the synthetic response data study
Network and pathway structure for biologically informative priors in the cancer drug response data study
Overview of methotrexate (MTX) mechanisms of action in the folate metabolic pathway
Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in higher plants
Cytokine-induced CITED2/MYC/E2F3/p21CIP1signaling in lung cancer
The speculative model of macrophage alternative activation regulation by estrogen
A proposed mechanism for the spatiotemporal regulation of Rabex-5 in the endocytic trafficking of ubiquitinated L1
A schematic model for TLRs activation by diverse mycobacterial antigens
Signaling pathways impinging on autophagy
Pathway analysis derived by comparison of the relative abundance of metabolites from sera derived from patients with locoregional CRC and liver-only metastases, as determined by GC-MS
Flow chart depicting the metabolic pathway of fatty acids in the liver of GH transgenic Amago based on 3‚Ä≤-tag digital gene expression profiling and comparison of serum triacylglycerol and glucose, and 3-hydroxybutyric acid
Hypothetic regulation of gene expression by HNF-4Œ± by spherical cell shape in FLC-4 cells
Schematic diagram showing the RAS-MAPK signal transduction pathway
T cell receptor signaling pathway extracted from BioCarta database []
Fc epsilon receptor I signaling in mast cell pathway extracted from BioCarta database []
Nitric oxide signaling pathway extracted from BioCarta database []
mTOR signaling pathway extracted from KEGG database []
Figure¬†1. TSC1/2-mTOR signaling in T cell activation and tolerance.
Figure 14. α-casein behaves as a signaling molecule.
Metabolites and their metabolic pathway networks measured by the Arg/Thiol Redox Metabolomics Assay
Scheme for the TRPC signaling pathway in hypertrophy
TLR4 signaling pathway.Note: Activation sequence of each of the mediators that is involved and the molecules produced as a consequence of their activation and expression.Abbreviations: TLR, toll-like receptor; I/R, ischemic/reperfusion; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor Œ∫B; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TBK1, activator-binding kinase 1; IRAK, interleukin receptor-associated kinase; TNF-Œ±, tumour necrosis factor-Œ±; TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor
The Von Hippel–Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor oxygen-sensing pathway and its relevance in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.Note: Copyright © 2010, Elsevier
MYC proteins and the p53/MDM2/p14ARFpathway
Figure 3. Negative regulatory mechanisms of TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels.
Flavonoids biosynthetic pathway in maize
HCV and induction of the innate immune response
PKR, ISG15 as modulators of IFN induction during HCV infection
Functional roles of the arenavirus Z protein in the viral life cycle
Impact of the cellular restriction factor APOBEC3 (A3) on human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication
Cell receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and signal transduction pathways used by superantigens and mediators induced by superantigens
Model summarizing the role of netrin-1 in the regulation of inflammation and albumin uptake in proximal tubular epithelial cells of the diabetic kidney
Key nutrient metabolic pathways involved in lipid synthesis
Proposed corrinoid synthesis and cobinamide salvage pathways in the Thermotogales
(A) IPA network of the HD suppressor genes that could be directly connected to each other without intervening nodes
(A) Results with siRNAs that target RRAS pathwa... (B) Diagram showing the relationships of protei... (C) Modifier effects of loss-of-function in Ras...
). Aerobic pathways are indicated by black arrows and anaerobic pathways by red lines; enzymes or pathways found in the E. granulosus transcriptome are in yellow and additional components identified in E. multilocularis, in grey ; end products of fermentation routes are in black with white letters (acetate and propionate are also marked because they have been observed as excreted end products of E. granulosus metabolism ; although enzymes for their generation were not found in our dataset).
NuRD, differentiation, and Wnt in relation to Cdk2ap1 in a global context
Important roles of SFKs in G protein-coupled receptor-induced platelet activation
Proposed mechanism of heparanase-mediated activation of ERK
, IL-6/R or OSM activates the JAK/STAT3 pathway, which increases Bcl-xL expression and causes activation of the Akt signaling pathway in a STAT3-dependent manner
(A) optimized pathway upon compartmentalization based on the equivalent... (B) Signaling dataset, consisting of 15 cytokines in combinations of two...
Model of anti-AC IgM-mediated suppression of TLR responses
Proposed model for TNF-Œ±/PKC-mediated up-regulation of LEPRb protein level and cell surface expression
Model illustrating how nicotine plus a HFD could exacerbate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in obese mice
Binding of histamine to H1R activates PKCŒ¥ and translocates PKCŒ¥ from the cytosol to the Golgi apparatus, where PKCŒ¥ phosphorylates MEK and ERK
The roles of miRNAs in DNA damage response
A scheme depicting the different outcomes caused by the presence of progerin and prelamin in cells
Schematic illustration of design of chimeric Embden-Meyerhof (EM) pathway
Most of the molecules in the B-cell as well as in the T-cell receptor pathway are down-regulated for non-responding patients upon immunotherapy (POST <PRE), whereas gene expression of the same molecules is up-regulated for responding patients (POST >PRE)
Immune therapy leads to activation of stimulatory pathways in responding subjects
Most enriched molecular networks showing interactions between the significant genes (according to SAM)‚Äî(a) FOSB, ERK, MAPK3, CYR61, and the RAS-genes; (b) DUSP1, ERK1/2, P38MAPK, DUSP9, and RASD1; (c) CYR61 and NFRŒ∫B
A schematic representation depicting A; the protein synthesis pathway in skeletal muscle involving the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
Synthesis of nitric oxide and transduction cascades
Schematic illustration of DNA repair pathways and implicated proteins
Intracellular trafficking proteins involved in CMT neuropathy
Chemotactic signaling pathway in sea urchin sperm
The schematic diagram is a hypothetical depiction of the H3 receptor-mediated signalling pathways in the CNS and their probable implications
(a) The type II diabetes mellitus and insulin s... (b) The pathway of arachidonate synthesis and c... (c) The schematic diagram of IgH loci in the ca...
Interconnected signaling cascades for CS-mediated pancreatic injury
The GeneGo “Cell Adhesion_ECM remodeling” pathway map
Schematic diagram of the class I PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis pathway
CTGF and Œ±vβ5 integrin interaction activates ASK1, and p38/JNK pathways, which enhances binding of p65 to the NF-Œ∫B site and c-Jun to the AP-1 site, resulting in the transactivation of IL-6 expression
The K2 toxin (grey oval) initially binds to cell wall-localized β-1,6-glucan
AMPK is phosphorylated and activated by LKB1 in response to an increasing cellular AMP:ATP ratio (which reflects a decrease in energy supply)
Activation of the IGF-2R with Leu27IGF2 in vivo did not change the amount of downstream proteins in the Gαq signalling pathway
Retinoid refractoriness due to phosphorylation of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR Œ±), and its restoration by acyclic retinoid (ACR) in liver carcinogenesis
Changes in the Plasmodium falciparum redox flux network after MB drug action.Notes: Results incorporating the transcription data and experimental mRNA expression data nine hours after incubation with methylene blue are shown
Schematic representation of proposed models for the release of apoptogenic proteins from the mitochondrial inter-membrane space mediating the mitochondrial death decision
Expression data mapped onto the KEGG pathway network
Interaction loop between the EGFR signaling pathway and miR-221/222 expression in the modulation of cellular processes
Schematic depiction of the role of the retromer complex in mediating endosomal protein sorting
Microarray gene expression profiling analysis of primary WT/FFAA diploid control cells (O), or tumor cells with limited expansion (B) or unlimited expansion (A)
Representation of the major players in the ceramide metabolism pathways
Arrows indicate the direction of signal transduction
Orthologs between different organisms are placed in the same relative position
(A) “mirDIP” based computational analysis of te... (B) KEGG pathway mapping identified Prion disea... (C) Using the concept of network biology, we co...
Summary of the signaling pathways of PKMŒ∂-mediated late-LTP
Proposed mechanism of alkylphospholipid (ODPC)-induced raft-based inhibition of cell signaling
Scheme of the BK-mediated signals linked to MMP-9 expression and brain astrocytic migration
14-3-3 signaling canonical pathway from IPA
Different STAT3 phosphorylation states affect different properties of neural stem cells: serine phosphorylation induces survival whereas tyrosine phosphorylation induces differentiation
Figure 1.Combination chemoimmunotherapy for vascularized solid cancers using HSP90 inhibitors.
See  for details of particular enzyme subcellular localization based on experimental and/or sequence evidence
Top three networks of significantly associated molecules in TGF-β1+LPS+IFNγ-treated astrocytes
Three IPA Canonical Signaling Pathways: CD40, IL-1, and Chemokine Signaling in TGF-β1+LPS+IFNγ-treated astrocytes
Insulin signalling pathway and its interconnections with the TOR pathway
(A) The link between the inactivat... (B) Another commonly found link in... (C) The link of L inactivating TOR... (D) Another route to AKT1 activati...
Ischemia induces intracellular ROS accumulation, antioxidant potential descent and lipid peroxidation, which causes Intracellular oxidative stress
Protein regulation expression patterns overlaid from first biological replicate
Assumed role of mitochondria, Ca2+, and ROS in neuronal excitotoxicity and epileptogenesis
Summary diagram of Nrf2 and HIF1 stimulation in presence of oxidative stress
Summary of the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the development of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and inhibition by mTOR inhibitors
Physiological signaling pathway of low peroxynitrite
Figure 1. Cell cycle regulators and the Rho/ROCK pathway.
Signaling pathways in the homologous up-regulation of the mouse GnRHR promoter by GnRH in gonadotrope and non-gonadotrope cells
Biological pathways targeted for therapy in renal cell carcinoma based on a knowledge of the underlying genetic changes and downstream biological consequences
The iLOCi detected genes from BD and their maps in 'neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction' pathway
The iLOCi detected genes from CAD and their maps in 'cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction' pathway
The iLOCi detected genes from T1D and their maps in 'type I diabetes mellitus' pathway
Activated macrophages secrete TNFŒ± (and possibly additional cytokines) which synergize with IFNγ in fibroblasts to block virus growth by a mechanism that is dependent on caspase signaling
Proteins of the CED-10 Rac pathway are labeled in yellow
Part of the top canonical pathway affected by in vivo LPS administration into the human lung
Treatment of astrocytes with gp120 results in the binding of gp120 by the CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors and the subsequent activation of PI3K/Akt and p38-MAPK
IPA analysis of the top 100 probe-sets from heart and muscle gene clusters () showed the enrichment of calcium signalling pathway
A schematic representation of anti-motility versus anti-growth signaling by TGFβ3 in two human skin cell types critical for wound healing
Proposed molecular mechanisms mediating GRPR regulation of brain function
Simplified scheme of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK) signaling pathway.Notes:BRAF and NRAS are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in melanoma
A possible inflammatory signaling pathway that results from the functional associations of the identified inflammation-related proteins (marked with an underline), which is regulated by acupuncture in asthma
Full network comparison of the original canonical pathway and the inferred cell-type-specific pathway
Figure¬†2. Shigella inhibits acute inflammatory responses at the initial stage of infection.
Figure 1. The proposed T4SS-dependent activation of miR-155 expression in macrophages during H. pylori infection.
The Ras/MAPK/Ets pathway involved in transcriptional regulation of the Vegfr3 gene in LECs
Figure¬†1. GPCR signaling regulates the Hippo pathway.
(A) The intrinsic (mitochondrial) cell death pathway is controlled by th... (B) The Mcl-1 gene consists of three exons; the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1L an...
Construction of the regulatory networks associated with the selected genes using IPA® database
A node represents metabolic pathway and edges denote cross-talks between pathways
Postsynaptic receptors for Aβ oligomers affect different signaling pathways
Genetic engineering approach for increasing Œ±-santalene production
A model of the proposed mechanism by which telmisartan improves insulin sensitivity in obese db/db mice
. The signal pathway related with EGF-induced EMT.
Lines with arrow represent ‘activation’ and lines with no arrow represent ‘inhibition’
GTP has shown to affect epigenetic and various signaling pathways
The mammalian N-end rule pathway.,,, N-terminal residues are indicated by single-letter abbreviations for amino acids
The role of scaffolds KSR and Ste5 in MAPK signaling
The classical G protein signaling pathway (L, ligand; CM, cell membrane; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; AC, adenylate cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; PLCβ, phospholipase Cβ; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; ER, endoplasmatic reticulum; PKC, protein kinase C; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor)
Network of biglycan signaling in osteoblast differentiation and stabilizing role of biglycan in skeletal muscle
Two rapamycin-sensitive myogenic mTOR signaling pathways
The signaling network of astrocyte-synapse interactions
Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) signaling pathway involved in hMPV-induced gene expression in primary immune cells
RIG-I/MAVS signaling pathway regulating hMPV-induced NF-Œ∫B and IRF activation in airway epithelial cells
Generalized overview of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways
Mechanism of muscle protein synthesis inhibition by GCs
Pathway diagrams illustrating up-regulation of autophagy-related genes (A) and down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and ATP synthesis (B)
Chemokine Signaling Pathway from the KEGG database (ID: mmu04062) overlaid with log2 fold change values for genes differentially expressed between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 at day 14
Ammonia induces increase in intracellular ROS production and cytokines, probably through cAMP/PKA, ERK and NO
The p53 signaling pathway identified by Pathway-Express analysis
TGF-β latency, activation and signal transduction
Literature-derived information for potential associations among the concordant epigenes was obtained using Genomatix Pathway System (GePS)
Proposed model for the signaling pathway mediating NF-Œ∫B activation induced by C-type lectin receptors
Working Model of the Interplay between the Kennedy Pathway and the Lands Cycle.This model summarizes the major steps of the Kennedy pathway and the Lands cycle
Mechanisms of NF-Œ∫B inhibition by A20 in the TNFR1 signaling pathway
Red marks indicate the genes with differential phosphorylation profiles
Mathematical model of the apoptotic pathways induced by cisplatin
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway
Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 signaling pathway
Microarray analysis of Wnt signaling component gene in kidney of WT and KLTG
Vicious spirals of repeating self-accelerating oxidative stress and dysregulated redox and information signaling as possible causes of type 2 diabetes
Scheme for relationships between exercise-associated hemodynamic changes, inflammatory response, and Hsp
Regulation of the FOXO3a survival, and glycolysis pathways under hypoxia in Spalax
In the canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway, stimulation of various receptors, which complex with TNF receptor‚Äìassociated factors (TRAFs) and the receptor interacting protein (RIP), leads to activation of the IKK complex, targeting the NF-Œ∫B inhibitors IŒ∫BŒ± and IŒ∫B for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation
Mechanism of collagen gene regulation by scleraxis
Cartoon depicting the role of sialidases during the multistep process of myogenesis
Schematic representation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3/mTOR signaling
Potential antidepressant molecular targets based on the predominant PI3K/AKT/GSK3 pathways
Proposed mechanism for MCME-mediated inhibition against migration of CL1 cells
PTEN acts as the endogenous antagonist of the PI3K-regulated growth pathway
Schematic representation of mTORC1 signaling to the translational machinery
Schematic representation of mTORC2 signaling pathway
Schematic representation of MAPK signaling to the translational machinery
Pharmacologic inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and known interactions with pathway components (see  for references)
Pharamcologic activators and enhancers of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and known interactions with pathway components (see  for references)
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) top network that incorporates 9 genes identified as differentially methylated between methotrexate-naïve cases and controls by HM27 analysis
Inhibition of insulin signaling pathway by SOCS1 and SOCS3
Serine kinases involved in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Initiation of the inflammatory response to monosodium urate crystals (MSU) by the innate immune system
Schematic representation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)/Akt pathway and its relationship to the androgen receptor (AR) based on the results of three papers published recently by the laboratories of Charles Sawyers, Damu Tang and Hong Wu
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K1 activates PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling thereby activating protein synthesis and survival pathways, while inhibiting apoptotic pathways
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vGPCR broadly activates PI3K and MAPK pathways, leading to increased production of cytokines and growth factors, with a concurrent increase in cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptotic pathways
New metabolic retrograde signaling pathways
Schematic illustration of 22C11-induced BACE1 accumulation and Aβ production in neurons
Carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer cells and role of different miRNAs in cancer pathways
Representation of the “Interferon Signaling” and “Toll-like Receptor Signaling” pathways
The main signaling pathways involved in thyroid carcinogenesis are the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathway (reproduced with permission) []
Regulatory effects of MDM2 on NF-Œ∫B and p53 signaling pathways
The miR-29 family is involved in multiple cellular processes
Dysregulation of the cell cycle pathway during tumor progression
Signaling pathways driving mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into lineages found in reparative disorders
Figure 7. Schematic model illustrating the mechanism of FOXO3-induced autophagy.
Figure 1. Inactivation of RBX1-CRL E3 ligase triggers protective autophagy.
Illustration of the expression levels of enzymes within the glycolytic pathway and major connections in the C
Figure 5. Working model for the role of EML4-ALK chimeric kinase in driving the progression of NSCLC through activation of the EGFR pathway.
Protein network analysis of hits reveals multiple connections between signaling molecules and Golgi proteins
Various subnetworks of signaling molecules that regulate Golgi structure
A model for the central role of USP18 in the regulation of type I IFN signaling pathways in pancreatic beta cells
The illustration of the molecular signaling pathway of ER stress-induced cell apoptosis provoked by β-tubulin:CCT-β complex destruction
Three examples of chromatin-modifying complexes and their mode of action
Possible mechanism by which oridonin induces the apoptosis of HGC-27 cells
GluN2AR- and GluN2BR-interacting signaling in neuronal survival and death
Differentially expressed genes within the Wnt Signalling pathway
TGFβ acting on stromal cells in the primary tumour promotes metastasis
Principal platelet membrane receptors and signal transduction pathways
Homeostatic role of IFNy pathway and IFNy-dependence of IL2 pathway in heathy men
Figure 1. (A) Schematic representation of the relevant molecular partners/sub... (B) Model depicting the intertwinement of GRK2-mediated regulation...
Figure 2. Schematic representation of molecular complexes involving neuropilins of the plasma membrane of cancer and/or endothelial cells.
Modes of action of environmental risk factors for autism at excitatory synapses in the CNS
CRM1 regulates the PI3K signaling pathway in MCL
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation
(A) Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system Top: The scheme depicts platelet-derived polyphosphates (PolyP) acting (intravascularly) as endogenous activators of the KKS (contact phase of coagulation)
Analysis of Central Metabolic Pathway Gene Expression with Compartmentalization Information.Heat maps in boxes indicate the expression of individual genes, and the chart plots indicate the aggregate expression levels of the pathway genes
Schematic representation of signal activation of human somatostatin receptor subtype-2 by membrane-displayed somatostatin
Proposed leptin signaling pathway in adipose Sca-1+/CD45-/CD34+MSC cells
Bayesian regulatory network and optimal regulatory pathway of p42.3 protein
TRPV1 contributes to synaptic plasticity
Pathway in MAS and differentially expressed genes: as shown in Figure, IGSF4, PTPRC (CD45) and CD3D belong to a family of cell surface adhesion molecules
Summary of inhibitory effects of LY294002 on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and ABC transporters that characterize stem cells
Figure 2. Concept of the link between choline metabolism and intracellular signaling.
Candidate miRNAs target genes involved in cell growth, survival, migration, and cell cycle progression
The proposed signaling pathway of Tat-induced nuclear localization of ZO-1 in human brain endothelial cells
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of proteins induced by DNP.A, overview of 15 specific functional networks, each of which contains 11 or more “focus” proteins (proteins that were significantly up- or down-regulated)
HD-iPSCs, corrected iPSCs, and iPSC-derived neurons reveal key disease-associated phenotypes
Functional interaction sub-network constructed by using module 2 genes
Schematic diagram of possible key signaling components in the force-mediated stem cell differentiation
PTHrP signaling pathways during endochondral ossification
Significantly differentially expressed genes identified by KEGG as involved in toll-like receptor signaling
A simple model for regulation of breast cancer initiating cells (BT-IC) self-renewal in breast cancer
Regulation of apoptosis by several pathways
Schematic representation of RAS/PI3K/mTOR/STAT3 signaling
MAPK pathways and Proteasome inhibitors: Proteasome inhibitors modulate the members of MAPK pathway and control cell cycle of cancer cells
A schematic shows the FOXO3-dependent activation of ATM-pS1981, Chk2-pT68, HIPK2, p53-pS15, p53-pS20, p53-pS46, and the possible roles of p53 and Hdm2 in downregulation of FOXO3 as negative feedback loops, and the downstream p53 apoptotic-signaling pathway after DNA damage induced by CPT
Schematic representation of LPA-LPAR1/3 GŒ±i2‚Äìmediated activation of p130Cas in cell migration
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway figure supplied by KEGG [[]]
The quantitative system pharmacology approach for a schizophrenia model is based on actual preclinical neurophysiology and human neuroanatomy
Leptin/Ob-Rb binding results in insulin receptor substrate (IRS) phosphorylation, which in turn activates PI3K/AKT pathway through the association of IRS with the regulatory subunit p85 of AKT
Leptin produced by cancer cells and adipocytes through ObRb activate JAK/STAT pathway and MAPK pathway which augments AP-1 expression which leads to increased CYP19A1 (aromatase) gene transcription leading to increased local estrogen production, thus augmenting estrogen signaling through ER-945;
(a–c) Fungal-derived resorcyclic acid lactones
Figure 2. An illustration of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Figure 3. Summary of insulinotropic and insulinomimetic effects of GLP-1 and its cleavage products in pancreatic β-cells.
Figure 1. The mechanisms by which AMPK regulate NADPH homeostasis during energy stress.
CD30 signals through TRAFs: upon stimulation by CD30L, CD30 recruits TRAF2 via interaction with its TRAF binding motif, resulting in TRAF2 degradation
The mTOR is a serine‚Äìthreonine protein kinase, which forms two complexes, rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 and relatively rapamycin-insensitive mTORC2 (not shown)
Distinct activation pathways for different CDKs
The pocket protein regulatory network is disrupted by multiple mechanisms in cancer
Two hypotheses for Gwl activation and mitotic entry
CSF arrest is the result of a tight balance between PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56
Schema of the possible roles of Trp-His on CaMK II-mediated VDCC phosphorylation in VSMCs
Host immune response to viral infection (Interferon Signaling Pathways)
Signal transduction pathways of the amino acid (AA) response (AAR)
Proposed model for ginsenosides to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis through induction of small heterodimer partner (SHP) gene expression, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, or phosphorylation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway
Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways can occur by upstream mutations in growth factor receptors or by mutations in upstream kinases and coupling molecules
ERK can phosphorylate members of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and even upstream EGFR
ERK and Akt can phosphorylate many targets which serve to regulate cell proliferation
Some of the regulatory interactions in the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Pathway are indicated
Proposed model of Fas-mediated death of photoreceptors under light stress
Cross-talk between muscle (pink) and tendon (dark grey) cells in Drosophila
Figure 2. Scheme illustrating STAT3 mediated processing of individual miRNAs and contrariwise, the modulation of the STAT3 pathway by miRNAs at different levels.
Figure 1. Cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway.
Figure 1. Interactions between microbial pathogens and IL-10-JAK-STAT signaling pathway elements.
Figure 1. Regulation of the LIF-mediated signaling pathway in mouse ESCs.
Figure 3. Coupling of gp130 (blue, right) to cardiac protective signaling.
Figure 2. A putative model for JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Figure 1. Models of mechanical stretch activation of JAK kinases and STAT proteins.
Figure 2. Endothelin-1 receptor crosstalk with Ang II receptor to potentiate JAK2 kinase activity.
Figure 4. Interaction between the JAK-STAT pathway and the CLP-1-P-TEFb transcriptional regulatory mechanism.
Figure 1. Hypothetical model depicting the activation of Ce-Duox1/BLI-3 and the p38 MAPK pathway in C. elegans during infection.
Postulated model for regulation of large luteal cells of ruminants (left) and primates (right)
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR), store overload-induced Ca2+ release (SOICR), and triggered arrhythmia.The left part of the diagram (in blue) depicts the mechanism of CICR, in which an action potential activates the voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channel, leading to a small Ca2+ influx
Estrogen receptor functional domains and signal transduction schemes
Transrepression of estrogen receptor and NFŒ∫B
Activation of TAZ upon epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cells
Genes with mutations that cause monogenic, severe T-cell immunodeficiency in humans can be intrinsic to the thymic epithelium or to T cells
Loss of function of PTEN leads to activation of the mTOR pathway mainly via the PI3K/Akt pathway and secondarily via the MEK pathway
Model of gene regulatory networks in mammalian sex determination
Inducing autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR pathway.mTOR is a downstream effector of the class I phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway
Inducing autophagy independent of the mTOR pathway.The cyclical mTOR-independent pathway consists of the cAMP-Epac-PLC-…õ, phosphoinositol and Ca2+-calpain-GSŒ± pathways and has multiple points where it can be modulated to induce autophagy in order to treat polyglutamine diseases
Transcriptional regulation network centered on SP1 involves many genes of interest from pathways enriched in memory impairment
The activation of p53 in response to a lack of nutrient signals results in the enhanced transcription of Pten, TSC2 and AMPK (beta subunit), to block the functioning of the IGF-1/mTor pathways in transformed cells
p53 is able to reduce the flux through the glycolytic pathway and increase oxidative phosphorylation, and in doing so opposes the Warburg effect
Putative LAMB3 regulated genes in “focal adhesion pathway” from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
(1), Upon growth factor binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) is activated
Activation of this pathway can occur by mutations in upstream growth factor receptors (GFR) or by stimulation by the appropriate GF
A sketch of the relationship between IGF signalling, the PI3K pathway and androgen responses in the prostate
Upon binding of active TGF-β to the TGF-β type I (ALK5) and type II (TβRII) receptor, ALK5 is phosphorylated and activated by TβRII
Canonical and non-canonical NFŒ∫B pathways
A: Immune regulatory mechanisms fail within the islet as diabetes progre... B: Islet environment promotes CTL function. Beta-cell antigen presentati...
Experimental evidence indicates that PTPN2 regulates apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells upon exposure to inflammatory cytokines by modulating phosphorylation of STAT1, which induces the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway
Emerging signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma
Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-NRAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling stream is central in a large proportion of melanomas (mels), with BRAF and NRAS being the most commonly activated oncogenes
Coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways.HMWK, high molecular weight kininogen; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; FPA, fibrinopeptide A; FPB, fibrinopeptide B; FDP, fibrin degradation products; t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator; u-PA, urokinase plasminogen activator; PAI-1, plaminogen activator inhibitor type-1
Natural inhibitors of coagulation and anticoagulant drugs.TF, tissue factor; VKA, vitamin K antagonists; AT, antithrombin; APC, activated protein C; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor type-1
Recognition of particulate and soluble β-glucans by dectin-1 and signal transduction in macrophages and DCs
Schematic presentation depicting the regulation of receptor signaling through G-proteins
Major molecular pathways mediating cholangiocyte proliferation
Niclosamide targets the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and mTORC1 pathways
IGFBP5 enters cells through its own surface receptor or by freely diffusing into the cytoplasm
Schematic representation of the Id2-induced cellular proliferation pathway in SCC
Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is deregulated by mutations in cancer
(A) Identity of key players in the... (B) In the fed state, when insulin... (C) The TLKO mice studies by Lu an... (D) Pajvani’s group contends, on t...
Putative intracellular cascades activated by cyclic di‚Äênucleotides
Cell death signaling by the ER stress response/UPR
A working model for the signaling mechanisms that mediate the cellular functions of TRPM7 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
A working model for the proliferative, prosurvival, and migratory roles of TRPM8 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells
Scheme of the endothelial angiopoietin (Angpt)/Tie2 system highlighting fundamental signalling pathways
Model of the possible mechanism of JAK2/STAT3 signalling in the apoptosis of CRC
Reaction sequences leading to attenuated arrhythmias
The network analysis of proteomics using IPA
Schematic representation for possible mechanisms underlying the protective role of ALA against vascular calcification
Figure 2. Subcellular localization of mammalian Shugoshins.
Simplified schematic diagram of skeletal muscle protein synthesis following exercise
Biological interaction networking of PSME1 and RPS12 in chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG)
A schematic representation of the signaling pathway showing the possible role for cyclic-AMP responsive element binding (CREB) protein and CREB-binding protein (CBP) in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Lck is a central node in the T cell receptor signaling pathway
Schematic signal pathway by siRNA targeting AIMP2-DX2 in NCI-H460 cells
The sequential pathway leading to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury
MAPK pathway: The three main sub-families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are extracellularregulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal activated kinases (JNK) and p38 that mediate immune cell functional responses to different extracellular stimuli through multiple receptors
NF-Œ∫B pathway: IŒ∫Bs bind to functional NF-kB transcription factors (p50/p60) in cytoplasm in absence of stimuli and prevent their nuclear translocation
Signal transduction pathways associated with the WNT canonical and noncanonical pathways deregulated in radiation-induced thyroid tumors.The figure gives a simplified overview of the WNT canonical pathway with potential connections with the EGFR, SHH, NOTCH and BMP pathways (A) and the WNT noncanonical pathway (B).
Summary diagram showing the role of ATG16L1 and NOD2 in the autophagy pathway and the defects observed when Crohn’s disease (CD) associated mutations are present
Autophagy is initiated by stimuli that activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase, Vps34
Regulation of cellular stress-induced cell death pathways by IAPs
Protein complexes and their connection with metabolism
Main metabolic pathways of E.coli together with transcription factors
Overall regulation mechanism for the main metabolism by enzyme level regulation and transcriptional regulation
KEGG Pathway database map showing Notch signaling including proteolytic cleavage and translocation of Notch followed by transcriptional activation of Notch target genes
Figure 1. HDAC inhibitor-induced autophagy and cell death.
Schematic representation of PI3K-AKT pathway and associated cellular activities
Current model for NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway induced by C-type lectin receptors
Peli1 mediates IKK activation by the TRIF-dependent TLR pathway
TOB1 was involved in regulation of tumor growth and metastasis via the PI3K/PTEN signaling pathway
Putative pathway of the inhibition of LPS-activated inflammatory signaling by compound 7
Model of activation of DCs by HKBA showing the stimulation of TLR2 and TLR9 and cross-talk between their respective signal transduction pathways
Summary of statin‐mediated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation in macrophages
Proposed signaling pathway regulating GLUT12 translocation and glucose transport
Simplified schema of interconnections between small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway proteins and other factors regulating androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcription
AR-independent promotion of prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation and angiogenesis by the SUMO pathway
Schematic representation of Ca2+signaling machineries in animals and fungi
Schematic diagram of the metabolic pathways regulating oxidative stress and endosome traffic controlling the recycling of receptor and adaptor proteins between the cell surface and lysosomes
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) displaying regulatory relationships among highly expressed (green) and lower (red) placental transcripts in less muscular women as compared with women with high arm muscle area
Role of MALT1 in signaling to NF-Œ∫B in ABC DLBCL
Exercise activates a wide variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways to promote neurogenesis of granule cells from neuroprogenitors in the dentate gyrus
A schematic illustration of the current working hypothesis on IFNT signaling in ovine uterine stroma and uterine glandular epithelium compared to uterine luminal (LE) and supferficial glandular (sGE) epithelia
A proposed model of IFNT signal transduction cascades that is independent of STAT1 in the ovine uterine LE and sGE
(A) All proteins associated with striated muscle contraction were extracted from the Reactome pathway database, and a protein-protein interaction network was visualized with STRING ()
Theoretical structure of this triple-hit nALI model as a translational study
Pathway Tools output of gene expression data of L664 relative to SL1344
This figure highlights previously established ILK signaling partners and emphasizes data from the current study
Schematic summary of the results obtained from the microarray analysis
Effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) binding to lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1)
A proposed mechanism for the cytoprotective effects of curcumin against amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress, involving the upregulation of HO-1 expression via activation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway and downregulation of HO-2 expression in APPswe transfected SH-SY5Y cells, as a model of Alzheimer's disease.PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Nrf2: nuclear factor- E2-related factor; LY294002: 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl- 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
Extracellular regulation of satellite cell fate
The MET oncogene and its signaling pathway
Schematic representation of MET/HGF signaling and functional cross-talk with other pathways
Schematic representation of mechanisms of resistance due to MET/HGF pathway and potential interventional strategies
This figure presents one mechanism of how v-FLIP assists v-cyclin to bypass the cellular senescence response, allowing v-cyclin-mediated cell hyperproliferation during latent infection of KSHV
There is a strong association between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and the development of cancer formation because of viral immune evasion
Major known oxidant/antioxidant pathways in living organisms
Schematic outline of CD30 signaling and CD30 promoter induction by Ets-1–JunB in ALCL and HL
The mTOR pathway and its interactions with other important pathways and cellular process relevant to cancer
(A) PD-1 signaling in effector T cells. PD-1 inhibits the PI3K and Ras p... (B) Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of Foxp3. HATs and...
Outline of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation by TGF-β in mesangial cells
A model for the regulation of early TH2 differentiation by TCR signal strength
A model for early determination of Teff cell fate versus TFH cell fate controlled by TCR signal strength
Schematic model of signaling pathways implicated in tumor cell VM
Schematic diagram showing (A) the general signaling pathway for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and (B) the specific pathway for activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase.Abbreviations: ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.
The Hh pathway critical components which could be targeted by potential antibasal cell carcinoma drugs.Notes: The mechanism of action of each single drug is explained in the text
The TGFβ/Smad canonical signaling pathway
Mutational activation of KRAS is found in >90pct of PDA and contributes to tumor initiation and progression of the disease
DEGs in p53 signaling pathway Up-regulated and down-regulated genes are color-coded in red and green, respectively
DEGs in cell cycle pathway Up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs are highlighted in red and green, respectively
The intracellular signalling pathways that are activated by insulin and amino acids after feeding and that lead to the activation of translation initiation in the immature skeletal muscle
MAPK signalling pathway with unstable and stable (copy number and expression) genes represented
Model of cyclophosphamide (CTX)‐mediated immunomodulation on the basis of genes up‐regulated by treatment
Acute metabolic effects of AMPK activation
LKB1及其下游相关靶点信号通路示意结构图Schematic illustration of LKB1 signaling pathway and related downstream targets for cancer therapy
Schematic representation of the N-linked protein glycosylation pathway
Signaling pathways linking EphA and RhoA in regulation of cell adhesion/repulsion
T cells experience progressive changes in their phenotypes following antigenic stimulation
The Notch pathway generates a short-range communication channel utilized throughout skin development and elsewhere in the adult to regulate multiple cellular processes (e.g., proliferation, stem cell and stem cell niche maintenance, cell fate specification, differentiation and cell death).
Self-renewal and differentiation are tightly balanced by opposing signals received from cell surface receptors
Hypothetical model of cotinine's potentiation of the Œ±7 nAChR
The PI3K/Akt signal pathway is crucial to SDF1/CXCR-mediated homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) after myocardiac infarction
Cno is a novel regulator of the Slit-Robo signaling pathway
siRNA screening identifies TrkB, TrkC, and FGFR1
Schematic illustration of the involvement of APPL1 in synaptic NMDA receptor-dependent neuroprotection
Schematic diagram of the effect of BDNF/TrkB and downstream signaling pathways on central sensitization following C-fiber activity
Proposed model for attenuation of canonical TGF-β SMAD and activation of non-canonical TGF-β-NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways in HNSCC
MUC1-C forms complexes with EGFR at the cell membrane that are mediated by extracellular galectin-3 bridges
Overview of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
A simplified diagram of signal pathway convergence at downstream nuclear targets
Major signaling pathways regulating RSV-induced NF-Œ∫B and IRF activation in airway epithelial cells
Classification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
The NF-Œ∫B activation pathway is regulated by S-nitrosylation
A generalized overview of the regulation of apoptosis by sphingolipids
Molecular mechanism for Elovl5 control of mTORC2, FoxO1-S256 phosphorylation, and hepatic GNG
Cocaine causes transcription-dependent neuroplasticity in the reward pathway
Effects of glutamate receptor activation on APP processing
BMP2-WNT4-FOXO1 pathway in HESC differentiation
A schematic diagram of Apicomplexa illustrating the differences in the metabolic capabilities of T
EC coupling in the heart starts with depolarization of the T tubule, which activates voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) in the plasma membrane
(A) The RyR2 macromolecular complex includes four identical RyR2 subunit... (B) In HF, PKA hyperphosphorylation of Ser2809, due to reduced PDE4D3, P...
Based on integration of the present data into previous models, we propose the following
Genes whose mRNA expression is suppressed by nicotine in RAW264.7 cells under poly(I:C) stimulation compared with those under poly(I:C) stimulation only are mapped to three gene networks, as predicted by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
Nicotine’s effect on multiple signal transducers in the downstream pathway of calcium
Schematic representation of the role of SQ22,536 in cAMP signaling
Schematic illustration of miR-146b function in IEC-6 cells mediating TGF-β signaling
Canonical pathway representing LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function obtained by IPA from the analysis of HT29 data set
Canonical pathway representing NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response obtained by IPA from the analysis of SW480 data set
Iron homeostasis in absorptive enterocytes, macrophages, erythroblasts, and hepatocytes and its routes of circulation in the organism
Iron transport across the placenta (syncytiotrophoblasts)
Schematic representation of GXM-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced signal
Pathway representation of canonical and Pyk2-mediated TLR9 signaling
WNV infection is sensed by PRR from the RLR family (RIG-I and MDA5, green) or TLR family (TLR3 and TLR7, yellow and orange)
A model for Src-induced tumorigenesis by JNK-dependent Hippo pathway regulation
Schematic of TGF-β1 stimulated profibrotic epithelial signaling to pericytes during fibrotic kidney injury
Mechanism controlling adipogenesis and the physiology of adipose tissue
Proposed mechanisms of the reduced activation of G3139 in RIT-INPs
T2D genome, T2D interactome, T2D transcriptome and antidiabetic drug interacting genes are mapped on to KEGG pathway for TGF-beta signaling
The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed two significantly enriched pathways with the following maps
The upregulated HCV gene signature is enriched for interferon (IFN) pathway genes
Scheme depicts the presumed mechanism of action of GO in CD33+ AML cells ,
BDNF peptides B-5 and B-3 may interact with or compete for the binding site of BDNF to its transmembrane receptor TrkB
(A) Apoptosis signaling at 24 h po... (B) Death receptor signaling at 4... (C) Corticotropin-releasing hormon... (D) Amyloid processing pathway at...
(A) Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)... (B) Cyclic AMP-response element binding (CREB)... (C) Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling at 4 h pos...
(A) Axon guidance signaling pathway is associated with regeneration and... (B) TNFR1 signaling pathway is associated with inflammation and cell dea...
Epstein-Barr virus interactions with the Bcl-2 protein family and apoptosisEBV infection disrupts normal cell death and survival pathways in various human tumor cells, including lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells
Overview of biotinylated miR-182-5p pull-down-predicted targets involved in the DNA damage response pathway genes involved in different canonical pathways underlying the DNA damage response, including the G2M cell cycle checkpoint, BRCA1-dependent HR-mediated pathway, cyclins and role of cell cycle regulators, role of CHK proteins, and ATM signaling
ATPγS activates the P2 receptor/PKC/NADPH oxidase pathway to enhance ROS generation, which in turn initiates the activation of Jak2 and STAT3, and ultimately induces COX-2-dependent PGE2 generation in A549 cells
NPY signals through the GŒ± subunit, while SST activates the Gβγ complex
Signaling networks involved in regulation of apoptosis in collecting duct cells
The top network, “DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair, Gene Expression, Cancer”, formed by genes exhibiting altered expression in MLT-pretreated MCF-7 cells upon MMS exposure relative to untreated MMS-exposed cells
Main deregulated signaling pathways in PMBCL
AF inhibits the Trx-reduced activity of TrxR, whereas SeC competes with Trx and causes ROS accumulation
Figure 3. SLK signaling in apoptosis and cell cycle.
Figure 2. CagA-deregulated signals that mediate hummingbird phenotype.
Figure 3. Integrin α7β1 is a major laminin-211 receptor in skeletal muscle.
Figure 1. CRMP2 activity in T lymphocytes: alteration by viral infection.
Insulin signaling and glucose transport in normal hearts and in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Energy metabolism in a typical mammalian cell
Model depicting the canonical Nrf2 stress response pathway in each of the different phases: basal, preinduction, induction, postinduction
(A) The y-axis monitors the progress of spatial restriction of the ANE (... (B) Diagram showing the state of the ANE in embryos lacking either Wnt/β...
A. Pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells; B. the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathway in cardiomyocyte differentiation; C. Notch signaling pathway.
iRF decreases the capacity of cell migration through inhibition of MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities as well as expression
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulates SERT activity through an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)- and p38 MAPK-dependent signaling pathway
An illustration of the IIF pathway genes.Notes: Arrows indicate the direction of signal transduction
This optimization was run at neighborhood size 6 with flat coefficient library
First and second order connections to purH are visualized in Cytoscape
Hypothetical gastrin-CCKBR signal transduction pathway
Crosstalk between the estrogen receptor and EGFR/HER2/IGF1R membrane tyrosine kinase receptors can lead to gene expression and cell growth independent of hormonal activation, mainly via activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways.Notes: The estrogen receptor can also be regulated by these membrane receptors, which act as coactivators and lead to phosphorylation of estrogen receptors in the absence of estrogen (ligand-independent receptor activation)
Model illustrating potential early effects of cold stress on phospholipid metabolism and de novo synthesis in Arabidopsis
Network analysis of known SLE-associated genes
Oncogenic signals regulate each stage of translation
Aerobic glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and key glycolytic shunts
Signal transduction pathways and activation of the innate immune response
Subnetworks identified from (a) Wang et al. (b) van de Vijver et al.
Subnetworks identified from (a) Loi et al. (b) Symmans et al.
Actions of Nec-1 and its derivatives in a mouse system
The putative role of VHL-HIF-EPO pathway in RCC progression
1: Nodal signaling to the myocardium through the transcription factor FoxH1 is required to asymmetrically increase cardiac migration rates specifically on the left of the cardiac cone
(A) Cellular processes dependent on RNAi machinery. In organisms with a... (B) Viral pressure as a selective force for the loss of RNAi in fungi an...
Viral nucleic acids may be recognized in a host cell by membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLR3) or cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
A pathway from EGF-EGFR complex to MMP, which includes miR-9 and let-7, is given in (A) and a simplified pathway is shown in (B)
LXRs and prostate physiology: potential beneficial actions of LXRs over prostate cancer
HMGB1 in the tumor microenvironment and hypothesis of HMGB1 functioning via NF-kB and epigenetic pathways
Predicted pathways by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA) according to microarrays results in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
Molecular pathways affected by CR and irradiation
Pathways of relationships identified by feeding gene expression patterns identified in erythroid progenitors to the Ingenuity software
The colored bars represent the percentage of the transcripts in each bin (re-annotated to MapMan classification) whether up-regulated (red) or down-regulated (blue) under PEG or NaCl treatment in different cotton tissues
Proposed mechanism of neuroprotection of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) Scriptaid against traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Schematic diagram of effector intercrossing network under physiological condition
Interaction of gallium with cellular iron metabolism
Diagrammatic overview of the late stages of the HIV life-cycle
Our data show that ErbB2 controls microtubules via distinct, but complementary, signaling pathways
Schematic representation of the potential disruption of hepatic GH signaling pathways by MC
Highest confidence network of genes displaying altered expression levels in response to secreted sLF in HEK293 cells
Highest confidence network of genes displaying altered expression levels in response to intracellular ΔLF in HEK293 cells
Inactivation of the ATBF1 gene in AFPGC, through mutation or reduced expression, may allow AFPGC cells to produce AFP protein and overexpress STAT3, which contributes to aggressive behavior and poor prognosis of AFPGC
Schematic representation of the TLR9-Notch ligand (dll4) on Mycobacterium-dependent granuloma formation
Scheme showing the potential molecular events induced in cancer cells in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment
Image based in an analysis of the gene expression matrix in the Ingenuity database for Systems Pathways Analysis (IPA)
Schematic model of autoregulation of BMI1
Activation and function of PI3K/Akt signaling in CD8 T cell
A model for orchestration of CD8 T cell differentiation by the PI3K/Akt pathway
Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 activate the STAT6 signaling cascade, leading to downregulated expression of epidermal differentiation proteins, induction of the eosinophilic chemoattractant CCL26, and histopathological features such as spongiosis and apoptosis
(A) In healthy aging, IRs a... (B) In early AD, accumulati... (C) At later AD stages, inc... (D) Stimulation of insulin... (E) At later AD stages, act...
(A) In an androgen-independent Pten mutant model, signaling through the... (B) In an androgen-dependent model, stress signaling blocked apoptosis b...
The stimulatory and inhibitory interactions of gene products differentially expressed in T1–T4 versus Ta tumors were mapped based on KEGG pathway maps
Green indicates a down-regulated gene, red indicates an up-regulated gene
A. Inactivation of EGFR by anti-EGFR drugs does not inhibit the activation of RAS-MAPK pathway due to BRAF oncogene mutation, shown in red, which causes uncontrolled cellular proliferation, migration, and survival etc; B.
The molecules involved during pancreatic development
Fatty Acid Elongation and Cuticular Wax BiosynthesisPathways for the formation in epidermal cells of very long chain fatty acyl-CoAs (VLCFAs) and cuticular waxes
GprA/B mediated signalling resulting in sexual development of A
Functional partners of RB1 protein through STRING database
TGF-β family members may interfere with the multiple roles of TNF-Œ±/IL-1via HO-1, p300, PPARŒ±, and PPARγ
Stress-suppressed genes involved in antigen presentation and synapse formation
Transcription factors predicted to be inhibited by battlefield-like stressors and their targets among stress-modulated genes
Schematic overview of three pathways of caspase-dependent apoptosis
Three theoretical scenarios regarding lung epithelial cell apoptosis during pneumovirus infection, which may co-exist
Simplified scheme summarizing the effect of aging and MPTP on Nrf2-ARE axis dysfunction-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling dysregulation in NPCs associated with neurogenic impairment
Novel signaling pathways involved in apo(a)-mediated effects on vascular endothelial cells
Hypothetical model illustrates the E2-ERŒ± signaling pathway involving both genomic and extranuclear signaling pathways
Major oncogenic signaling pathway alterations in urothelial carcinoma
Pathways involved in endocrine resistance
DNA Damage/Cell Cycle Reagent HeLa –/+ UV Results
Release of HGF-mediated drug resistance by NK4 in cancer cells
Overview about currently tested Hedgehog pathway inhibitors and their mode of action
High-fluence UV radiation activates UVR8 independent stress pathway and cell death
A model of possible implication of MMPIs in the treatment of ovarian cancer
CHEK kinase pathway showing the role of CHEK proteins in cell cycle checkpoint control, and crosstalk with other pathways notably the P53 and BRCA pathways.Notes: Double circles indicate complex interactions involving multiple genes
BRCA pathway showing the role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response and crosstalk with other biological pathways, notably the P53 pathway.Notes: Double circles indicate complex interactions involving multiple genes
(a) Angiogenic signalling pathways and (b) proposed mechanism for high-frequency EF regulation of angiogenic response
Agonist binding to MORs can result in the activation of multiple downstream pathways
The hypoxic microenvironment in solid tumor is proposed to influence invadopodia formation through a biphasic mechanism involving the regulation of HDAC6, followed by activation of the TGFβ/Smad3-dependent signaling pathway
SARM is a positive regulator of the MAPK signaling pathway in C. elegans for AMP regulation but functions as a negative regulator in the Toll pathway of L. vannamei and the TLR pathway of mammals.
Proposed models representing that Cd induces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis through ROS triggering JNK activation-regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling cascades are illustrated in this schematic diagram
Comprehensive VCell modeling of the actin cytoskeleton
Role of G6PD in both antioxidant and oxidant formation pathways
Schematic of the prostaglandin (PG) producing cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and specific receptors that influence growth and atrophy in skeletal muscle
Two phosphoinositide cycles regulate aspects of lysosome function
Proposed signaling pathway for basal and BK-mediated eNOS activation in inflamed endothelium
Existence of both positive and negative feedback loop between PITX2 and Wnt signaling pathway is depicted schematically in this hypothetical model
Hh signal transduction in Drosophila and mammalian systems
Model: miR-486 directly represses multiple NF-Œ∫B-negative regulators, resulting in disruption of NF-Œ∫B-negative feedback loops and constitutive activation of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway, ultimately leading to glioma aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes for glioma patients
Loss of REST in patient leiomyoma cells resulted in the expression of the G protein coupled receptor GPR10 and activation of the AKT/MTOR signaling pathway
Biosynthetic pathway of l-valine and by-products of C
BiP as master regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response
Schematic representation of the pathway linking hypoxia and HIF1Œ± activation with inflammation and tumor progression
NFkB activation pathway and its different inhibition steps
A model to illustrate the proapoptotic potential of SARM following T-cell immune response
Typical signal transduction from the ErbB4:ErbB1 and ErbB4:ErbB4 complex
Possible potential role of free fatty acid (FFA), hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and PTEN in the development of NAFLD and NASH based on the predominant PI3K/AKT/GSK3 pathways
(A) Proposed metabolic model for syntrophic growth of D. alaskensis strain G20; (B) revised metabolic model for syntrophic growth of D. vulgaris strain Hildenborough including all three pathways, Qmo-Qrc (I), Hmc-Coo (II), and Aor-Adh-Hdr-Flox (III), involved in electron transfer.
Proposed model of M-CSF-mediated organization of the osteoclast cytoskeleton
Schematic model of IFN-induced apoptosis in WISH cells
Models for intrinsic signaling by BST2 and for BST2 as a virus sensor
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the glucose metabolism in cancer cells.
The NTS/IL-8 pathway, a predominant inflammation-related pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis was distinguished
Induction of MCP-2/CCL8 in macrophages by mycobacteria involves activation of TLR2/PI3K/Akt and p38 signaling
(A) The KDM5B, E2F1 and NEUROG3 pathway described in the text. Arrows wi... (B) The IL6, SOCS3 and STAT3 pathway. All details as for
Almost all Theileria annulata proteins involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycle were identified in the study
Pathway diagram placing RIOK1 and RIOK2 in relation to Akt downstream of EGFR and PI3K signaling in GBM
Persistent injury of the respiratory epithelium causes release of profibrotic factors such as TGFβ
Regulation of autophagy in response to stress
Role of aryl hydrocarbnon receptor (AHR) signalling on CD4+ T cells
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of genes differentially expressed in LRECb vs
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of genes differentially expressed in LRECe vs
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of genes differentially expressed in ECb vs
(A) Meprin α and meprin β are multi-domain enzymes, building dimers link... (B) Crystal structure of the ectodomain of dimeric human meprin β in dif...
The regulation of cellular metabolism by p53
Genes differentially expressed in dietary lifestyle intervention (DLI), compared to HFD were subjected to network analysis (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis)
Schematic of the mechanisms by which IL-8 inhibits the signaling pathway of the β2AR in ATII cells
Schematic representation of the sessile and traditional serrated pathways
De novo purine biosynthetic pathway in humans
Figure 1. PI3K-Akt signaling regulates polycomb group protein and hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal.
JNK-STAT3-Akt signaling axis (red arrows) in carcinogenesis
Figure 1. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a regulator of multiple oncogenic E3-ligases.
VPS4B downregulation increases the expression of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation related proteins and down regulates the expression of glycolysis related proteins in SKBR3 cells
Insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) binds to its receptor and activates the receptor tyrosine kinase
The precursor of myostatin is promyostatin and consists of a propeptide that binds to myostatin noncovalently to form an inactive complex
Presence of a diversity of Alu-mediated events in genes involved in apoptosis
The anti-quiescence network mediated by the Myc-miR-22 pathway
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulates the TGFβ-Smad signalling pathway
The transmembrane protein UNC93B1 (black spring-like shape) associates with various toll-like receptors (horseshoe-like shapes) in the endoplasmic reticulum to help load them into vesicles coated with COPII for transport to the Golgi
Effect of ethanol treatment on the AMPK-related lipid metabolism pathway
Mechanisms of acetic acid stress response in S
Hypothetic molecular mechanisms by which adaptogens activate adaptive stress response pathways
Biochemical pathways leading to resistance to small-molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting drugs such as gefitinib and erlotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Regulation of proteins translation in Jurkat cells
Upon insulin binding insulin receptor activates, through insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which results in Akt phosphorylation at 308Thr residue via Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-bisphosphate (PIP3) conversion followed by Akt and PDK1 recruitment to plasma membrane (not shown)
The SRF network was identified as the most affected transcription factor network in MHC-CELFŒî mice using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
G1 cell cycle control by the pRB pathway
Targeting ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CDK inhibitors
Scheme of CML hematopoietic stem cell signaling pathways in which predicted targets of microRNAs associated with CML are involved
. A scheme showing estrogen-induced ROS transduce signals to the nucleus for the activation of transcription factor NRF-1 to regulate their downstream target genes involved in cell transformation and cell cycle presumably through a redox-sensitive AKT pathway.
In red genes associated with MSUD and in blue pathophenotypic similar genes
Schematic representation of the role of PKCŒ∏ in TCR activation
The calcineurin-NFAT pathway as an integrator of multiple signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH)
Model for the regulatory role of IRAK-M in TLR-IL-1R signalling
Simplified overview of inflammation-orchestrated signal transduction that induces pro-tumourigenic responses in glioblastoma
Selected pathways from enriched injured (EI) versus non-enriched (i.e., STD housed) injured (NI): demonstrating calcium signaling importance
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade
Initiation of endoreplication in Drosophila follicle cells
Conserved Wnt pathway branches and components
Mechanisms underlying HER2-directed therapy cardiotoxicity
Mechanisms underlying modulation of HER2-directed therapy cardiotoxicity through aerobic exercise
Mechanisms underlying anti-angiogenic therapy cardiotoxicity
1. In response to increase workload, the SRF mediated IL-6 increasing production leads to satellite cells proliferation and first preferentially activate the JAK1/STAT1/STAT3 pathway leading to the rebuilt of the Pax7(+)/MyoD(−) pool.
The abbreviations for KEGG pathways used in this analysis are listed as follows
This figure was drawn according to KEGG pathway (ssc4912), red arrow near the box (general on the right) represents up-regulated miRNAs while blue arrow represents down-regulated miRNAs
Regulation network of CYP3A4 phenotype expression adapted from Klein et al
Phosphorylation signaling pathway of alternative splicing regulated by mechanical stress
Effects of NE input on activity of ventral midbrain DA neurons
The relationship between binding of ligands to the pattern recognition advance glycation end‐product receptor (RAGE), and inflammation, gene expression, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and damage to the macro‐ and microvasculature
Simplified scheme comparing the mechanism of replication of conditionally replicative ONYX in normal cells and neoplastic cells
A diagram shows the existence of positive feedback between the Wnt and GLP-1/cAMP signaling pathways in the brainstem and hypothalamus
Model of TNF-Œ± on regulation of inflammation, immue response, migration, and differentiation
Synthesis of DNA precursors in the cytosol and mitochondria
Schematic of coupling and S1P signaling in mesenchymal cells
Dietary choline is converted to phosphocholine by the actions of choline kinase (CHK), and then reacted with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to form cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline)
(A) KPNA2 and ATP5G3 first-order g... (B) When KPNA2 and ATP5G3 were bot... (C) KPNA2- ATP5G3 module, which in... (D) Gene ontology and pathway anal...
(A) UGDH and CYFIP1 first-order ge... (B) The co-regulatory genes were i... (C) UGDH - CYFIP1 module, which in... (D) Gene ontology and pathway anal...
Schematic model of BPA-induced cellular reprogramming and its reversal
Cell-to-cell signaling network generated by ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes: Molecules are represented as nodes, and the biological relationship between two nodes is represented as an edge (line)
Schematic representation of the intracellular signaling pathways modulated by somatostatin receptors
In response to extracellular biomechanical (e.g., matrix stiffness) and biochemical (e.g., active TGF-β1) stimuli, lung fibroblasts undergo actin cytoskeleton remodeling and activation of the actomyosin contractile system, resulting in MKL1 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it activates fibrotic genes that specify myofibroblast differentiation.
Endothelial insulin resistance can preferentially impair signaling via the IRS/PI3K pathway, adversely affecting the balance between prothrombotic and antithrombotic signaling
CluePedia analysis example using expression data from human normal colon mucosa and colorectal tumors and in silico information
Diagrammatic representation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
Potential therapeutic targets of the Wnt signaling pathway
Sugar substrates are presented inside the red boxes
Representation of the proposed cellular pathways involved in the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced proliferation of human tendon cells
This diagram summarizes the signaling pathway in thyroid carcinomas
A hypothetical schematic implication of some of the PPAR regulatory network
Strategies to overcome leptin resistance (Details in text)Step 1: Modified leptin bypassing normal brain transport or use of intranasal leptinStep 2: Stimulating leptin signaling:  Activating STAT3, an important transcription factor recruited during leptin signaling  SOCS3 & PTP1B antagonists (inhibition of autoinhibitory factors involved in leptin signaling) Step 3: Melanocortin Mc4 receptor agonist (downstream pathway of leptin signaling exerting anorectic and thermogenic effect )Step 4: Stimulating melanocortin signaling: SIM1 stimulation (a transcription factor that acts as a mediator for the anorectic, but not thermogenic effects of melanocortins)ARC= Arcuate nucleus; PVC= paraventricular nucleus; JAK= Janus kinase; STAT3=Signal transducers and activators of transcription; SOCS3= Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3; PTP1B= Protein tyrosine Phosphatase1 B; Œ± MSH= Œ± Melanocyte stimulating hormone; Mc4R= Melanocortin receptor; TRH= Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ;CRH= Corticotrophic Releasing Hormone; SIM1= Single- minded homologue 1
Metabolic enzymes with SSB sites were identified within the biosynthetic pathways for methionine, Cys, chorismate, thiamine, GMP, and queuosine
Overview of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
Antiviral and immune regulated function of IFIT family genes
(A) Ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathways in the Clavicipitaceae. Arro... (B) Ergopeptines produced by strains in this study.
Tracks from top to bottom of each map represent the following: genes, repeats, MITEs, and graphs of AT (red) and GC (blue) contents
(A) SGA database (DRYGIN). Genetic interaction... (B) Yeast Fitness database (FitDB). Genes whose... (C) Representation of the tightly clustered and...
Net inhibits the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell by inhibiting the expression of c-fos, subsequently inactivating the transcription activity of AP-1, followed by activation of p21 to antagonize the effects of Cyclin D/CDK4 on cell cycle progression, and ultimately leading to cell death
(A) The Drosophila Hippo pathway. Signaling diagram of Hippo (Hpo) kinas... (B) Role of YAP in the Hpo-like pathway in human. In mammals the relatio...
Involvement of YAP in the DNA damage response
Simplified scheme showing the differential activation of class IA and class IB PI3K isoforms
Simplified scheme showing the critical role of Class IA PI3Ks in multiple cellular functions
p110Œ¥ PI3K mediates the effects of CSF-1 or EGF via RhoA and PTEN in macrophages and some solid tumor cells
The gene nodes and their interactions were obtained from literatures, and the alteration of gene expression was from
Schematic representation of proposed Adipose Stromal Cell-derived IL-6 signaling pathway
The role of transient receptor potential vallinoid 1 (TRPV1) in early-phase response in allergic rhinitis
Schematic illustrating the cancer utilization of the metabolic pathways
Schematic diagrams of WWOX structure and its role in signaling
Simplified scheme of cdB3-based control of glucose metabolism in RBCs
. (A) Dullard interacts with Dishevelled to influence the transduction of... (B) Profiles of Wnt3 (agonist) and Dkk1 (antagonist) expression as well...
Signaling pathway that regulates basal P-glycoprotein activity in brain capillaries
Scheme of PI3K/AKT mediated antiapoptotic regulations at the mitochondria
Scheme of survival signaling cascade by receptor tyrosine kinases via PI3K/AKT mediated survival
Interaction of marine compounds on survival and apoptotic signaling molecules
The p53 signaling pathway interacts with chromatin-remodeling factors in response to DNA damage
Chromatin-remodeling factors affect the cell cycle
p53/p21/pRb/E2F and p16/pRb/E2F signaling pathway
Regulation of PGC-1α—this schematic represents the relationship between nutrition, circadian clock and other regulatory factors involved in post-translational modification of PGC-1α and its consequent impact on metabolic genes and aging
Ingenuity Pathway analysis of lung cancer and/or COPD versus controls revealed NF-Œ∫B as a major foundation
Regulatory networks of mTOR inhibitors and miRNAs in controlling the mTOR pathway in cancer
Gene regulatory networks for cDC and pDC development
The networks wherein various signaling pathways epigenetically affected by MXC exposure intersect and the relationships between affected molecules
Increased levels of ING1a, produced by alternative splicing in response to short telomeres or oxidative stress, bind and activate the promoter of ITSN2, increasing its levels
Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, pyruvate metabolism and pathway for mannitol production are depicted
(A) miRNAs asso... (B) miRNAs asso... (C) miRNAs asso... (D) miRNAs asso... (E) miRNAs asso... (F) miRNAs asso... (G) miRNAs asso... (H) miRNAs asso...
Regulatory mechanisms for the Hippo pathway
Schematic representation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway and molecules that may affect drug resistance
Targeting of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET pathway
Higher miTG score is illustrated by larger font
The phospho-MEK1/ERK1/2/p90 RSK signaling pathway was activated in the spiral ligament and in the sensory and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, with peaks at 3–6 h and independently of de novo synthesis of the protein kinases
The set of genes shown in blue includes genes that are found by EU GWAS; yellow includes genes that are found by JP GWAS; red includes genes that are found both by EU and JP GWAS
The shade of red color in genes indicates the number of targeted SNPs in JP population per base pair of the gene
Figure 1. α-TEA-mediated antitumor activity is mediated by three mechanisms.
Schematic representation of major TLR signaling pathways
Schematic representation of AGE/RAGE signaling pathway in NetSlim- This map represents the NetSlim reactions of AGE/RAGE signaling pathway in different cell types
(a) Proposed mechanism for the protective effec... (b) Schematic overview of cholesterol homeostas... (c) Schematic overview of the genes regulated b...
A proposed schematic representation of Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling in keloid pathogenesis
Schematic overview of the impact of HDACi on DSB signalling, HR and NHEJ DNA repair pathways
(A) A DC map of modules enriched with protein complexes. Node size is pr... (B) Analysis of DC in the Ribosome and 60S-Nop56 meta-module circled in...
A. DAF-19 is engaged in multiple independent signaling pathways that regulate tph-1 expression in ADF neurons.
Glucose is oxidized to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (glycolysis); a common metabolic intermediate in glycolysis is glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), which is also a precursor for the biosynthesis of capsule NDP-sugars; NDP-sugars are synthesized at the expense of UTP
It is the proposed mechanism of Zn-induced PTPase inhibition by ZIP9, which leads to the activation of B cell receptor signaling in DT40 cells
Schematic representation of GnRHR (A) and Kiss-R (B) signaling
The P. aeruginosa virulence regulatory network.
Functionally related pathways of aberrantly methylated and differentially expressed genes in immortalized MEFs
Potential ghrelin neuroprotective pathways in Parkinson’s disease
Schematic illustrating how TNF acts via the Wnt pathway leading to the development of the myofibroblast phenotype
Figure 1. A schematic of MST1/2 and KrsB signaling in mammalian and D. discoideum cells.
(a) Up-regulated genes in heat-exposed siLuc-transfected cells (Group 2... (b) Up-regulated genes in heat-exposed siDNA-PKcs-transfected cells (Gro...
Cell type-specific outcomes of KSHV interactions with CD36 and CD147 signaling pathways
This figure schematically shows the tyrosine kinase receptors, such as RET, EGFR, FGFR, MET, KIT, VEGFR, PDGFR, and some of their downstream effectors
c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in postmitotic migrating neurons
Schematic representation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway
Proposed pathways for the VEGF-induced induction of NO synthesis in endothelial cells and the actions in smooth muscle cells
The cartoon proposes how MDM2 induces Akt phosphorylation as derived from our observation
A. Origin of nucleotide metabolism ∼3.8 Gy ago; ndFF  = 0).
Proposed molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of allosteric SHIP1 activation
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed genes of patients with no activating mutation in KRAS, BRAF and PI3KCA classified as oncogenic by the combined model (n=79) versus patients classified as wildtype-like (n=127) The ERK/MEK pathway can be activated by mutations in KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA (marked with red crosses)
Mechanism of response to anti-EGFR inhibitors
MAPK1 activation is required for cell proliferation in the germinative zone during lens development
Potential pathways leading to actin polymerization in the myogenic response
Genes highlighted in yellow are predicted targets of miR differentially regulated in N v TSI (35 miR) (FC>3 p<0.05).
Maximally differentially expressed path identification by DEAP on the Notch signalling pathway
Representation of the top canonical pathway ‘interferon signalling’ detected when simultaneously analysing the mRNA and miRNA data sets with IPA
Recent discoveries of noncanonical functions of human ARSs and their underlying mechanisms
Pathway analysis identifies a network of genes related to lipid metabolism in islets cultured at 5.6 mM glucose concentration
Network related to lipid metabolism in islets cultured at 23 mM glucose concentration
Network related to cell cycle and cell death in islets cultured at 23 mM glucose concentration
Genes up-regulated and down-regulated during the development process from GC-1spg to GC-2spd (ts) are marked in red and green, respectively
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway in response to MDV infection
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in response to MDV infection
Schematic illustration of phytochemicals targeting NFkB signaling pathway
The functional analysis of the gene expression networks, performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Circular pathway members were significantly up-regulated and rectangular members were found to be down-regulated in the intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ mice treated with MA
Figure 1. Mechanisms of BRAFV600E-driven immunosuppression.
Figure 3. TRIF-dependent (MYD88- independent) pathway.
Hypothetical pathways involved in MHC–self peptide-TCR recognition and PNH clone dominance
Model of the growth factor-mediated regulation of mTOR signalling through mTORC1 and mTORC2
Induction of gamma-globin gene expression via GPCR signaling and NO-cGMP pathway
Summary of signaling pathway by which PP-fold peptides increase cell proliferation
Canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Œ∫B) signaling
Neurotrophin signaling pathway is among the pathways downregulated in clinical T1 and upregulated in clinical T2
Altered colonic metabolites during conventionalisation
Redox regulation of signaling pathway leading to T-cell activation/proliferation
Simplified model of oxidative stress as the central pathogenetic pathway in OSA-associated CV diseases as suggested by animal studies
This pathway was significantly increased at early growth stages (red) and is decreased at ovulation and atresia (green)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis visualization of oncogene interactions
(A–D) Possible model of joint formation in developing limbs
Overview of key mediators of innate and adaptive immunity, development, and signalling
Scheme of mechanisms underlying attenuation of cardiac dysfunction induced by endotoxin, after NG-R1 treatment
Identification of genetic networks that regulate the induction of filamentous growth
Dectin-1 is activated by complex β-glucan containing particles that induce clustering of dectin-1 at the membrane and formation of a phagocytic synapse
The cAMP signaling pathway and morphogenesis in four selected basidiomycetes
The mTOR signaling pathway in KEGG pathway analysis
STRING analysis of the relationship between genes
NF-AT signaling and leukocyte interactions have been enriched by GeneGo
Putative pathway for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease
Significant signaling pathway networks mined from nitroproteomic dataset
ATM controls cellular survival in response to DNA damage through multiple pathways
Selected summary of the ATM signaling network
C21 precursors (pregnenolone and progesterone) are converted to C19 adrenal androgens, such as dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (A-dione) by the sequential hydroxylase and lyase activities of CYP17A1
A, when sFRP inhibits Wnt or Frizzled or Dkk binds LRP5/6, Wnt signalling is suppressed
A, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is activated by Fzd receptors independent of LPR5/6
Summary of signaling pathways leading to sodium pump regulation in the heart
Cytokine and downstream signalling pathways in liver ischaemia reperfusion injury
The mTOR signal pathway in autism spectrum disorders
Schematic representation of cardioprotective mechanisms of T3
Simplified overview of homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining
Figure 5. Dysregulation of modulatory Ca2+signaling pathways contribute to neural diseases.
Relation of the insulin pathway to phosphatidylinositols
Plasma Aβ mediates systemic insulin resistance in the interaction between Alzheimer disease and diabetes
The most significant activate extracellular matrix receptor interaction path diagram of the 7-day stress group compared with the normal group
The most significant inhibition of cell factor – cell factor receptor interaction path diagram of the 21- day stress group compared with the normal group
A model of TSC/mTORC1 signaling pathway at the neuronal synapse
A simplified diagram of putative signaling pathways accountable for the differential responses of tumor cells to a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition and ionizing radiation (IR) used in two different drug-irradiation schedules
The regulatory loci in the modules contain genes involved in the glucose response pathway (red nodes)
LKB1-SIK2/3-class IIa HDAC pathway as a novel signaling module
Mechanism of activation and inhibition of Janus kinases and signal transducer and activator transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway
Graphical representation of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis results showing significant predictors genes in ‘Gene Expression, Cell Cycle, Cancer’ pathway
Graphical representation of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis results showing significant predictor genes in ‘InflammatoryResponse, Cell Death, Infection Mechanism’ pathway
Graphical representation of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis results showing considerable overlap of the significantpredictor genes in the significant biologic pathways
Pathways affected in monogenic hypertensive disease
Schematic representation of signaling and transcriptional regulation of Th17 polarization
The pathway scheme of baicalein on the cell proliferation inhibition and cell metastasis inhibition in human bladder cancer cell 5637
Overview of the signalling pathways involved in airway smooth muscle contraction
The molecules highlighted in green are upregulated in the highly metastatic HCT116 cells and downregulated in poorly metastatic iso-clonal HCT116b cells
The proposed therapeutic mechanism of caspase-7 ablation in ADRP T17M RHO retinas
Proposed model of regulation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathway by miR-128
The ErbB family includes four receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (ErbB1 [also known as EGFR], ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4), which form homodimers and/or heterodimers upon ligand binding
Extended model of the plant circadian clock, including the multiple targets of TOC1 and the interactions with the ABA signalling pathway
. A working model for HIPK proteins in the transcriptional control of angiogenic gene expression in the downstream of TGF-β-TAK1 signaling pathway.
A) In the presence or absence of serum, tumor cell growth is dictated by... B) In a tumor microenvironment with pericellular ATP likely to be at hig...
Feed-forward regulation of NOX-1 expression in beta cells
Self-renewal and differentiation of gastric stem cells
Schematic representation of CYP2E1-mediated ROS production by ethanol, followed by activation of PKCŒ∂/JNK/SP1 pathway for the expression of CYP2E1 (red)
Summary of anti-inflammatory roles of BSNXD in atherosclerosis
Proposed mechanism of action of 20-HETE.Notes: Mitogens and ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors activate PLA2 and induce release of arachidonic acid, which is converted by CYP4A/F to 20-HETE
Developmental data alters disease mechanism prediction
The differentially regulated genes in qRT-PCR analysis in right ventricle of db/db hearts compared to their wild type controls were taken as input data and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was used to build interactive network(s) based on the relations available from its library
Proposed model for iAs-induced birth defects via the GR pathway
(A) Regions in CpG islands D and E that are DNA... (B) DNA-hypomethylation is correlated with tran... (C) Candidate genes localized in the critical r...
Schematic of the NRG-1/ErbB pathway in the normal and diabetic heart
A) Multiple post-trans... B) Protein folding con... C) Lack of balance bet... D) Coordinated sumoyla... E) Glycan biosynthesis... F) Protein ubiquitylat...
Multivalency and conditional regulation at the cell surface
Schematic representation of CLL-induced Rho GTPase signaling defects in T cells that suppress LFA-1 activation signaling and migration and how this is reversible with lenalidomide
Schematic model of potential silibinin effects on the Cdk4 pathway in controlling tumor formation
In response to various stimulus, transcription factors, STAT1, NFκB, and RELA, are activated resulting in the transcription of CXCL10 gene to mRNA –
Key genes in the taxol biosynthetic pathway
Single drug simulation result on T2D model
combination drug simulation result on T2D model
Characterization of CP genes in relation to the canonical TGFβ signaling pathway
For clarity, proteins and metabolites are presented with different geometric shapes in the relevant network in cortex (A) or hippocampus (B)
Various signaling pathways promoting or inhibiting inflammatory signaling (green arrows represent activation, and red arrows represent inhibition)
A signalling model for the induction of non-targeted responses in the out of field lung tissues after lower abdomen irradiation
Proposed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathways for serotonin (5-HT)-induced GATA4 activation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Proposed model for how GIV‚Äôs GEF function is regulated by PKCŒ∏
Schematic summary of the most common mutations found in melanoma patients
Hypothetical scheme shows the inhibitory signaling of andrographolide in platelet activation
Figure 1. Model of melanosome biogenesis.
Figure 1. Working model of the mechanisms underlying Drosophila Sema-1a/PlexA-mediated repulsive axon guidance.
(A) Ingenuity network analysis of 231-Empty vs. 231-GATA3 cells. Genes t... (B) Western blot of 231-Empty and 231-GATA3 cells validating changes in...
Network of genes that were differentially expressed between 231-Empty and 231-GATA3 by >1.5 fold and p<0.001 (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis).
Proposed role of aPKCs in synaptic plasticity: At most CNS synapses, strong synaptic input leads to an activation of PI3K signaling and PDK1 activation thereby (1) thereby leading to mTORC1 activation
A proposal for the evolution of mirrregulation in D
Targeted therapy pathways.Notes: Protein kinase B (AKT) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that affects glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration
Cbi, cobinamide; Cbl, cobalamin; Ado, adenosyl; DMB, dimethylbenzimidazole; NaMN, nicotinate mononucleotide
Effects of intracellular S100B on cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and motility
Proposed mechanisms underlying sildenafil neuroprotection against malonate-induced neurotoxicity
Four proposed pathways for propionyl-CoA synthesis in H
Mass isotopomer labeling measurements of intracellular metabolites (red bars, after 8.0 h in growth phase I; green bars, after 14.25 h in growth phase II) arranged by pathways: fractional abundance over mass in context of the metabolic network.
1) Upon IAV infection, RIG-I senses viral genomic RNA and triggers a type I interferon response through a MAVS/TRIM25/Riplet-dependent pathway
(A) Insulin signaling pathway. (B) mTOR signaling pathway. Red and green frames indicate genes and enri...
Schematic representation of Gab2 signaling and its negative regulation by RSK
Downregulation of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway genes in response to Gal-9
Comparative analysis of NOTCH signaling pathway components in calcium-differentiated 8E6-iHFKs and GSI-treated C-HFKs by qRT-PCR
The function of miR-375 in the CRF-enhanced POMC signaling pathway
(A) Oncogenes and tumor suppressor modulate metabolic reprograming in ca... (B) Proposed model highlighting the role of PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Wnt pathwa...
Schematic of interferon (IFN)-γ-activated pronecrotic and prosurvival signaling pathways
IPA-generated gene network linking 88 of 445 genes shown by microarray analysis to be significantly (P < 0.01) up- (blue) or down- (red) regulated >twofold in bovine TCs in response to BMP6 treatment
Effects of active compounds in Wu Tou Tang on neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (a) and calcium signaling pathway (b) by their candidate effector molecules marked with red panes
Schematic representation of the possible molecular mechanisms of pomegranate-mediated chemoprevention of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats
Molecular and biochemical studies in hyperlysinemia patients
Arsenic-mediated activation of EGFR signaling pathway
Arsenic-mediated disruption of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Schematic representation of factors situated at the interface between the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome degradative systems
The proposed roles of Msi1-like (MSIL) proteins as regulators of the nutrient- and stress-sensing signaling pathways in fungi
A proposed model suggesting that TGF-β increases COX-2 levels and PGE2 secretion in prostate cancer cells and both TGF-β and PGE2 activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the novel NRP2-Œ±6β1-FAK-RAS-GLI1 axis involved in the regulation of tumour initiating cells in breast cancer
. Schematic representation of the proposed signaling pathway of adenosine-induced enhancement of barrier function in VVEC.
(A). The p53 pathway that includes 8 signaling components as defined by... (B). The TGF-beta pathway was also regulated by the CSC associated DEmiR...
Schematic representation of oleic acid signaling in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and potential targets
Ingenity Pathway Analysis (IPA) from genes with loss of heterozygosity and somatic mutation (sample G05)
"Cancer, Hematological Disease, Cell Cycle" Network
"Cell Death and Survival, Cell Cycle, Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Interaction, Cellular Movement" Network
SLP-76–dependent signaling pathways in NK cells stimulated through ITAM-bearing receptors
Hypothetical model of epithelial cancer cell invasiveness and sensitivity mediated by K8/18 loss
The Figure shows the pathways of cellular glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Analysis of the overlap between our combined approach and Nermal for the GO biological process term “Cell cycle process” (GO:0022402)
Microbial infection or stimuli can robustly activate a variety of cell surface receptors linked to TRAF proteins that serve as critical intermediary signaling proteins to mediate cytokine synthesis and release
Interleukin 6 signaling scheme of the interleukin 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway
The process of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP)
The shared network structure by non-small lung cancer pathway in KEGG and reconstructed co-expression networks using the CCA and GLASSO methods
The top panel shows annotated interactions and regulatory relationships using IPA’s (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) connectivity analysis
AFB1 produced DEGs from DESeq analysis of RNA-Seq data which were analyzed by the IPA’s ‘grow pathway’ analysis (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) which displays annotated regulatory relationships and interactions
IDO-1, indoleamine dioxygenase; TDO, tryptophan dioxygenase; AFMID, arylformamidase; KAT 1–3, kynurenine amino transferase 1, 2 and 3; KMO, kynurenine 3-hydroxylase; KYNU, kynureninase; 3HAAO, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxidase; ACMSD, amino-carboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase; QPRT, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase
Schematic representation of the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in pulmonary vascular remodeling
The green nodes in this canonical pathway indicate the down-regulated genes in LBW newborns
The canonical pathway indicates the down-regulated genes in LBW newborns as green nodes
The down-regulated ISGs in LBW newborns are shown in green color
The shapes legend classifies the proteins found as cytokines/growth factors, transcriptional regulators, enzymes and other groups
The down-regulated genes in LBW newborns are represented in green color
DEGs following IFN-β treatment were mapped to canonical pathways using IPA
The figure indicates the relationship among the ten most influential DMETs and drugs (), and the most common nuclear receptors ()
Expected intracellular signal pathways of LPA-induced contraction in esophageal smooth muscle cell
Summary diagram of the proposed mechanisms underlying CA3 hypersensitivity, Alzheimer’s disease protein induction, neuronal death and behavioural deficits following cerebral ischaemia in rats with LTED
Flotillins are novel scaffolding proteins for the ERK/MAPK pathway
Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving p53 and ceramide in response to stress: Ceramide activates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) which dephosphorylates Bcl-2 and inhibits its antiapoptotic activity
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1)/β-catenin upregulates StarD7 expression in JEG-3 cells
The role of StarD7 in various cellular events in JEG-3 cells
Schematic model of the FGF signalling cascade in Drosophila melanogaster
Calcium and strontium induce distinct intracelular calcium signaling
ITAM-like-bearing CTLRs within the Dectin-1 cluster
ITIM-bearing CTLRs within the Dectin-1 cluster
CTLRs within the Dectin-1 cluster that contain novel signaling motifs
Model of the RhoGEF2 effector pathway required for cooperation with RasACT in tumorigenesis
The most highly significant gene networks identified in the Ingenuity Pathway analysis of the gene expression data in response to PM10 are shown for small intestine at days 7(A) and 14(B) and colon at days 7(C) and (D)
Protein symbols were replaced by gene symbols to reflect gene-based data
A three-stage pathway for tau-dependent cell cycle re-entry induced by Aβ1‚Äì42 oligomers
Regeneration in the liver can be broadly characterized into hepatocellular or biliary regeneration
. Role of CCDC22-COMMD complexes in NF-Œ∫B pathway regulation.
Antigen aggregation of receptors composed of membrane Ig (mIg) and transducers CD79a and CD79b leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of CD79 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) (green) by Lyn/Fyn Src family tyrosine kinases
During HCV infection, the virus is first recognized by TLRs and RIG-1, which in turn activates MyD88 and IRAK1 to initiate IFN-α synthesis, resulting in the activation of ISGs and the inhibition of HCV replication
Infection of RAW macrophages induces caspase-3-apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway by manipulating host signaling through type III secretion system effectors YopJ and YopK
Incretin-induced cAMP signaling in the pancreatic β-cell
Schematic representation of the VEGF-DLL4-Notch signaling pathway in angiogenic sprouts
The PI3K signaling pathway and the downstream targets of Akt
STAT3-mediated coincidence detection regulates a noncanonical pathway of IEG induction
The proposed model shows that 316L SS and HNNF SS cause cell apoptosis through extrinsic apoptosis pathway by the ligation of Fas ligand to Fas receptor activating caspase-8 and caspase-3, whereas HNNF SS reduces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 compared with 316L SS
MicroRNAs regulating myogenesis via PI3K/Akt signaling
Intracellular signaling pathways of GLP-1R in the pancreatic β-cell
Metabolic map showing selected pathways of D
Biochemical pathway proposed for 1,3-dichloroprop-1-ene biodegradation in the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas pavonaceae 170
A schematic model of the GTE-mediated antiproliferative effect on HER2-overexpressing cancer cells
Metabolic pathway of the circadian rhythm for unigenes by KEGG annotation
Core networks and time-dependent changes in gene expression during the development of diet-induced obesity
A model of the regulation and function of MYC in the androgen signaling pathway in molecular apocrine breast cancers
A schematic diagram of the IP3 cytoplasmic Ca2+ branch of the PLC-mediated GqPCR signaling pathway studied in  (modified from Fig
Schematic depiction of c-Myc functional interactions with other pathways (for full discussion, see section Induction–Reversion Tumorigenesis in Animal Models by Oncogene-Driven Cancer Network Formation)
Model of Wnt pathway regulation of egl-18/elt-6 in larval seam cell fate specification
(A) The probable effect of asperolide A on the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway; (B) Mechanisms of asperolide A-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest
Diagram representing possible mechanisms linking HCV-induced oxidative stress with hepatocarcinogenesis
PRR activated signaling and antiviral responses during virus infection
Pathway for Death receptor signalling at 24 h post-M
The pathway illustration was generated and linked with available experimental data in the MetaCore™ suite
mTOR is pivotal in regulating a balance between proliferation and differentiation
Working model for DR6/p75NTR receptor complex signaling in cortical neurons
Signaling pathway linking NMDA receptor activation to NOX2 superoxide production
Model of the innate immune antiviral response triggered by IFNβ and TNFŒ± in AECs
CQ excites TRPA1 and TRPC3, sensitizes TRPV1, and inhibits TRPM8 through different signaling mechanisms
Hypothetical evolutionary and functional relationship between β-catenin and nuclear transport receptors
Arachidonic acid metabolism pathway where the differential genes and metabolites of colorectal cancer were annotated
Figure 1. A new Wnt/β-catenin signaling model based on the study from Li et al.
Proposed model showing molecular mechanisms of dysregulated immune pathways in diabetic renal tissues
Signaling pathways activated by PGE2 stimulation of the human EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors
P53 and BRCA regulation of DNA repair represents a central component of altered cellular function in serous ovarian cancer
Diacylglycerol has a central role in TCR signaling
An overview of signaling by the EGF family (with EGF and EGFR/ErbB1 as example) from cell surface down to the nucleus (without taking into account endocytic trafficking and recycling of the receptor)
Schematic illustration of the canonical Notch signaling pathway
Involvement of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA in vesicle trafficking, cellular transformation, invadopodia formation and metastasis
Hypothetical time course of the unfolded protein response in mammals
(A) The de novo transcriptome assembly of G. bimaculatus newly identifie... (B) The transcriptome also adds significant sequence data to the fragmen...
Schematic overview of the purinergic signalling pathway involved in P2Y receptor activation leading to N-cadherin expression in Schwannoma cell line
Visualization of the six BioPAX example files, provided in BioPAX 3.0 documentation
A schematic portray of the yeast secretory machinery including all the possible modification and transport steps
Figure 4. G2 checkpoint-correlated genes encode mediators of a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade initiating DNA replication and culminating in mitotic cell division.
Schematic representation of PI3K pathway and sites of action of PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors in solid tumors and hematological malignancies
TNF-Œ± signaling pathways to IKK activation
HPV16 binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on either the epithelial cell surface or the basement membrane or through laminin-332 on the ECM
Dysregulation of cellular networks in the presence of PAN RNA expression
Alzheimer’s disease pathway from the KEGG database
Schematic diagram of the Wnt signaling pathway
Normal endothelial function versus endothelial dysfunction
The activation of the membrane receptor by TRAIL binding promotes the assembly of the death-inducing signaling complexes (DISC), which recruit and activate initiator (pro-) caspases, including notably caspase-8 (C8)
Post-translational modifications and interactions possibly involved in DSB repair pathway choice and HRR modulation
Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of dystrophic muscle
Schematic diagram of the main lipid classes and biochemical pathways involved in the channelling of fatty acids into TAG in developing seeds
Cross-talk between insulin and inflammatory signaling pathways
A, insulin binds to insulin receptor (IR) in the mucosal layer triggering the canonical signalling pathway of insulin that in turns activates the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signalling pathway promoting nitric oxide (NO) release from mucosa to relax the detrusor smooth muscle via cGMP production
Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Pathways
Model of E4orf4-induced cell death in normal Drosophila tissues
Proposed schematic for events involved in p300/β-catenin- and CCN-dependent alveolar epithelial repair
Microarray analysis also indicated an increase in Wnt signaling and cell cycle regulation in women
Firstly, there is an accumulation of the AMP analogue ZMP that induces the activation of the AMPK pathway, starting a cascade of signalling that affects mTOR and PI3P/Akt pathways; mTOR is inactivated and the accumulation of its downstream unphosphorylated substrates facilitates the apoptosis process
Pathway enrichment calculated using hypergeometric tests with all known pathways present in Netpath, Wikipathways, Kegg, and Reactome, with Cytoscape for visualization
We have previously proposed a direct link between antioxidant PPARs activity and Wnt signaling pathway
β-Catenin plays two main functions in the cell
Effect of cigarette smoke on the etiology of colon carcinogenesis
Effect of physical activity and obesity on the growth and development of colon carcinogenesis
The possible signal pathway activated by cathelicidin (LL-37) to inhibit cell proliferation in gastric cancer cells
YY1 and target gene networks generated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis®.Notes: Shown at each time point are up-regulated (black to grey background according with the level of expression; black color (highly expression) to light gray color (slightly expressed)
Summary of YY1 gene network expression in steers comparing early weaning (EWS) against normal weaning without creep feeding (NWN) at 240 days on treatment.Notes: Cellular locations depicted are from the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® knowledge base
TLR4 promotes neoplasia through activation of the β-catenin pathway
TLR2 ligands induce conformational changes of TLRs that allow interactions of TLR2 and TLR-1, -6
Glucose 6-P either proceeds through glycolysis (participated by FBA, TPI, PGM and ENO) or the PPP (participated by TK) to produce pyruvate, which is converted to acetyl-CoA, entering the TCA cycle and producing citrate and malate (participated by Aco3)
A representation of a typical eukaryotic cell division cycle
Figure 1. Uptake, processing and presentation of a GalNAc-glycosylated antigen in dendritic cells.
Pathway analysis showed functional networks identified between peritumoral (P) activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and intratumoral myofibroblasts (T)
Diagram showing some of the upstream elements of the proposed Hippo pathway
Diagram showing some of the downstream elements of the proposed Hippo pathway
Importance of white adipose tissue (WAT)–skeletal muscle crosstalk in cancer associated cachexia (CAC) and/or lipotoxicity
Leptin deficiency disturbs the insulin signaling pathway JAK2/IRS/PI3K/AKT/AMPK and triggers diabetes
Dashed blue numbered arrows indicate various PFLs operating in the system
Various types of activation are shown by dashed arrows or dashed lines with the icon (‚å¢)
Model of signaling pathways downstream of PMT-activated Gαq/11, inhibiting differentiation of osteoblasts
A: model for a calcineurin-dependent pathway linking specific patterns o... B: summary of the roles of the IGF-I/Akt pathway and forkhead box O (FOX...
Overview of the myostatin (Mstn) pathway
Schematic of the pathway triggered by Tat and leading to activation of ISGs by Tat in APCs infected by HIV
Top two interaction networks generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis from significantly regulated genes after 4 hours of PDBu stimulation
(A) The serotonin synthesis (5-HT) pathway and kynurenine pathway in try... (B) The results of Western blot analysis of DDC and IDO in the rat’s hip...
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer
The PI3K/AKT signaling in prostate cancer
Overview of ERK and PI3K activation and their crosstalk
The TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway and its implication in prostate cancer
The Wnt signaling and its implications in the development of prostate cancer
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways involved in calpain-mediated regulation of dendritic protein synthesis induced by BDNF
Age-related alteration of gene expression in the TCR signaling pathway
A model: Myc-induced altered metabolism activates AMPK and p53, which sensitizes the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
Metabolically controlled apoptosis pathway of Myc
NB enhances the cellular uptake of SeC, which subsequently augmented intracellular ROS generation and DSBs
A scheme depicting the current knowledge on PAC1-mediated signaling cascades resulting in a variety of neuronal outcomes
Schematic diagram illustrating the Nrf2 pathway and other signaling pathways triggered by exposure to mollugin in in OSCCs
Intracellular effects of soluble mediators are mainly mediated through the interaction with specific receptors that link extracellular signals up to modulation of gene expression
. The activation of p38 pathway through the fibronectin receptor alpha 5b1 causes the cell cycle arrest and dormancy.
Experience in environmental enrichment upregulates the expression of several neurotrophic factors, i.e., brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF).
. Schematic diagram of signaling events in enriched environment mediated neuroprotection during hypobaric hypoxia.
Schematic representation of Oncostatin M signaling pathway- NetSlim (http://www.netpath.org/netslim/NetSlim_114) map generated to graphically represent the different reactions induced by OSM in various cell types
Intracellular signaling pathways recruited by leptin
Components involved in translocation of phospholipids to and within mitochondria of yeast
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of TLR4/MD-2 and RP105/MD-1-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in adipose tissue inflammation.
Overview of selected AMPK and IGF-IR signalling pathways relevant to this study in normal (A) and hyperglycaemic (B) conditions
Intrinsic somatodendritic and presynaptic modulation of action potential (AP) firing and transmitter release in 5-HT neurons
Receptor-mediated regulation of KATP channels
Receptor-mediated regulation of TRPC channels
The structure of the EP4 receptor and its activation of signaling modules
Physiologic hemoglobin scavengers and detoxification systems
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling cascade
Autocrine and paracrine effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β on melanoma cells and tumor microenvironment
Graphical representation of the ATM biological pathway and its crosstalk with other biological pathways (P53, BRCA1, NF-kB) involved in (DNA damage, repair, apoptosis, cell-cycle) which are enriched for SNPs associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer.Notes: Gene symbols in red font represent genes containing SNPs associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer
Graphical representation of the hereditary breast cancer signaling pathway and other pathways (P53, BRCA1, ATR) involved in DNA damage and repair that are enriched for SNPs associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer.Notes: Gene symbols in red font represent genes containing SNPs associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer
Schematic representation summarizing the putative intracellular events involved in PACAP-induced NF-Œ∫B activation in PC12 cells
Schematic diagram illustrates the role of Dapper3 in UUO-induced renal fibrosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Model for the regulation of TLR signaling by Lgr4
Interactions between miRNAs (triangles) and mRNAs (boxes), which have a Jaccard-index ≥0.4 that exhibit a negative correlation, i.e.
Pathway summary of peptide array and antibody array results
A schematic diagram of the IP3 cytoplasmic Ca2+ branch of the PLC-mediated GqPCR signaling pathway studied in Dickson et al
YKL-40 induces angiogenic signaling in endothelial cells
Schematic representation of the epigenetic modification and a hypothetical complex transcription
NOS and sGC together with their targets and physiological responses in pancreas (vasorelaxation and secretion) are represented in green colour
Overview of pathway members of insulin/Akt signalling, TGF-β, wnt signalling and inflammatory pathways that were regulated by prednisolone in 3T3-L1 cells
Signaling pathway in Nrf2 activation by HCV infection
The role of Nrf2 target genes in APAP metabolism
Innate immune system in pneumococcal meningitis infection
Model depicting the molecular mechanism of ATRA resistance in lung cancer
GHS-R1a constitutive activity leads to the dissociation of α and βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins
Functional β-cells respond to increasing glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion
Evolution of the Ink4a tumor suppressor locus in vertebrates
Metabolism in differentiating embryonic stem cells
Metabolism in skeletal myoblasts and myotubes
The adult haemangioblast genetic regulatory network
The regulation of upregulated miRNAs on the downregulated mRNAs in antigen processing and presentation pathway and p53 signaling pathway
Model. M. bovis BCG, among most of the common bacterial pathogens, predominantly activates SHH signaling through stimulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway.
Proposed mechanisms of anaesthetic-induced neurodegeneration in the newborn involving the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death pathways
Figure 1. A schematic of the molecular pathways implicated in resistance to EGFR TKIs.
Action mechanism of FGF20 on dopaminergic neurons
Specification of GABAergic Cortical Interneurons
LRRK2 regulates cell biological functions important for neurogenesis
Proposed model for the attenuated response to type I IFNs in human pluripotent cells
Efficient hepcidin expression in hepatocytes requires an intact BMP signaling pathway, HJV, neogenin, TfR2, HFE, and BMP6
Cancer therapeutics target multiple proteins in connected signaling cascades
Activation through phosphorylation of the substrate kinase at each step is mediated by the upstream kinase, the single and doubly phosphorylated states of the substrate being denoted by the superscripts “*” and “**”, respectively
Model by which the dynorphin/kappa system could counteract cocaine-induced dopamine release
Schematic representation of signaling pathways used by GH to regulate growth and metabolism
Schematic representation of signaling pathways activated by E2 and its crosstalk with GH
Cancer-relevant pathways affected by HSP70
Figure 1. JAK-STAT canonical signaling pathway in CNS.
Figure 3. A non-nuclear role for JAK-STAT in synaptic plasticity (adapted from Nicolas et al.).
The CREB family forms a core segmentation module in somitogenesis
Targetable metabolic actors by natural compounds
Model of mechanism of repression of neurogenic bHLH transcription factors by BMPs
Model depicting the refined Hippo pathway and step-wise LATS activation
General overview of synthesis pathways for eicosanoids
Inhibitory pathway of PGE2 in effector T cells
Ingenuity pathways analysis canonical pathway IGF1 signaling This figure shows the IGF1 signaling pathway, with significantly upregulated genes in red, downregulated genes in green, and genes that did not meet our criteria for significance in gray
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3-blue) is not only involved in glycogen synthase (GS) regulation, but also acts as a downstream component of the Wnt signaling pathway (e.g.
Postulated interaction between the insulin signaling pathway and activation of the pro-inflammatory cascade in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in sepsis
Model of the canonical Hedgehog signalling pathway in mammals
Schematic presentation of select miRNAs that regulate toll-like receptor signaling pathways
Integration of Cell Signalling Pathways into Higher Order Networks Sculpts Transcriptional Landscapes
Surfactant therapy and antioxidants work through the same pathway to enhance efferocytosis
Well documented effects are indicated by solid lines, whereas effects involving yet unidentified mediator(s) or events are represented by dashed line
(A–C) Schematic overview of particle-based vaccines
Schematic model of raft-mediated Akt signaling in the regulation of cell survival and death in MCL cells during edelfosine treatment
Overview of the EGFR pathway and downstream signaling pathways, including KRAS
Signal pathways related with cancer stem cells
Schematic representation of the insulin-signaling pathway
Following Hh/Ptch interaction, Smo triggers a signaling cascade leading to Gli2 deacetylation and to the inhibition of the βTrCP-regulated balance between Gli2R and full length Gli2 (Gli2A)
Three distinct inflammasome pathways are induced upon interaction of virulent bacteria with host cells
Wnt signaling pathway in diabetes mellitus
Tumor necrosis factor receptor family molecules that possibly activate the PI3K-Akt pathway in T cells
Model of synergy between TCR/CD28 and TNFR signalosomes for activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in T cells
Signaling pathway downstream of SOCE involved in turning off SOCE in endothelial cells
Abundance distribution of cell cycle proteins
Cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway with transcriptomic expression changes during limonene stress
Causal association of microbial interaction with HIV-1 latency and AIDS progression
Translation regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway and translation process
Integrated pathway map shows the role of MeJA-induced genes involved in GA biosynthesis, primary metabolism, signaling regulation and transcriptional regulation
(A) The components of the AdipoR1 signaling pat... (B) Subunit structure of S. cerevisiae AMPK (Sc... (C) Components of the IZH2-mediated signaling p...
Figure 3. Cytokinesis in plants is regulated by a distinct MAPK signaling pathway.
Schematic diagram summarizing available information obtained using animal models to investigate the role of TGF-β signaling in wound healing
Overview of representative anti-angiogenic drugs and their targets in the angiogenic pathway
The proposed signaling pathway of this study
Schematic representation of ErbB-2 signaling and androgen sensitivity regulated by cPAcP in prostate cancer cells
Shh and Wnts guide commissural axons in the vertebrate spinal cord
Intracellular mechanisms underlying Wnt-induced axon guidance
Effects of TNP-Œ± on insulin signaling pathways
Deguelin affects EGFR/c-Met and their downstream target molecules such as p-STAT3, p-ERK, p-AKT, c-Myc and Survivin and there by affect growth/survival of breast cancer cells
Schematic diagram of HDL metabolic pathways and current drugs under development
The diagram of the cell signaling pathway which was involved in NVU protection of XXMD against cerebral injury following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
Inactive RhoA is localized in the cytosol complexed to RhoGDI1, which masks the geranylgeranylated group
Extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects of RA and vitamin A
Crosstalk between the RA-activated p38MAPK pathway and the expression of RAR target genes
Working model of the FGF21 regulatory pathway under leucine deprivation
Pathways of GPL biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells: temporal regulation of GPL-synthesizing enzyme activities
Inflammatory adipokines suppress insulin signaling resulting in insulin resistance
An analysis was conducted combining the obtained signaling and transcriptional regulation pathways; the edges indicate the regulatory or hierarchical relationship, and the nodes indicate the pathway
(A) Partial network of Wnt signaling; red squar... (B) Proliferative signaling network focused on... (C) Partial network of TGF-β signaling. Up and...
A-SAA is probably mainly due to the passive diffusion process from blood into the joint cavity
Figure 6. Schematic representation of the role of Cav-1 in glioblastoma.
Innate immune mechanisms of muscle damage in myositis
Non-immune mechanisms of muscle damage and weakness
Affymetrix-based analysis detected transcriptional signatures for both DAG and TAG accumulation
Cellular mapping of gene products of 96 gene hits out of 114 that modulated endogenous IFNB1 expression either as Positive Regulators (71 PRs: Red) or as Negative Regulators (25 NRs: green) of the signaling pathway following SeV infection
Proposed mechanisms of FGFRL1-directed signaling via SHP-1
Roles of molecules explained in this review in signal transduction
All mRNAs that demonstrated a change in translational efficiency were subject to pathway analysis using Ingenuity® IPA software
Highlighted genes are targets predicted by 2 or more algorithms of the top 16 highest detected miRNAs (boxed in red; P = 1.86×10−6; 75 targets) showing overlap with genes expressed in the heart (highlighted; expression data 9 SD rat left ventricular myocardium samples from 2 microarray experiments, (GSE6943; GSM160095–100 & GSE6880; GSM158589–91; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds).
A GenMAPP schematic of cell cycle pathway genes
Proposed model of p38 MAPK regulation of mRNA translation
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway in hypothermia
An example pathway for the induction of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway
Proposed model for the evolution of eye degeneration in the cavefish Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus
Notch signaling pathway – details in the text
The cells responsible for bone remodeling, highlighting key signaling pathways that are targets for therapies recommended for the prevention of osteoporotic fracture.Notes: Osteocytes are embedded within mineralized bone and, in response to mechanical loading or microdamage, provide signals to osteoclasts to resorb
Sites of action of different classes of drugs that are either in clinical use (left hand side) or in development (right hand side).Notes: Drugs that inhibit resorption: BPs are internalized and inactivate resorbing osteoclasts, whilst calcitonin binds to a cell-surface receptor to inhibit osteoclast function
Main signaling pathways supposed to be activated in MEC exposed to either E
From the left to the right: import and metabolism of glycerol derivatives and dicarboxylic acids; import of mono- and disaccharides and their entry into the glycolytic pathway (GP); metabolism of ascorbic acid; mixed acid fermentation utilizing GP products; high affinity phosphate and ammonia import and metabolism; NADPH generation and menaquinone/menaquinol cycle; glutamate decarboxylase acid resistance system (Gad); oxygen-dependent and -independent electron transport chains; *periplasmic electron transporters
The interactions and feedback loops between Akt and mTOR complexes and energy consuming and energy producing processes
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of factors modulated by loss of Ranbp2 identified a top network implicated in “Cellular and Nervous System Development and Function, and Carbohydrate Metabolism” (score of 22)
PPARβ up-regulates Akt- and E2fs, which control glycolysis, fatty acid homeostasis as well as cell proliferation in regenerating livers
Shown are AhR signaling, the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway regulated by ITGA5/ITGAV and SRC axis
Pathway analysis results for the target genes of the five most highly expressed miRNAs in the colorectal cancer pathway
Fibrosis-related miRNAs are shown in bold italic fonts
In gastric smooth muscle PAR2 receptors are coupled to Gq, G13 and Gi1/2, and stimulation of PI hydrolysis via Gaq and Gbgi1/2, and RhoA/Rho kinase via Ga13
Proposed mechanism for MTX-induced melanosome transport in melanoma
EGFR activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway
Several flavonoid compounds also target the Fyn/Src signaling pathway
Signaling mechanisms important for endocrine resistance and which are currently targeted in clinical trials, combined with aromatase inhibitors
Convergence of metabolic pathway for acetaldehyde and dopamine
Figure 1.Network analysis of “sleep-related” genes in Drosophila.
Agonistic ligand binding to the GPCR leads to the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Far1p
A, The scaffolding proteins Gab1 and Gab2 have opposing roles in the regulation of Akt phosphorylation
Schematic model of the dual functions of Smad2 in the maintenance of hESC and mEpiSC pluripotency
Regulation of prophase arrest and resumption of meiosis
Regulation of the Hippo pathway by cAMP-PKA signaling
(1) In colonocytes, Cl− secretion is regulated by the concerted action of different apical and basolateral membrane ion channels and transporters, which promote vectorial apical fluid secretion
Blue box nodes represent downregulated mRNAs, pink box nodes represent upregulated mRNAs, and blue cycle nodes represent downregulated miRNAs
HH ligands (SHH, DHH or IHH) bind to the PTCH receptors (PTCH1 and PTCH2) and relieve the inhibition of SMO
Significant decreases (red thermometers = negative effects) in transcript expression of major components of the G2/M transition in Hltf null brain are superimposed on the proprietary multicomponent canonical pathway map from the MetaCore™ database [Straight lines = interactions; Symbols = events; +P = phosphorylation; B = binding; GR = group relation; CS = complex subunit
Possible role of non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway in mitochondrial dynamics
Schematic representation of the proposed pathways that regulate astroglial CNTF
Potential regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function
Graphical representation of Wnt pathway as described in the KEGG repository ()
IL-6 regulates Mcl-1L expression through the IL-6 dependent JAK/PI3K/Akt/CREB activation pathway in rat hepatocytes
In T cells, activation of the multi-subunit TCR (T cell antigen receptor) results in activation of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70
A: Classical pathway of RB and G1/S transition. Small cell cycle inhibit... B: Beyond the classical pathway, RB also controls the cell cycle by bloc...
Therapeutic molecular targets for endometrial cancer
Targeting immunosuppressive molecular pathways in EC
Glycolytic phenotype cancer cell may be treated by DCA (up to now the only known drug capable of restoring normal function of cancer cells)
. Overview of worm insulin and TOR pathways.
. Overview of the fly insulin and TOR pathways.
(A–E) Graphical representation of the metabolic flux distribution in the central carbon metabolism at the indicated time points
Two different types of stimuli are able to activate the inflammasome, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the one hand and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on the other
RasC/TORC2 regulation by chemokine signaling
The extended filamentous growth pathway map integrating the known knowledge () and the regulation inferred from significant differential phosphorylation in individual KDs
The GRB2-pY proteome interactions imply cross-talk between various signaling pathways that are functional to initiate various cellular responses
EVI1 binds to the majority (78pct) of major genes involved in the regulation of the Jak-Stat signaling pathway
A schema of regulatory mechanisms of endothelial atherosusceptibility discussed in the text
Ectopic upregulation of TLR4 and its activation by LPS induce the pluripotency factor NANOG, other stem cell genes, and self-renewal of TICs
(A) Schematic representation of the BCR signaling pathway, which was sig... (B) Schematic representation of the TCR signaling pathway (DAVID P = 0.0...
Schematic representation of TCR/CD3 pathway and coreceptor gene expression derived from microarray (Supplemental Table 2, B and C), qRT-PCR (Supplemental Table 5B), and flow cytometry (Supplemental Figure 2) data, with individual genes detailed in Supplemental Table 4
Schematic representation of TCR/CD3 pathway and coreceptor gene expression derived as in Figure
Schematic diagram for HIF-1Œ± functions in cap-dependent translation of selective mRNAs, cell proliferation, and tumorsphere growth of cancer cells in low O2 environment
The constitutive components and the transduced mechanisms of Hh signaling pathway
The different models of Hh signaling pathway activation in cancer
Predicted metabolic pathways of phylotype TM6SC1
Schematic depiction of LB-205 effects on NGF stimulated pathways
Diagram illustrating the phagocytic signaling pathway initiated by TLR4-linked JAK2 activation during the internalization of B
The scheme of the central carbon metabolism (CCM, upper panel), with indicated genes coding for enzymes involved in particular reactions
Schematic presentation of the Wnt signaling pathway
Overview of the pathways for WB-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in SMMC-7721 cells
Proposed mechanism by which G6P accumulation regulates load‚Äêinduced mTOR activation and ER stress
(a) Synthesis of UDP-L-FucNAc requires the sequential activity of enzyme... (b) Structure of the substrate analogue UDP-6N3-GlcNAc, where the hydrox...
Reactivation of HIV-1 transcriptional latency
Proposed scheme of attenuation of cancer prosurvival signaling pathways by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants
Known and novel roles of the p38-MK2/3 signaling pathway in cross-striated muscles
Proposed role for NF-Œ∫B during cortical neurogenesis
Theoretical model for IL-10 production and its pathogenic role during DENV infection
Pathway detail for the IPN: Mucus Hypersecretion model.Notes: The Mucus Hypersecretion model contains signaling detail from four main pathways known to induce airway MUC5AC production
The main branches ofWnt signalling pathways in neuronal development
Signaling pathways triggered by TCR and CD28 engagement
Two MAPK pathways promoting axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Wnt signalling pathways implicated in diabetic nephropathy
Acetic acid is metabolized to acetyl-CoA with consumption of ATP in bovine hepatocytes, resulting in a significant elevation of the AMP/ATP ratio and the phosphorylation and activation of AMPKŒ±
Sleep specific effects on protein processing and the unfolded protein response
(1) In the present study, proteins identified are mainly involved in biological functions of energy and metabolic pathways, cell growth and maintenance, signal transduction and protein metabolism
Scheme depicting the interactive roles of interferon, Trim, and Socs molecules regulating the innate response in SjS-susceptible C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice
New model for phrenic long-term facilitation with multiple signaling pathways
A schematic diagram illustrating miR-185 and ATR function in radiation response
Proposed model of miR-129 function as a potential tumor suppressor in CRC and a sensitizer to 5-FU-based chemotherapy
Schematic model of signaling pathways in salinomycin-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis
Panel A: Strong up-regulation of genes encoding insulin signaling proteins occurs between colostral and transitional stages; Panel B: signaling is attenuated between transitional and mature stages
The rate of lactose synthesis is an important driver of milk production level
. Overall scheme of the regulatory network involved in the inhibitory effect of ISL on breast cancer neoangiogenesis.
Network view of TGF-beta signaling pathway alterations in colorectal and ovarian cancer
Schematic of the possible signaling pathways regulated by YMGKI-1, through which to inhibit the EMT, stemness properties, and tumorigenicity of head and neck cancer initiating cells (HN-CICs)
Cellular mechanisms of BBR in reverting dysfunction in NAFLD
Figure 1. Model for the interaction of NMD and ERQC.
A model for transcriptional activation of antioxidant and aflatoxin biosynthetic genes by oxidative stress-related transcription factors
Overview of the SMAD/BMP pathway in hepatocytes
Major catabolic and anabolic pathways in mammalian cells
TIR8/SIGIRR, a negative regulatory receptor of ILR and TLR signaling
Common signaling pathway for Toll/IL-1R (TIR) family members
Influence of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in death receptor signaling and function
Schematic diagram that describes neuroprotective effects of SUL against Aβ-induced oxidative cell death in AD
(A) ATRA cell-survival signalling is proposed to be mediated through PLA... (B) When the PLA2/5-LO/PPARŒ¥ pathway is inhibited, we propose that the...
The top network functions were Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, ECM-receptor interaction, cell division signaling pathway and ribosome
Proposed mechanism demonstrating the interplay of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and the Wnt canonical pathway in the modulation of adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived adipocytes
DMGs in the KEGG 'Toll-like receptor signaling' pathway
PRL-Dependent Tyrosyl Phosphorylated PAK1 and 3D Collagen IV Regulate MMP-1 and MMP-3 Production and Invasion via MAPK Pathways Schematic representation of the proposed working model
Biochemical mechanisms mediating 5-HT6 receptor functions
Curcumin inhibits the expression of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) gene, AIP-1/Alix protein, Ki-67, proiferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, and genes related to Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer cells, but induces the expression of maspin and Bax in cancer cells.JNK=c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; ERK=extracellular signal-regulated kinase
Notch ligand on a signal-sending cell binds [Jagged1, Jagged2, Delta-like 1 (Dll1), Dll3, and Dll4] to a Notch receptor (Notch 1, 2, 3, and 4) on an adjacent signal-receiving cell
Naive CD4 cells differentiate into Th9 cells when activated in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4
Proposed interaction of AMPK on insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation
(A). Cross-talk between NGF signaling and INFS.
Host proteins that were found to be significantly differentially regulated by proteomic approaches were located in relevant pathways based on the IPA database results and a careful reading of published literature
Enrichment of hyper- and hypophosphorylated peptides in the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in the phosphoproteome of murine liver on treatment with high-fat versus low-fat diet
The molecular background of major signaling pathways responsible for proper development of muscles and muscle stem cells in normal tissues and tissues affected by laminopathy
Signaling pathways that relate disturbed polycystin-mediated Ca2+signaling to cell proliferation
‘ErbB signalling' and ‘TGF-β pathway' in the canonical pathway
Alterations are defined by somatic mutations, homozygous deletions, high-level focal amplifications, and structural variants validated by FISH or PCR
On monocytes, the gH/gL/UL128-131 and gH/gL/(gO) complexes engage both β1 and β3 integrins, however, only the pentameric complex triggers integrin-mediated signaling
IPA canonical pathway analysis of Death Receptor Signaling Pathway in neutrophils from (A) healthy individuals and (B) chronic periodontitis patients
Illustration of important relationships between metabolome, proteome, and genome in cancerous cells
UV-induced cyclobutane dimers- structure (A) and repair by the Nucleotide Excision DNA Repair (NER) pathway (B)
Two relevant networks were generated from the Vpr-modulated proteins according to the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Criteria
Figure 1. The combined action of EGFR and JAK-STAT signaling results in tumor progression.
Figure 1. Model of the regulation of STAT signaling by PC1.
Schematic representation of energy status of cells modulating cell signaling and mitochondrial function
Schematic representation of the role of Wnt7a-induced hsa-miR29b expression in NSCLC proliferation
Function and regulation of AMPK leading to tumor suppression
Model of the signaling pathway regulating ICAP-1Œ± function in the dynamics of β1 integrin-mediated FAs
Subnetwork representation of protein interactions based on 78 mutated genes in 602 breast cancers []-[]
Hypothetical representation of opposite downstream effects of two signaling pathways on the G1 phase of the cell cycle in a breast tumor-initiating cell
Proposed schematic depicting the different outcomes of NHEJ factors in β-cells after DNA damage
Activation of the IRS signaling cascade pathways
Overview of the analysis strategy (–) to identify the putative regulatory effect of GWAS candidate () on FRMD3 regulation (), linking the gene to transcriptional regulation of the BMP pathway (–) and DN and suggesting a hypothetical regulatory model ()
Schematic diagram showing the involvement of CPT1C and ceramides in the hypothalamic ghrelin signaling pathway
Bcl-2 family-regulated pathway and phenotypes in Bcl-2 knockout mice after status epilepticus
Somatic variations in genes encoding proteins of the KEGG “Melanoma” signaling pathway
Signaling pathways showing mechanisms involved in the protective effects of cardiac-specific CYP2J2 transgenic mice subjected to diabetic stress
Schematic diagram illustrating the main signaling pathways responsible for kisspeptin-induced depolarization and burst firing of GnRH neurons
Possible pathways for growth factor mediated tumorigenesis
Schematic of HER-2 structure, activation, and signalling
DR4 and DR5 Agonistic mAb-induced Apoptosis: Regulation of TRAIL/Apo2L Resistance by HDACi
Signaling via by cytokines and growth factors and its negative regulation by SOCS proteins
The scheme shows the PI3K/Akt pathway of insulin signaling and the effects of lipoic acid on the different components investigated in this study: (A) glucose uptake, (B) total GLUT3 and GLUT4 expression, (C) translocation of GLUT3 and GLUT4 to the plasma membrane from intracellular vesicles, (D) changes in IRS-Tyr608 /IRS-Ser307 ratio, (E) activation of Akt, (F) phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9, and (G) synaptic plasticity
Depicted is a model of ERK positive feedback with quantitative U0126-treated to DMSO-treated SILAC ratio heatmaps beside individual proteins, corresponding to the changes in phosphorylation between the two conditions across the four time points of TCR stimulation
Abbreviations: HIOMT  =  hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase; 5-HIAD  = 5-Hydroxyindole acetyldehyde; NM-5-HT  =  N-methyl serotonin; 5-HTPOL  = 5-Hydroxytryptophol; 5-MIAA  = 5-Methoxyindole acetic acid; 5-MTPM  = 5-methoxytryptamine
Panels A and B show correlations of metabolites at baseline with the four week treatment response in the sertraline and placebo groups, respectively
Known and Predicted Interactions between the Products of the 352 Genes Bound Preferentially by Pol II in Neuroepithelial CellsAnalysis was performed using STRING with a medium confidence score of 0.4 and all interaction methods available
Myosin 1c in cellular signaling pathways
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of Interferon Signaling Pathway of genes differentially expressed in the bronchial epithelial cells exposed to Alternaria alternata spores
Model of a signal transduction pathway for delayed-onset potentiation of the NMDA response by PregS
Figure 1. Genes with variants associated with ovarian cancer survival.
NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors and their downstream signaling molecules
Analysis of gene transcription in response to an acute bout of exercise identifies dysregulation of SMAD, CREB, and HDAC activity in LRT
ROS in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death
Schematic model of cell death mechanism in CACF-induced responses in melanoma A375 cells
Graphs showing the different regulation of glioma cell signaling when cells were cultured on biomatrix, myelin and unmyelinated tissue (retina)
Total 57 proteins included in this pathway figure
The colored circles represent the nodes or proteins of the pathway and the black arrows indicate an edge or connection between two nodes of the network
Wild type NRAS (top left) cycles between an inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound state, whereas mutations in G12, G13 and Q61 prevent hydrolysis of GTP, locking mutant NRAS in its GTP-bound, active state (top right) which results in permanent, stimulus independent downstream signaling
Possible mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in HNSCC described in this review: (1) overexpression of ligands, (2) activating mutations in EGFR, (3) translocation of EGFR to the nucleus, (4) loss of PTPRS, (5) activating Ras mutations, (6) downregulation of DUSP, (7) activating mutations in PIK3CA or inactivating mutations in PTEN, (8) activation of Src kinases, (9) dysregulation of the STAT pathway, (10) heterodimerization with other ErbB family members, (11) parallel signaling of other receptors, IGF-1R or MET, (12) overexpression of the Aurora kinase A and B, (13) deregulation of cyclin D1 or the A870G polymorphism, (14) loss of functional p53, and (15) activation of HIF-1 signaling.Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription.
. Schematic view for Wnt/β-catenin signaling shows the expression of genes and proteins involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling in both CKD patients (P) and healthy subjects (H).
Figure 2. A cascade of cellular events triggered by distinct, but interconnected molecular systems, is required for mating and nuclear fusion.
Molecules are represented as nodes and the biological relationship between two nodes is represented as an edge (line)
A: Selective Impact of p53 Modifications. Exemplary post-translational n... B: p53 contributes to multiple cellular processes in response to various...
Ribosomal proteins (RP-both the large subunit and small subunits) form a complex with p53 and MDM2 to inhibit MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and stabilization of p53
From left to right, the subnetworks correspond to adipose, muscle, and liver respectively
Growth factor (doughnut) receptor engagement signals TOR activation through PI3K and MYC activation through the MEK-ERK pathway
Simplified scheme presenting multiple feedback loops in the EGFR pathway
A simplified model of Rac1 signaling and function in learning-induced adult neurogenesis
(A) Integrated overview modeling general interactions between central nutrient-sensing signaling pathways
Figure 1. TFEB gene transfer interrupts the pathogenic vicious cycle of SERPINA1 deficiency.
Defects within components of the ECM and the TGFβ signaling pathway leading to various HCTD
Schematic diagram of the proposed role of Foxg1 in CM development
The role of p38 MAPK in the induction of pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
Schematic representation of the suggested interplay between natural killer (NK), CD4+ T, B cells, and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) during pemphigus pathogenesis []
MOMA analysis identifies double-gene knockouts in primary metabolism that funnel carbon toward DHA
Model showing the effects of PP2A in SLE T-cells
We propose that LSD1 down-regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway antagonist, DKK1, and that this down-regulation causes free β-catenin to avoid degradation and accumulate in the cytoplasm
ASHD treatment can induce apoptosis through one of the following pathways
The color of the pie chart in the node illustrates the proportion of treatment condition and the angle size is the observed frequency of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for specific drugs in the four tissues
A schematic of the events within the granulosa cell depicting how the interactions of LHR and adiponectin might occur
Network of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
Proposed mechanism of FAK-mediated growth of C2C12 cells in response to IGF-I
Working model for the NOX dependence of TNF-Œ± production by the liver following I/R injury
(A) Signaling diagram of the convergence of iron restriction and IFN-γ o... (B) A threshold-based mechanism, in which iron restriction and inflammat...
Focal adhesion signaling pathway highlighting those genes that are differentially expressed compared to untreated control ovaries and identifying by color the treatment group(s) from which the differentially expressed genes came
RRM1 regulates the proliferation and invasion through dNTP pool level, Ras/Raf/MAPK signal pathway
Reconstructing the interactions among different modules of the MAPK pathway
A close examination revealed that in our validated dataset genes that modulate Wnt-signaling are overrepresented
Morphoproteomic analyses shows a similarity among DSRCT, ES and WT in the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway, evidenced by the expression of p-mTOR and p-p70S6K
(A) Chemical structure of the compounds targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway u... (B) Scheme of Akt signaling pathway, which regulates cell survival, show...
Overview of the regulation of autophagy pathways and targets for modulating autophagy by drugs/compounds
Regulation of the EMT Pathway and Tec kinase signaling in Calu-6 compared to U1752
Signaling diagram for AC5 mediating cardiac stress and longevity
Human G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway proteins that are conserved across the diatom genomes and EST libraries
Here we propose a model where in NRG amplifies the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by ACh and α7 nAChR during an inflammatory response
A working model for the synergistic effect of TPL and ATF on tumour cells
Signaling pathways in melanoma.Notes: Oncoprotein Ras activates both the MAPK and PI3K/Akt survival pathways
Significantly changed intramolecular polar metabolites in C. thermocellum wild-type strain (WT) and ethanol-tolerant strain without additional ethanol (ET0) and with 3pct ethanol (ET3) were mapped on the existing metabolic pathways.
Schematic diagram of the role of activated Th17 cells during Con A-induced hepatitis
Schematic representation of molecules examined by immunohistochemistry
Flowering time genes recently identified as targets of selection in crop species
Pro- and antiapoptotic Ras and Rheb signaling based on different effectors and cellular context
HIFs are involved in crucial aspects of tumor progression and metastasis in sarcomas
Glucose deprivation in cancer cells activates UPR following HBP flux reduction
Schematic diagram summarizing the key findings
(A) The nitrogen assimilation pathway contains... (B) The only two routes for the synthesis of th... (C) There are only two biosynthetic routes to t...
Schematic of the Smad-dependent TGF-β signalling pathway upon stimulation with TGF-β and BMP
Loss of function of Apc is accompanied by multiple changes in gene expression, including upregulation of active β-catenin (dephospho-β-catenin), activation of Wnt and Cited1
The relevance of the 11 candidate genes (in red: deleted; in blue: duplicated) to WNT signalling pathway is displayed
Panel A: When CLL cells express low CD38, but high CTLA4, CTLA4 inhibits th... B: When CLL cells express high CD38, but low CTLA4, activated CD38/BC...
Hepatic cholesterol synthesis and catabolism enzymes, uptake receptors, BA transport systems, phase II detoxification enzymes, and nuclear receptors investigated in this study
Schematic representation of an immune synapse and downstream events
Comparison of gene expression changes in human bladder cancer and our mouse model based on KEGG pathway analysis
Sequestration-induced loss of protein C receptors links coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial permeability
KEGG pathway map for genes in the three modules
TGF-β processing and uPA-uPAR-dependent activation
(A) Schematic diagram of the ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing... (B) Inhibition of T-cell activation by immune checkpoint receptors and d...
Example metabolic network involving glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway []
Proteins with significant differential expression regulate a network of cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cellular growth and proliferation, as well as cellular development
A proposed model for AITC-mediated mitochondrial injury and apoptosis
Macrophages in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression
Differentially expressed genes were derived from the Training Set by comparing each disease to healthy controls matched for ethnicity and gender: TB = 2524, active sarcoidosis = 1391, pneumonia = 2801 and lung cancer = 1626 transcripts (≥1.5 fold change from the mean of the controls, Mann Whitney with Benjamini Hochberg FDR = 0.01).
Key molecules and derivatives of the pathway are denoted as ovals, regulatory enzymes as rectangles, affected DNA mechanisms as double rectangles
4-HNE-triggered lipolysis in adipocytes involves the activation of the cAMP/PKA/HSL pathway as well as the suppression of the AMPK pathway
Two of the prominent inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, signal through MAP kinase (ERK/JNK/p38) activation leading to MMP-3 release via different pathways
Regulated secretory pathway of a model neuroendocrine cell
Ingenuity analysis of representative accumulated proteins in response to inactivation of CRL/SCF system
The upregulation of HSP70 and the phosphorylation of STAT1 induced by bortezomib (BTZ) decrease the cytotoxic activity against ovarian cancer cells
A schematic illustration delineating the role of the AKT/Foxo3a/Bim pathway in selenite-induced apoptosis of CRC cells
Germline syndromes associated with the Ras signaling pathway.Schematic diagram showing the GM-CSF receptor spanning the phospholipid bilayer
Figure 1A. Potential roles of NER in DLBCL cells chemoresistance.
Figure 3. KEGG pathway regarding the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and oocyte meiosis.
Comparison of gene expression in RAW264.7 (RAW) and TGEM cells treated with KLA for the TLR4 signaling pathway
A comparison of the gene expression and eicosanoid metabolite changes in RAW264.7 (RAW) and TGEM cells treated with KLA is shown for the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway
Changes in the genes and processes related to mitochondrial metabolism in RAW264.7 and TGEM cells treated with KLA
Simplified schematic representation of the insulin and TOR signaling pathways as they have been described in mammals and for which orthologous components have been described in D
Associated intracellular cascades to physiopathology of vascular remodeling
Lycopene induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis
IŒ∫B, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (alpha, beta and epsilon isoforms are incorporated into the model); IKK, IŒ∫B kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor kappa B; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNFŒ±, tumour necrosis factor alpha; TNFR, tumour necrosis factor receptor; TRIF, Tir-Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing Interferon-β
Schematic representation showing the upstream and downstream effects of Tiam1 in intracellular pathways
Accumulation of monocytes/macrophages in adipose tissue and liver, and activation in the tissues
Our proposed model for two distinct pathways in ICL-induced ATR signaling
(A) Structure of a T. cruzi GPI anchor, according to Previato et al. . (B) Proposed biosynthetic pathway of GPI anchor in the endoplasmic retic...
Key signaling pathways modulated by WNV infection
Integrated “omic” analysis reveals global metabolic changes
NAC protects against Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting UPR signalling in the testes
Pathway analysis showing integration between signaling pathways, transcription factors, and adhesion genes
Subcellular distribution of the antioxidant network in T
Schematic illustration of the two possible pathways by which MUC1 regulates MRP1 gene expression in PC cells
Folates require several transport systems to enter the cells, the best characterized being the reduced folate carrier (RFC1)
. Model for the adipogenic regulation of Akt2 and Sirt1 by C/EBPŒ± and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), when released from necrotic cells, remains associated with TFAM
The biological networks modulated by differentially expressed miRNA following HCV infection was analyzed using the Genego software
ASC-mediated switch between pyroptosis and apoptosis: intracellular pathogens and their products lead to activation of the ASC-dependent inflammasome
Schematic representation of the LPS-induced, TLR 4-mediated NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway: (1) LPS form Gram-negative bacteria complex with LPS-binding protein (LBP) in the cells; (2) This LPS and LBP complex then binds to CD 14 receptor; (3) The LPS, LBP, and CD 14 complexes in turn interact with MD 2 and the transmembrane protein TLR 4; (4) This induces the activation of the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway; (5) Translocation of NF-Œ∫B to the nucleus induces the transcription of mRNA for several proteins such as inflammatory cytokines; (6) Translation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6
Melatonin molecular signaling pathways in Plasmodium
Ageing-dependent decline in thyroid activity, leading to compensatory increases in cellular D1 activity and thyroid hormone metabolites that may, through non-genomic pathways, be involved in amelioration of ageing related metabolic disturbances
Schematic overview of Hedgehog signaling and rationale for combination therapy with (chemo)radiotherapy
Role of miR-302 during human ESCs (hESC) neural differentiation
The pathway of nucleotide excision repair and translesion synthesis
Regulation of Gq- and Gi-coupled receptor signaling by caveolin-1 in gastric smooth muscle
Link between mTOR-mediated autophagy regulation and NET formation in neutrophils
Proposed scheme for the role of mTOR in p53-induced kidney cell injury
Gene pathways revealed by comprehensive genomic profiling
Mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced vascular damage
Insulin resistance as trigger of atherothrombosis
Expression of key genes of each pathway, CO, FLC, and MYB33 as well as FT and SOC1 of the floral integrator were tested
Proposed model of SDF-1-induced apoptosis
GeneGo pathway map translation regulation of eIF2 activity
Evidence for indirect influence of kinases on tau phosphorylation
After cells are exposed to IGF-1, IGF-1R is activated, which then activates the PI3K-Akt pathway
After binding pathogenic products, TLR signaling involves cross-linking of adapter proteins, such as MyD88 (1) and TRIF (2), activation of NF–öB-dependent/-independent (IRF3) pathways, and phosphorylation of multiple signaling molecules, including STAT-1 and STAT-3
The Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is initiated via activation of TLRs, followed by adaptor complex formation, IRAK and/or TRAF6 activation to induce subsequent MAPK, NFŒ∫B, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) activation, nuclear translocation and regulation of pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression
Summary of the proposed role of Pak1 in mediating stretch-induced CTGF upregulation
Signaling pathways of anti-permeability factors
The extent to which glutamate (GLU) is oxidized in astrocytes seems to increase particularly during higher glutamate concentrations
Pathways of trehalose synthesis are highlighted in black, and pathways of degradation in grey
A. The general domain structure of TCF/LEF proteins includes a highly variable Context Regulatory Domain (CRD) and the well-conserved N-terminal β-catenin–binding (β-cat) and High Mobility Group (“HMG”) DNA-binding domains.
Panel A shows the atom-resolved fate of 50pct [1,2- 13C2]-glucose plus 50pct all 12C glucose through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP, both oxidative and non-oxidative branches)
Primary GBM is associated with mutations of genes, which regulate RB/E2F pathway
Schematic illustration of self-renewal pathway: Wnt/β-Catenin
O-GlcNAc is involved in the cellular stress response
Eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway and its activation by RTK/GFR ‚Üí ERK1/2 signaling
High expression of the ppGalNAc-T13 gene enhances cancer metastasis by formation of trimeric Tn antigen
GSRd inhibits the apoptotic signaling cascades initiated by MI/R-generated ROS
Schematic representation of regulatory interaction between sulfur assimilation and ethylene biosynthesis linked with ascorbate-glutathione pathway
Diabetes mellitus induced regulation of osteoblast
Diabetes mellitus induced regulation of osteoclast
Diabetes mellitus induced regulation of skeletal muscle
PKM2 activity is controlled by a tight regulatory network at the transcriptional, proteomic and metabolic level
Schematic illustration of the role of K+ channels during cell cycle progression and proliferation
Key reactions involved in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway
The Hippo pathway in Drosophila (a) and mammals (b)
Depiction of TCDD-induced CTLA-4 on AhR-Treg activating the tolerogenic IDO pathway and suppressing the acute GVH response
Signaling pathway of checkpoint control and IR-induced perturbation
Cumulative scheme adapted from the data published in (, –, , , , , ) showing components of pathways implicated in regulating the life span in Drosophila and their interactions
Schematic representation of the putative steps in the redox signaling pathway leading to adaptive activation of transcription factors and upregulation of the expression of cytoprotective proteins following contractile activity in skeletal muscle
α4β1 outside-in signalling induced CD25 expression, co-stimulation of CD69 expression and activation of the MAPK ERK pathway
EM of enriched GO terms among proteins differentially regulated by AngII in Cytoscape
The canonical, non-canonical and the atypical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Crosstalk of the canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway with other signaling processes
BIOBASE-derived signaling network centered on p38 MAPK
Pathway analysis of METH-regulated genes in METH-pretreated rats
Ingenuity pathway analysis of the top-ranked network
(A) Elevated PLD activity stimulates the mTORC1, mTORC2 and other relati... (B) Inhibition of PLD reduces phosphorylation of downstream targets of m...
Example of differences in use between glycolysis and the ED pathway by representative cells in our modeled population
Pathomechanisms of LN outside the kidney
FGF2 normally activates FGF receptors that trigger mitogenic responses
. The overall pathway by which the activation of PAR2 regulates cell proliferation.
Influence of hepatocyte culture conditions on signaling and phenotype
Activation of different death receptor signaling pathways depending on the culture conditions of hepatocytes
Schematic overview of signalling pathways and drug targets currently under investigation in CML research
ERK1/2-mediated regulation of the G1-S phase transition
ERK1/2-mediated regulation of the BCL2 protein family
Schematic illustration of oncogenic and antiapoptotic functions of KSHV
SDH and FH are Krebs cycle enzymes and tumor suppressors
(A) In well-oxygenated cells, glucose is metabolized to pyruvate, which... (B) In hypoxic cells, HIF-1 activates the transcription of several genes:
Scheme of the andrographolide regulatory pathway
Insulin-stimulated PI3K signaling in adipocyte and endothelial cells
PI3K coordinates metabolic control and inflammatory signaling
Summary of AERD associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes of immune response and arachidonate pathway
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism by which PGE2signaling amplifies COX-2 expression through an autocrine manner in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Schematic diagram of signaling pathways used by EGF to stimulate goblet cell proliferation
Overview of Sirt3 deacetylation targets, and regulation of Sirt3 expression and activity
a Challenging macrophages with PAMPs such as LPS stimulates synthesis of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18
Consequences of oxidative stress on proteins, the proteasomal system and transcription factors
Common signaling pathways of H2S and NO: H2S and NO mediated vascular remodeling aspects through common pathway that include VEGF, HIF-1Œ±, PI3K/AKT upregulated by H2S
Glycolysis and molecular targets of glycolytic inhibitors
Molecular alterations underlying vascular neoplasias
Wnt/β-catenin signaling was activated in gemcitabine resistant NSCLC cell lines
A simplified schematic shows the major intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in fibrotic kidneys
Regulation of prosurvival and apoptotic pathways by ER stress
Oncogenic role of the AKT signaling pathway
p53-induced cell cycle control and apoptosis
The interplay between p53 and AKT/mTOR in regulating autophagy
An overview of the FGF signaling pathway
Core genes for cetuximab and PX‚Äê866 susceptibility
Diving adaptations in the Chinese alligator genome
A literature search shows that the most discrepant genes are related to chromosome condensation, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis (these studies are listed in )
Proposed model of the intracellular signals necessary for the GLP-1R activation-mediated suppression of food intake
Cell compartment view for network of lipid metabolic genes highlighting the role of SREBF1, THRSP, and ESRRA curated by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
This figure depicts a model of the lipid synthesis genes in the human mammary epithelial cell during secretory activation according to cell compartment
Diagram showing Na-K-ATPase control of cell function by ouabain via its ion transport and signaling functions
Summary of regulatory relationships among genes controlling protein phospho-modulation at egg activation
Regulation of cardiac myofilament contractility by pharmacological modulation of the ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R)
Regulation of autophagy by oncogenes and tumor suppressors
Model of synergy between RasGRP and SOS in TCR signaling
Molecular inhibitory mechanism of cPAP to block proliferation and survival of prostate cells
PI3-K signaling.Notes: Activation of class I PI3-K via RTK phosphorylates and activates downstream target PDK1, in turn phosphorylating AKT kinases at the threonine site
The genes related to Wnt signaling pathway were modulated after vaccination with the live attenuated V. anguillarum.
Butyrate hyperinduces WNT/beta-catenin activity in CC cells with mutations in the pathway by increasing the formation of beta-catenin/TCF4 (BCT) complexes ,
Working model of renoprotective pathways activated by relaxin
Proposed mechanisms by which proline metabolism mediates redox homeostasis and energy production via NADP+/NADPH
The enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detoxifying mechanisms in plant chloroplasts are dependent on metal-based reactions
CONPs can significantly reduce the growth of melanoma in vivo by targeting the mitochondria and initiating the mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway
A model for the role of the eIF2Œ±/ATF4 signaling pathway in the transcriptional activation of autophagy genes
Hypothesis: expanded repeat neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the TLR recognition (and resultant innate inflammatory response) of repeat RNA as “non-self” due to their paucity of “self” modification that is exposed upon Dicer processing of double-strand RNA
Potential HIV-related neuropathic pain pathway
Classical pathway of β2adrenergic receptor (β2AR) activating GŒ±sprotein, which in turn activates the conversion of ATP in cAMP by the adenylate cyclase (AC)
Model of SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of substrate proteins
Enrichment of the Notch signaling pathway in glioma CSCs
Model depicting mitochondrial generation of H2O2 as a key modulator of TCR-mediated signal transduction
Pathway Studio analysis of the differentially expressed proteins of extremely severe HFMD serum samples
Altered CREB/E2F1 signalling networks in co-treated HMCs
Schematic representation of signaling pathways involving EPCAM, proposed by Maetzel D et al
Mechanism of blockade of the Wnt signalling pathway by osteocytes
Important molecular pathways and drug targets in RCC
CD9 expression is downregulated by either inactivation of HDAC (e.g., by LPS or cigarette smoke exposure) or activation of the mevalonate pathway.
Glucose (C-source) availability regulates cell growth through multiple signaling pathwaysDuring glucose starvation, decreasing production of cellular energy leads to the activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK, yeast Snf1)
A schematic overview of hippocampal signaling pathways following sleep deprivation
Regulation of action cytoskeleton in LTLT-Ca MCF-7 cells
Four current models of PARP inhibitor-induced cancer cell killing
The cell cycle checkpoint pathway activated by DNA damage
The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
Hedgehog signaling pathway, a morphogenic signaling pathway important in embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, cell growth and development
PROPAGAPATH (Helios Biosciences, Romainville, France) analysis indicates that PKCŒ∂ is a potential transducer of the Vitreoscilla filiformis biomass (VFB) activity of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in skin included in the minimal signaling pathway connecting TLR2 activation to interleukin 8 (IL8) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) induction.Abbreviations: FOS, proto oncogene c-Fos; IRAK1, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88); NF-Œ∫B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PML1, promyelocytic leukemia protein-1; PRKCz, protein kinase C, zeta; PRKR, protein kinase R; SP1, specificity protein 1; SRC1, steroid receptor coactivator 1; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TLRAP, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
AZA1 inhibits activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases, shifting the balance towards cell growth inhibition and apoptosis
Examples of interplays between SL and NO signaling in animal (A,B) and plant cells (C,D)
Signaling-activated kinases regulate splicing factor activity
Role of Nox-derived ROS in Ang II-mediated effects in vascular cells
Schematic representation of the TGF-β dependent EMT program in thyroid cells
Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of transcription regulation in response to IFN stimulation.
Figure 2. Proposed mechanism of JAK-STAT involvement in atopic dermatitis (AD) development, part II.
Figure 1. Schematic overview of 25HC-mediated antiviral activity.
Figure 1. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster.
Figure 3. Roles of JAK-STAT signaling in gut homeostasis.
Schematic diagram of the signaling pathways associated with γŒ¥T cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production
Signaling pathways regulating the phosphorylation of plectin S4642 in HeLa cells
Pathway analysis of genes expressed higher in mutant mice revealed networks of interacting genes
Proposed signaling process for GDNF-independent UB outgrowth
This schematic depicts how low-dose ketamine and lithium can work in concert by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and inhibiting of glycogen synthase kinase-3β kGSK-3 β to produce robust synaptogenic and antidepressant effects equivalent to a higher effective dose alone
Summary of the convergence of the E2–ERK and mTORC1 signaling pathways in regulating migration and invasion in LAM patient-derived cells
Summary of the aerobic and anaerobic cobalamin biosynthetic pathways from precorrin-2 to cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide
Role of Nor-1 in incretin-induced insulin expression and secretion and hypothetical localization of the TCF7L2 and NR4A3 SNP effects
Model of crosstalk between hedgehog signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, notch signaling, and phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)-kinase/Akt pathway and targeting by norcantharidin (NCTD)
All 409 biomarkers were analysed by integrated pathway analysis using Ingenuity and the most dominant network is depicted here
Figure 1. Gal-3 is an important regulator of adiposity, metaflammation, and type 2 diabetes.
Pou4f1 (Brn3a) was strongly up-regulated in the Lmx1a−/− expression array, in line with a suggested role of Lmx1a in repressing an alternative, red nucleus, fate during development (dashed line)
Schematic model of GMIP and Slp1/JFC1 regulation of vesicular dynamics and exocytosis in neutrophils
Essential TLR-associated signaling pathways and cytokine production
DA receptor signaling pathways activated in response to seizures
(A) Schematic representation of p30 functions. (B) Schematic representation of p28 functions. p28 is recruited by Tax t...
Signaling modules responsible for autophagy-lysosome pathway in the adult
Signaling modules that are important therapeutic targets to counteract muscle wasting
Regulation of hepatic hepcidin induction at the cellular level
Alternative splicing regulation of the Ras-MAPK pathway
Alternative splicing regulation of the PI3K-mTOR pathway
Molecular network analysis of the miR-200 family and potential molecular targets with Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)
Targeting the PI3K and BTK pathways in NHL
A simplified version of the mTOR signalling pathway
Causes and consequences of mTOR activation in the brain
TNF-Œ± regulates synaptic loss, synaptic transmission, and plasticity
The functions of the proteins encoded by the genes mutated in primary lymphedema cluster around a central molecular pathway: the VEGFR3 signaling
Overlay of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway with microarray data for comparison of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Multifunctional phosphorylated PDZ proteins integrate signaling pathways to control hyperplasia, neoplasia, and cell metastasis
These cross-talks are difficult to find manually without a graph search because of the large number of connections to/from AR and p53 and because of fragmentation of data across multiple pathway data sources
Scheme of the plant tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway
DNA damage signaling at replication forks
TLS synthesis in ICL repair by Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway: replicative DNA polymerase stalls upon encounter of an interstrand crosslink (ICL) in DNA
Schematic diagram of EBV-mediated oncogenic signaling pathway activation in EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly
Therapeutic modulation of EBV infection and associated signaling pathways
Therapeutically targeting the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1) signaling pathways in liver kinase B1 (LKB1) -/- tumors
Phosphoinositide signaling and its regulation by phosphatases
Schematic representation of the proposed signalling pathway involved in the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy by AT1 receptor blockade
Biochemical changes during EMT in fibrosis
Figure 1. Overview of one-carbon metabolism, transsulfuration pathway, and glutathione influx/efflux.
Classic and alternative lipogenic pathways of fructose
An illustrative model of amelioration of ER stress–induced β-cell apoptosis by GKA
Interface between the HER2 signaling network and apoptotic control centers
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in the autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) retina and proposed to be a target for modulating the rate of retinal degeneration
Inhibitory activity of miR-124 on multiple nodes of the STAT3 signaling pathway
MYD88—an intriguing link between WM and natural effector IgM+ memory cells
A unique signaling pathway from VEGFR2 toward angiogenesis
Activation of RON is mediated by MSP binding, overexpression, splicing/truncation, and point mutations
The crosstalk of RON with MET, EGFR, and IGF-1R occurs in various cancer cells and cause increased tumorigenic activity
The IIS/TOR signaling pathway in fat body and the central nervous system of Drosophila
Differential signaling pathways activated by β1ARs and β2ARs in cardiomyocytes
AKT-mammalian target of rapapmycin (mTOR) signalling pathway
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) participates in both defence and offence in host immunity to viruses
Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed increase in resting skeletal muscle fat metabolism (red arrows), gene networks (shaded areas) and expression of highly significant genes (FDR < 1pct; highlighted in yellow) following 12 weeks of carnitine and carbohydrate supplementation (Carnitine) compared with carbohydrate supplementation alone (Control)
MLPL regulates energy metabolism via inhibition of the AMPK/SIRT1/PCG1-Œ± signaling pathway
(A) LDL receptors (LDLRs) on the basolateral hepatocyte surface, SR-BI,... (B) Binding of type I IFNs to the IFN-α/β receptors (IFN-αR1 and -2) and...
Kidney immune activation against ischemia-reperfusion and transplant injury
Type I interferon induction is inhibited by paramyxovirus interferon-antagonist proteins at multiple stages
Simplified network controlling the fate decisions between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in huAFMSCs
Schematic representation of Wnt pathway involved in the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of huAFMSCs
Black and red circles indicate genes significant in at least one study from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively
An overview of Cdc42 regulation during mating
The potential role of miRNAs in the attenuated myogenic process in the elderly
Schematic representation of the hypoxia inducible factor pathway
Network pathway analyses were performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Network tool
Metabolism of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin to biologically active metabolites
Selected non-epigenetic effects of sulforaphane and I3C/DIM on prostate cancer cells
(A) Different phosphorylation sites on STAT3 mediate canonical and non-c... (B) Different cell types interpret STAT3 and Hes/Hey signaling in specif...
Intracellular signaling pathways activated by guidance cues
The proposed model of OGG1 induction by DHF treatment and its cytoprotective effect against cell death
Differentiation and commitment of IL-17-producing T helper (TH)17 cells in the midpoint of other coacting cells in favor of and against the harboring individual
Schematic representation of the roles of DcR3 in MFH tumor progression
Anaplastic thyroid cancer growth pathways.Note: The MAPK/ERK/PTEN pathway is a chain of proteins that communicates a proliferation signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.Abbreviations: MAP, Mitogen-activated protein; ZO, zonula occludens; MAPK, MAP kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 kinase; RET, rearranged during transfection; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; RAS, rat sarcoma; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate; PTC, papillary thyroid cancer; AKT, alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; P, phosphate; PCL, phospholipase C
Mechanisms of action of Smac mimetics.Notes: IAPs are important regulators of NF-Œ∫B-activating signaling pathways
The scheme was built based on the results obtained through the analysis of GEP performed with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software and it shows increased expression of several inflammatory genes, particularly genes involved in antigen presenting cell functions, among cases with isolated monosomy 22/del(22q)
Calcium and calcium-permeable channels in the control of autophagy
A schematic illustrating a model of NA anticancer activity is proposed
CVB3-induced the PI3K-Akt-mTOR-apoptosis signaling pathway
Proposed signalling pathway linking zinc channel ZIP6 with loss of adherence through Snail-mediated repression of E-cadherin (CDH1)
Pathways impinging specifically on glucose-mediated F-actin remodeling in the β cell
The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-generated network of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-identified proteins and their interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease (AD) hippocampus (Hp)
The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-generated network of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-identified proteins and their interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease (AD) parietal cortex (pCx)
The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-generated network of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-identified proteins and their interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease (AD) cerebellum (Cb)
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-derived neurodegenerative disease-specific network of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-identified differentially regulated proteomes of hippocampus (Hp), parietal cortex (pCx) and cerebellum (Cb) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains
Several intracellular pathogens manipulate the AMPK/mTOR pathway during infection through either directly targeting AMPK or mTOR or by targeting the upstream or downstream pathways
The ssDNA at sites of damage is coated by Replication protein A (RPA) and recruits ATR through a direct interaction with the ATR interacting protein (ATRIP)
Signaling through NLR receptors in lupus
Schematic representation of the interactions between the control of the cell cycle and the expression of specific ligands for activating NK receptors in various pathologies
The network was constructed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (Ingenuity¬Æ Systems, HUhttp://www.ingenuity.comUH) using all genes in the NF-Œ∫B and IFN signatures.
Synthetic circuits based on the rewired cell-signaling pathways
Induction of migratory heterogeneity during priming
Summary of the interactions identified in this work between Dmrt5 and the secreted ligands and Wnt/Bmp regulated graded transcription factors expressed during early patterning of the cerebral cortex
Predictive metabolic pathway of  biosynthesis in M
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway: recognition of pathogens through TLR ultimately triggers signaling through the NF-Œ∫B pathway, consequently leading to gene activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines
The proposed mechanisms for ziyuglycoside II induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 cells
Inhibition of the proteins in the RhoGDIŒ±/caspase-3/PARP pathway regulates the effect of cyclic strain on downstream, but not upstream, members of the pathway
Model for the action of PML on metabolism
Main metabolic pathways implicated in energy production in astrocytes with a prominent role for glycolysis
D1 receptor-mediated ERK activation signaling pathway
D2 receptor-mediated ERK activation signaling pathway
Schematic presentation of the influence of angiogenesis inhibitors on EC signaling
Connectivity map of NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response adapted from IPA software
Schematic model of adaptive primary resistant responses by tumors to anti–IGF-1R monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
Previous studies indicated a role of TORC1 (a known cell size regulator) in activity-dependent muscle growth (1)
Exogenous natural ChoPlas activates caveolin-1, affecting PI3K/Akt pathway signals and decreasing cell cycle regulatory proteins and Bcl-2 expression
Once LPS from Gram-negative bacteria is recognized by TLR4, the TLR4-MyD88 pathway is triggered, and early-phase TNFŒ± expression is initiated through the activation of NF-Œ∫B and MAPKs
Nrx in Wnt/Dvl and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling
A diagram of hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammalian cells
According to IPA categorization, up-regulated proteins are coloured in red
(A) Schematic representation of metabolomics and transcriptomics data in... (B) Integrated signaling network of metabolic enzymes and metabolites ob...
(A) IPA of direct and indirect miR-525-3p target proteins. The most sign... (B) IPA of direct miR-525-3p target proteins. The most significant netwo...
Schematic model of the hypothetic assembly of a PKA microdomain beneath the NMJ
Model for the relationships between the RA, FGF and Notch pathway in Xenopus PSM
Pathways involved in stem cell hemostasis via regulation of nutrient sensing
Wnt signaling pathway in the primary cilia
Schematic representation of the valine degradation pathway from the differentially regulated genes in response to 3–7 days of mechanical overload
Schematic representation of the ILK signaling and its putative regulation by the micro-RNA-1 (miR-1)
Pim-dependent inactivation of the negative regulator SOCS
Insulin signaling pathways are inhibited by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-mediated, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated pathways
Schematic representation of the leptin-induced pathways
Activation of the canonical signalling pathway to NFŒ∫B results in nuclear translocation of the transcription factor
Autophagy can be targeted at multiple points on its regulatory pathways
IBD is characterized by mucosal adherent bacteria and the induction of continuous and overshooting immune responses against normally commensal gut microbiota
Based on our current understanding of Wnt-sensitive pathways, we propose that Wnt binding to Fzd and co-receptor LRP5/6, and mediated by GŒ±o, leads to activation of β-catenin-dependent gene transcription
Basic NOD2/RIP2 pathway of NF-Œ∫B activation
Schematic of the canonical and noncanonical NF-Œ∫B pathway
Schematic model of novel cytoprotective mechanisms in response to oxidative stress in β-thalassemic (β-thal) erythroid precursors
Regulation of lipid metabolism in glioblastoma and the therapeutic drug targets
Model showing the cRAF-dependent modulation of DC responses by TcES
Pathway network was constructed for commonly predicted target mRNAs of differentially modulated miRNAs (miR-205, miR-214, miR-221 and miR99b), by using Pathway Studio 9.0 (A) Commonly predicted miRNA targets with commo... (B) Directly interac...
Upper panel: Intermediates of cysteine biosynthesis in mammals and bacteria
263 human gene orthologs were regulated in the same direction in the nephritic vs. prenephritic kidneys in NZB/W, NZM2410 and NZW/BXSB.
A. 103 shared genes were regulated in the same direction in the nephritic vs. prenephritic kidneys in NZW/BXSB and NZB/W mouse models.
A scheme represents an epigenetic mechanism that abnormal activity of histone H3K9-specific methyltransferase (ESET) leads to synaptic failure and striatal dysfunction in Huntingdon’s disease (HD)
Established and putative signaling pathways coupled to KISS1R
Illustration of a signaling pathway involved in histone PTMs in HD
Scheme of the biochemical pathways leading to carotenoids and other terpenoids
The most significantly altered upstream regulator in xenograft compared to 2D according to IPA; the HER2 pathway with arrows pointing to the top five changing genes shown in Table 1
Autophagy-related common pathway in neurodevelopmental disorders
Mitochondrial biogenesis by HLA20 involves activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Co-Activator 1 Alpha (PGC-1Œ±) pathway
Proposed metabolic models for syntrophic growth of D
ER signaling, targeted therapies, and endocrine resistance
HER2 family pathways, targeted therapies, and treatment resistance
Pathway-guided treatment in prostate cancer
(A) Hyperglycemia increases miR-1207-5p level, which downregulates G6PD,... (B) Proposed mechanism for a joint and independent effect of miR-1207-5p...
This subnetwork contains 18 interactions
This subnetwork contains 24 interactions
The coordinated action of glial and neuronal purinergic receptors and purines in the CNS
Modulation of axon growth by purinergic receptors
RLR-mediated pathways of type I interferon and inflammatory responses
Metabolism of cancer cells is regulated by signaling pathways related to oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes
Gene Regulatory Network for cenH3 Deposition in Arabidopsis and Coexpression of KNL2 and cenH3 with Genes of the RBR-E2F Transcription Regulation Pathway and with DNA and H3 Methyltransferases
A TAM-regulated cycle of inflammation in dendritic cells
Role of oxysterols in regulating cell signaling pathways related to oxidative reactions
Schematic representation of BNC-mediated protection from H2O2-induced oxidative injury in H9c2 cells
The function of significant modules and nodes of genetic sub-network in the brain of SAMP8 mice
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and regulation of insulin signaling phosphorylation of docking protein insulin receptor substrate -1 (IRS-1) is the major converging point in insulin signaling
Regulation of the HIF pathway by oxygen dependant and independent mechanisms (a) Under normoxia, prolyl hydroxy... (b) Structure of CL67.
(A) mTOR pathway. IL2 binds to CD25 located on the surface of activated... (B) Mechanism of action of mTORI. The mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus and eve...
Diagram of the central Ras/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway components and examples of signals to which the Ras signaling pathway responds
PMT deamidates and activates heterotrimeric GŒ± proteins
(a) Bacterial chemotaxis. Attracta... (b) Dictyostelium chemotaxis, as r... (c) Photo-transduction. Light acti... (d) Olfactory-transduction. Odoran...
Differentially expressed PCD-related genes were mapped onto the model proposed by Kranner et al
MBD2 represses methylated genes in cis by recruiting chromatin repressor complexes
(A) Classical description of TCA cycle of Bacil... (B) ATP production with an input of Acetyl-phos... (C) ATP production with an input coming from th...
Proposed schema of how the BMP signaling axis limits neurogenic muscle wasting
Model showing proposed molecular steps of the Pep immune signal transduction pathway
Models of Eph signaling in amphid axon guidance
Mechanisms of action of cationic antitumor peptides
The schematic diagram of the adiponectin-AMPK pathway in glomerular cells
Schematic diagram of the Nodal/TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways generated by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software
Target genes are grouped based on their signaling pathway or functions
Structure-based phylogenetic tree of ATPase enzymes
General activation of interferon-β (IFN-β) transcription and induction of IFN-stimulated genes
Schematic of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and classical nuclear import pathway
Model for RAS-directed silencing of TSGs
Proposed mechanism for the CD8+-cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication
Proposed scheme of the effects of up-regulation of HO-1 by PPARγ activation on HMGB1-RAGE signaling pathway in ALI/ARDS
Possible post-junctional mechanisms responsible for cholinergic excitation
Receptors involved in allergen recognition and uptake by AECs
Combined miRNAs and transcription factor regulation of inflammation in wound healing
Schematic representation of how the VEGF-A signaling pathway is linked to its main biological functions.Notes: VEGF-A can bind VEGFR-2 dimer
An overview of the EGFR pathway and its main downstream effectors, PI3K/AKT and KRAS/BRAF/MEK/MERK.Notes: Activated AKT and MEK/MERK can induce cancer cell proliferation and invasion
Intracellular signaling pathways regulated by the leptin receptor (LepRb) in the central nervous system
Potential mechanism of activity-dependent transcriptional repression by MeCP2
Activation of the EGFR pathway and the consequent engagement of the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways
Major apoptotic pathways in SGNs induced by oubain treatment
Schematic cartoon portraying the apoptotic signalling pathway triggered by anandamide (AEA) in rat decidual cells
Hypothetical role of the AhR pathway in the development of inflammatory bowel disease after exposure to environmental PAH
A model for the function of Wnt signaling during synapse development and maintenance
Wnt7a signals bi-directionally at vertebrate synapses
Summary of therapeutic invention points in the myostatin signaling pathway
SD, short day; LD, long day;→, up-regulated; ┥, down-regulated;<->, interact at protein level
Combined miRNA/mRNA regulatory and functional enrichment network
Identification of the genes in the MAPK signaling pathway that harbor or are in the close proximity of SNPs associated with feed efficiency
The roles of lipids in the tumour microenvironment
Genes predicted to be part of the optimal sub-network in either the MyD88-knockout or the TRIF-knockout samples
Graphical representation of glucose system
Representative Tyr phosphorylation sites affected by erlotinib in the EGFR and ErbB2 canonical pathways
Cellular response to oxidative stress mediating by β-adrenergic response and sirtuins involvement
Schematic representation and overview of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN signaling
Several inhibitors linked to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN signaling pathway are shown
Schematic representation of the molecular signalling responsible for the differentiation-specific induction of Keratin 15 (K15) expression
AGE-RAGE, oxidative stress and amplification loops linked to the pathogenesis of chronic disease
A simplified summary of the signaling involved in response to TPA and leading to the process of EMT on HepG2 cells
Biosynthetic pathway of major phospholipids in vascular endothelial tissue and mononuclear leukocytes
Schematic illustration of the TLR-4 signaling pathway.Notes: TLR-4/MD-2 complex homodimerization activates the MyD88-dependent pathway and TRIF-dependent pathway
Proposed model of how the non-apoptotic function of caspases allows survival and proliferation of colonic epithelial cells in H2O2-associated colitis during oxidative stress
Schematic pathway of different steps of autophagy
Post-translational regulation of iron homeostasis
(Right part) RAD inhibits mTOR and the downstream anti-apoptotic eIF4E-dependent pathway and, at the same time, causes inactivation of the beclin-1/bcl-2 complex formation inhibiting autophagy
Unique proteins identified in exosomes isolated from cytotrophoblast cells exposed to 1pct oxygen were submitted to IPA network analysis
Genes associated with milk fat metabolism are shown to be positively (arrowheads) or negatively (end lines) regulated by miR-103 over-expressed
Core components of the apoptotic machinery
Canonical and noncanonical functions of the apoptotic machinery
Role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) in the regulation of the immune response pathway
Outline of the Crosstalk between p53 Family Members and the mTORC1 Pathwayp53 and p63 act upstream of mTORC1 and inhibit mTORC1 activity via multiple transcriptional targets
Mechanisms involved in type I IFN production and its receptor signaling
Possible mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of anthocyanins in NAFLD and NASH: a Srebp1c working model based on available studies
Survival pathways in CML progenitors and stem cells
Interrelations between autophagy-related signaling and cell growth control in response to stress
TGF-β signaling through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways
Cross talk between the coagulation and complement system
KEGG “cell cycle” pathway relevant to NRF1 target genes
KEGG “Parkinson’s disease” pathway relevant to NRF1 target genes
IPA “regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling” pathway relevant to NRF target genes
Figure 1. Sterile inflammatory response induced by cyclophosphamide.
Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) signaling pathway involved in RSV and hMPV-induced gene expression
Intracellular PRR signaling pathways involved in RSV and hMPV-induced gene expression
Diagram of PI3K/Akt and Ras/Raf pathway (see text for details)
Pathway analysis of deregulated genes upon miR-196a overexpression in keratinocytes
Pathway analysis of deregulated genes upon miR-10b overexpression in FaDu cell line
Regulation of the G2/M transition in the yeast cell cycle
The entire 117 unique gene list was uploaded into the Genomatix Pathway System (GePS 2.4.0).
Proposed genetic networks of osseointegration
The protein-protein interaction network and SPIA analysis of the 28 up-regulated genes related to positive regulation of cell proliferation and 21 down- regulated genes related to negative control of cell proliferation
TGF-β and NOTCH activation in AoSMCs stimulated with P
The key genetic alteration driving the initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is activating KRAS mutations, which are found in > 90pct of cases
Initiation of atherosclerosis by disturbed flow
Interactions of stress proteins and cell surface TLR signaling pathways
Stress proteins in crosstalk with cytoplasmic PRR signaling
The regulation by HIF-1α, c-Myc and p53 initiate the alterations in some metabolic pathways
Contributions of macrophage and adipocyte TF signaling to obesity and insulin resistance
Molecular mechanism of DSS-induced colitis in murine model
A schematic illustrating the signaling pathways for TGF-β1-induced down-regulation of VE-cadherin and the inhibition of cell invasion in human trophoblast cells
Schematic representation of the p53-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways
Schematic model of Akt and ERK activation and hypertrophy through miR-200b/c and FOG2 pathway in response to TGF-β in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
β-Adrenergic receptors potentiate glutamate release at cerebrocortical nerve terminals
Wnt3a binds to Fz7 and cross-activate the IGF-1-PI3k-Akt pathway inducing initial axonal outgrowth and neuronal polarization
Retinoid action during paramyxovirus infection
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the pathway for PI(4,5)P2synthesis via PI5P.
Model showing the proposed mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of the RB pathway
Mechanisms underlying the late-phase of CF elimination
Signaling pathways involved in thrombin induced EMP formation
MAP kinase signaling pathway of sugarcane infected by S
A scheme illustrating potential mechanisms by which nandrolone reduces bone loss after SCI
A summary of the involvement of kynurenines in three groups of CNS cognitive disorders: (A) schizophrenia and related conditions such as autism spectrum disorders (SZ), (B) Huntington's disease (HD) and (C) dementias such as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), with probable relevance to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease
Schematic of TNFR1 signaling of cell survival/proinflammatory and apoptosis pathways.‚ÄâUpon TNF receptor activation, complexes I (survival pathway) and II (apoptosis) are formed
Chemotherapeutics induces Chk1-mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest to downregulate induction of apoptosis
In epithelial cells, upon interaction with putative ligand(s) present on the cell surface of neighboring cells or in the extracellular matrix, CD43 activates the PI3K/AKT pathway that results in the inhibition of the Hippo pathway by a mechanism involving Merlin phosphorylation and degradation, thus favoring cell survival and proliferation
Hypothetical schematic signaling pathway of SCRT-induced membrane depolarizations on ICCs
Scheme of the proposed LIF signaling pathway in trophoblasts
The dominant-negative effect of STAT3-YF in the IL-6-induced STAT3 signaling pathway.‚ÄâThe dominant-negative effect of STAT3-YF (red) on the WT-STAT3 (blue) activity in the cells relies on: 1) Competition in binding to phosphotyrosine motifs of the activated gp130-receptor 2) Formation of inactive, semiphosphorylated, non-DNA-binding heterodimers after IL-6 stimulation 3) Formation of preformed dimers between STAT3-YF and WT-STAT3 in the absence of IL-6 which reduces the capability of STAT3 to form active, DNA-binding homodimers after stimulation.
Schematic illustration for the different targets or pathways involved in the antidepressant-like effect of T
Schematic summary of OPRM1 differential signal pathways upon acute and chronic morphine administration
Rats were fed a lactalbumin control diet with no added cholesterol (CNC); a lactalbumin control diet with 2pct added cholesterol (CC); a diet containing 50pct protein from cooked sea cucumber meal (CS50); one containing 50pct protein from oven-cooked sea cucumber (OS50); or one containing 50pct protein from lyophilized washed sea cucumber meal (LWS50) for 16 days
Proposed action pathway of genistein to regulate insulin IRS1/Akt signalling in adipose tissue
Shear stress reveals the mechanisms by which OA induces PICs and MMPs in human chondrocytes
Networks of shear stress-induced OA progression
Schematic presentation of the BDNF-activated tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signal transduction
Schematic model depicting the proposed signaling pathway in LH/hCG-induced miR-122-mediated LHR mRNA down-regulation
Gene network associated with IFN pathway signaling
A) Model for the effect of rpoa-2(op259) on the apoptotic network via th... B) Model for the role of the Ras/MAPK pathway as a central and general m...
A schematic view of kallistatin action in the canonical Wnt pathway
Schematic of a diverse range of signaling pathways that can lead to persistent PKC activation to support cell migration
Toll-like receptor signaling in liver cells
Schematic diagram of the fructose metabolic pathway in L
THF and 1,4-dioxane degradation pathways
Schematic representation of labeling patterns in end products and pathway intermediates derived from the metabolism of [1-13C], [2-13C], and/or [3-13C]Glc in B
Schematic representation of the mevalonate pathway in Schistosoma mansoni
Proposed mechanism for the role of Notch signaling pathway activation to mediate STAT3 phosphorylation-dependent survivin upregulation during recovery from AKI
Molecular mechanisms of Notch-mediated epidermal homeostasis
Involvement of mutant p53 in lamellipodium dynamics and cell migration
A mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) -centric view of nutrient sensing for the induction of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)
Enzymes that catabolize or use essential amino acids
Summary of proposed pathway leading from TGF-β1 receptor binding to ROS generation
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling pathway containing genes that are represented in the Partial Correlation Information Theory (PCIT) network “growth at the onset of puberty”
Representative ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of relationship between significant genes involved in the response to mechanical stretch and/or BIRB796 treatment in engineered cardiac tissues
In Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) binds Patched (PTCH) receptor, relieving its inhibition of Smoothened (SMO), and stimulating GCP proliferation
Figure 7. Apo2L/TRAIL signaling pathway and available agents in clinical trials DD: death domain; FADD: Fas-associated death domain; 3,6,7,8,9,10 indicates each caspase 3 and caspase 6,7,8,9,10 accordingly.
Figure 4. Ingenuity Systems Analysis of modulated genes upon invasive conditions.
The proposed signaling pathway model for VEGF-A signaling in hypoxia-stressed BM-EPCs compiled from the proteomic and gene expression analysis is highlighted here
Predicted upstream regulators inhibited in DA rats but activated in congenics
Simplified Model of the Discussed Mechanical Signaling Networks in Self-Organizing Pollen Tube Growth.For better-elucidated signaling modules, feedback regulations and pathway crosstalks are common
TKI; tyrosine kinase inhibitors, S6K1; 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase, IRS1/2; insulin receptor substrate, 4E-BP1; 4E binding protein-1, Akt; protein kinase B, mTOR; mammalian target of rapamycin, STRAD; Ste20-like adaptor protein, TSC; tuberous sclerosis complex, AMPK; adenosine mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase, LKB1; liver kinase B1, HGF; hepatocyte growth factor, MET; mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, Rho; RAS homolog gene family, Rac1; RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, CDC42; cell division cycle 42, Rheb; Ras homolog enriched in brain, MO25; monoclonal antibody, ERBB3; v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3
Mutations in the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway and related second messenger systems
HIV-1 infection and intrinsic immune response in SAMHD1-deficient mouse cells
A proposed model of mTOR myogenic signaling
Overview of the tryptophan metabolic pathway
The model has been enhanced with drug-target and biomarker expression information
JAK2 V617F induces biological changes to megakaryocytes and platelets leading to increased thrombotic events
Mechanism of myosin II–mediated release of microparticles from endothelial cells activated by anti-β2GPI antibodies
a The PI3K pathway is the evolutionary conserved signalling pathway to ensure that growth and development is synchronised to the appropriate metabolic conditions: energy and substrate requiring processes only proceed when a ‘fed state’ is indicated
Schematic representation of the PI3K signaling pathway
Hypothetical estrogen signaling pathways in human cerebral vascular endothelial cells
HIF-1 and/or p53 regulated genes mediating adaptation to cellular stresses through activation of different pathways
Process flow diagram of signaling pathway
The Metacore™ apoptosis signaling pathway relating to TNF receptors, NFkB and BCL-2 antiapoptotic family genes
The Metacore™ apoptosis signaling pathway relating to mitochondrial proteins
The Metacore™ apoptosis signaling pathway relating to caspase activation
Graft-versus-host disease signaling pathway and miRNA interactions obtained using IPA
Model for N-glycoprotein biosynthesis in mammals
A, the insulin receptor family includes the insulin receptor (IR) in two isoforms (IR-A and IR-B), the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), and the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptor (IGF-2R)
PI3K signaling impacts on cell growth, survival, differentiation, and proliferation
The regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway
Potential mechanisms of resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibitors in human cancer
Model for hierarchical scaffolding by caveolin-1 and IQGAP1
ASPP2 binds active RAS at the plasma membrane, thereby increasing RAS signaling to its downstream pathway effectors Raf/MAPK
Lines/LINS plays a putative dual role in WNT canonical pathway
Working model for the anti-HCC effect of PCAF and downstream pathway
A schematic illustration of the correlation in mechanisms among detected parameters
Combining DC vaccination with immune checkpoint blockade
Significantly affected canonical pathway “Interferon signaling”, as determined by IPA™ analysis
Wnt signaling pathways and the effects in mature synapses
Intracellular tumour necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) signalling
Schematic model demonstrating functional involvement of NPM1, RAD50 and XRCC5 in DSB-repair in the progression of ovarian cancer cells
Schematic diagram showing CSFV triggers RIG-I and MDA5 dependent signaling pathway to IRF-3 and NF-Œ∫B activation to promote the production of antiviral and inflammatory cytokines in porcine alveolar macrophages
CAND1 as a substrate receptor exchange factor
Schematic diagrams showing the mechanisms underlying anti-cancer effects of SSE
YAP/TAZ are effectors of mechanical stress, GPCR signaling, and the Wnt signaling pathway.‚ÄâMechanisms of YAP and TAZ regulation by mechanical stress, GPCR signaling, and the Wnt pathway as well as YAP/TAZ as modulators of the Wnt pathway are shown
A network of the interactions of the miRNAs and their target genes (experimental observed or highly predicted)
The insulin signalling pathway in hepatocytes
Figure¬†1. Consequences of mevalonate pathway inhibition in malignant cells and dendritic cells with zoledronic acid or simvastatin.
The proposed molecular mechanism for the inhibitory effects of zinc on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis
Schematic diagram of MT1G as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer cells through regulating the PI3K/Akt and Rb/E2F pathways.MT1G restoration inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, leading to inhibition of cell growth
The first module identified by iMCMC in the ovarian carcinoma data and locations of the detected genes in known pathways
Mechanisms of oxygen-regulated COX subunit isoform switch in yeast and mammals
Activations of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) negatively regulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation
Pathway analysis of hepatic genes differentially regulated by 17β-trenbolone: Impacts on metabolic pathways
Interaction network of genes differentially expressed in response to glatiramer acetate (GA)
Co-expression network of 106 genes associated to the FA metabolism in P
Overview of FA and LC-PUFA synthesis in P
Phosphorylated BAD is critical for the anti-apoptotic effect of multiple signaling pathways, while dephosphorylated BAD has a pro-apoptotic effect
. Schematic illustration of the effect of OAβ on the NF-Œ∫B/SIRT1 pathway in cells and the role of OAβ in the chronic inflammation of AMD in tissue.
Both G-protein and β-arrestin mediated signaling pathways can lead to ERK activation
Dexamethasone (Dex) induces the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by increasing the transcription of FHL-2
IPA pathways of ChIP-Seq-based NSRF target genes in ESC
A model of Foxa2 deletion leading to premature aging and age-onset obesity
. Cell cycle related pathway extracted from literatures and pathway databases.
. Cue signal response data-related pathway for primary human hepatocytes.
The ErbB signaling pathway (http://wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP673) from WikiPathways was extended with TFs, miRNAs and drugs regulating the elements in the pathway.
(A) Overview of this study. The membrane-tethered peptide activates huma... (B) Functional domains encoded by the membrane-tethered peptide plasmids...
SEB refers to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
SCFAs inhibit the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway to mediate GH and PRL gene transcription in DCAPCs
Roles of let-7 in oxLDL induced VSMCs and ECs apoptosis, proliferation, migration and autophagy
(A) Combination of pathway topology and ab initio reconstructed network.... (B) Portion of
Endogenous small RNA pathways involved in host defense and viral pathogenesis in plants and animals
Signal pathway implicated in disk intervertebral disk degeneration
The genetic pathway predicted to regulate the interaction between 5-HT synthesis, transport and degradation and the stress response mediated by the HPA axis
A simplified model of the regulatory interactions between the serotonin and stress response pathways mediated by the HPA axis
Summary of Tim-3 expression on different innate immune cell populations and its functions
The pathways involved in sensing and responding to double-stranded RNA and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns were suppressed by SMD
Ingenuity pathway analysis of differences between LPS and LPS + SMD (300mg/kg) with regard to reproductive hormones
Beauvericin acts against multiple aspects of activated T cells: inhibiting proliferation and activation, suppressing cytokine profiles, and inducing apoptosis
(-): inhibitory effect; (+): stimulatory effect
The IPA software organized and classified genes to identify important networks that were modulated by GR knockdown
Synaptic activity and energy homeostasis
BMPs activate Smads via BMPRI-II complex, leading to the increase of miR-17 family, which represses BMPRII expression to prevent aberrant activation of this signaling pathway
The different vesicle transport pathways and the functions of Rab GTPases identified from the hUCBMSC MVs
Oxidative pathways of alcohol metabolism
FGF23 is an endocrine ligand that in the parathyroid glands either binds to an FGF-receptor and membrane-bound Klotho, to elicit activation of the MAPK-pathway, or acts via a calcineurin-dependent signaling pathway
Transcriptional changes in the WNT signaling pathway of E11.5 Sost–/–; Sostdc1–/– limbs
The mechanism of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs)
Schematic of genes in the insulin signaling KEGG pathway that are directly or indirectly regulated by EBF1
A) Activation (green arrow) of LET-60-mediated signalling in the vulva b... B) Diagram depicting the RNAi screening approach in a SUMO-balanced back...
cAMP signaling pathway.Notes: Adenylate cyclase, which is a key enzyme located in the cell membrane, generates cAMP
In a simplified scheme, insulin signalling to mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is mediated through phosphorylation of the insulin receptor 1 or 2 (IRS 1/2), subsequent activation of PI3K class I and protein kinase B/AKT, which either directly, or indirectly via inhibition of the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 and 2 (TSC1/TSC2) and activation of the small GTPase RHEB, activates mTORC1 (an inhibitor of autophagy)
Under physiological conditions, optimal ADP concentrations in mitochondrial matrix serve effectively to maximize ATP generation while minimizing ROS
Schematic diagram of the downstream targets of p38 MAPK
Putative CA-mediated inhibitory pathway of inflammatory signaling events
The schematic signaling pathway of EGCG on PMA-induced MUC5B expression
Proposed schematic diagram of monocyte-macrophage activation and cellular response to corticosteroids in the presence of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Prevotella melaninogenica
Using PainNetworks to reproduce the NGF-TrkA signalling pathway
Using PainNetworks to reproduce the NRG1-ErbB signalling pathway
Figure 1. Checkpoint activation and regulation of the replisome complex.
Production of reactive oxygen species by the Duox pathway
Cancer cells express proton-sensing GPCRs such as GPR4, TDAG8, and OGR1 to regulate their tumorigenesis and invasion
Transcriptomes generated from messenger RNAs of SK-HEP-1 liver cancer cells with or without AcFBE treatment for 2 hours were analyzed and plugged into KEGG database for pathway analysis
. Cholesterol biosynthesis pathway with genes associated with preterm delivery and low birth weight according to Steffen at all  and with input from our study.
Schematic diagram proposing the mechanism of cGMP (generated by sGC) mediated neurite extension via inhibition of the Rho signaling pathway in MGE neurons
Schematics show glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism annotated with the mRNAs and proteins analyzed in this study in cerebellum from 3- or 5-week old WT and Npc1 -/- mice
Genetic determination of testes in Japanese medaka fish, chicken, and mouse
With ischaemia/reperfusion, upregulated TRAF1 facilitates ASK1 phosphorylation at Thr845 through a direct interaction
(A) For dauer formation in C. elegans the daf-2/IGFR receptor lies upstr... (B) Tyrosine is degraded to fumarate and acetoacetate via a five step de...
Shown is the daf-2/IGFR signaling pathway and eak genes from  with the addition, shown in blue, of the effects of tyrosine identified in this work and the control of TATN-1 expression by daf-2/IGFR signaling and by dietary and environmental cues as demonstrated in
Overview of the main synaptic signaling mechanisms of endocannabinoid and hypocretinergic systems
Proposed biosynthetic pathway for antimycins
An increase of Aβ plaques induces oxidative stress and, thus, increases the WBV and reduces the CBF and OTE
(A) The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK 1/2 signaling pathway is activated in HeLa wild-type cells after exposure to 0.5 mM SNAP or 0.5 mM H2O2 (1).
Diagram of BA action in targeting pathways involved in cell apoptosis and death
Two reversing pathways between the vehicle and baicalin groups
Subnetwork 1 and 5 of 6 networks in vehicle group
Subnetworks 1, 2, and 4 of 9 networks in baicalin group
Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch
Model of potential mechanism of AICD-mediated gene regulation
TNF Signals through TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors (A) but abnormalities in this signaling pathway in autoimmunity (B) can favor a pathway of selective apoptosis due to a variety of protein signaling defects
Differentially expressed genes within a calcium signaling network in old versus young left atrium; network identified by pathway analysis (Ariadne)
We propose that in addition to being stimulated by several signals that regulate hepcidin such as iron, BMP6, erythropoeitic drive, and hypoxia, TMPRSS6 expression is also inhibited indirectly by IL-6
Predicted network of direct molecular interactions influencing RPC migration in the mammalian retina
Proposed synergistic mechanisms for induction of mitotic cell death in endometrial cancer cells with mutant p53
Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in alcohol consumption
Agonists, such as ACh, stimulate airway contraction by binding to their specific G-protein-coupled membrane receptors (e.g.
A decreased glutathione ratio in monocytes results in reduced IL-12 production
Enriched canonical pathways of miRNA target genes
(A) The evolution from normal pancreatic duct epithelial cell to tumor c... (B) The pathways that were altered in the pancreatic duct cell carcinoge...
Schematic representation of antcin C-induced upregulation of antioxidative gene expression via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and suppression of AAPH-induced apoptosis in human hepatic HepG2 cells
Schematic of β-catenin dependent and independent Wnt signaling pathways
Arrows indicate reaction steps along the pathway and are labeled with the rate constant for the reaction
Horizontal arrows represent mass flow into and out of a species
After N. bombycis oral infection, the invasive spores affected the expression of genes involved in the JH biosynthesis and metabolism pathway and may perturb the silkworm hormonal balance.
Figure 2. Regulation by Bcl-2 homologs of cell cycle entry, MMR, and apoptosis through the pRb/E2F1 pathway.
Figure 4. Pathway analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells 72 h post treatment with 100 nM or 250 nM disulfiram (DSF), compared with untreated control.
Antigen processing and presentation (APP) pathway (#hsa04612)
Schematic representation of the mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin pathway repression by 1,25(OH)2D3 in human colon carcinoma cells
Regulation of metabolism in maligant gliomas
Proposed model for the role of lncRNAs in RB pathway
Mechanisms of suppression of regulatory B cells identified in human and animal
Schematic overview of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway
Figure 3. (A) A model of the senescence-inducing circuit involving the IL-6-S... (B) The multiple roles of IL-6/STAT3 pathway. IL-6/STAT3 regulates...
Figure 1. STAT3 and STAT5 signaling in normal and transformed cells.
Figure¬†1. The classical and non-canonical models of IFNγ signaling.
Proposed model for how mTORC1 activity controls macrophage polarization
(A) The network “Cancer, Endocrine System Disor... (B) After UVB irradiation the network “Reproduc... (C) Network analysis of miRNAs similarly change...
First, a signaling network is launched by CellDesigner
Pathway Enrichment Map of dyregulated protein complexes
siRNA-mediated knockdown of Syndecan-1 expression results in decreased expression of IL-6, the IL-6R and the chemokine CCL20, possibly due to reduced activation of NFkB
A schematic model of cancer-derived IgG to enhance cell growth and proliferation through inducing the production of a low level of ROS
An overview of EGFR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Schematic representation showing various signaling pathways regulating distinct aspects of a tumor and current status of their therapeutic exploitation
Fumigaclavine C-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway
Coordinately up-regulated genes of chemokine signaling pathway in monocytes from the VIR group (VIR versus BDL)
Functional network over-represented in a list of differentially expressed genes on the microarray involving nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) complex and associated molecules with a network score of 31, as identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Functional network over-represented in the subset of the differentially regulated genes (List eQG) involving interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13 and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and associated molecules with a network score of 20, as identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Upstream regulators and their target molecules in datasets as identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Hypothetical mechanism of alternative activation of macrophages in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection
Networks showing metabolic pathways differentially modulated between H and L groups
The molecular details of BAFF/BAFFR-mediated activation of NF-Œ∫B2 signaling pathway
Figure 1. Impact of metabolism and mTOR signaling on the abundance and immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells.
AKT is activated by PDK1 and PDK2 downstream of insulin
The perturbed pattern of genes in the peroxisome proliferation activator receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway by DEX administration (ethanol plus DEX vs
Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA)-identified top networks affected by Cd-induced oxidation of proteins
Novel GPCR-based signaling mechanisms in ASM
Metabolic regulation in the insulin resistant heart
Schematic of the potential role of MuRF1 in atrophy induced gene expression pathways
Schematic representation of the variety of stimuli that can up-regulate NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands
HMGB1-TLR4 signaling mediates liver I/R injury
Cell mechanism linking impaired glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
The effects of CYP2S1 depletion on arachidonic acid metabolism
The effects of CYP2S1 depletion on mTOR signaling
Cocaine, similarly to most drugs of abuse, produces long lasting brain changes, that relie on gene expression and new protein synthesis
Inducible antioxidant defense regulated by Nrf2/Keap1 and the antioxidant response element
Schematic representation of the mechanism(s) by which NO‚Äêindependent sGC stimulators and sGC activators fit into the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway
Two branches of pathway upstream of mTORC1
SH3BP4 is a potential tumor suppressor functioning in the amino acid-mTORC1 pathway
Interacting partners and posttranslational modification of Orai1 and STIM1
Regulation of autophagy by nutrient signals
Signaling mechanisms proposed for the mammalian autophagy pathway
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–α expression or stabilization by pathways other than hypoxia
A proposal of how alliin could counteract the inflammatory state promoted by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Axon navigation pathway targeting by miRNAs that differentially associate with Ago2 in an activity-dependent manner
Schematic representation of the BDNF signaling network
BMP2 signaling pathway resulting in osteogenesis or adipogenesis
New proposed model of BMP2-induced C2C12 cells differentiation
The TGF-β1 Smad signaling pathway contributes to HTS
Schematic representation of CRH signaling pathway - This map represents the NetPath reactions of CRH signaling pathway
Rsu1 is a critical component for regulation of p38 Map kinase signaling from the IPP complex
The Ras, cAMP/PKA, and MSIL signaling pathways in C
The Ca2+/calcineurin, Rim101, and Pkc1/Mpk1 MAPK signaling pathways in C
Whole genome and gene set enrichment analysis of cells expressing mutants of neuroserpin show an upregulation of the cholesterol pathway when polymers are expressed
Modulation of negative regulators of toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway by Lactobacillus jensenii‚ÄâTL2937 in porcine intestinal epithelial cells and antigen presenting cells
Potential proangiogenic mechanisms activated in the omentum during transcoelomic EOC metastasis in the presence of anti-VEGF therapy
Schematic for the putative biosynthetic pathways of three major classes of active compounds in I
Voltage-gated and SOCE co-exist in cardiomyocytes
Model for inhibition of HCO3‚àí absorption by lumen LPS in the MTAL
cAMP/PKA/CREB and NICD/RBPJŒ∫ signaling regulate the expression of the astrocytic marker GFAP and the Notch pathway components (Notch1 receptor and Hes5 transcription factor) during astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells
Figure 2. Targets of the axon guidance pathway likely altered in dyspraxia.
TRB3 at the crossroads of ER stress and mTORC function
PD-1 in T-cell activation, exhaustion, and effector function
A schematic representation of IL-12 family cytokines and the corresponding receptors and JAK-STAT signaling pathways []
Schematic representation of miRNAs involved in the regulation of the IGF-1/Akt pathway and myostatin signaling
Mechanisms of Poly-SNO-HSA as a safe and strong multiple antitumor agent
RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
Figure 2. GH transmits the signal in two phases.
Figure 3. Regulation of Runx-2 activity by combined effect of STAT5B and Smad complexes.
Hypothesis for the development of tactile allodynia following nerve injury
Figure 1. Impact of diacylglycerol kinases on the antineoplastic activity of CAR-expressing T cells.
Separate PI3K and Wnt signaling pathways
Working model of chronic morphine-induced adaptations in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons
Model of Pin1-mediated restriction of DNA-end resection
Figure 1. Lysosomal function, regulation, and biogenesis in osteoclasts.
Canonical signaling of muscarinic receptors
Figure 1. Cellular and molecular effects of BRCA1 loss on PRC2 function and development of basal-like breast cancer.
Model for the Functions of the PS Pathway in Plants.The PS pathway is essential for the synthesis of Ser and its derivatives in specific cells of developing embryos (A), the SAM (B), and the root (C)
Figure 1. Model for the dual role of the Abl family kinases in angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling.
(a) During corticostriatal pathway activation glutamate is released into... (b) SVCT2 constantly cycles to and from the plasma membrane. When astroc...
Figure 2. Canonical and non-canonical functions of STAT2 and IRF9 in the antiviral response.
Schematic diagram depicting A20-mediated regulation of inflammatory pathways
Figure¬†4. Reprogramming of non-genomic estrogen signaling by SOX2: A new driver of breast cancer stem-like cellular states with tumor-initiating capacity.
Figure 1. Most clinical DC vaccine studies to date have employed “IL-4 DCs.” These DCs are generated by in vitro differentiation (1) of monocytes for 5–6 d in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4).
Analyses of differentially expressed genes regulated by fasting in all three tissues revealing an involvement of p53 and Srebp signaling pathway
Figure 5. Model: telomerase recruitment to uncapped telomeres is controlled by the relative stoichiometries of telomerase components.
Figure 2. The role of ORAI and STIM proteins in carcinogenesis.
Schematic representation of the interleukin (IL)-21 receptor signaling pathway
Diagram showing the model proposed for the association of EMT, CSCs and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in CaP radioresistance and the effect of possible action of BEZ235 on radiosensitivity
Oncogenic and tumor suppressive autophagic pathways involved in miRNAs
The serine, one-carbon cycle, glycine synthesis (SOG) pathway
Apoptosis signaling under ER stress conditions
MDA-7 promotes MDA-7 synthesis in Tumor A that when released into the vasculature can act upon distant tumor cells in Tumor B to induce more MDA-7 that results in tumor cell death
Combination treatment of BEZ235 with panobinostat maintains/increases DNA double strand breaks as indicated by …£-H2AX
Figure 1. The mTOR pathway is involved in both cancer and senescence.
Figure 1. Interferon α signaling interferes with the TCR-dependent production of cAMP in regulatory T cells.
Figure 1. A PET-CT showed avidity in the lung mass (A).
Figure 6. Schematic representation of the MAPK pathways that is upregulated in MCF-7 cells upon treatment with compound 2b (N-decyl-N-[3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl]-3-[3,4-dihydroxyphenyl] propanamide).
Figure 1. Model of Helicobacter pylori-mediated contact with host protein receptors on epithelial and immune cells to trigger bacterial binding and/or downstream signal transduction events.
TLR signalling pathways: TLRs signal through myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) or/and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways
Schematic diagram of the proposed pathway of CD33 siglec-mediated suppression of cellular function in Leishmania infection
Normal signaling pathways and alterations in aged DCs in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/bacteria (A), and in response to self antigen (DNA)
Mechanism underlying γδ T cell killing of tumours: γδ T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) generated through the mevalonate pathway in tumours
TRAIL signalling induces the extrinsic apoptotic pathway
The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is initiated via activation of TLRs, followed by adaptor complex formation, interleukin-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) and/or tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) activation to induce subsequent mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) activation, nuclear translocation, and regulation of pro- or anti-inflammatory gene expression.Abbreviations: AP-1, activator protein-1; CCL, β-chemokine ligand; CCR, β-chemokine receptor; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; CXCL, α-chemokine ligand; CXCR, α-chemokine receptor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IL-1R, interleukin-1 receptor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; MD2, myeloid differentiation protein-2; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; PARP, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PGN, peptidoglycan; TIR, toll/interleukin receptor; TIRAP, toll/interleukin receptor homology domain adaptor protein; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAM, toll/interleukin receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β-related adaptor molecule; TRIF, toll/interleukin receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β; TOLLIP, toll-interacting protein
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis on microarray results identified several significant biological functions (Fx) and canonical pathways (CP) associated with in utero exposure to secondhand smoke in either sex
CHC-1 and EPN-1 promote actin polymerization in response to CED-1 signaling
Summary of oxidative stress triggers and HO-1 related cellular responses
Highest scoring upregulated network: Cellular Assembly
Highest-scoring downregulated network: Energy Production, Metabolism and Cell Structure
Downregulated network of CANB1 in traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Figure 3. RhoA-mediated signaling pathways regulating intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Figure 4. Rac1-mediated signaling pathways regulating intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Figure 5. Cdc42-mediated signaling pathways regulating intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Figure 6. Signaling pathways of members of the Ras subfamily regulating intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Figure 8. Signaling pathways of members of the Arf subfamily regulating membrane trafficking for the control of intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Schematic presentation of the molecular mechanisms of myogenic differentiation
Interaction of Neisserial surface molecules with the complement system
Biological processes and genes implicated in the Parkinson's disease
Integration of metabolic control, cell growth and proliferation, and their regulation by phosphoinositides
Cl‚àí channels and proposed functions in vascular smooth muscle cells
Schematic drawing of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Overview of viruses utilizing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway during host cell entry
As a key regulator of cellular survival the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is often triggered by viruses
PI3K/Akt-mediated mTOR activation positively regulates protein synthesis
Time schedule of viral-induced interference with PI3K/Akt signaling based on the time point of activation and benefit during viral life cycles
Predicted membrane structure and proton motive force mechanisms from the three reconstructed Chloroflexi genomes
Engineered synthetic metabolic pathway for isobutanol production in E
Regulation of the apoptosome and caspase activity by IAPs
Apoptotic pathways induced in beta cells in type 2 diabetes
A schematic model for IL-22, CXCL12, and SOCS3 regulation of KC proliferation is shown
Schematic representation and overview of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling and a model of the mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) action
Functional gene networks identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) from differentially expressed genes between the control and treated discs
Functional gene networks identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) from differentially expressed genes between the control and experimental discs
Blocking the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling pathway
Proposed signalling interactions between C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and mechanical loading in chondrocytes
Inhibitory effects of BMS-345541 or/and wortmannin on LPS-induced NF-Œ∫B/PI-3K and apoptosis in primary human chondrocytes in vitro
Schematic representation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
The dual-view setup of the enRoute visualization technique
Schematic diagram of the proposed signaling pathway
Pathways regulated in PKD are influenced by tolcapone
The HCV life cycle and points of intervention
Schematic representation of the fundamental and functional differences between APC and thrombin-mediated PAR1 activation
The canonical (yellow background) and non-canonical (red background) Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways are related to mechanical elements and actions responsible for cell polarization, migration and tissue organization
Regulation of smooth muscle contractility
Insights into TREM2-related signaling using data-driven network constructions and information provided by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis
Diagram showing activation of Notch signalling
Indirubin, which can be derived from the Chinese herbal medicine Qingdai, is a potent inhibitor of GSK-3β, a key intermediate in the WNT pathway
Cytoscape plugin was used to analyse within C57Bl/6 up-regulated genes, genes interaction within the same pathway and across different pathways
Intersection of BC modules 143, 79 and 82
Schematic showing the mechanism‚Äêbased strategies and relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biochemical dysfunction
Proposed mechanism underlying disrupted brain insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Potential role played by PDKs in malignant gliomas
Figure 2. The regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by the PPARGC1A-NRF1-TFAM pathway.
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway [[]]
Basic regulation mechanisms required in the process of a cell utilizing glucose and glycogen
A HFPN model of extended center metabolism pathway in E
Proposed breast cancer signaling pathway based on the KEGG network pathway analysis of hypoxia-activated tumor cell migration
Yeast pathway map of nucleotide degradation and ribose salvage
An example of a KEGG pathway containing genes involved in multiple processes
Schematic representation showing the proposed mechanism
GC-C-dependent signaling pathway of guanylin peptides in the intestine
Diagram of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways (adapted from ref
Application of the algorithm to identify TNBC-associated genes
Prioritized genes in apoptosis and TNFR2 signaling pathways
T. urticae enzymes involved in inositol phosphate metabolism and their expression in diapausing T. urticae females.
Metabolic map of virus-encoded carbon metabolism host genes from 12 viromes in sunlit Pacific Ocean waters
A possible mechanism implicated in tamoxifen resistance in the TAMR cell line model
Sphingolipid involvement in ethanol-induced apoptosis in the P7 mouse brain
Hypothetical outcomes for demyelinated axon.Denuded axon impermissive for myelination
Main signaling pathways activated by cannabinoid receptors
The biosynthesis pathway of the FAs in plants
(A) Endogenous and exogenous proteases activate PAR2 signaling in kerati... (B) Keratinocyte-derived TSLP binds to the heterodimeric TSLP receptor o...
Signaling pathways and transcription factors supporting or affecting the barrier phenotype of CNS-ECs
Pulmonary vasodilation is a synchronized process
Molecular network generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of highly significant gene changes in human RPE cells after in vitro stimulation with AGE (10 Œºg/mL)
The Interferon Signaling Pathway identified by Ingenuity software
Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in mouse uterus in estrus versus proestrus
Activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse uterus in estrus versus proestrus
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
Figure 5. The conceptual model for salicylic acid role on vanillin synthesis involving phospholipid signaling pathway.
Figure 4A. Overviews of metabolism pathways of ambient O3-responsive genes in seeds of an O3-totlerant cultivar, Koshihikari (A) and a sensitive cultivar, Takanari (B).
Figure 4B. Overviews of metabolism pathways of ambient O3-responsive genes in seeds of an O3-totlerant cultivar, Koshihikari (A) and a sensitive cultivar, Takanari (B).
Metabolic pathway of carbohydrate by anaerobic fungi
Key signaling pathways involved in genetic methylation of lymphoid malignancies
(A) Overview of the important steps in Fanconi... (B) Details of the protein–protein interactions... (C) Events that occur independently of the FA c...
Current model for replication-independent ICL repair
Localization of ciliary proteins related to polycystic kidney
A normal, physiological insulin signaling transduction (left) and an altered pathway following insulin withdrawal (right) in adult hippocampal neural stem cells
<bold>Hh signalling and cancer:</bold> Growth factors can increase the concentration of ligand which prevents the inhibitory effect of PTCH
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade in the regulation of brain development[].Typically, ERK1/2 activation occurs downstream from the binding of a ligand (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) to a tyrosine kinase receptor (e.g., TrkB), leading to receptor autophosphorylation
Interaction of drug and signaling pathway in relevance to depression[].Sex steroid hormones serve as an example
Regulation by zinc of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling cascade.Zinc can activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway at various levels: (1) by inhibiting phosphatases that are involved in ERK1/2 dephosphorylation, and inhibits kinases that indirectly regulate the phosphorylation levels of receptors that subsequently activate the ERK cascade; (2) by directly binding to and activating receptors (e.g., G protein-coupled receptor 39) which have ERK1/2 as a downstream signaling cascade; (3) by activating MMPs, which subsequently cleave and activate substrates (e.g., pro-BDNF) releasing ligands (e.g., BDNF) that activate receptors upstream from the ERK1/2 cascade.MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase; MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
The convergence of several signal transduction pathways important in mood disorders on cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein phosphorylation[].Since CREB acts as a transcription factor contributing to the control of cellular genetics, the term stimulus-transcription-coupling has been coined for this process
The connection between learning and DNA repair is made by p300.p300 is involved in G-protein signaling
Inhibition of IKK/NF-Œ∫B signaling results in loss of epigenetic marks on HOXA9 and MEIS1 promoters, which ultimately induces cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation in MLL fusion leukemia cells
Simplified outline showing key proteins within the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in response to extra- and intracellular stress
Possible mechanisms of autophagy in mammalian cells
Mechanisms of natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC)
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) is supplied from blood circulation by the concerted action of serum retinol-binding protein (RBP), stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6), cellular retinol-binding protein type 1 (CRBP1) and lecithin:retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)
Insulin binds both to the insulin receptor (IR) and to insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R)
Generation of a biological network of genes related to the upstream regulator IRF2
Role of cell cycle regulators in the cellular dormancy (“intrinsic dormancy”) mechanism
Schematic diagram demonstrating speculated roles of ER stress signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy.‚ÄâFirstly, under pathological condition of hyperglycemia in myocytes, ROS is generated by glucose oxidation in mitochondria
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and relative inhibitors in NHL
Putative mechanism for protective effects of cilostazol against retinal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion
Schematic of pathway where human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E5, E6 and E7 oncoproteins regulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression associated with the cervical carcinogenesis
Progesterone functions via intrinsic (mitochondria-centered) and extrinsic (cell membrane-mediated) pathway of apoptosis
Schematic illustrating mechanism for expression and function of regulatory genes for development of the oviduct and for development of epithelial-derived ovarian cancer
MicroRNA induced by FSH at spermiogenesis
A model of human pre-BCR-induced signal transduction depicted from the current study
Steroid hormone synthesis pathways in the adrenal gland and testis
Classical and non-classical pathways of androgen biosynthesis
Network links between 23 genes in pathway of mismatch repair and three driver genes
Conservation between the Drosophila and the mammalian JAK/STAT pathway and their commonalities in inducing systemic and localized immune response and tissue growth
A simplified schematic of cholesterol and lipid synthesis including major regulatory elements and feedback points
The “phoenix rising” pathway of cell death-mediated stimulation of tumor repopulation during cancer radiotherapy (adapted from reference 26)
Cellular mechanism of the LPS in the liver and interaction of PPARŒ± at several levels of the inflammatory signaling pathway
Despite the remarkable complexity of genomic alterations found in HNSCC, most of them fall within few major driver-signaling pathways
Network perturbation in common human diseases The most significantly perturbed functional modules in four disease classes are merged together to form a comprehensive network perturbed in common human diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, neurologic diseases and metabolic diseases
Important pathways in HCC Shown is the mTOR/AKP/PIP3 pathway that contributes to transformation of nodules into metastatic counterparts
Ligand stimulation of ERK and PI3K signaling in BRAFV600E melanomas
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by its cognate ligands, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and -2 (IGF-2), resulting in receptor auto-transphosphorylation and signaling cascades that progress through the IRS-l/PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways
Active killing of motoneurons through death receptors under pathological context
KEGG Adipocytokine Signaling Pathway.Downregulated genes are those marked with red stars: ADIPO (Adiponectin), SHP2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11—PTPN11), RXR (Retinoid X-Receptor, alpha), IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1), FATCD36 (CD36 molecule, thrombospondin receptor), FACS (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1—ACSL1); Upregulated genes are marked with blue stars as they appear in the KEGG gene listing: SLC20A1 (shown as GLUT-1) and CPT1C (listed under CPT-1)
Upon viral infection, cytoplasmic viral sensors (RIG-I) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect viral pathogens, which results in IFNβ and IFNλs gene activation via the adaptor molecule IPS-1
EGFR transactivation is induced by GPCRs, which work though intracellular kinases such as Src, PKC to phosphorylate ADAMs, which cleave EGFR ligands into soluble active moieties that activate EGFR
ERK and non-ERK mediated non-genomic AR signaling
The potential role of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)-ligand system in the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms
Imatinib seems to work in systemic sclerosis patients through the inhibition of the TGF-β and PDGF signaling pathway via c-Abl and directly by blocking PDGFR, which results in a decrease of gene transcription and consequently in a decrease in collagen production.Abbreviations: c-Abl, c-Abelson; ECM, extracellular matrix proteins; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TGF-βR, transforming growth factor-β receptor
All of animal cells may be intrinsically programmed to self-destruct
Schematic representation of the arsenic induced liver damages and induction of gene expression through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway
Site of actions of targeted therapy used in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.Notes: The tumor cell possesses inactive Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), permitting the production of heterodimerized hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) under normoxic conditions
(A) Changes in gene expression in the G1/S cell-cycle phase; (B) changes in gene expression in the G2/M cell-cycle phase and DNA repair; (C) changes in gene expression in apoptosis and inflammatory pathways
Figure 1. (A) Endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. During severe infections,... (B) Endothelial cell barrier enhancement. SecinH3, a GEF (e.g., ARN...
Mechanisms connecting PTEN with longevity
Simplified representation of the PI3K signaling pathway
Mutations in various genes in the JAK/STAT pathway (MPL, CRLF2, JAK1, JAK3, JAK2, LNK, SOCS1, STAT3) implicated in hematologic malignancies
Current putative prognostic biomarkers in glioblastoma
The Cancer Genome Atlas of glioblastoma multiforme
Core pathways involved in glioblastoma multiforme
Elevated levels of IL8 drives EGFR/HER2 transactivation as well as activation of the Src/Stat3/NF-Œ∫B pathway
a | In CD8+ T cells, T-bet (encoded by Tbx21) expression is induced by T cell receptor (TCR) and interleukin-12 receptor (IL-12R) signalling, whereas eomesodermin (EOMES) is upregulated later in a runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3)-dependent manner
A simplified view on the mTOR signaling pathway is shown
An illustration of how diversified signaling pathways are achieved via allostery in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), also known as seven-transmembrane spanning receptors (7TMR)
The interaction of the EGF and TGF-β pathways in the control of proliferation in breast cancer
Illustration showing the activation of a T lymphocyte (via a three‐signal pathway) by an antigen‐presenting cell
An overview of the “molecular switch” role of CREB in hippocampal‐dependent memory consolidation
Model describing Etv4 and Etv5 induction following distal NGF stimulation
A proposed model illustrating the mechanism of arctigenin-mediated Aβ production inhibition and Aβ clearance promotion
Proposed mechanisms involved in the increase of SMN expression induced by ERK inhibition in the spinal cord of severe SMA-like mice
Schematic model for BA-TPQ-induced MCF7 cell apoptosis
Haemodynamic flow regulates the functions of SMCs
Vascular smooth muscle cells mechanotransduction mechanisms in stretch-dependent interconnected signalling
Modulation of apoptosis by HPV early proteins: A number of the interactions of viral oncoproteins with cellular proteins and their effects on apoptosis
Neutral AA transporters and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway
Signaling pathways that modulate amino acid, insulin/IGF-I, and resistance exercise–induced activation of mTORC1 signaling
Overview of the mitochondrial matrix UPRmt in mammals
A proposed signaling network involving mTORC2 and the p38 pathway
Nicotine’s effect on immunity via the α4 nAChR signaling pathway in T cells
Proposed working model of extracellular PGE2 on mechanosensitivity ([Ca2+]i) of FSS-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells‚ÄÉPGE2 acted on EP receptor (GRCP), followed by release of Gs alpha subunit (Gs), cAMP elevation [as a consequence of the activation of adenylate cyclase (AC)], and PKA activation
Model showing the vasculogenesis pathway that restores tumor vasculature after irradiation and the various inhibitors of this pathway that can improve the radiation response of the tumor
Extracellular glucose is taken up by glucose transporters, including GLUT3, as well as by diffusion and is metabolized by hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) to enter different metabolic pathways
The specificity of HDACis for HDAC isoforms has been recently reclassified using sophisticated chemoproteomics and chemical phylogenetic approaches, revealing that HDACis have surprising affinity for both HDACs and individual HDAC-dependent multiprotein complexes (, )
Modulation of cytoskeleton assembly is required for the coordination of cell adhesion, polarization and migration
Panitumumab and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway
Crosstalk between chondrocyte and synoviocyte
Metabolic model of C4 assimilation, rates of reaction, and net fluxes between  and
Asp and aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways in plants
Schematic representation of major metabolic effects of plastidic  and PAT silencing
The top rectangle marked by C1 shows that REDPTC and TRK have an indirect effect on the activation of Ras
Upon BCR engagement, multiple protein kinases including Src family kinases (Lyn,Fyn,Src,Blk,Yes), Syk, Btk get activated leading to the activation of PLCγ2.Activated PLCγ2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate [(PtdIns(4,5)P2] to DAG and IP3.
Biological functions regulated by miR-378 and miR-378*
Upstream nutrient signaling to mTORC1 and AMPK
Rapamycin bound to FKBP12 mainly blocked the activity of mTORC1
A list of 37 proteins was recognized by ingenuity pathway analysis software to build a connectivity network
Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in response to inflammation
Proposed model for fasting induced activation of NRF2-ARE pathway and expression of downstream target genes
Schematic representation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulation
Resveratrol stimulates multiple second messengers that lead to AKT activation and the induction of differentiation
Schematic diagram of the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the UDCA-AMPK-SMILE signaling pathway
De novo synthesis of steroids, oxysterols, and bile acids from cholesterol
Interactions of the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways with GSK-3
Novel approaches of targeting signaling pathways in leukemia
Oxidative conditions and the PI3K/Akt pathway of insulin signaling
The liver responds to iron signals to regulate hepcidin production
Pathway analysis of top genes from SNP comparative analysis
Pathway analysis on SNPs that affect gene expression and drug response
Schematic presentation of potential signaling network of HER2-NF-Œ∫B-PI3 K-Akt-STAT3
Pathways regulating proliferation, survival, and cell death in BL.Notes: BL is associated with chromosomal translocations that deregulate expression of the proto-oncogene c-MYC
Cooperating mutational events in MYC-driven lymphomagenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities.Notes: Continuous MYC expression is required for BL cell survival, as demonstrated by the apoptotic effect of the MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 on BL cell lines
Model for NLRP12-mediated inhibition of canonical NF-Œ∫B and ERK signaling pathways in response to Salmonella infection
Essential cell signaling pathways for prostate cancer (PCa) development and crosstalks between themThe interaction of circulating androgens (T/DHT) with AR is critical for PCa growth
Possible mechanisms of opioid receptor-mediated influence of morphine on tumor growth
An integrated picture for gene network of interactions between soybean and race1 of Phytophthora sojae
Schematic diagram of signal pathways involved in renal IRI
Possible mechanisms of protection against IRI by GLP-1
Currently-known relationships among genes analyzed based on manually-curated examination of the published literature within the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ingenuity.com) knowledge base.Notes: Genes are grouped by the predominant process they play in lipid metabolism
Hypothetical model illustrating the actions of hirsutenone (HIR) and CDDP in chemoresistant OVCA
The diagram depicts pathways and processes providing a putative molecular basis for the association of diabetes with hypertension
Possible signalling pathways involved in enteric neurogenesis by a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonist mosapride citrate (MOS)
Ephrin receptor signalling is the most significant canonical pathway in an olanzapine-treated cerebellum
Dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signalling is a significant canonical pathway in an olanzapine-treated hippocampus
This schematic diagram demonstrates the inducing effect of CDH17 on Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and illustrates the hypothetic involvement of integrins in GC
Interaction among differentially modulated genes in the cell cycle biochemical pathway, using KEGG, after hgf-FNDF-LC50 and SCFA-LC50 treatments
Interaction among differentially modulated genes in the apoptosis biochemical pathway, using KEGG, after hgf-FNDF-LC50 and SCFA-LC50 treatments
Significantly altered pathway in primary tumor
Hypothetical diagram demonstrating possible apoptotic effects of the ZER-NLC in Jurkat cells in vitro.Abbreviations: ZER-NLC, zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier; Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X protein; PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
RA diffuses across the plasma membrane and RA-receptor (RAR/RXR) complexes bind to the RA response elements (RAREs) of the NELL2 promoter region
The proteins involved in 5-HT4d receptor-mediated non-amyloidogenic APP shedding are shown with green circles while orange circles and red characters indicate proteins or second messengers that were tested but were ineffective in modulating 5-HT4d receptor-stimulated sAPPŒ± release
Schematic diagram as summary of the present investigation
The figure represents an integrated network of multiple pathways interacting through common gene products
Interactions between ER-Œ±36 and EGFR in mitogenic signaling
ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling pathway
The 13 unique FGFR3 and TAK1 dependent genes () were evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, producing a single network (network score of 40) containing major hubs at NFκB and PI3K
Putative target genes of miRNAs participating in the MAPK signaling pathway via DAVID KEGG analysis
The components of the canonical DNA damage response (DDR)
miRNAs in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway
Schematic overview of the crosstalk between AMPK and Nrf2 pathways induced by BBR in LPS-stimulated inflammation
Genes, up-regulated in males: Most of upregulated gene the involved in biological regulation, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and regulation of cell differentiation
The influence of liver-specific glucokinase knockout on the myocardium
Consequences of coordinate activation of RHOA and ROCK1 by HIFs
Model of cofilin regulating actin dynamics and initiating HSV-1 entry
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-17 receptor family members and their biological roles
Schematic representation of possible orexinergic mechanisms in synaptic signalling
Cartoon describing the possible crosstalk between TLR4/MyD88/NF-Œ∫B and BMP/Smad signaling
(A) In healthy individual, RUNX1/FLI1 complex negatively regulates ANKRD... (B) In THC2 patients, the mutations in 5‚Ä≤ UTR of the ANKRD26 gene prev...
CD180 is a close relative of TLR4 and together with BCR signaling can promote B-cell activation and differentiation
Pathways for synthesis of linolenic acid products in tomato
Putative functions of the differentially expressed proteins in metabolic processes of rice grain development at high temperatures
Three retinal pathways for blue-green color vision
Potential mechanism of n-3 PUFA-mediated neuroprotection
Visual representation of Wnt signalling pathway components, showing altered expression in developing muscle-less humeri
This scheme summarizes starvation-related changes of insulin/TOR pathway components and JH synthesis
Even in the absence of acute ligand stimulation, PDGFRA is constitutively, but slowly trafficking in glioma cells
Figure 6. The metabolic network which regulates the cell cycle activation at the O2-dependent G1/S transition.
The reverse cholesterol transport pathway delivers free cholesterol from macrophages or other cells to the liver or intestine for excretion
AT2R-mediated molecular pathways involved in tissue injury
Schematic representation of ROS generation and its effect on angiogenesis
Panx3 signaling pathways inhibit osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and promote cell cycle exit
The cell lines are arranged in ascending order according to the degree of membrane folding, probed by the area-specific membrane capacitance C m. Resulting from the deficiency of either PTEN (U87-MG), p53 (GaMG), or both proteins (U373-MG and SNB19), the overexpression of mTOR () promotes synthesis of proteins and lipids which can be used for the plasma membrane production.
(A) Schematic of EGFR pathway genes in this study. The EGFR ligands Vein... (B) Schematic of FGFR pathway genes. Two FGFR receptors, Breathless (btl...
TLR ligation by bacteria or bacterial products leads to activation of PKCŒµ
Sizes of protein names and line arrows intend to show the relative significance of each component of the cascade during signaling to the MAPK module in unstressed growing cells and in cell wall and osmotic stressed cells (please see text for details)
Reaction network of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling model
NOD1 signaling and interactions with Rho GTPases and NFATc
Molecular regulation of hepcidin by iron and inflammation
A scheme of the effect of the Toona sinensis and Moschus decoction on cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells
Pathway model showing two distinct roles for Sck1 in nutrient signaling
Metabolic potential of Acidilobus-like populations from YNP deduced from coding sequences obtained from metagenome assemblies
A schematic model for how S6K1 inhibits TLR2- or TLR4-mediated signaling pathways
Schematic diagram depicting the diverse outcomes of KSHV-induced 5LO and LTB4 in ECs and the consequences and roles of KSHV in viral pathogenesis
Schematic representation of proposed signaling pathways involved in HbR-induced IL-8 production
(A) The regulation of MUC2 express... (B) MUC2 expression in PCI-35 cell... (C) MUC5AC expression in PK-8 cell... (D) MUC5AC expression in PCI-35 ce...
Shift in glycolytic-mitochondrial energetics after T-H
Interaction of CLL cells and the lymph node microenvironment
Schematic representation of the sphingolipid rheostat in AD context
Schematic representation of IGF signaling involvement in EMT
Schematic representation of the interplay between the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and IGF signaling
Schematic representation of the cross-talks between the Notch and the IGF signaling
Proposed model for the interaction between Shh and IGF signaling
Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancers -Type III- Paracrine Ligand-dependent cancers
The signaling pathways involved in the control of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy
IL-6 exerts its pleiotropic activity by activation of gp130 through its binding to transmembrane or soluble IL-6 receptor
Schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway substrates and associated cellular functions
CK exerts therapy effects on the progression of DSS-induced colitis in mice, and the potential mechanisms may contribute to regulating the innate immune cells such as macrophages activities through modulating NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways activation
PTTH and insulin signaling pathways in lepidopteran ecdysone secretion
cIAP1/2 regulation of TNFŒ±-induced canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway activation and suppression of default death pathways
cIAP1/2 regulation of‚ÄâTWEAK-induced non-canonical NF-Œ∫B pathway activation
Differential activation of NF-Œ∫B pathways by TWEAK based on strength of Fn14 signaling
Induction of NLRP3 inflammasome complex by the inorganic crystal HZ
Suggested mechanisms of synergistic cytotoxicity of [Gem+Clo+Ed] combination in lymphoma cells based on the previously reported data and our present results
The VEGF signaling pathway in HemECs and HemSCs
β-adrenergic signaling modulates multiple cellular processes in tumor progression and metastasis
A schematic representation of BCR/BTK signaling pathway
Cartoon highlighting prominent metabolic processes, proteins, and protein complexes of the plant cytosol
Flow diagram representing the molecular interactions in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (from KEGG database)
Scheme of PI3K/PTEN/AKT signaling network activated by heterodimerization of HER2/HER3 receptors induced by heregulin (HRG) and inhibited by pertuzumab, 2C4
Metabolic pathway of the glycine cleavage enzyme system and the synthesis of its lipoate cofactor
Schematic representation of the kynurenine metabolic pathway
The physiological functions of the P2X7 receptor in bone cells
Schematic representation of the signaling transduction throughout integrin engagement by Cp aged under oxidative conditions
The estrogen receptor (ER) pathway includes the canonical and the non-canonical ER pathways
Crosstalk of signaling pathways in breast cancer and the potential clinical therapeutic targets
Ca2+ transport remodelling in promotion of cancer cell proliferation
Ca2+ transport remodelling in conferring apoptosis resistance in cancer cells
Ca2+ transport remodelling in tumour vascularization
(a) Schematic representation of the differences between normal endotheli... (b) Scheme of the signal transduction pathway involved in proangiogenic...
Dual regulatory effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) on neuronal apoptosis
Known and novel iAs responsive Nrf2 transcripts are shown
Integrated metabolic pathway of BCAA metabolism
Hypothetical model of CNP action in the SRG
TLR ligands/DAMPs, cellular location, and signaling in the vasculature
Signal transduction pathway mediating the suppression of sIAHP by PACAP in CA1 pyramidal neurons
KEGG Pathways in Cancer–hs05200, mapped with the proto-oncogenes harboring miR-TS-SNP
APP is an integral membrane protein which undergoes post-translational modification such as glycosylation during its transfer through intracellular secretory pathway
Schematic representation of chitinase 3-like 1-associated β-catenin activation signaling pathway, which is inhibited by methylxanthine derivatives
Potential molecular pathways associated with CD133
Representation of epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in response to therapy with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in wild-type and mutant patients
Protein interaction network analysis of the up-regulated proteins in M
Integrated cell death pathway model linking drought stress and ER stress
Model showing a plausible role of TRIM21 as a negative regulator of IRF3 activation and IFN-β production following JEV infection in human microglial cells
Differential expression of mTOR and HIF-1Œ± pathways between leiomyoma, HLRCC and leiomyosarcoma
Proposed model integrating viral and host biomarkers for disease severity and the effect of IFN-β in HAM/TSP
Tonic excitatory drive and the control of neuronal rhythms
Co-regulation of hepatic wound healing and regenerative responses via TWEAK- and LTβ-mediated cellular cross-talk
Tumor necrosis factor-Œ± and its osteoblastogenesis paradoxical effects
Components that determine the establishment and tolerance-inducing capacity of tolerogenic effector DCs
In this simplified diagram of the IL-1 signaling pathway, the signal initiates by the recognition of cytokines by IL-1 receptors and propagates via multiple sub-pathways involving family homologs or alternate pathways to activate transcription factors downstream
This detailed map of IL-1 signaling presents the protein-protein interactions and the resulting cellular events
A. Overall distribution of experimental and predicted complexes on the pathway.
T cell contraction after resolution of an immune response is usually accomplished through a combination of mitochondria- and death receptor–dependent mechanisms
The visualization of the KEGG Apoptosis pathway in a layered sub-cellular compartment model demonstrates BiNA possibilities for integrating cellular location information
Control of the core Hippo signaling pathway through interacting upstream modules
Hippo pathway-mediated regulation of cell lineage and pluripotency by adhesion and epithelial polarization in the early mouse embryo
The Hippo pathway mediates the reciprocal regulation of cell proliferation by contact inhibition and mitogenic signaling
Two mechanisms for growth-factor-mediated regulation of the Hippo pathway: activation of Ras-MAPK signaling and activation of PI3K-PDK1 signaling
Œ±6 integrin is the upstream regulator of the IGF-1R signaling pathway that enables low levels of caspase-3 activation to signal lens epithelial cell differentiation initiation
A schematic representation of the actions of mechanical signals on the regulation of distinct signaling pathways in health and inflammation
Activation of JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways by type I interferons (IFNs)
Proposed model of induction of autophagy by type I IFN
Schematic representation of cytokines and their receptors regulating peripheral B-cell survival
Schematic depiction of some of the Ca2+ channels, pumps and exchangers involved in Ca2+signalling in mammalian cells
Based on our data, autophagy is essential for PCa cells NED and serves a cytoprotective role in NE differentiated PCa cells
Figure 1. EGFR- and EGFRvIII-signaling pathways associated with autophagy regulation.
Potential model of mechanotransduction forces driving enterogenesis
The enriched pathway of the target gene union of radiation-response miRNAs
Repetitive hypoxic preconditioning suppresses adaptive immune responses in resident B cells prior to stroke
Cytokine-induced differentiation of human B cells in vitro: requirement for IL-21 signaling in vivo
Schematic representation of the NGF metabolic pathway in healthy brains and its deregulation in Down’s syndrome
Figure 1. Control of growth and metabolic pathways by AMPK.
Figure 2. Role of ATM in the DNA damage response.
Figure¬†3. A model of acute regulation of AMPK by radiation.
Figure 4. Participation of AMPK in chronic molecular responses of cancer cells to chemo- and radiotherapy.
Figure 5. Involvement of AMPK in mitotic progression.
Insulin and contraction signaling pathways during GLUT-4 recruitment and translocation.Note: Data from Sakamoto et al.Abbreviations: IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI3-K, class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; Akt, serine/threonine protein kinase; AS160, 160 kDa Akt substrate; GLUT-4, glucose transporter 4; GSV, GLUT-4 storage vesicle; Rab-GAP, Rab-GTPase-activating protein; Rab-GDP, guanosine-50-diphosphate-loaded Rab; Rab-GTP, guanosine-50-triphosphate-loaded Rab; CaMKK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; LKB1, Serine/threonine kinase 11; STRAD, putative kinase; MO25, mouse protein 25/scaffold protein; AMPK, 5‚Ä≤-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Thr172, phosphorylated AMPKŒ± at threonine 172; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; P, phosphorylated site
Inositol phosphates and Akt/PKB inhibition, a potential Akt/PKB feedback mechanism.Note: Adapted from Cell, 143(6), Manning BD, Insulin signaling: inositol phosphates get into the Akt, 861–863
N-Linked Glycosylation Pathway Showing Activation of Precursor Molecules and Synthesis of Dolichol-P-P-GlcNAc2Man9Glc3 and Transfer to ProteinEarly steps in the N-linked pathway require conversion of the lipid molecule polyprenol to the oligosaccharide carrier molecule dolichol, which serves as a scaffold for LLO
Signaling mechanisms of ROS-mediated increase in leukocyte migration and junctional permeability
Schematic representation of ROS-mediated cell death and cell survival signaling pathways
Estrogen, HER2 signalling, and the PI3K/Akt pathway in drug-resistant breast cancer.Notes: ER can activate gene transcription by nuclear translocatin following ligand binding (1) or as a result of receptor phosphorylation in the absence of ligand (2).
Regulation of Hippo-Yap1/Taz signaling by polarity complexes
The workflow diagram shows times and type of sample collection before and after IFN-β administration and sample processing and analysis
PPARγ signaling pathway genes that were differentially expressed during high-altitude vs
Top ranked network of genes altered in the newborn lung at 24h post-O3 exposure
Second ranked network of genes altered in the newborn lung at 24h post-O3 exposure
The role of epidermal growth factor (EGF-EGFR) signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) inflammatory microenvironment
(A) A schematic diagram of the βint-ν signalling pathway for regulating... (B) A possible model for progression of homeostasis disruption of the ad...
BCR-ABL levels govern engagement and evasion of tumor suppression in hematopoietic precursors, thereby controlling CML transformation
Global view on the intracellular proteome profile change in P
Model of activation of the ATR-signaling pathway during G1/G0 or G2-M phases of the cell cycle
Signaling by EGF and PDGF in the regulation of β-cell proliferation
Signaling by leptin, Wnt, and β-catenin in the regulation of β-cell proliferation
Schematic of exosome secretion in a cancer cell model
Summary of regulatory networks centered by typical 2-Cys Prxs
Autophagy is negatively regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3‚ÄâK)/Akt signaling pathway, which activates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in response to growth factors and also phosphorylates Beclin 1
Autophagy has a complex relationship with various modes of cell death, including regulated (e.g., apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis) and catastrophic (e.g., necrosis) types of cell death
Schematic showing the interference of Hepatitis C virus in the insulin signaling pathway
. Schematic representation of Notch signaling.
. Summary of cardiac developmental aspects of Notch signaling.
A model of development of Spirodela dormancy through the signal transduction in response to environmental stimuli
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway in mammalian cells
Apoptosis signaling and cell death relevant drugs
Insulin signaling KEGG pathway in adipose tissue
PI3K-AKT signaling KEGG pathway in adipose tissue
A schematic of how PDE5 inhibitors and DNA damaging drugs interact to kill T24 cells
A high-confidence reaction map of the TSLP signaling pathway
Major crosstalks between the PI3K and the MAPK cascades
TNFŒ±-regulated major cellular signaling pathways
Scheme of metabolic pathways where enzymes upregulated in specific growth phase during antibiotic production are highlighted
Control of the concentration of transcripts for enzymes involved in central carbon metabolism
Proposed mechanisms underlying TMZ-mediated regulation of GCs migration.‚ÄâIn GBM cells, WNK1 and OSR1 are the major kinases regulating NKCC1 activity under physiological condition and in the presence of TMZ treatment
Network of interactions between products of candidate genes from the QTL regions
T cell PPI Network mapped to TCR, with main JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the 39 differentially expressed genes in MFG transcriptome at 18 hpi vs
Neuronal circuit diagram of the light input pathway in the tadpole retina
IPA graphic representation of the network “Cell death and survival, DNA replication, recombination, and repair, cellular response to therapeutics”
(A) In subjects with normal levels of CDKN2B, E2F4 remains bound to RB a... (B) In subjects who have reduced levels of CDKN2B, E2F4 is released from...
Lymphatic anomaly-associated proteins are frequently associated with the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling pathway
Alterations are defined as having an increased (red) or decreased (blue) expression in C4-2B compared to LNCaP or by somatic mutations in C4-2B cells only (bold black lines)
A, JAK-STAT signaling pathway in interaction network
Involvement of CD81 in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) lifecycle
IL-3 binding to the α/βc chains of the IL-3 receptor leads to activation of the receptor-associated JAK2 tyrosine kinase by trans-phosphorylation
Cytokine signaling pathways in brain preconditioning
MAVS filaments and activation of the IFN-I pathway
Proposed new mechanism for regulation of PI3K–Akt–FoxO pathway by Trim32
(a) Cell cycle regulation by p16Ink4b/p14ARF. p... (b) Regulation of beta cell Cdkn2a locus. Bindi... (c) Cdkn2a locus showing exons of p16Ink4b/p14A...
A working hypothesis of IRS-mediated control of protein synthesis
Top Ingenuity networks of genes whose expression was significantly altered in the hippocampus upon FST exposure
‘Ephrin Receptor Signaling’ was the second canonical IPA pathway induced in LR rats upon FST exposure
Hypothetical model for BNF-induced cell cycle arrest and senescence
Distribution of proteins in homology and immune categories
Schematic illustration of the molecular mechanisms and pathways of BBR in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation
Molecular mechanisms of Bcl-6 expression in T cells
A simplified schematic diagram of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway and proposed cellular regulation of muscle protein synthesis in response to hypoxia, caloric restriction, insulin, muscle contraction, and leucine
Coordination of macrophage-mediated signaling and muscle regeneration
Activation of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases results in autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues
The canonical and non-canonical JAK-STAT pathway and its subversion by BCR-ABL or mutant KIT
Potential effects of renal ectonucleotidases and consequences for activation of purinoceptor subtypes
Role of purinergic receptors in regulation of insulin secretion and β-cell survival
Proposed model of hypoxia-induced cellular processes presumably leading to antifolate resistance
A proposed model for miR-542-3p-mediated suppression of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation
Molecular mechanisms linking ROS, antioxidants, and the insulin signalling pathway
Computational simulation of eicosanoid profile in ATP-stimulated BMDM (for dataset A)
Modules identified by functional and gene expression enrichment analysis
Additional functional modules identified by ingenuity pathway analysis
Schematic illustration of the autocrine and paracrine effects of WISP2
Expression and function of K+ channels in sensory neurons
In addition to the known pathways that activate hepcidin expression, we show that Ras/RAF-triggered signals and the mTOR pathway are involved in hepcidin suppression
This was modified from pathways presented in KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/).
The toxicity and adaptive response pathways, as derived from linking transcriptome and proteome responses to physiological effects
Legend: nodes – genes, edges – interactions with significant z-scores
Legend: Interactions inside each pathway shows the significant interactions from analysis with genes as nodes and significant KEGG pathway interactions as edges
Scheme depicting the inhibition of smooth muscle contraction via CB1 receptors
Model for potential signaling mechanisms mediating enhanced G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-induced vasoconstriction of resistance arteries from Eln+/‚àí mice
Activation and de-activation pathways of hepatic fibrosis
Sensing of transferrin-bound iron and regulation of hepcidin expression in hepatocytes
. A possible mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of LFG-500 on the invasion of cancer cells.
Representation of IL-33 pathway in T-helper cells
The causal gene network inferred from top discriminative modules at a significance level of 0.005
A. In ccRCC, the most important biological functions of the top deregulated miRNAs were: 1) Cancer (p = 8.71E-11-4.91E-02); 2) Renal and Urological Disease (p = 8.71E-11-2.12E-09); 3) Inflammatory Disease (p = 2.12E-09-2.14E-03); 4) Inflammatory Response (p = 2.12E-09-2.4E-04) and 5) Reproductive System Disease (p = 3.37E-05-2.58E-02).
ANP/BNP and CNP bind cell surface receptors called NPR-A and NPR-B, respectively, which have an intracellular catalytic domain with guanylyl cyclase activity
Cartoon depicting the major pathway by which a pancreatic beta cell secretes insulin in response to increases in plasma glucose
CaSR-mediated control of ion transport across the thick ascending limb
A simplified scheme of the intracellular signalling pathways which control DC maturation and antigen presentation functions is indicated in the figure
Schematic diagram shows that CBHA abrogates TNF-Œ±-induced PAI-1 expression in human pleural mesothelial cells through enhancement of MKP-5/MKP-1 expression and repression of MAPK/AP-1 signal pathway (see test for further explanation)
An overview of the EGFR-axis pathway that contributes to cyst formation and progressive enlargement in ADPKD and ARPKD
Regulation of TFs activity by degradation modulated by H2O2
Shift in the balance of pro-male and pro-female pathways will determine direction of gonad differentiation in zebrafish
( a) KEGGViewer rendering of the insulin signaling pathway. Pathway compo... b) Zoomed view of the insulin signaling pathway. Condition 1 is selecte...
Canonical Wnt β catenin signaling pathway
Figure 4. A summary of viral mechanisms that target the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Figure 1. Signaling pathways involved in the ER stress response in C. glabrata.
Figure 7. Attenuation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway upon combination therapy.
Figure 5. Schematic figure of the analyzed interactions that regulate the DNA damage response.
Tissue-specific regulation represented by putative functional regulatory networks (top: liver; bottom: muscle)
Tissue-specific expression within individual functions—a case of insulin signaling pathway
Crosstalk between signaling pathways implicated in pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the aerobic thermoacidophile Sulfolobus solfataricus
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the mesophilic halophile Haloferax volcanii
Schematic of IFN-β-mediated regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and pharmacological agents active in this pathway
Proposed model depicting the role of IFI35 in negative regulation of RIG-I signaling
Schematic model of how SH2B1β enhances gene expression and neuronal differentiation through STAT3 (step 1)
Model of COX-1-mediated PGE2 production in response to HP-PRRSV infection
(A) Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of secondary screen results. Th... (B) Protein interaction network (PIN) assembled using interaction data f...
Taurocholate, cAMP and AICAR enhanced ABCB11 trafficking to the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes
Inhibition of angiogenic pathways: targeting multiple angiogenic ligands and cell membrane receptors.Notes: Tumor and host endothelial cells release angiogenic ligands that interact in an autocrine and paracrine fashion
KEGG pathway for Huntington's disease (proteins identified in our study of the PBMC proteome are highlighted by red stars)
Schematic representation of the relationship between apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)/p38 pathway activated by various stresses
Pathways through which survivin can favor tumor cell development
In the hippocampus, the regulation of NMDARs by GŒ±s coupled receptors involves multiple mechanisms
GŒ±i coupled receptors increase or decrease NMDAR function depending on the signalling pathways recruited
Acupuncture can increase the expression of BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) via PI3K/Akt (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase) and MEK/ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases) signaling pathway by activating the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a high affinity catalytic receptor for several neurotrophins that induce the activation of survival signaling pathway
Candidate genes identified by GWAS are shown in orange, under the corresponding associated metabolites
U937 cells were treated with 25 μM haemin for 6 h. Cells were then incubated with 13C6-labelled glucose for 5 min.
HEK293 cells were transfected with WT-PFKFB3, R131/134L- or R131/134K-PFKFB3 mutant
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling pathways: change in gene expression over 1 month of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) therapy in (a) growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and (b) Turner syndrome (TS), as defined by Ingenuity Knowledge Base
Cross talk between metformin, androgens, and IGF system and molecular mechanisms of metformin inhibitory effects
RANKL-perturbed network and master regulators
Akt activation releases Rheb from the inhibitory effects of TSC1/2 thus allowing mTOR activation
mTOR can be shared by two different complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2
In the canonical pathway, the three TGF-β ligand isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, are synthesized as precursors and bind to form the latent TGF-β complex before being secreted[]
Signaling pathways involved in YPP regulation
MAVS is a critical converging point of the host response to RNA virus infection
Figure 1. TERF2 controls innate immunosurveillance through cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pathways.
TXNIP deficiency disrupts mitochondrial fuel selection
Proposed model for the negative or positive regulation of chondrocyte maturation or apoptosis by Smpd3/nSMase2, respectively
HO-1 as a stimulator (A) and inhibitor (B) of osteoblastogenesis
Mechanisms of substrate acquisition for HO-1 in macrophages and monocytes
Molecular pathways altered by green tea extract
Schematic model illustrating the potential pathway associated with genistein’s inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inflammation.Notes: Genistein suppresses TNF-α-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through 1) reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation triggered by TNF-α, which represses Akt/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling, and 2) promoting adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation.Abbreviations: IKK, IκB kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor.
A) Phosphorylation of MARCKS by Cdk5 could modulate its interaction with... B) Involvement of Grin1 phosphorylation by Cdk5 in actin dynamics and ne...
HIV-1 Nef activates PI3K-Akt and p38 MAPK pathways utilizing different subunits indicated in green (the involvement of a specific isoform is shown in brighter color and the absence is shown in pale color)
Mathematical Models Describing the Circadian Clock and the Photoperiod Pathway in Arabidopsis.The CCA1/LHY-TOC1 feedback loop (Model I) was extended to include a delay between TOC1 and CCA1/LHY mRNA (X) and a light input independent of CCA1/LHY (Y) (Model II).
. Schematic summary of CNT mediated signaling pathway related with anti-angiogenic activity.
BMP signaling in germ cells across the Metazoa
Antiapoptotic factors are colored in red and proapoptotic components are colored in blue
Apoptosis inducers can either inhibit antiapoptotic proteins or stimulate proapoptotic proteins
A model for ER, COX-2 and HER-2/neu interactions
Intricate pathway of molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of virus-related liver injury to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Motif-mediated interactions annotated in the ELM resource mapped onto the KEGG () human Phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase-(PI3K)–Akt signaling pathway (hsa04151)
(The dotted line means TLR4 may activate other molecules such as IRAK, MYD88, and then activating PI3K)
Proposed novel signaling pathway by which PDE4 regulates BK channel activity in DSM cells
ABCA1 expression and function can be induced by GPR119 to protect from atherosclerosis
Proteins that were altered in abundance either >2 or <2 fold respectively in the cytoplasmic (A) and (B) or nuclear fractions (C) and (D) from DENV-2 infected cells compared to mock infected cells were analyzed using STRING
Direct and indirect mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression by estrogen
IFNŒ±-2b signaling via JAK-STAT pathway, adapted from []
Complement inhibition and hemolysis in PNH
Mechanisms of action for the NO2‚àí in cardiovascular diseases
Putative model of the mechanism of vascular homeostasis mediated by apelin-APJ signaling
Molecular mechanisms of oestrogen action in cardiac cells, such as endothelial cells
Pathway mapping into the human DDR network
Summary of key changes in cancer metabolic reprogramming
Summary of the mechanism of several important drug candidates for anti-cancer metabolism therapies
Wnt signaling as a pathway to increase bone formation
Metabolic pathway of Cytokines in humans
Metabolic pathway of Inflammatory Response in humans
(A) Model for NRF2 regulation in BRCA1-associat... (B) Major estrogen sources in humans and mice.... (C) Paracrine signaling in the mammary gland. I...
Schematic representation of the GPCR signaling pathway
Discontinuous arrows represent speculations and unknown mechanisms; consecutive arrows represent known pathways that do not need to be explained for the understanding of the figure
Dashed arrows and question marks indicate unidentifed/unconfirmed signaling components
Here, we show that nicotine functions similarly to a growth factor
Schematic model of TGFβ signaling pathways for CRP2 induction in VSMCs
Schematic diagram of the cell signal pathway that p42 utilizes to suppress tumor growth by controlling PI3K activity through UPS
Schematic diagram showing differences in the thyroid cancer cell lines sensitive or resistant to apoptosis
Simplified representation of the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway and differentially regulated genes
Bcl-2 protein family in apoptosis and hematologic malignancies
Role of RNase L and TLR3 activation during inflammation in insulin response of obese people's myotubes
Cell cycle was found to be the most significant enriched pathway (p<0.05).
A proposed pathway for digitoflavone-induced Nrf2/ARE-mediated cytoprotective proteins via activation of p38 MAPK signaling
Cholesterol metabolism, lipid rafts and autism spectrum disorders
MOR activation pathway leading to ICa inhibition in the VANs
In the central nervous system, damaged cells (top) release ATP, glutamate and K+ into a narrow extracellular space and thus can reach concentrations approximating those in the cytoplasm
During Keratoacanthoma tumour growth, Wnt ligands secreted by the epithelium activate the Wnt pathway and sustain tumour growth
Model of actions and interactions of the HSP network required for normal protein folding and refolding upon acute stress or during chronic stress
Hepatitis C virus entry into hepatocytes
. Schema for the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy via AT1-R-dependent signaling pathway induced by AngII or mediated by mechanical stretch, respectively.
A schematic representation of the impact of agmatine on the molecular and metabolic pathways
A simplified model of some of the signaling pathways leading to LTD of the pf-PC synapse
The tumor’s interaction with its solid microenvironment
The so-called PI3-K/Akt/mTOR survival pathway
Gene regulatory network in three hybrid combinations
Hypothetical model to describe the mechanisms and outcomes of MAPK activation induced by different levels of ROS
Regulation of apoptosis by sphingolipids
MAPK signalling cascades leading to MK5 activation
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways in normal development (A) and mechanisms of Hh signaling in cancer (B)
EGFR associated signaling pathways in lung cancer
Upon the invasion of mycobacteria, cellular TLRs trigger a MyD88-depentent TLR signaling cascade to initiate an inflammatory response
Data represented in silico flux distribution of different isobutanol-producing strains (top BSUL03, middle BSUL04, down BSUL05)
The role of GREs and CELF1 in cytokine signaling
Overview of the induction of PGC1-Œ±-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis by resveratrol, bezafibrate and AICAR
Non-selective autophagy regulation during diabetic nephropathy (DN)
Mitochondrial regulation of calcium clearance: a point of convergence for retrograde and anterograde signalling
Hypothesized mechanism of action of exemestane on MPM cells
Molecular pathways are altered due to modulation of signaling pathway in skin cancer
Activation and regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway
Schematic illustrations for potential signaling pathway of IMF deposition in skeletal muscles regulated by GHR and SOCS3
FASN related metabolic and signal transduction pathways
Representation of the p53 signaling pathway map from KEGG
LTP pathway components and interacting proteins: response in hippocampus
Schema outlining the activation of the human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2 pathway and antibody blockade by trastuzumab and pertuzumab.Abbreviations: HER, human epidermal growth-factor receptor; FGFR, fibroblast growth-factor receptor; IGFR, insulin-like growth-factor receptor; IV, intravenous; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
Mitochondrial ROS generation, neutralization, macromolecular damage and repair
EGAN analysis showing all the differentially expressed enriched pathway genes
Schematic representation of the role of Wnt, Notch, TGF-β and Hif-1Œ± signalling in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and liver progenitor cells in hepatocarcinogenesis
The network representation integrates changes of flux determined for uropathogenic isolates and P. aeruginosa PAO1 (this work) and changes in transcription transcript level previously determined for successive isolates of P. aeruginosa from patients with chronic cystic fibrosis .
Hallmarks of AD, progression of the disease and mitochondrial dysfunction
Interplay between Wnt signaling and other anti-ageing pathways
Schematic diagram of the simplified Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Schematic diagram of the simplified phosphorylation-mediated regulation of the core Wnt/β-catenin pathway components
Ubiquitination-mediated regulation of the core Wnt/β-catenin pathway components
Major metabolites and genes contributing to the choline metabolism pathway
Canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling genes marked in green are hypermethylated in parous women (suggesting down-regulation of the gene in parous women)
Schematic representation of the replication checkpoint pathway activated following DNA damage
Two hundred and five overlapping genes were identified between BE vs. NE and BE vs. NC tissues after Bonferroni correction (P<1.12-E06) and with a 2-fold or greater differential expression.
. Basic structure of the growth factor signaling pathway, showing examples of serial and parallel combinations.
LPS triggers TLR4 signaling and induces NF-Œ∫B and MAPK activation, possibly together with CCR8 activation, which results in the production of TNF-Œ±, IL-6, and IL-10
LIF/JAK/STAT3-mediated growth inhibitory signaling in medullary thyroid cancer
Signaling circuit driving transformation and tumorigenesis
In summary, lancemaside A was able to suppress various inflammatory responses that are managed by macrophages and monocytes
Integrative model of the physiogenomic adaptations in adipose and liver tissue induced by energy overfeeding during the last 45 days of pregnancy
(A) Relative quantities of metabolites in Huh7.5 (left column) cells and... (B) Immunoblot analysis of the selected enzymes. Beta-actin was used as...
(A) A metabolic map of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and th... (B) Immunoblot analysis of the selected enzymes. The control was the sam...
Cerebral neovascularization in diabetes after stroke
Simplified presentation of 13C labeling patterns of metabolites after injection of [1,2-13C]glucose
The astrocytic part of the synapse provides net synthesis of glutamine (GLN), via the concerted action of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), generating oxaloacetate (OAA) and acetyl-CoA, the combination of which leads to synthesis of citrate (CIT)
Schematic representation of the degradation pathway of PLGA-based nanoparticles in cancer cell
The AKT pathway was inhibited by DHM treatment, and Bad phosphorylation was reduced, which resulted in tumor cell apoptosis
The CD44 protein-protein interaction pathways were performed by String 9.0 Web software
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway is frequently hit by lentiviral vector (LV) integration
The structure of the systems model of  type C4 photosynthesis
Innate recognition of fungal cells by PRRs like Dectin-1 and TLR2 leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF
Arrow- and diamond-heads denote activation and inhibition of substrate molecules, respectively
The angiotensin II signalling pathway can signal through G-protein dependent and G-protein independent pathways
Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism of apoptosis activation in A549 cells by 6S and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite M2
Known Hsp70 functions used to design the biological testing of the Hsp70 inhibitors in cancer cells
Mechanism of immune dysfunction in Huntington’s disease
Human epidermal growth receptor family members, the PI3K/Akt pathway, and targeted drugs
Matricellular TSP1 via CD47 restricts NO-sGC-cGMP signaling
Schematic representation of the proposed intracellular signaling pathways regulated by Cx43 hemichannels in bone cells
Schematic representation of nucleotide excision repair (NER): the proteins associated with human diseases are highlighted
Schematic diagram of CWC spine signaling pathways
Results on inference with gene expression data for cancer and normal samples
Schematic representation of the CNS-immune system crosstalk
A pair of immune activation-related modules differentially correlated in NSCLC
Arrow charts represent all expression values (fold changes)
Starvation increases the secretion of glucagon into the portal circulation
Anabolic reaction sequences in chloroplasts (A,B) and root plastids (C,D) of wild-type (A,C) and cue1 mutant plants (B,D)
Molecular pathways leading to cross-presentation in DCs
Allosteric activation of AMPK occurs through an increase in the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio that allows upstream kinases such as LKB1 (liver kinase B1), TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase 1) or CAMKKβ (Calmodulin kinase kinase β) to phosphorylate Thr172 in AMPK Œ±-catalytic subunit
Enriched signaling pathways with significant association with estrogen-relevant DEGs
Intracellular signalling pathways mediated by HLA class I or II antibody binding to endothelial cells
LPS or other inflammatory interventions activate inflammatory cascades in endothelial cells manifested by cytokine production and expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules
Myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent TLR-4 signaling pathway
The ubiquitin-proteasome system maintains the balance between quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation of HSCs
Ubiquitylation maintains the equilibrium between differentiation and transformation in adult stem cells
A partial model for the control of melatonin (MEL) secretion in pinealocytes
Mechanisms of prostate smooth muscle contraction and assumed connections to the regulation of prostate growth
Crosstalk between mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway and colorectal oncogenic pathways
De novo serine biosynthesis diverges from glycolysis
Proliferating cell hypothesis: similarities between cancer cells and Plasmodium falciparum
A schematic representation of the arachidonic/thromboxane metabolic pathway: Arachidonic acid generated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C undergoes additional enzymatic transformation by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) into prostaglandin and thromboxane metabolites
Insulin signaling pathway and insulin insensitive
FGA1 (GŒ±) mediated G protein signaling, the FMK1-controlled mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the pathogenicity associated two-component signal transduction system might be activated in Foc4
Myeloid cells that lack signaling (due to Ifnar gene deletion, pharmacological blockade with anti-IFNAR MAbs, or IFN signaling antagonism by viruses) are more susceptible to infection
Mammal Notch receptors, ligands, and canonical activation pathway
Graphic representation of the presence/absence of gene expression on KEGG cell cycle pathway using GenMAPP version 2.1 (http://www.genmapp.org/).
Post mortem (PM), corneal organ culture (OC), in vitro confluent primary culture (CPC), in vitro non-confluent primary culture (NCPC), and immortalized endothelial cell line (ECL)
Collaboration between integrins, growth factors, and GFRs
A schematic representation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and regulation of ECM crosslinking enzymes in the TM
Supported cell signaling cascades for activation of immediate early genes following prostaglandin analogue treatment
The growth hormone (GH)—insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) pathway and its signaling cascade, which involves PI(3)K and Akt, can modulate longevity and cancer in model systems
Comparison of gene expression in immobilized relative to planktonic yeast: (A) intermediary metabolism and (B) cell cycle
Production of biosynthetic precursors during glycolytic metabolism and their putative regulation during Xenopus tail appendage regeneration
Cell contacts with the ECM affect the production of ROS
The interplay between host and bacterial factors leads to tissue destruction, vascular leakage, and hyperinflammation in invasive GAS disease
The PI3K/Akt1 pathway is a downstream effector of Jak2/Stat5 signaling in luminal mammary epithelial cells
Bioinformatic analyses expose alterations in nucleic acid binding and regulatory proteins
A proposed model for signaling pathways affected by UTD2 in breast cancer cells
A model of signaling pathways for LTM formation upon associative olfactory conditioning of honeybees
Knowledge-based construction of networks-pathways processes involving highly expressed (green box) three genes (ATF/AP1, IL10R and OAS) associated with antiviral immunity and nine underexpressed (red box) genes (COL1, JAK2, JAK3, IL12, IL13, IL15, IL27, STAT3 and STAT5) associated with immune response in enriched categories
Shortest path network of genes involved in apoptosis related pathways developed in MetaCore including the affected biological processes
A schematic representation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Mechanism of rejection of MHCIINEG myeloma cells by Id-specific CD4+ T cells
Proposed mechanism of BTC-stimulated IL-8 production and bio-behaviors of lung cancer cells
Overview of metabolic engineering strategies
SN gene composition (nodes) and interactions (edges) are shown for: Meta-SN1 in the upper left corner with green edges (which includes GW and GATES modules, GNAZ* gene only present in GW); ADNI-GW SN3 in the bottom left corner with dark blue edges; ADNI-GW SN4 in the bottom right corner with blue edges and ADNI-GW SN7 in the upper right corner with light blue edges
The original version of the hsa04724 KEGG pathway (Glutamatergic synapse) is shown
Construction of the FB-iPSC-CM regulatory circuit
Extended model for the cyclin/Cdk network driving the mammalian cell cycle
Ras-mediated upregulation (green) or downregulation (red) of autophagy is depicted in the scheme
Canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling network regulated by miRNAs
Routes of presentation of viral peptides on DCs
Caspase activation by the extrinsic (Fas-mediated) apoptosis pathway (left) vs
Dual opposing signaling pathways of TRAIL
Signaling pathway of TRAIL/drug combinations
Autophagy is involved in the initiation of hepatocarcinoma (HCC)
Followed viral infection, HSCARG interacts with TRAF3, and cooperates with OTUB1 to remove Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chain from TRAF3
. The potential involved molecular mechanism underlying hydrogen-rich saline-mediated anti-apoptotic effect.
Scheme of the signaling cascade of actin remodeling
PAR1 and PAR2 modulate TLR3-dependent expression of IFN-β in CFs
A case study of the RegPhos-discovered phosphorylation networks involved in BCR signaling pathway
TGF-β signalling cascade alterations that lead to prostate cancer
JAK2 receptor signaling and activation of STAT pathway
Physiological and physiopathological UPR activated pathways in β cells
Summary of the miRNAs and the TGF-β pathway involved in HSCs
Summary of the miRNAs and the VEGF pathway involved in HSCs
Vpr induces G2/M arrest through activation of the SLX4 complex
Schematic illustrating NLR attenuation of canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling
Proposed schematic models for the role of different lncRNAs (green) in neural development
Spermatogenesis ROS endocrine gene transcriptional regulation
Opposing TNF-Œ±/IL-1β- and BMP-2-activated MAPK signaling pathways converge on Runx2 to regulate BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation
Correlation Loading Plots of the Lipids and Transcripts in the O2PLS-DA Model.Lipids are denoted as triangles and transcripts as squares
(A) IFN signaling pathway according to IPA, which highlighted JAK1, JAK2... (B) G-coupled receptor pathway according to IPA with receptor families....
Summary of molecular mechanisms involved in pulmonary remodeling
Nck proteins as the newly identified adaptors between the BCR complex and BCAP/PI3K/Akt pathway
Targets of Twist proteins in the DNA damage response pathway
Model for the regulation of TNF-receptor–mediated apoptosis pathway induced by AGP
Proposed renal protection mechanisms of volatile anesthetics
Proposed cascade of the mechanisms involved in PAF production by extracellular EGF in ovarian cancer cells
Schematic representation of proteins involved in the BCR signaling pathways
Signals derived from non-intestinal epithelial tissues control intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila
We incorporated three major pathways: Calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1)
ZZ primary bronchial epithelial cells show an enhanced inflammatory response dependent of the ERK/EGFR/ADAM17 pathway
Secretory pathway components studied in zebrafish and implicated in human diseases
CADBIOM model for the canonical TGF-β pathway
Key features of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway
Molecular pathway analysis of regulated membrane protein changes in RLSCs as they undergo hepatocytic differentiation
Upstream regulator analysis of membrane protein changes in differently regulated proteins involved in cell-to-cell signaling and interaction
Molecular mechanisms of hepcidin regulation
This schematic depicts how the observed changes in gene expression within the insulin signaling pathway may contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity
Proposed schematic flow of OA's role in attenuating hepatic IR injury
Among mechanisms involved in bone loss, proinflammatory cytokines play a major role in explaining hyper-osteoclastosis []
Gene network of T-ALL (early response) derived from GeneMANIA (a) and STRING (b) (NR3C1 interaction is highlighted)
Intracellular signaling pathways for hepcidin expression
Schematic representation of the mechanisms underlying the control of lipid metabolism by iodothyronines in the hepatic cell: A summary of the possible signaling pathways involved in iodothyronine actions is presented
A hypothetical mechanism of C60(OH)24-mediated cell protection from H2O2
Effects of oxalate: Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the IL2-R pathway
Conceptual flow diagram (based on the data presented herein) depicting mechanistic link between p38 MAPK and IL-R signaling pathway activated by oxalate in HK-2 cells
Pathophysiology of anthrax illustrated as a series of steps
Signaling pathways involved in microglial phagocytosis
The proposed signaling pathways for dicitrinone B-induced apoptosis in A375 cells
Four major pathways of glucose metabolism underlying glucotoxicity
Overview of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
(A) A schematic representation of mRNAs changed in the canonical Wnt/β-c... (B) Heatmap demonstrates decreased expression of genes encoding a number...
Figure 5. Canonical pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes in MCF-7/MET-R cell populations chronically adapted to grow in the presence of metformin.
Multiple pathways can stimulate β-cell replication in obesity, and there is overlap of many of the downstream activators
Functional significance of differentially expressed miRNAs—miRNA-512-5p, 190a and 200b-3p (Ingenuity pathway analysis)
Schematic view of insulin signaling pathway in adipose tissue
Pericyte physical and biochemical interactions at the NVU
Some examples of 13C-labelling patterns in brain metabolism, based on results with singly labelled substrates ()
Active Rb/E2F complexes bind to E2F sites within the promoters of several pro-apoptotic genes, repressing their transcription
An overview of the canonical Wnt pathway [[]]
Expression and signaling of type I and III IFNs are modulated by miRNA and AU-rich element (ARE)-binding proteins (ARE-BPs)
IFN-γ gene expression and signaling are modulated by miRNAs and ARE-binding proteins
Signaling events in murine heart development and cardiac ESC differentiation
Schematic model illustrating the signaling pathway by which ANG suppresses the inflammatory response involving TBK1-mediated NF-Œ∫B nuclear translocation in HCFs inflamed by TNF-Œ±
PPARβ/Œ¥ promotes HRAS-induced senescence by potentiating p-ERK and repressing p-AKT
Intracellular signal propagation of human toll-like receptors and corresponding ligands in innate immunity
(a) Synthesis of isoprenoid compound by nonmevalonate pathway: a flow chart; (b) chemical reactions involved in biosynthesis of isoprenoid via nonmevalonate pathway
(a) Common EGF-induced signaling n... (b) A431 cells (c) EC109 cells (d) TT cells. The edge color is de...
TNF stimulation leads to activation of the canonical NF-Œ∫B signal transduction pathway marked by IŒ∫BŒ± degradation and translocation of the p65-p50 dimer to the nucleus
The putative Toll-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways of the large yellow croaker were constructed based on the knowledge of TLR signaling in mammalian species
Total RNA was extracted from the spleens of large yellow croakers sampled at 0, 12 and 24(I:C) induction
Mechanisms of mutated and wild-type tyrosine kinase activation in cancer
Model for cell cycle control in Rb1ŒîG/ŒîG mutant cells
A model for regulation of TGF-β signaling by Dab2 and cholesterol
NAD+ is required to sustain high glycolytic activity in macrophages
Schematic representation of activation, signalling and targeting of ErbB receptor family members
Diverse mechanistic pathways of metformin
Hypothesis regarding the inhibitory signaling of amarogentin in platelet activation
A proposed schematic view of how propofol and OA interfere with neurite retraction
A. Gene ontology analysis shows proteins involved in fatty acid binding.
The drug discovery of high-throughput screening is monitored by activation of the calcium-sensitive photoprotein light production
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of genes negatively regulated by unliganded GR
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of genes positively regulated by unliganded GR
Activation of the "Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response’ pathways in NCR versus CR samples
Central metabolic pathway proteome at different growth conditions
Schematic simplified demonstration of the main mechanisms supposed to be involved in fatty acid and TNF family interaction at different levels of colon epithelial cell organisation
Schematic overview of MBL-dependent activation of the lectin pathway of complement
Signalling pathways that were altered in the high serum [P] group
The networks were generated in IPA using triangle connectivity based on focus genes (those present in our data set) and built up according to the number of interactions between a single prospective gene and others in the existing network, and the number of interactions the prospective genes have outside this network with other genes as determined by IPA
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the Hippo pathway.
The binding of LH to LHR activates the cAMP/PKA pathway, which through an unidentified mechanism favors ZFP36L2 binding to LHR mRNA
The complementary signaling cascade pathway inhibition of pertuzumab given in conjunction with trastuzumab
Proposed pathway for activation/proliferation of alloantigen-specific nTreg and comparison with the non-antigen driven proliferation of nTreg that do not have a TCR specific for the antigen
Astrocyte calcium-dependent vasoactive signaling pathways
Role of POR in biosynthesis of androgens in classic and alternate pathways
The key signaling pathways involved in the early recurrence/metastasis (R/M‚â§6months) and late recurrence/metastasis (R/M6-12months) of H-HCC
Role of Heat shock protein-27 (HSP27) and clusterin (CLU) in cancer cell survival
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and therapeutic opportunities
Panel A depicts the major over-represented network which has molecular relationships between some of the genes in code set and RB1, TP53, PI3K, PTEN/Akt, MYC, and RECQL4 interactions
Figure 1. The differential modes of STAT3 activation and its genomic and nongenomic functions in responsive cells.
Crosstalk between TGFβ signaling and the renin-angiotensin system in fibrosis
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the Hh signaling pathway in the balance between on-state and off-state.
Organization of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling and interplay with Nox NADPH oxidases
Interactions between TGFβ-NOX4 and LPS-TLR4-mediated profibrogenic signaling in HSCs
Shown at the peak of their significance, 3 and 6 hours respectively
EPH receptors crosstalk with EMT-related signaling pathways
Illustration of changes in cAMP–pCREB and MAPK–SRE signaling pathways induced by agonist actions at NTR1–D2R heterodimers and at NTR1 receptor homodimers and D2 receptor homodimers
Illustration of the biased agonist action of the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists LSD and DOI at the 5-HT2A protomer of the 5-HT2A–D2LR heterodimer, which leads to enhanced Gi/o signaling over the D2R protomer producing an enhanced inhibition of the AC–PKA–CREB pathway
Schematic diagram showing the central role of the BMP6-HJV-SMAD signaling pathway in hepcidin regulation and the proposed interaction with other hepcidin regulators
Pattern recognition receptors in respiratory anti-viral immunity
Gene network of 32 genes with pathway level expression change and mutation via GeneMANIA
Hypothesis of adolescent chronic alcohol consumption effect on SPIF gene down regulation in the dilated cardiomyopathy signaling pathway
The left box lists the miRNAs in the CoMi pattern that was identified as a predictive marker
Abnormalities in IRS1 interaction in the KEGG PI3K-AKT signaling pathway (PI3K-AKT)
Abnormalities in IRS1 interaction in the KEGG Oxidative Phosphorylation metabolic pathway
Metals and cholesterol implicated in Aβ processing and neurotoxicity
The sphingolipid pathway and basic structural units of sphingolipid biosynthesis
ROS produced by gamma radiation deactivated the protein tyrosine phosphatase enzyme thereby activating RTK in an indirect, reversible manner
In response to an Ang II stimulus, TGF β-Smad signal pathway is activated in cardiac fibroblasts
A summary figure of the switch from Pu.1 interaction with coactivators to corepressors caused by Runx1 deficiency
Summary of adducin signaling to desmosomes
A model of miRNA dependent regulation of DSB repair during cell cycle
Proposed mechanism of CNTF-induced gliosis in the retina after ONC and Pen1-C6DN + siCASP2 treatment
Novel downstream target genes of Yki in Drosophila
Enzymes are indicated by capital letters; red color indicates transcripts that were up-regulated in ECM roots compared with non-symbiotic roots
. Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in bupivacaine-induced WDR35 expression in Neuro2a cells.
The proteins identified by MALDI-TOF/MS were characterized into subcellular metabolic pathways
Simplified scheme of the DAF-16 signalling pathway in C
Schema of PI3K/mTOR and other oncogenic signaling pathways in hematologic malignancies
Schematic of the Cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling pathway
Activation of T cells results in metabolic reprograming, which influences their proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions
Possible pathways for LRP1-mediated Aβ uptake
The IGF-I receptor signaling pathways during normoglycemia
The potential involvement of aberrant β-adrenergic stimulation of the GR-WNK4-NCC pathway in salt-sensitive hypertension
Colorectal cancer MSI and CIN signaling pathways modified from KEGG database
Cell-cell coupling in the somitogenesis clock
Simplified network diagram showing the involvement of JNK and p38 in the system
Synthesis of representative structures along the Golgi-centric core M1 and M2 glycan synthesis pathways
Synthesis of representative core M3 structures that are dependent on multiple initial activities based in the ER
The effects of the HIF pathway on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
Proposed pathways contributing to the maternal syndrome of preeclampsia and the mechanism of action of antioxidants, ER chaperones, NO, and H2S donors and statins
(A) DEGs between BU and EG, associated to the KEGG cell cycle pathway in... (B) DEGs between EG and EL, associated to the KEGG cell cycle pathway in...
A schematic diagram representing the hypothetical mechanisms of the insulin-dependent systemic (I) and insulin-independent direct (II) effects of metformin in the endometrium
Working model for Fas signaling in cancer-related inflammation and breast cancer progression
Schematic representation of how PLCG1 regulates USP1 phosphorylation to mediate 20E-induced gene expression for metamorphosis
Model for how TAZ/YAP direct TGFβ-induced tumorigenic events
The hypothesized model for the signal pathway involved in the ChREBP-induced lipogenesis and fibrosis in mesangial cells under high glucose
Schematic diagram of proposed CXCR4–CXCR7 crosstalk affecting major signaling pathways related to cell survival, proliferation, and migration
Putative Simplified Model of Metabolic Pathways Responsible for  Accumulation.Upregulated proteins detected by proteomic analysis are illustrated in pink, transcriptionally upregulated genes in red, and genes detected to be upregulated at both transcript and protein (proteomic) levels in brown
Schematic representation of PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling, which modulate NOXs-derived ROS
The PI3K/AKT/ PTEN pathway and ROS may be involved in several diseases besides cancer and aging
The anti-inflammatory mechanism of omentin
Signaling pathway of SFRP5, a decoy for WNT signaling pathway, which further activates β-catenin and then JNK
The anti-inflammatory mechanism of IL-10
Schematic model of the major molecular events by which rotenone provokes apoptosis in Jurkat cells under different glucose conditions
Intracellular signalling pathway originating at EGFR and inducing the activation of proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and differentiation of epithelial and cancer cells
Role of normal and mutated KRAS protein in the regulation of the signalling pathway associated with EGFR activation
Simplified scheme of the N-glycosylation pathway
The relationships shown here are derived from the VEGF, PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and HIF-1 signaling pathways and the “Pathways in Cancer” map in the KEGG Pathway database
Schematic of the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis pathway (A, adapted from WikiPathways) and heatmap of associated genes (B)
In normal cells, insulin signals through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) to the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway in a manner that inhibits autophagy and increases the expression of glucose transporters on the cell membrane
Ca2+ stored in the SR is released into the cytosol to activate cardiac muscle contraction and subsequently reaccumulated to promote relaxation
A general model for mammalian cellular circadian timekeeping
Oncogenic stress or DNA damage may activate p53 leading to cell cycle arrest, senescense and/or apoptosis
NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; NGAL-R: NGAL receptor; ErbB-2: v-Erb-B2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog = HER2; TNF-Œ±: Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha; IL-17: interleukin-17; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; NF-Œ∫B: nuclear factor kappa B cells; IŒ∫BŒ∂: Inhibitor of NF-Œ∫B zeta subunit; HIF-1Œ±: hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor
Upregulation of a Steroid Synthesis Pathway in Th2 Cells In Vitro(A) Schematic representation of integrated steroid biosynthesis pathway with abbreviated metabolites (black) and protein factors (blue)
Expansion of the SDF-1/CXCR4 migratory signaling network in breast cancer stem cells
An MAPK network downstream of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in breast CSCs
Model of HCV apoptotic signaling pathways
Model of the impact of 5q deletion upon myeloid cell fate
Wnt pathway, sclerostin, and DKK1; effects of monoclonal antibodies on bone
Metabolic reconstruction of Melainabacteria representatives
The role of Akt and NF-Œ∫B signaling in drug resistance mechanism of tumor cells
Barometers: 1 = 0.01 gene list; 2 = general metastasis signature.
Barometer: 1 = 0.01 gene list; 2 = general metastasis signature; 3 = brain metastasis signature.
Barometers: 1 = 0.01 gene list; 2 = Oncotype DX.
Proposed model for the loss of mechanosensitivity in osteoblasts due to ASFF
Stress signaling pathways activated by electrophiles
Combination of promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes acting as inhibitors of cancer pathways as well as abnormal expression of miRNAs contribute to the activation of the cyclin D/CDK pathway, Jak/STAT3 pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and disruption of DAPk/p53 interaction
Graphical overview of the Canonical Pathway analysis
Schematic overview of some events occurring in apoplast during plant pathogen interactions
Proposed site of PEP7 inhibition of the AT1R-Erk1/2 signaling cascade
Network analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was conducted using selected genes that were differentially expressed and their close relationships
. Summary model for signaling pathway for CCM development.
TG2-mediated adhesion/signaling at the cell surface
Overview of sites of thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism
Simplified signaling pathway for muscle hypertrophy
Predicted mechanism of sialic acid-binding lectin (SBL)-induced apoptosis and proposed factors that influence the effects of SBL
Metabolic pathways with different expression profiles in  and  populations at 12
The CUL7-OBSL1-CCDC8 pathway and its predicted role in cell growth
Topology of the signaling and metabolic pathway of eicosanoid production in human
Evolutionary pathways for the acquisition of BADH activity by plant ALDH10 enzymes
The 98 proteins that showed significant changes in oxidation levels with HFHS diet were subjected to IPA
Schematic Models of the Signaling Pathway of Vertebrate Rod Photoreceptor and Blastocladiella Zoospore Phototaxis(A) In the vertebrate visual signaling pathway, photoexcitation of the G protein-coupled rhodopsin receptor leads to activation of rod and cone heterotrimeric G protein transducin complex stimulating hydrolysis of cGMP []
RIG-I signaling pathways activated by cytoplasmic dsRNA
A schematic diagram summarizing possible mechanisms underlying the risk associations of cancer with diabetes and the attenuating effects of statins, renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers), insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs on cancer risk
Network analysis performed on converging genes differentially regulated in response to different stresses in mouse and between different selected Flinders lines
Alcohol metabolism and its contribution to tissue injuryThe average rate at which alcohol is eliminated from the body is ∼7 g/h, which translates to ∼1 drink/h
(A) In WT PEMs, SPI-2-compentent Salmonella target FAK-Akt signaling for... (B) In the absence of FAK, Akt remains inactive and is unable to activat...
Stimulation of βAR leads to activation of G protein signaling to induce changes in transcript expression via classical cAMP-PKA-mediated signaling
The figure illustrates the interactions among the different proteins, kinases or small molecules involved in this work
A model of metabolic feedback via HBP and N-glycan branching
Combined metabolomics–transcriptomics identification of pathways affected by MPP+
A schematic diagram of the inhibition of proliferation by SO2 and the pathways
Systems analysis of the apoptosis execution phase
Wtih CSE stimulation, β2-AR is activated, which increases cAMP and recruits many β-arrestins
The pathway information and gene annotations were obtained from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database
Metabolic pathways for ATP production in skeletal myofibers
A general overview of the signaling molecules involved in the regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscles
Signaling machinery involved in macroautophagy
Both daf-2/insulin receptor and daf-18/PTEN-mTOR impact animals’ lifespan
Colorectal cancer metastasis signaling pattern
Figure 6. Explanatory cartoon of fingolimod effects on signal transduction pathways.
Figure 4. A simplified model of dysregulated EGFR (RTKs)/PI3K/mTOR pathway in GBM and corresponding target therapies.
Figure 3. Dual role of proteins in adhesion complexes and transcription regulation.
Figure 3. Leukocyte adhesion-induced endothelial tension.
Figure 2. Ciliogenesis and Wnt signaling in the kidney.
Figure 2. Hedgehog and Wnt Signaling in Kidney, Limb, and Neural Tube.
NADPH oxidase-derived ROS down-modulate protein tyrosine phosphatases, consequently increasing FAK phosphorylation
A two-step model for the pro-apoptotic actions of KCNB1
Figure 1. LIM kinases tumor progression function is tightly regulated by major oncogene and tumor supressors.
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKC…õ) is a major regulator of mitochondrial nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Canonical and non-canonical pathway leading to the activation of NF-Œ∫B
Single-stranded RNA loading to AGO-clade Argonaute proteins
Core signaling pathways responsible for airway smooth muscle contraction
Mitotic roles of Polo-like kinase pathway
Proposed pathway for 1 biosynthesis featuring an AT-less type I PKS and proceeding via 2 as an intermediate
Up-regulated transcripts are red (the darker red, the more up-regulation)
The causal BN learned from breast cancer cases for the ErbB pathway
Top-ranked signaling networks related to Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 downregulation according to ingenuity pathway analysis
Predicted insulin signaling pathway in schistosomes based on the characterization of schistosome insulin receptors, the published S
Cross-talk between mitochondrial metabolism and the IIS pathway is required to trigger the mitohormetic response in C
General overview of TLR4 signaling in humans
The PPI network and signaling pathway analysis
Possible mechanisms of the opioid receptor–mediated influence of morphine on tumor growth
Based on experimental data GDS3634, miR-205 expression effect on prostate cancer cell line, from NCBI public database browser, P value of 8 samples of Student's t-test, microarray data was applied as the link cost for predicted paths
Analyzing the observations comprehensively on modular study and referring to related literature, the signaling pathway from TGFβ1 targeting OCIAD2 was concluded as shown in : the signaling transmits from TGFβ1- TGFβR1- AR-OCIAD2 in liver cancer mesenchymal stem cell, then differentiates into Tumor-Associated-Fibroblasts (TAFs) in tumor stroma
Autophagy regulates p62/SQSTM1 levels to control multiple pro-oncogenic signaling pathways
Inactive IRF-3 remains in a closed conformation in the cytoplasm
Proposed glycerol metabolic pathway in E
Proposed regulatory mechanism of protein tyrosine phosphatases in C
Distinct regulation of apoptosis pathway genes in neurons and fibroblasts in response to VZV infection
Schematic diagram illustrating the possible mechanisms responsible for CORM-2 effects on LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression in RASFs
Scheme representing the insulin signalling pathway, the mechanisms involved in the high glucose-induced impairment of the insulin pathway and the proposed mechanism by which PPARβ agonists prevent high glucose-induced insulin resistance in HUVECs
Interactions are defined by predications extracted from MEDLINE citations and weighted based on microarray data
The 2911 genes showing differential regulation were associated within networks using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
For the proteins investigated in this study, red indicates a positive involvement and gray indicates a partial involvement
Hypothetical model illustrating possible molecular mechanisms underlying the action of the glucocorticoid receptor in the excitation-inhibition balance in NPCs
Mechanisms of resistance to anti-EGFR moAbs in mCRC
Proposed mechanism of CD28 signaling in myeloma cells
TIL activated by co-culture with M38 melanoma upregulate interferon signalling pathways
Schematic diagram demonstrating the effects of cytokines on signaling pathways mediating initial Ca2+-dependent contraction in colonic smooth muscle cells
(A) Pathways shown in blocks were enriched in the sub-networks (Fig. (B) The cross-talks are found among pathways of inflammation, neurogenes...
Summary of signaling events leading to PRKD2-dependent induction of senescence in p53wt and p53mut GBM cells
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is not exclusively involved in glycogen synthase (GS) regulation, but also acts as a downstream component of the Wnt signaling pathway and regulates elF2B, an induction factor for protein synthesis
VitC activates the classic ERK1/2 signaling pathway and causes the dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1, which activates HO-1 gene expression after nuclear translocation by binding to the HO-1 AREs
Schematic illustration of LDH-FITC nanoparticle intracellular fate
Graphical representation of two of the top score networks identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
Overview of cross-talk between EpCAM signaling and the Wnt pathway
A, Schematic representation of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis and biotransformation
In mTOR signaling pathway, there is the triplet of genes codes for proteins (orange nodes), and the pair (ATM and TP53) corresponds to interacting proteins in the cell cycle pathway (light blue nodes)
The genes sets (PTEN, EGFR, PIK3R1, and PIK3CA) are involved in the RTK/RAS/PI(3)K signaling pathway, which is reported in TCGA []
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1-independent and -dependent anti-inflammatory activities of montelukast, pranlukast, and zafirlukast
Crosstalks between ghrelin and insulin signaling
A scheme for GAG biosynthesis (chondroitin/dermatan and heparan sulfate synthesis and keratan sulfate synthesis pathway) (A) and degradation (B)
The canonical catecholaminergic neuron is one that generates dopamine, noradrenaline or adrenaline
A schematic representation of the main Notch pathway components
Enzymes involved in proximal pyruvate metabolism
Schematic showing the protein acetylation sites in metabolic pathways that are most differentially acetylated in LDKO/flox liver
Schematic presentation of the OPG/RANK/RANKL/TRAF6 pathway in osteoclasts
Flowchart showing the induction of ER stress and its physiological outcomes during coronavirus infection
Working model of IRE1-XBP1 signaling pathway during coronavirus infection, using IBV as an example
Abnormal Ca2+signaling in SNc DA neurons may cause mitochondrial oxidant stress, proteostasis deficits and eventual cell death
AAI and AG1024 are small molecule chemical inhibitors that inhibit ATM and ATR, and IGF-1 tyrosine kinase receptor (IGF-1R), respectively
HGF-MET signaling pathway.Abbreviations: HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; GAB1, GRB2-associated binding protein 1; PLC, phospholipase C; PI3K, phosphoinositol 3-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
Cisplatin-induced inflammation is mediated through multiple effectors including activation of NFkB, TNF-Œ±, and PARP
Roles of Wnt5a in cancer metastasis- (A) promoting and (B) suppressive processes
Receptors and cellular signaling pathways implicated in the antitumor effect of  ANP
Lithium’s autophagy regulation mechanism in various neuropsychiatric diseases
Lithium mimics and exacerbates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation
(A) EGF activates the Ras/ERK signaling pathway
Figure 2. Top associated networks with their linked canonical pathways (CP) in ileum on PBCD1.
Schematic representation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in epithelial cells
Molecular interactions between Wnt/β-catenin and PPARγ signaling in colorectal cancer cells
MicroRNAs and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus infection
The network view was built by combining genetic associations with a GGM network created from metabolite concentrations
Schematic summary of the photoneuroendocrine control of food intake and body weight
Activation of the MAPK pathway through a BRAFV600E mutation.Notes
Resistance to BRAF inhibitors: intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.Notes: Multiple different mechanisms have been described in resistance to BRAF inhibitors
In addition to PI3K regulation, H2S increases cell survival through mTORC2-mediated activation of Akt/Bim and Bcl-2 pro-survival cell signaling pathway
(A) Strategy of microarray... (B) These analyses revealed... (C) and calcium (D) are potential upstream... (E) The protein expressions...
The unfolded protein response illustrating the activation of PERK and increase of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), EIF2A-P, ATF4 and CHOP
The critical genes of the B-terms were collected and using Mas 3.0 annotation system (Capital Bio http://bioinfo.capitalbio.com/mas3/) a molecular network was constructed.
Pathway showing formation of inflammosome
The origin and signaling pathways involved in MDSCs in sepsis
Regulation of autophagy and possible targets of the autophagy enhancer drugs
PI3K/AKT and MAPK signal transduction pathway activation in response to IR
G1/S cell cycle checkpoint activation in response to radiation-induced DNA damage
G2/M cell cycle checkpoint activation in response to radiation-induced DNA damage
miRNA regulation of radiation-induced apoptosis
NPY inhibits BAT thermogenesis via reduced SNS outflow
All diabetes drugs are likely to have indirect effects in the CNS by affecting circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin
Model for the allele-specific cancer risk of rs6983267
Model for MYC autorepression and general cellular gene repression by histone modification
Apoptotic signaling pathways in normal and malignant cells
A proposed mechanism for thrombin-stimulated glioblastoma cell proliferation
Molecular actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 in inflammation and energy homeostasis in adipocytes
Mathematical model describing the switch-like behavior of myogenic cells from proliferation to differentiation and its regulation by nuclear translocation of ERK
ERK shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm regulates myogenesis
Hypothetical model of LM infection in microglia
The Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway is altered at multiple levels by DNA methylation in COPD airways
Cisplatin-induced necrosis requires both innate suppression of the apoptotic pathway and necrosome assembly, including RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL, through autocrine production of TNFŒ±
The pORF3 activates transiently NF-Œ∫B and up-regulates A20 via the ATF6 pathway in the early phase, and causes degradation or inactivation of RIP1 in the late phase, leading to the blockade of the TNF-Œ±-induced NF-Œ∫B signaling
Genes that were identified from the transcriptome of the large yellow croaker spleen are shown in green
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
Potential mechanisms of action of lactic acid bacteria via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis[,]
Immune responses induced by lactic acid bacteria
The possible link to non-canonical pathway is shown on the bottom right
Schematic representation of the primary mechanisms through which vitamin D-regulated dendritic cells (DCs) and T-lymphocyte function.Notes: vitamin D precursors can be further processed to their active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D3, in DCs and T lymphocytes
Possible pathogenic pathways of sIBM – multifactorial mechanisms involved
Depiction of the systematic procedure to study drug resistance in MM
The description of the proposed MFG algorithm
MAOA induces EMT by generating ROS that inhibit PHD activity and stabilizing HIF1Œ±
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) by targeting some signaling pathways in myeloma cells
The 310 gene restrored by VPA in MeCP2 KO brains are mostly categorized into two networks: Neurological Disease network (A) and Nervous System Development and Function network (B)
a) The Cad/Cat complexes form adherens junctions through a multi-step pr... b) The process of junction formation is simplified by using state transi...
The module is divided into four parts: a) (1) formation of destruction complex and retention of β-catenins by APC and Axin; (2) destruction complex cycle; b) (3) Wnt stimulation and (4) Wnt signal transduction
Proteins that have been shown to be upregulated during the experiment are indicated in red, the downregulated ones are in green
Portion of the Prostate Cancer Pathway, adopted from the KEGG database , , with the targets of miR-24, miR-29a and miR-145 that participate in deregulated Type III loops being color-coded
Schematic of the changes that are induced in cells by a deficiency of RPs
Working model of convergent pathways to long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation (pMF)The “Q” pathway (left; purple) is elicited by intermittent activation of Gq-coupled metabotropic receptors (e.g., 5-HT2 or α1), followed by PKC activation, new BDNF synthesis, TrkB activation, and activation of ERK MAP kinases (pERK; Ref
Schematic description of the signaling pathways known to be activated by CCK1R and CCK2R
NB increases the cellular uptake of Cur, which subsequently improves intracellular ROS generation
Potential biochemical pathways deregulated as a consequence of FH inactivation.Notes: FH-deficient kidney cancer has impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and undergoes a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis to generate adenosine triphosphate for cellular energy demands
p58IPK and UPR-associated inflammatory signaling pathways
Schematic model of Lgl/aPKC function in Hippo signalling
Schematic representation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway in neuronal cells of Alzheimer’s disease
Potential molecular targets based on the predominant PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway
Schematic representation of the signaling cascade activated by leptin, leading to excitatory synapse formation in hippocampal neurons
Multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways are activated by GH
Simplified schema showing how genes might affect clinical responses to targeted therapies
Ingenuity network analysis of differentially regulated labeled-pairs
Signaling pathways altered by MVNP and mutant p62
(Left): Regulation of apoptosis pathway by family of BCL-2 proteins
Paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway.Notes
GW1516 intervention inhibits progression of hepatic steatosis in mice
Schematic of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway
Reciprocal inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway in cancer
CDK4/6 is downstream of multiple pathways
A diagram depicting the role of GPX7 in regulating inflammation in esophageal epithelial cells
A typical PDA cell is depicted showing schematics of representative metabolic pathways that are altered in the disease in response to oncogenic Kras
Schematic drawing of the current model for the interrelationship between nutrient and light signaling in T
Generation and reduction of reactive oxygen species
Figure 1. Relevant nodes of the canonical autophagic pathway that are specifically engaged in different modalities of unconventional autophagy against membranous compartments.
Figure 1. An unconventional function of autophagic structures in the regulation of MAPK phosphorylation.
Figure 1. Defective CFTR disrupts BECN1 PtdIns3K activity and impairs clearance of CF-associated pathogens.
Map of SCAP/SREBP Transcriptional Control of Cholesterol and FA Biosynthesis
Genes Involved in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Regulatory Pathways Are Downregulated in atg5.A diagram of the flavonoid pathway was adapted from
Current understanding of LPA/LPA5R stimulation of NHE3 activity and mobility based on current studies and the previous reports from the laboratory of Yun and colleagues (, )
Rho GTPase signaling pathway represents a convergent approach to targeting fibrosis
Stage-specific expression of individual genes in Ras and Wnt pathway orchestrate cardiogenesis
The schematic shows an EC with a process projecting through one of several openings in the IEL and thus closely apposed to the underlying VSMC
Model of ‘synthetic lethal addiction’ to rationalize selective synergy of PI103 and Ku-0063794 in PIK3CA mutant cells cultured in LG conditions
A hypothetical model for H2O2-induced signalling pathway in promoting human UCB-MSCs motility
miR-143/145 modulate signaling through the Ras-MAPK pathway
Proposed mechanisms of anticancer activity of nelfinavir
Proposed mechanisms of anticancer activity of digoxin
Nuclear export of hepatitis B virus mRNAs
Signaling pathways regulating hepatic stellate cell activation in alcoholic liver disease
Protective role and partial mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Œ± in alcoholic liver disease
Modification of the Nrf-2 and NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways by phytochemicals upregulates antioxidant and detoxification enzymes and suppresses inflammation
Mechanism of PMN recruitment and PMN transmigration
Rohmer’s synthesis of ME from 3-methylfuran-2(5H)-one or citraconic anhydride
a, Proposed BexX-catalyzed 2-thiosugar formation
(A) Starting with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gen... (B) Dopamine pathway genes are represented in a... (C) In the patent race, subjects were presented...
Transcriptional regulation of fat metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis via AMPK-PGC-1α–mediated pathway
A schematic representation of the TGF-β signaling pathway
The role of the S1P axis in adaptive immunity.Notes: Dietary or bacterial S1P from the intestinal lumen bind to S1PRs and activate the STAT3 pathway in intestinal epithelial cells
SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 feed-forward loop sustain signals promoting colon tumorigenesis.Notes: SphK1 produces S1P, which is kept in the cell and/or is exported in the extracellular milieu
Diagrammatic presentation of regulation of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway
The role of ELF4 in type I IFN signaling
Regulation of protein trafficking, receptor signaling, and protein clearance by ubiquitination in Alzheimer's disease
Potential targets in T-ALL: PI3K/AKT/mTOR, cyclin D3:CDK4/6, BRD4/MYC
mTOR exists in the mTORC1 or mTORC2 complex, distinguished by interacting proteins including Raptor and Rictor, with each complex regulating distinct aspects of cell growth (center, orange panel)
Schematic representation of the proposed myelination pathway in SC
The NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the caspase-1 dependent maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Deregulated focal adhesion pathway in NSCLC cell lines
Schematic overview of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway
Classification of resistance mechanisms to BRAF inhibitors
The proposed model consists of the generation of IR-induced DSB, DSB repair system, and p53 signaling network as nuclear reactions and the apoptosis induction pathway as cytoplasmic reactions
Scheme of ErbB dimers related MAPK and PI3K pathway activation
Effects of resveratrol on protein phosphorylation in the insulin signaling pathway and the mTOR pathway of obese mice
Schematic representation of the pathway of TH-mediated cell motility
Control of the TRAF6 signalosome by miR-146a
Summary of expression patterns of complement components in the placenta
Rapamycin and paclitaxel nanoparticles synergistically target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by suppressing feedback loop Akt phosphorylation
A schematic of the proposed function of miR-199a-5p in regulatory T cells (Treg)
Animal and cell culture experiments indicate that increased intracellular glucose metabolism by the polyol and hexosamine pathways occurs in complication-prone cell types in diabetes
Upregulation of B-Raf/Mek/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways and MYC and HIF transcription factors and downregulation of the LKB1/AMPK/TSC pathway, GSK3, and p53 promote aerobic glycolysis and cell cycle progression
Schematic model showing how the MST1 kinase domain gains motional freedom by heterodimerization with RASSF5 in the membrane environment
(A) Left: normal joint stru... (B) Bone cells (osteoblasts... (C) Inflammation in the syn... (D) Peripheral inflammation... (E) During ST, growth facto...
This model is based on our (12) and others previous published work and current data presented in this article
Integration of the proposed pathways by which the NTPDase5/mt-PCPH acts on the neoplastic progression
The proposed mechanism by which [6]-shogaol inhibits melanin biosynthesis
Figure 1. A mechanism for antigen transfer, cross-presentation, and priming of T-cell responses to cancer antigens.
Figure 1. Cyanide and the plant immune response.
Figure 5. Models proposed in this study.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the Arabidopsis thaliana proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway.
(A) SW48 cells are initially sensitive to GDC-0941. GDC-0941 resistance... (B) Resistant cells must be maintained on GDC-0941 to prevent signaling...
Figure 1. Working model displaying the interaction of transcription factors in regulation of the flavonol pathway genes (FPGs).
Canonical Wnt signaling through Disheveled (Dis) and APR-1 (APC ortholog) regulates the β-catenin BAR-1
Dauer entry in C. elegans is regulated by four signaling pathways: a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway, an insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathway, a dauer transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway, and a DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) regulated by dafachronic acid (DA) steroid ligands.
Small inhibitors targeting BMP-Smad1-Id signaling pathway through different mechanisms may serve as potential therapeutics of KS by targeting Id expression
The activation of the DNA damage response upon CDT exposure
A hypothetic model for the role of the Aldolase proteins in Wnt signaling stimulation
Antineoplastic mechanisms of action of metformin
Metabolic pathways for the production of the high-value products by using Z
Signaling and cross talk of the parathyroid hormone and Wnt signaling pathways in the late osteoblast (osteocyte)
Model of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling cascades
Metabolite-mediated glycolytic derepression under steady-state treatment with H2O2
Schematic representation of polyamidoamine dendrimer-based gene delivery vectors
A schematic of the pathway leading to the activation of TSPO in astrocytes
Schematic diagram representation of some of the pathways regulated by HNF1a
Activation of STAT3 (pTYR 705) represents a signaling event common to neurotoxic insults and neuroinflammation
Metscape gene-compounds metabolic network views of top IPA canonical pathway and biological function/disease
IPA metabolic interaction network of plasma metabolites having a significant correlation with polyp counts in association with aGenotypebyDietinteraction effect
The pathway depicted includes the 27 genes of the of the 'antimicrobial response' pathway that showed increased activation following IFN-β exposure of LCLs (activation score Z = 2.779) by Ingenuity analysis.
Autophagic cell death in lung tumor cells
Diagram of CD4 T cell differentiation and immunomodulation by the AhR signaling pathway
Proposed model of the protective effects of EPA against the PA-induced signaling pathway activation that leads to endothelial dysfunction
A hypothetical model of chemoresistance in human ovarian cancer cells
Figure 4. Model of BRAFV600E-dependent cell growth and mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibition and restoring of drug sensitivity through combination therapies.
Interference of type I IFN production by PRRSV proteins
Interference with type I IFN-activated JAK/STAT signaling pathway and antiviral ISGs
Signal integration following BCR engagement
Schematized representation of biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins in legume seeds
Schematic outline summarizing the significant changes observed in the metabolic pathways
Secreted Œ±-MSH from keratinocytes binds MC1R on melanocytes, leading to upregulation of cAMP, which stimulates expression of MITF
Partial glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in C
Cytoplasmic/traditional and nuclear modes of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway
Mechanism for synthetic lethality in breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) 1/2 deficient cancer
Some of the regulatory interactions between GSK-3 and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways are indicated
The Hh pathway normally inhibits the membrane spanning PTCH1 GPCR receptor which is indicated by a squiggly red line crossing the membrane 14 times
Flow diagram of the monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis pathway
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in schistosome gonads
GATA6 potentiates the upregulation of FGFR2, thereby cell-autonomously stimulating the FGF/ERK pathway, activated by FGF4
(A) The MCF7 generic pathway map included some important classic pathway... (B) After optimization via BLP, the red nodes and grey dash lines were r...
Splicing regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways
The central metabolic pathway and its immediate branches
This proposal integrates salient information from the present study (*) and considers published literature
(a) The trigeminal system as an example of CGRP... (b) TRPA1/CGRP expressing nerve endings in the... (c) Other potential sites of NO–H2S interaction...
The ALK signaling pathway with its cross-talk with other pathways involved in the resistance to ALK-inhibitors
RNA-seq upregulation of energy metabolism gene expression
The network analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
Figure 1. Modulation of PD-L1 levels in breast cancer.
Model depicting how PPARβ/Œ¥ promotes H-RAS-induced cellular senescence, whereas ER stress attenuates H-RAS-induced cellular senescence
Pathways and networks enriched with cancer driver genes
Sox2 and Pax6 acted in Shh, Notch and VEGFA pathway for cell differentiation of spinal cord, forebrain neuron differentiation, and regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
A hypothetical model of molecular determinants of CLL cell survival, proliferation and migration in the PB, BM and LN microenvironments
Different mechanisms of signaling for EMT which might be induced by FGF10
Ligand stimulation of diverse classes of fibrogenic receptors (top) converge upon GIV either via direct interaction (solid arrow) or via unknown mechanism (interrupted arrow) to enhance PI3K-Akt signaling (1) and activate trimeric GŒ±i (2)
CsA can influence cell survival through calcineurin-dependent and calcineurin-independent pathways
(a) Western blot anaylsis showing SIK2 and phosphorylation of ACC and AM... (b) Integrated model for AMPK-family mediated control of beta cell funct...
Schematic diagram of neutrophil derived S100a8/S100a9 protein potentially contributing hypertensive cardiac fibrosis induced by Ang II
Group I mGluR-signaling pathway in immune cells
Illustration of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
The general interplay between the canonical TLR signaling pathway, the cytokine-mediated DNA repair feedback loop, and the growth factors-mediated signaling pathway
Toll-like receptors and TLR-mediated signaling pathway
Schematic diagrams of Computational Models
HMGB1 binding to receptors and activating signal transduction pathway
Host cell apoptosis pathways are classified into two main categories—extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
Necroptosis and pyroptosis both lead to the loss of cell membrane integrity
A. Figure depicts the uptake of glucose by the cells (K, rate of uptake), and its subsequent recruitment into the CCM pathways.
Hypothesized model of molecular signaling underlying the reconsolidation of cocaine-related contextual memory
Hypoxia inducible factor and VEGF link the HIF/VHL and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways
Proinflammatory properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)
Tolerogenic properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)
The cellular origin of thyroid carcinomas is shown
Signaling pathways in follicular cells are shown
The model of ER stress-associated inflammation
Proposed mechanism of action of the erythroid regulator ERFE
In silico network and pathway enrichment analysis
GeneGo graphic representation illustrates Transcription Androgen Receptor (AR) nuclear signaling
WCESP can stimulate the innate immunity by activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and by suppressing the IIS pathway which leads to an increase in HSF-1 activity
An overview of red blood cell metabolic pathways, including the Emden Meyerhoff glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the purine salvage pathway (PSP), and GSH homeostasis
Glycolysis and the triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway in Cp0710
Gene ranking score distribution of PI3K pathway in different subtypes
A two-step model for OR-instructed axonal projection of OSNs
An example of a CN: the EGF signaling pathway includes >‚ÄÖ60 proteins and has several alternative pathways (from http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathwaycentral.php, where many other networks are also shown)
A schematic representation of the PPP and glycolysis is shown
Regulation ofsome key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors on glycolysis and PPP
Schematic of the core Hippo signaling pathway in Drosophila and humans
Schematic of cancer related pathways and processes that input into the Hippo pathway
Overall signaling cascade of TAS2R in taste bud cells and human airway smooth muscle
Biological cascade of BRAFV600E activation and cell cycle implications
Endoplasmatic reticulum stress caused by saturated free fatty acids
Development of hepatic and secondary systemic insulin resistance in DIO
A schematic overview presenting the role of RasGRP3 in mediating the Ras signaling pathways in breast carcinoma cells
Representative regulators of the Sprouty cellular content at transcriptional and post-translational level irrespective of the Sprouty isoform and cell type
Schematic illustration of the Sprouty-mediated regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival irrespective of the Sprouty isoform and cell type
The transcriptional activity of FOXO1 is regulated in a multilayered manner
Diagram of the molecular pathway of the mechano-induction of tenascin-C
Solid lines indicate demonstrated or highly likely pathways, and dashed lines indicate hypothetical pathways
Figure 4. Rho signaling in neural crest migration.
Figure¬†2. Implication of Rho GTPases in osteoclastogenesis.
Figure 4. Trio and upstream regulators in axon outgrowth and guidance.
Figure¬†6. Trio in physiological processes initiated by GŒ±q-protein coupled receptors.
Figure 3. Cdc42, Rac, RhoA and their effector pathways in invadosome formation.
Viral-Induced Rewiring of Host Metabolism Leads to an Increase in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
A model for TORC2 regulation of autophagy and the GAAC response
Pathway analysis for H3K9me3 enriched genes in baboon SVZ cells
Schematic representation of P2X7R-mediated ROS production by NADPH oxidase
Flagellar motility is a key bacterial determinant for phagocytic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by both murine and human phagocytes, with motile bacteria phagocytosed ∼100-fold more efficiently than nonmotile bacteria (top)
In response to DNA damage or replicaiton stress, ATM/CHK2 and ATR/CHK1 checkpoints are activated, thereby promoting DNA damage repair via multiple mechanisms including NER, HR and TLS
Categorically, the regulatory matrix entities segregate into two functionally distinct classes, activators (decorin, collagen VI, kringle 5, and endostatin) and inhibitor (laminin Œ±2)
Improving γŒ¥ T cell functions by TLRs in combinatorial therapy
The top networks (most connections to central molecule) for hypomethylated and upregulated genes are shown for both hypoxia (A) and hypoglycaemia (B)
The first committed step to the synthesis of carotenoids consists of the head to head condensation of 2 GGPP to form phytoene
The figure illustrates a network predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis that is centered by viral infection and associated with molecules involved in host energy metabolism and immunity
The cytoplasmic adaptor Mal recruits the TLR2/6 heterodimer in response to MALP-2 stimulation
Four human orthologues of worm screen gene products (MOB4, TCP1, CCT8 and ACTB) have +1 interactomes that overlap more than expected with the +1 interactome of the GWAS white+grey gene products
IFNŒ± activates the JAK/STAT pathway, which leads to the translocation of STAT1/2 and IRF-9 to the nucleus that induces the p53 gene expression through the IFN-sensitive response element (ISRE) in its promoter
Simplified schematic showing the proposed mechanism of how SEs may suppress cellular immunity and antitumor responses
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway and domain structure of JAK and STAT proteins
JAK/STAT signaling is critical for the differentiation of CD4+T-cells
Induction of SOCS expression, and domain structure of SOCS3
After the stimulation, IL-1R/TLR recruits adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88) to their TIR domain, which further recruits and activates IRAK4
The signaling pathway of chemoattractant GPCRs
Comparison between recombinant Shh- and EVsShh+-activated pathways modulating angiogenesis and apoptosis in endothelial cells
This possible mechanism suggests that fluoride can combine with other ions (X) to mimic the chemical structure of γ-phosphate
Synaptic stimulation activates adenylate cyclase (AC) resulting in the rapid release of cAMP and the activation of the cAMP→PKA→ERK pathway (kinases are indicated in yellow)
The mechanisms of the combination CFZ and CPT-11 therapeutic effects
Proposed model of PPY induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells
Schematic diagram outlines a signaling pathway that may mediate ANG II- and AA-induced ERK activation and fibronectin synthesis from G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase in rabbit proximal tubule cells consistent with our present and previous observations
Proposed model for 18-5p–mediated inhibition of viral reactivation through the MAPK signal transduction pathway
Schematic overview of the GPR120-β-arrestin-2 signaling pathway mediating anti-inflammatory effects.Notes: ω-3 FA-activated GPR120 binds β-arrestin-2, and the resultant complex can interact with TAB1 or NLRP3, leading to inhibition of downstream inflammatory signals, which produce insulin resistance
Red boxes indicate potential functional targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs in MMD (based on Kanehisa Laboratories on 7/25/12, from KEGG)
. Diagrammatic representation of proposed mechanisms of interaction between eNOS deficiency, metabolic stress and insulin-dependent signaling pathway in coronary endothelial cells.
Schematic of TGF-β/Smad3-initiated inhibition of SMC apoptosis through a VEGF pathway
A simplified schematic representation of the extrinsic and the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways of apoptosis and necroptosis
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the miRNAs identified as involved in regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis (see )
Model of the miR-203-mediated regulation network for skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation
Schematic representation of the p38Œ± involvement in colorectal cancer
Schematic representation of the p38Œ±/ERK cross-talk in colorectal cancer
Schematic representation of the p38Œ± as a mediator of resistance in colorectal cancer
Pro-fibrogenic effects of TGF-β and OPN in activated HSC
Putative inhibitory pathway of the Cp-BF-mediated anti-inflammatory response
Reverse signaling in the pharmacodynamics of TNF-Œ± antagonists promotes apoptosis.Notes: The TNF-Œ± antagonists may interact with the transmembranal receptor TNFR2, promoting a reverse signal which blocks the NF-Œ∫B pathway, resulting in the blockage of FLIP
(a) Signaling pathway induced by malarial ligand during liver-stage infe... (b) Signaling pathway induced by malarial ligand during erythrocytic-sta...
Possible therapeutic interventions on molecular mechanism inducing necrotizing enterocolitis
Signaling pathways of leptin and insulin in the CNS
PUVA exposure induced intracellular generation of ROS, alteration of mitochondria function, activation of antioxidant stress response and MAPK phosphorylation pathway, dysregulation of membrane lipid metabolism, DNA-oxidative damage and altered expression of cell cycle regulators
(A) The pathway analysis indicated that a large number of differentially... (B) Network 0 vs. 3
The model shows interaction amongst various intracellular signaling pathways activated by LH, PGF2α and E2
MicroRNA miR-150 modulates the expression of GAB1 and FOXP1 that are involved in BCR-signaling pathway in CLL B cells
Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway in Ocimum sps
Proposed integrated model for tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)- and plasminogen (Plgn)-mediated modulation of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability during thrombolysis in ischemic stroke
β-Catenin is an antagonist of the NF-Œ∫B pathway
The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway enhances β-catenin activation
(A) In the absence of NF1, MAF expression is suppressed through a RAS/MA... (B) MAF also regulates DEPTOR, which negatively regulates TORC1 activity...
The autophagic process and some of its major regulators
Beclin 1, its protein interactions and its role in autophagy
Estrogens and growth factor signaling in breast cancer
Proposed model for the role of CD28, CTLA-4, CD80, and the PD-1/PD-L pathway in mice after ischemic stroke
Detoxification of xenobiotic through the mercapturic acid synthesis pathway
The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of cellular processes
The mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target
The intracellular IL-6 signal transduction is initiated by dimerization of gp130 through binding of IL-6/IL-6R (classic signalling, left panel) or IL-6/sIL-6R (trans-signalling, right panel) to gp130
Activation and regulation of BMP/Smad-dependent signalling
STRING analysis of pathway enrichment and interaction in the altered mRNA in rat ARDS
The gene network was generated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software
Figure 7. Proposed role of mTOR and Wnt pathways in c-Met inhibitor resistance.
Figure 1. α-catenin signaling in cancer.
The antigen processing and presentation pathway
Schematic representation of the plausible molecular mechanism proposed for the induction of apoptosis by TTHL in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Schematic cartoon of TLR signaling pathways
Cell-proliferative signaling pathways in lung cancer cell
Roles of PGs/GAGs on the breast cancer motile phenotype
An integrative overview of intracellular signaling pathways by the IL-1R, TLRs, NLRs, and CLRs upon an innate immune response to microbial infection or cell death
Schematic overview of TNF-Œ±-induced signaling pathways to activation of NF-Œ∫B (a), apoptosis (b), and necroptosis (c)
Hypothetical positive feedback pathway necessary for tumor progression
Signal transduction and immune response in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric epithelial cells
Proposed signaling pathway of Huh7 cells treated with BBP (see the text for details)
Induction of short- and long-term tolerance by HLA-G
Rewiring of apoptosis pathway in breast cancer patients with and without recurrence
Differential dependency network presented over the KEGG[[]] apoptosis pathway
(a) Interaction network of differentially expressed miRNAs and their tar... (b) MSTN signaling in skeletal muscle and miRNAs involved in the pathway...
. : diagram of genes that have been implicated in susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis in the area of Corte de Pedra, state of Bahia, Brazil, showing involvement of, and interaction with, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway.
Pathway components were extracted from the KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg1.html).
Transcriptomic differences between OVCAR3 and SKOV3 and PCA after interaction with the mesenchymal cells
Pathways modified in OCC upon MSC contact related to adherence, migration, and invasion
Vascular inflammation, NK cell/monocyte crosstalk and angiotensin II in cardiac ischemic injury
(A) A healthy neuromuscular juncti... (B) Potential endogenous compensat... (C) Detrimental effects of non-gui... (D) Potential therapies that targe...
The mechanism whereby RGC-32 regulates macrophage phagocytosis
Mechanism by which the PTEN-PI3K-AKT-MDM2 signaling axis exerts control over HIF1Œ± degradation in cytoplasm under hypoxic conditions via the MDM2 E3 ligase and 26 S proteasome
A model depicting the role of the PP1Œ± signaling pathway in coordinating the activation of BRD4 and P-TEFb for inducible gene expression
In Med1epi−/− keratinocytes, the expression of follistatin is decreased
QSYQ can reduce Left Ventricular Remodeling by Attenuating Inflammation and NADPH oxidase
(A). Under normal homeostatic conditions, the ATF6, IRE1 and PERK protei... (B). TRIB3 acts as the ‘molecular switch’ that dictates cell survival or...
CXCL12 acts on CXCR4 to activate the Rac/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, which in turn initiates activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, and ultimately causes CTGF expression
Phytochrome B (PhyB) is mediates light signaling that modulates flowering time in response to photoperiod in sorghum
Oral epithelial cell discrimination of C. albicans yeast from hyphae is enabled via differential MAPK signalling.
A model of a hydroxyurea-induced SAR1-mediated pathway for activating transcription in erythroid cells
Cell cycle regulation by miRNA and their targets dysregulated in cervical cancer
Network for miRNAs involved in migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells
Low dose (0.1 mM) Met induces moderate AMPK activation which is followed by sequential activations of PKA, Src and PDGFR and results in protection of the cells from Dox toxicity.
Figure 1. Simplified overview of TLR4 signaling in primary lung cells.
Examples of potential signaling mechanisms involved in the O-glycosylation of IgA1
The mechanism of bone resorption in bone marrow metastasis
A network of genes in mice immunized with UV-V after SARS-CoV challenge
Pathway analysis of the gene-to-gene networks of TLR3, TLR4, and poly(I¬∑C) in mice immunized with UV-V after SARS-CoV challenge
mRNAs were quantified 24 h after insulin (10‚àí7 M) treatment using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays PAHS-30C
Model of signaling pathway regulation in human schwannomas
A schematic representation depicting deleterious effects of overnutrition and obesity in the vasculature and targets for DPP-4i
Conceivable transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-initiated cellular events leading to myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis culminating into renal fibrosis
Hyperglycemia-induced pathways leading to epigenetic alteration
Figures accompanying the sensitivity analysis
Human respriatory syncytial virus (hRSV) recognition by airways epithelial cells: upon infection, different hRSV components activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
The model includes the Calvin-Benson cycle, glycogen synthesis, photorespiratory pathways, glycolysis, and sink reactions (representing the adjacent pathway and calculation of biomass production)
Red indicates that the gene is increased and green indicates that the gene is decreased in mRNA levels
(A) “Complement and coagulation cascades” and “Pathway in cancer_1”, “Hedgehog signaling pathway” and “Pathway in cancer_2”; (B) “Axon guidance” and “MAPK signaling pathway”
Model for GPSM3 function in regulating Gi-coupled chemokine receptors
miRNA- and TF-mediated sub-network specific to the TGF-β signaling pathway
Metabolic pathway of prostaglandins via cyclooxygenase
Activation or inhibition of a cell by Fc receptor ligation of IgG immune complexes
In renal cancer cells, stem cell factor (SCF) binding to the c-Kit receptor (c-KitR) induces several signal transduction pathways that lead to its proliferation, invasion, survival, and angiogenesis
Schematic view of the sphingolipid metabolism in S
Joint analysis of KEGG and different algorithms was performed to identify the putative and experimentally validated targets for the most differently expressed miRNAs in two groups
Activation of NF-Œ∫B signaling through canonical and alternative pathways
NF-Œ∫B and p53 antagonises each others activity
Signaling crosstalk between the TGF-β-activated pathway and other pathways during EMT (according to Xu et al
SIRT6 as a master regulator of glucose metabolism
Canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling
The complement cascade, shown here adapted from the IPA library, is the most significant pathway overrepresented by genes with age-dependent changes in expression in rTg4510 hippocampus
Most of the genes with age-dependent gene expression changes in rTg4510 mice compared to controls fall into an interconnected network of genes related to microglial function
Figure 5. Proposed genomic and epigenomic interactions in HNSCC
The top-ranked enriched canonical pathway identified using IPA, the T-cell receptor signaling pathway
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT) in C
Model expressing the distinct molecular pathways of ER transcription factors regulatory actions
Genistein modulates a critical TGF-β signaling pathway in human prostate cancer
A) The schema depicts the connections among the... B) The pathway shows the mode of glycerol utili... C) The upregulation of creatine is required for...
For each gene, the upper squares represent ‘Jingxiu’ and the lower squares ‘Jingyan’, while the number of squares represents the copy number of each gene
Regulatory networks of miRNAs and PI3K/AKT pathway in controlling EMT and cancer stemness in human tumors including endometrial cancer
Schematic presentation of the Nrf2 pathway
Schematic illustration of ATX and the Akt/Bad pathway mediating anti-apoptotic signals and alleviating early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
E-cadherin regulated signaling pathways involved in gastric cancer, including Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Rho GTPases, NF-Œ∫B pathway, EGFR, and Rac-MAPK signaling
Effect of activation by arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) on the signal transduction pathways
Inhibitory effects of pacritinib in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) and Janus kinase (JAK)—signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway.Notes: (a) The FLT3 receptor is composed of five extracellularimmunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane domain (TM), a juxtamembrane domain (JM) and a tyrosine-kinase domain consisting of 2 domains that are connected by a tyrosine-kinase insert. FLT3 with internal tandem duplication (ITD) or mutation (MUT) is activated independently of ligands at the cell surface. FLT3-ITD mutations, as well as TKD mutations, result in the constitutive activation of FLT3 kinase and its downstream proliferative signaling pathways, including the RAS/MAPK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, and in contrast to wild-type FLT3 signaling, FLT3-ITD potently activates the STAT5 pathway inducing expression of genes that are important for cell growth. Pacritinb inhibits FLT3, FLT3-ITD and FLT3D835Y mutant blocking the downstream effects of thi... (b) The Janus kinase (JAK)—signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is also depicted. The JAK2 receptor is activated by a signal from cytokines or growth factors. Activation of JAK2 leads to phosphorylation of STAT proteins, allowing for dimerization of the STAT, which then migrate into the cytoplasm and translocate into the nucleus, allowing for transcription of their target genes. Pacritinib inhibits JAK2, both wild type and mutant forms blocking this pathwa...
A) Upper part: Schematic representation of the components of the signali... B) Bottom part: Signaling pathway operation diagram, black arrows corres...
Conditionally bispecific intoxication of cells by engineered anthrax toxin targeted at two ECM proteases: uPA and MMP
Molecular mechanisms and biomarkers in type 2 diabetes
A model of infectious tolerance that depends on a nutrient depleted microenvironment maintained by Treg cells within tissues
Apoptosis works through two main, alternative pathways: death receptor-mediated (or extrinsic) and mitochondria-dependent (or intrinsic)
The involvement of HIV proteins in intrinsic apoptotic pathways: The viral proteins are marked in yellow
Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by the HIV-1 envelope protein at the cell surface
Proposed mechanisms of protective role of TRB3 in diabetic kidney disease
The “oncogenic nexus” of CIP2A is primarily constituted of the interactive functional network between oncogenic transcription factors, tumor suppressors and different signaling components of the PI3K-mTOR pathway, the RAS-MEK-ERK pathway and the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway
Sometimes dysregulated expression of growth factor receptors occurs by increased expression, genetic translocations or genomic amplifications which can lead to activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and other signaling pathways
Mutations at PIK3CA can alter hormonal dependency
The aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole prevents the conversion of testosterone (TEST) into estrogen (ER) and hence there is no ERalpha mediated gene transcription
The PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1 pathway is regulated by Ras (indicated in green ovals), as well as various upstream growth factor receptors (indicated in purple) and PTEN indicated in a black rectangle
The HER2/EGFR receptor is indicated in a blue figure
After chemotherapy or radiotherapy there can be activation of signaling pathways which can actually promote cell survival and may lead to therapy resistance
Hypoxia exposure activates HIF, thereby increasing the expression of VEGF, a HIF-transcriptional target
A: In absence of MEK inhibitor, BRAFV600E activation leads to the ERK1/2... B: Application of MEK inhibitor abolishes the expression of SPRED1 and S...
The working model shows that under normal oxygen tension GNAQ/GNA11 mutations, present in the GŒ± subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (GPCR: G protein-coupled receptors) in the majority of primary uveal melanomas, are responsible for the activation of MAPK pathway under normoxic conditions
Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway database
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the B-cell receptor signaling pathway
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway
Differentially expressed gene-enriched subpathway in the MAPK signaling pathway (path:04010)
The relationship between PI3-K–Akt–mTOR signaling and autophagy in muscular dystrophy
Schematic illustration of lithium-mediated suppression of neuroinflammation
(a) Overlap between proteins and d... (b) Overlap between proteins and d... (c) Oxidative phosphorylation path... (d) Regulation of CDK5 in presynap...
Accompanying NGF, BDNF, and RA, Wnt7a activated the canonical/β-catenin pathway via receptor Frz5 to promote neurogenesis and trigger synaptic marker (SYN1) expression
Blue arrows and black lines represent activating and inhibitory connections, respectively
A) The EMT pathway. The boxes show genes with s... B) EMT gene expression between eribulin and pac... C) Genes differentiating eribulin sensitivity....
CREB-dependent cell cycle factor expression signalling network in GBM tumour cells
Schematic illustration of the different estrogen signaling pathways
An overview of oncogenic KRAS-driven RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PDK1/AKT signalling networks in pancreatic cancer
(a) Inferred non-small cell lung cancer pathway using the SpliceNet and... (b) Re-inferred ERBB2 signaling pathway, but with a reduced sample size.
Functional relevance of rapid transcriptional silencing in activated DCs
Signaling pathways that induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Modulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway by Lactobacillus casei OLL2768, Bifidobacterium adolescentis MCC-75, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC15705 in bovine intestinal epithelial epitheliocytes (BIE cells)
(A) Representation of typical cell... (B) In most tissues, including pan... (C) In contrast, in pancreatic end... (D) In menin-deficient β cells, th...
Interaction network among 24 seed nodes (marked as black circle) and their 80 interacted nodes (marked as grey circle) using three Cytoscape plug-ins
Interaction network using Pathway studio
Differential regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling after acute or chronic liver injuries
Under hypoxic conditions the expression of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) is reduced leading to an induction of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression, which becomes stable and active as a transcription factor, together with hypoxia inducible factor 1β (HIF1β)
Through a MR/PI3K/Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway, aldosterone-induced galectin-3 expression enhanced fibrosis-related factor expression in fibroblasts
Model of the hypothetical estrogen-induced signaling pathway in neurons
Based on iTRAQ expression data comparing mid-exponential planktonic cultures to day 1 and 7 biofilms
GSPs decrease the expression of Bcl-2 while increasing the expression of Bak-1 and result in the enhancement of mitochondrial membrane permeability associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)
Figure 5. Network analysis of stress-shielded wounds.
mGluR1-TRPC3 signaling at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses
The pathways of sphingolipid degradation and synthesis
The dual role of Nrf2 in cancer.Notes: As long as it is kept under homeostatic control, Nrf2 activation protects cellular components like DNA from damaging insults arising from acute/temporary oxidative and xenobiotic stress
Positive feedback loop between EGFR and ER-α36.Notes: A positive feedback loop has been confirmed that EGFR signaling activates transcription of ER-α36 through an AP-1-binding site in the promoter region of ER-α36
. : mechanisms of “early-phase” and “late-phase” immunity.
Cotargeting the PI3K/AKT and AR pathways in CRPC
Schematic model shows the downstream signaling pathway of PIP5K1Œ± and the effect of ISA-2011B inhibition
The signaling pathway that metformin uses to regulate T cell and osteoclasts in autoimmune arthritis
NFŒ∫B Dependent and Independent Actions of the IKKs
Overview of central metabolic pathways in the chloroplast
Epimutation-associated genes and correlated BMP pathway
Epimutation-associated genes and correlated toll receptor pathway
Epimutation-associated genes and correlated melanogenesis pathway
Identified glycotransferases involved in O-glycosylation and associated biosynthetic pathway
Schematic representation of the relationship between RAGE and neurite outgrowth after spinal cord injury
Salmonella-mediated cell death pathway in tumor cells
Figure 1. The proposed mechanism for the role of estrogen receptors on Sertoli cell proliferation and differentiation.
Figure 4. Main effects of manipulation of RhoGTPase signaling by toxigenic and invasive bacteria on pathogen dissemination.
Figure 2. Rho-GTPases regulate signaling pathways induced after TCR engagement.
Figure 3. Spatial regulation of the signaling pathways mediated by Rho GTPases during the ingression phase of cytokinesis.
Model of VEGF Action on MVECs of Blood-Neural BarriersThe majority of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 is found on the apical (luminal) and basal (abluminal) side, respectively, of brain or retinal MVECs
Multiple mechanisms lead to the development of PPCM in mice
Genomic aberration of the proliferative and invasive pathways of glioma signalling
Pathways implicated in type I IFN production following L
The main cholesterol synthesis pathway is highlighted in grey
Its genome contains an assortment of genes that may contribute to adaption to the phyllosphere, interaction with plants, and promotion of plant growth
In normal conditions, the protein levels of RGS4 are maintained in low concentrations in the neuronal cells by the Arg/N-end rule pathway, which facilitate various signal transductions mediated by GPCR
A schematic for reprogramming of EBV-induced glucose metabolism
A simplified overview of the Rb/E2F pathway
MicroRNA and their involvement in oncologenic signaling cascades in pancreatic cancer
LIF signaling and post-translational modifications of some stemness transcription factors
Schematic representation summarizing the mechanism concerning neuroprotective actions of PACAP in neurodegenerative diseases
Integrated signaling networks and tumor cellular bioenergetics
Role of Toll-like receptors during RSV infection
Role of intra-cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors during RSV infection
Stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) signaling pathway
Intracellular pathway associated with GHR activation in hepatocytes
Intracellular pathway associated with IGF1R activation
Effects of BRAF inhibitors on melanoma and immune cells
Activation of CB2 receptors by natural or synthetic ligands favors a range of receptor conformations that can variably affect different signaling pathways in the following ways: 1) inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP production, and less activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), culminating in inhibition of A-type potassium channels and inhibition of some gene expression; 2) activation of Akt/protein kinase B, stimulating cell survival, migration, and growth; 3) activation of the MAPK cascade, favoring cell survival and modulating gene expression; 4) inhibition of specific calcium channels and enhanced opening of G protein–gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels; 5) stimulation of de novo synthesis of ceramide and inhibition of the MAPK cascade, promoting apoptosis; 6) recruitment of β-arrestin to the activated CB2 receptor, resulting in desensitization and/or internalization of the receptor and potential activation of arrestin-specific signaling; and 7) decreased PKA activity, which increases Raf-1 to stimulate the MAPK cascade, positively regulating the expression of many genes
Proposed mechanism of action of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST)
Proposal model for regulation of FMV in placental vasculature in response to exercise
AKT suppresses the HR pathway and activates the NHEJ pathway via many mechanisms
In response to calcium, the calcineurin/NFAT pathway activation favors T-plastin synthesis in keratinocytes
Schematic representation of Aβ production and removal from the brain
Schematic summary highlighting the role of SP and its constituents (PGE2 and EGF) in the regulation of signaling pathway mediating IL-1Œ± (IL-1 alpha) expression in cervical epithelial cells
Illustration of the cellular mechanisms by which BK channels mediate β-adrenergic relaxation in UBSM cells with demonstration of the differential outcomes in the wild-type (WT) mouse (top) and the BK-knockout (KO) mouse (bottom), respectively
Role of PDEs in signal termination of PKA-mediated cAMP pathway: The cAMP-PKA signaling pathway can be divided into Activation and Termination phases
The Cardiac Hypertrophic Response pathway loaded as a pathway
Human Cardiac Hypertrophic Response pathway from WikiPathways used in the manuscript: http://wikipathways.org/instance/WP2795_r76316
Paraquat hijacks the PPP to induce oxidative stress and cell death
Figure 3. The differentially methylated genes in EA interact in three networks.
All global processes are listed and some links allow browsing down in the controlled vocabulary hierarchy
EDHB-induced apoptosis requires both BNIP3 and Beclin innate autophagy, NDRG1 associated apoptosis
Late signaling events in de novo cytokine/chemokine production
The set of target genes that could be regulated by the five miRNAs predominantly expressed in NPC-derived exosomes were analyzed using the miRror program
. A schematic representation of the signaling pathway affected by combination of Tanshinone I and TRAIL in prostate cancer cells.
Upon activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, Frizzled (dark blue line) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) activate the protein Dishevelled (DSH), leading to Axin recruitment
Gene interaction networks specific to the varying doses of 60Co radiation exposure
Figure 1. Overview of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family signaling.
Anti-apoptotic signaling due to DP involves the activation of PKCŒ¥, ERK and NF-Œ∫B and is associated with suppression of procaspase 3 and procaspase 9 cleavage
Computational gene interaction predictions: network of E12 telencephalon-specific miRNA involved in the Neurotransmitters and other nervous system signalling pathways
Exposure of PCa cells to hydralazine probably leads to demethylation of a critical gene that codifies a protein X that regulates EGFR phosphorylation
Top networks observed in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
A schematic diagram depicting the most representative signaling of the PI3K/AKT pathway
Enriched pathways of the most over-represented miRNA targets after E2 treatment
Metabolic cycle of homocysteine, the seven enzymes carrying the functional SNPs analyzed in the study are shown in red (SAM S-Adenosyl methionine, SAH S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine, BHMT Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, CBS Cystathionine beta synthase, FOLH1 Folate hydrolase, MTHFD1 Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1, MTHFR Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTRR Methionine synthase reductase, MTR Methionine synthase, SLC19A1 Solute carrier family 19, TCN2 Transcobalamin II)
Downstream genes chosen from KEGG annotated in Wnt/β-catenin pathway
The role of (Rspo)s in canonical Wnt signaling pathway and the general architecture of (Rspo)s
Expression of genes in the Th1 response network and interferon signaling pathway
Strategies for the production of linear, primary alcohols
Intracellular TLR signaling and trafficking in pDCs
Proposed mechanisms by which miR-34a regulates mesangial cell proliferation
Proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway with transcript levels of each biosynthetic gene estimated by 454 read numbers, and structures of proanthocyanidins and their derivatized products
Oxidative stress network in BM microenvironment
Molecular signaling altered in Fragile X syndrome
PI3K/AKT pathway (A) Insulin receptor level processes. (B) Intracellular signaling in PI3K/AKT pathway. The reactions m...
A summary of the mechanism by which BrZ7 participates in 20E and JH pathways
Model for the metabolism pathway utilized by DGKŒ¥
Schematic description of proposed processes in the gill epithelium of Hyas araneus in response intermediate P CO 2exposure
Helicobacter pylori mediated downregulation of B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cell inhibits Th17 cell development and facilitates bacterial persistence
Potential pathways and mechanisms underlying the enhancement of endothelial dysfunction in aged mice subjected to sepsis
represents the melanin biosynthesis pathway
Reconstitution of the immune pathways identified in previous studies and from the present study (see  for references)
Vascular smooth muscle contraction pathway
Identification of a PKA-independent pathway controlling AQP2 trafficking
Model showing that nsp4 suppresses the NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway by mediating the cleavage of NEMO, leading to the downregulation of IFN-β expression
Schematic illustration of the role of the VHL elongin BC complex in the HIF1 pathway in normoxic, hypoxic, and pseudohypoxic conditions
Perturbation of the MAPK signaling pathway at 9 h after MPP+ treatment
Perturbation of MAPK signaling pathway at 24 h after MPP+ treatment
Perturbation of ER protein processing pathway at 24 h after MPP+ treatment
The p value calculated by the hypergeometric distribution was set to 0.01.
A model for Lcn2 role as a negative regulator in NFŒ∫B-STAT3 loop activation in macrophages
Illustration of the possible molecular pathway for the induced apoptosis triggered by FALHE.Abbreviations: FALHE, Ferulago angulata leaves hexane extract; IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins; SMAC, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; M, mitosis; G, gap; S, synthesis; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinases; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
A hypothetical model of the signaling pathways involved in tazarotene-mediated apoptosis in BCC cells
Mechanisms of bile acid feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family consists of four members: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or HER1, as well as HER2, HER3, and HER4, which are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases that control cell growth survival, differentiation, and migration as well as other cellular responses
Schematic of a model for action of DOX within key signaling pathways necessary for LTF
Putative model of Ahnak-dependent activation of TGFβ signaling
Genes unique for the African American dataset, not studied in relation to pPROM condition are shown in orange
Green color represents pPROM specific functions, blue- genes associated with both sPTB and pPROM and yellow-functions specific for sPTB
Regulation of YWHAG, YWHAB, and PCNA by hsa-miR-185-5p in a cell cycle pathway
Regulation of TCF7 and HSP90AA1 by hsa-miR-185-5p in a prostate cancer pathway
Regulation of TCF7 by hsa-miR-20b-5p and hsa-miR-17-5p in a thyroid cancer pathway
The pathway involves 21 metabolic interconversions between 24 metabolites and includes three conserved moieties and two internal metabolites whose concentrations are assumed to be constant (FMT, CoA)
Cold sensing and responsive pathway in rice
Protein-protein physical/functional interaction global complex network (A) and sub network (B) generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool
Schematic representation of the current understanding of p38Œ¥ MAPK signalling and activation
Known Inputs into the Fog Signaling Pathway
Related pathways include the folate pathway, which is involved in DNA synthesis, and the methionine and glutathione pathways, which are necessary for DNA methylation and for conjugation of electrophilic substrates, respectively
(A) Plot of global miRNA and anti-HIV-1 restriction factor responses to... (B) Integrative bioinformatic analyses of our miRNA data, restriction fa...
Possible mechanism of LRP6 endocytosis and phosphorylation and their relationship to Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation
Metabolic pathway of insulin signalling pathway for unigenes by KEGG annotation
Involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related metastasis
Addition of RASAL1 to the canonical scheme of the RAS-coupled MAPK and PI3K pathways
Adaptation of the pathway map entitled “Immune response_IL-4 – anti-apoptotic action” from MetaCore from Thomson Reuters
Overview of TLR4 and JAK/STAT signalling pathway adopted from previous experimental studies and databases associated with signalling pathways , ‚Äì
Schematic representation of JNK signaling
Src family kinases in Gq- and Gi-coupled receptor signaling
Proposed effect of VASP on insulin resistance and inflammatory signaling
A diagram representing the interactions between the sensory nerves, skin, and arterioles
Proposed signaling pathway by which the stimulatory effect of ANG II on ROMK channel activity in HK-fed rats is mediated via AT2Rs
Schematic representation of the putative cross-talk between NF-Œ∫B, oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+, and the RAS in cardiac myocytes exposed to hyperglycemia
Model of nuclear α1‐AR signaling in adult cardiac myocytes
Rho GTPase signaling pathways regulating neuronal survival
The Ric8 protein regulates the mating and cAMP signal transduction pathways in C
Schematic model showing AngII regulation of HSD3B1 in H295R cells
An oversimplified cell-cycling scenario is shown that envisions the TSPyV LT-antigen involvement in regulation of pRB pathway activity
Using DAVID, the genes that were downregulated by MA treatment were used to determine the importance for those genes in biological pathways
Process and mechanisms of blood vessel formation
A model for the molecular mechanism by which the treatment with cryptotanshinone decreases the signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway to induce apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines through regulation of survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1
Schematic representation of apoptotic effects of PEAL on AGS human gastric cancer cells
Proposed model of the mechanisms involved in PAF-mediated EGFR transactivation in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells
Chemical structure of bilobalide and experimental protocol
Metabolic pathway of xylose degradation, glycolysis, and fermentation in Z
(i) ROS is a major by-product of aerobic metabo... (ii) GSH (glutathione) is the most abundant ant... (iii) Large amount of hydrogen ions are produce...
Figure 2. Plant defense responses associated with ETI.
Signal transduction pathway for type I IFNs and a summary of key ISG effects on the virus and mucosal immune response during influenza
F. tularensis lipoproteins trigger TLR2 signaling in macrophages , which results in the MyD88-dependent upregulation of miR-155 by 18 h post-infection ().
The roles of leukotrienes and acetylation in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators through the NF-Œ∫B pathway
Repair of oxidative DNA lesions by the MMR pathway
Metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, fatty acids and phenylalanine
A controller composed of the KDEL receptor (KDELR) and the Gq and Gs signaling pathways maintains the homeostasis of membrane transport at the Golgi complex
Signaling pathway regulation of autophagy by several factors
Numerous proteins that interact with core components of the NOD2 and MAPK signaling pathways were identified as regulators of IL-8 secretion
MAP kinase pathway and thyroid carcinoma
A simple model was constructed on the basis of transcriptome data
Schematic diagram illustrating metabolites of the glycolytic pathway and the TCA cycle that are altered by ARRB1
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) derive from multiple sources within the cell and in response to external stimuli (1, cellular membrane ROS predominantly through NADPH oxidase; 2, mitochondrial ROS and reactive nitrogen species through cytochrome C pathway; 3, X-rays passing through the cell interact with water and other cellular molecules to produce ROS)
Presents an overview of the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinases signaling pathway
Model of the intracellular mechanism of GnIH and its receptor (GPR147), glutamate and its receptor, dopamine that may control male socio-sexual behavior by regulating the activity of aromatase and neuroestrogen synthesis in the brain
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway showing the annotated and non-annotated proteins
B cell receptor signaling pathway showing the annotated and non-annotated proteins
T cell receptor signaling pathway showing the annotated and non-annotated proteins
Chemokine signaling pathway showing the annotated and non-annotated proteins
Model for genotype-specific basis for reprogramming competence
The signalling pathways connected to autophagy
HMGB1 secreted by cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblast under external stress contributed to collagen synthesis through autocrine pathway
(A) Amino acids are key regulators... (B) Binding of insulin to its rece... (C) Activation of EGFR by its liga... (D) TLR4 is activated upon binding...
An IL-1-induced signaling pathway is mediated by K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRF1
Schematic Representation of the Therapeutic GADD45β/MKK7-Targeting Strategy in CancerDepicted is the crosstalk between the NF-Œ∫B and JNK pathways promoting the survival of cancer cells and cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli
Angiogenic–osteogenic coupling mediated by bidirectional cross talk between chondro-/osteoblast lineage cells and skeletal endothelial cells
Proposed model for autophagy that implicates PLD
Studying ultradian oscillations using optogenetic tools
Mechanism of canonical HH signal transduction in vertebrates
Upstream of mTOR: classical and non-classical inputs
(A) Angiogenic ECs rely on glycolysis, instead of oxidative metabolism,... (B) PAH ECs are metabolically characterized by high aerobic glycolysis a...
(A) High glucose levels in diabetes pushes glycolytic flux and cause ROS... (B) Metabolic alterations that cause eNOS dysfunction mediate atheroscle...
Cells are shown with respective cellular junctions; adherens junction (AJ), tight junction (TJ), septate junction (SJ)
During preimplantation, the outer blastomeres of the embryo form an outer epithelial trophectoderm (TE) that envelopes the remaining blastomeres, the inner cell mass (ICM)
Endodermal progenitors generate hepatocytes and cholangiocytes that surround the bile duct system in adult liver
In the intestinal stem cells (ISC), the Hippo pathway inhibits YAP activity by phosphorylation and cytosolic retention of YAP
PDLIM2 has an essential function in maintaining breast epithelial cell polarity at the level of feedback signaling through the β1-integrin–FAK–RhoA axis
Identification of molecular pathways that are altered by Atbf1 inactivation in mouse prostates
(A) Schematic representation of a tarsal joint of a dys640 wild type (le... (B) Model for tarsal joint formation. Blue and brown arrowheads mark pro...
Brown figures indicate proteins identified in the O. vulgaris library; and blue figures indicate the absent ones.
Brown rectangles indicate proteins identified in the present Octopus vulgaris library and blue rectangles indicate the absent ones
Green ellipse indicates proteins identified in the present O. vulgaris library and blue ones indicate absence.
Angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie2 pathway and its role in vascular remodeling
A Simplified interaction map between the LOXL4 protein with the OS pathway by both protein-protein interaction analysis and literature mining
A proposed signal transduction pathway and feedback control for iron-inducible nuclear influx of Myb3
Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from a common mesenchymal stem cell precursor, and their balance is regulated by molecules that lead to osteoblastogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis or vice versa
(a) The artificial synthetic pathway for salidroside (b) Metabolic flux enhancement of precursor supply of 2. Single arrows r...
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and a strategy for the phenotype-based drug identification using C
(A) The PHD2:HIF pathway. (Left) Under normoxic conditions, PHD2 constit... (B) The three PHDs. The prolyl hydroxylase (PH) domain resides at the C-...
Protein symbols were marked according to gene expression pattern
MUC1 has demonstrated to be internalization by using clathrin and caveolin-mediated pathway, which is dependent on Rab5a, an early endosome marker
Ras signaling is involved in numerous cellular functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, fate specification, and differentiation
Ras is normally activated in response to the binding of extracellular ligands to various receptors
DSeA first indues intracellular ROS overproduction in a rapid time
HBSS starvation induces HIF-1α protein expression through enhancement of IRES activity which is positively regulated by Beclin 1-independent macroautophagy
Shared sub-graphs at the intersection of distinct Pathway Commons resources
Figure 1. TLR9-dependent “emergency” signaling restores STAT3 activity in the tumor microenvironment, thereby accelerating cancer recurrence after radiation therapy.
Figure 1. Proposed model for the regulation of tumor growth by KIAA1524/CIP2A and autophagy.
PI3K consists of a family of lipid kinases and class IA PI3Ks are made up of a catalytic p110 subunit and a regulatory p85 subunit
Arrows represent activation, whereas the dashed bar represents negative feedback and the solid bars indicate the targets of pharmacological inhibitors.IRS: Insulin receptor substrate; mTORC2: mTOR complex 2; mTORC3: mTOR complex 3; PDK1: Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol triphosphate; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase.
Genes in blue are downregulated, genes in orange are upregulated, genes in red favour Akt/mTOR pathway activation and genes in green decrease Akt/mTOR pathway activation
Increase and decrease in signaling are shown in increasing shades of red or green respectively
In the absence of the hedgehog ligand, PTCH inhibits SMO and the hedgehog signaling pathway is suppressed
Model for regulation of MMP-9, MMP-13 and EMMPRIN by curcumin
Schematic comparing signaling cascades activated by EPO in microglia and macrophages
Endothelium-derived relaxing factors of small resistance arteries in normotensive and hypertensive conditions
Diagram  showing signal pathways for EGFR transactivation in response to 3 mM NH4Cl
Schematic Representation of Pathways Modulating GLI1-expression/activity in Cancer
Hypothetical scheme of cGMP- and cAMP-mediated pathways in hippocampal memory consolidation processes
Survival pathways activated by the binding of NGF to TrkA
Proapoptotic signalling pathways activated in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons
A) At the 16-cell stage, when ICM progenitors f... B) In the blastocyst, Sox2 expression is restri... C) In the late blastocyst, SOX2 helps maintain...
In our model we propose that in PASMCs DXM activates the canonical T2R signaling cascade to cause significant increase in IP3 production resulting in increase in global [Ca2+]i levels
Gene association network (GAN) 3 in lung
Macroautophagy is regulated by several signalling pathways
a) Cartoon depicting the FoxO1 network involved in the regulation of cel... b) β-cell ablation in adults triggers FoxO1 upregulation and the subsequ...
a, Schematic representation of the H3K27me3 writer (polycomb complex, right panel) and eraser JMJD3 (left panel)
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling pathway
Working model to explain the antidiabetic effect of ADV36
Exposure of cells to active TGF-β leads to assembly of the tetrameric receptor complex, composed of two type I and two type II TGF-β receptor subunits (TGFBRI and TGFBRII)
New concept of signaling pathway of Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1)
Schematic representation of the results described in this study linking Ras signaling to p53 inactivation in cell cycle control
DAPK2 is a novel modulator of TRAIL-induced apoptosis
EMT-associated signaling molecules in glioma cell
FSH acts through the downstream mediators PKC Œ¥ and Œ∏, which recruit the cytosolic components p47phox and p67phox to the plasma membrane, allowing their combination with membrane components of NOX to form an active enzyme system to generate ROS
The B cell receptor signalling pathway controls B-cell fate and function
Mammary cell involution in response to stretch
A schematic model of Wnt- and SHH pathways working interdependently in GBM based upon observations in this study
This figure illustrates some of the mechanisms by which CD40L can influence on different cell functions and the processes by which these altered cells can impact on host immunity in neoplastic diseases
Signaling changes in mouse models of obesity
Signaling changes in the T-Cell receptor signaling pathway of human bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells
A model depicting Tax-induced shuttling, localization and activation of canonical and noncanonical NF-Œ∫B signaling pathways
A simplified model of the potential contributions of selective sensors and cell types to IFN production during viral infections
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin occurs through a complex signaling cascade
Green and grey arrows indicate an activating effect, red arrows depict an inhibiting effect and dotted line indicates an indirect effect
The Query genes included those listed in  from this study (in bold) and known and candidate ID genes reported with predicted-damaging DNMs from other studies ()
. Visualization of potential pathway associated with targets of telmisartan and genes related to Alzheimer’s disease.
An extensive literature search revealed that the candidate genes are cross-linked to 3 signaling pathways: NF-Œ∫B, Akt and MAPK, which all play a role in cancer
. Model of the role of Ste12 as down-stream target of the Tmk1 MAP kinase pathway and as target of additional, still unknown pathways.
Protein trafficking of pericellular proteases
miR-305 targets in ISC self -renewal and differentiation
Schematic diagram to illustrate the ubiquitination of IRE1 by CHIP and the effect to the relevant signaling
Visualization of KEGG B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway after parsing and automatic correction
KEGG B cell signaling pathway tuned in CD19 B cells and CD4 T cells
KEGG B cell signaling pathway after tissue specific and PPI-based tuning in CD19 B cells
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family and intracellular pathway (adapted from http://nature.com )
TLR4 receptors are responsible for the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) monomers and partially oxidized LDL (oLDL) on innate immune cells
Canonical TGF-beta signaling pathway consists of Smad phosphorylation and mediation of transcriptional regulation, leading to cell death and growth suppression, representing a tumor suppressor activity
Drugs used in the experiments and their action on Wnt signaling pathways are figured in black
A, B, C, and D: Interferon (IFN) alpha and beta signalling pathway, TGF-β signalling pathway, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion pathways, respectively, with the different microRNAs targeting effectors in each pathway
The TGF-β signalling pathway in the early mouse embryo
A model of the molecular cascade downstream of Nodal and Activin A signalling in EpiSCs
The majority of mitochondrial proteins/enzymes undergo reversible lysine acetylation
Working hypotheses to trigger nuclear Ca2+Different pathways to generate nuclear Ca2+ signals have been proposed
Rho-kinase inhibition activates AMPKŒ±2 via LKB1 pathway with a resultant increase in energy consumption and improvement of metabolic disorders (e.g.
Honokiol and ionizing radiation (IR) affect Notch signaling
Two potential mechanisms of honokiol regulation of Notch ligands
As indicated, BMP-SMAD pathway induces MUC2 gene expression through the CDX2 transcription factor whereas SMAD4 directly influences MUC5AC gene
Regulation and effects of JNK signaling in hepatocytes
Excess glucose and fatty-acid exposure linked to reduction of AMPK and consequent inflammation and fibrosis
Selective autophagy in respiratory infection and sepsis
P-21 activated kinase (PAK)1 in canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signalling
The RAS signaling pathway and genes mutated in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (in black)
Hypothetical role of favorable IL28B and IFNL4 genotypes in the response to IFN therapy.Notes
Hypothetical role of unfavorable IL28B and IFNL4 genotypes in the response to IFN therapy.Notes
. Signaling pathway map screened by Metadrug.
The virion envelope gH bind simultaneously αvβ3-integrin and TLR2, and thus cross-links them
Reversibility of phospho-Smad3 signaling between tumor suppression and fibro-carcinogenesis
Model of concerted regulation of NFATc3 by electrical activity and NGF in sensory neurons
Schematic diagram indicating a hypothesis of the mechanism of GnT-V expression regulating colon tumor development
Cellular pathways of prostaglandin (PG) metabolism
The O-glycosylation of proteins in hematopoietic cells: Mucin-type O-glycosylation of proteins initiates mainly in the Golgi when polypeptide Œ±-GalNAc-transferases (ppGalNAcTs) transfer GalNAc from UDP-Gal to Ser/Thr on a protein going through the secretory pathway to form Tn antigen (GalNAcŒ±-Ser/Thr)
A global picture of glucose–insulin dynamics
The Hippo pathway controls the migration of border cell clusters through two mechanisms
Metabolic pathway of alcohol and the toxic effects in vivo leading to developmental defects
A schematic representation of the PdfR signaling pathway
Some miR-17-92 cluster members activate the PI3K pathway by supressing inhibitors of the pathway ; for example, miR-19 directly targets and represses PTEN
Proposed pathway of the antioxidative effects of AST through the mitochondrion-mediated signalling pathway of apoptosis
Proposed pathway for the mechanism of shear stress-induced NO
Interactions of Acvr1b with other proteins in primary infection
Statistically significant signaling pathway networks between JU and vehicle groups
Proposed mechanism of interaction between human γŒ¥ T cell and tumor cell
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) drives matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion by direct effects and intercellular networks
Up-regulation of the type I IFN canonical pathway by IFN-β treatment
Schematic representation of VEGFR2/NAADP/TPC2/Ca2+signaling pathway in the control of VEGF-induced angiogenic responses
Damage-associated molecular pattern signaling mechanisms
Model highlighting the possible function and position of heat-induced  among the key players of the -mediated heat-signaling pathway, elicited by the plasma membrane during HS
Estrogen action in non-small-cell lung cancer can occur through both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms in the lung
In our system, we showed that Celastrol could induce ROS-mediated autophagy and apoptosis
IGF signalling occurs through stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (IGF1R; shown in blue in the cell membrane) by IGF2 and results in activation of the PI3K and MAPK signalling pathways, an increase in protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, cell growth and avoiding apoptosis
A, Predicted network when entering CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL6 genes from List I into the GeneMANIA and Cytoscape plugin allowing physical, signaling pathway and co-expression interactions
A, In ALKF1174L-mutant NB cells, AKT is phosphorylated at T308 and S473 by ALK-activated PI3K and mTORC2, respectively, promoting cell survival, transcriptional activation through release of 4E-BP1 from eIF4, and ribosome biogenesis through activation of RPS6
The development of mononuclear phagocytes
Schematic presentation of the signaling pathways involved in CAPE-induced apoptotic pathway in C6 glioma cells
Hypothetical model of Syn mechanisms of action
Proposed model of the roles of CDKN1A and KIF20A in cell cycle control via RB/E2F pathway
CD147 plays an important role in a variety of cells and tissues regardless of health or disease
Schematic diagram of the TCDD induced HIF-1Œ± molecular signaling
The cellular defense mechanisms induced by IPNV infection in CHSE-214 cells
Erythropoietin receptor and signaling pathways
Wnt signaling pathway and its key components
A proposed model for the rat medicated serum containing YGW on oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization competence
Oxidative stress-induced pathways of pPROM and spontaneous PTB with intact membranes
Outline of the targeted therapies, which are currently available or under development for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the molecular targets on which they are believed to act upon
Pancreatic cancer cell survival pathways in 5-fluorouracil resistance
Shed Sdc-1 induces the activation of EGFR and downstream signalling pathways via sHB-EGF
Compounds used as anti-fibrotic therapies in other organs and their mode of action
Model for the role of Pkp3 in cell–cell junction formation
Hypothetical  representation of PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling in pancreatic β-cells is shown, which  modulate NOXs-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation
Schematic representation of LPA-dependent platelet-induced tumor cell metastasis
Metabolic and transcriptional profiles for components of the TCA cycle (A) and BCAA biosynthetic pathway (B)
The name in bold between parentheses corresponds to the gene coding for the dominant isoform in adult liver
Biological network analysis of differentially expressed proteins using GeneSpring identified deregulated BDNF pathway: Nineteen proteins involved in the BDNF pathway were differentially expressed including the downregulation of the BDNF receptor protein – NTRK2
Schematic illustration of the IGF1R/mTOR signaling pathway resulting in growth and survival of the cell
Pathway analysis highlights opposing regulation of a DNA repair pathway in radioresistant versus radiosensitive cells
Proposed model for the regulation of mTOR signaling in conditions of overnutrition and the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS)
Summary of myocardial cellular effects and the injury response induced by anthracyclines
Exploring pathways across biological space and time
Genes for which a correlation with Wnt/β-catenin signaling was indicated by MetaCore pathway analysis
Largest key pathway obtained for the colorectal cancer case study
Proposed mechanism for miR-155-mediated myeloid leukemogenesis
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways exert opposite effects on the formation of the vertebrate NMJ
Diagram showing that CaP-RR cells are associated with the induction of cell cycle redistribution, inactivation of apoptosis proteins, activation of cell cycle checkpoint, autophagy, DSB, NHEJ and HR DNA repair pathway proteins compared with CaP cells (control)
Diagram showing that the model proposed for two dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors (BEZ235 or PI103) combined with RT induces cell cycle redistribution and apoptosis, increases DNA DSB, reduces autophagy, inactivates NHEJ and HR repair pathways, and enhances radiosensitivity in CaP-RR cells
Diagram showing that radioresistance is associated with repression of apoptosis pathway by upregulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 and downregulation of Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Cleaved PARP and Bax in CaP-RR cells
Hypoxia promotes pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis through the activation of NF-Œ∫B-RAGE-KRAS-HIF1Œ± pathway
Survival tree analysis of significant SNPs associated with NSCLC survival identified from the single SNP analysis (q<0.10) in our initial cohort
Signaling pathway of toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Molecular mechanisms of eCB-LTD. Excitatory synaptic inputs activate group I mGluR, which facilitates 2-AG synthesis through PLCβ-DGLŒ± pathway.
The complement-induced inflammation pathway: an important mediator of neuroinflammatory processes from M4 onwards
Nutrient control of ribosomal gene expression
Glucose activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway
Nutrient sensing by transporter-like plasma membrane sensors
Activation of the PKA pathway in the presence of glucose by different essential nutrients through multiple transceptors
Molecule-mediated signal pathways in the propagation of liver cancer during liver regeneration
Schematic representation of the putative gluconeogenesis pathway in Leishmania promastigotes (A) and amastigotes (B) suggested in this study
Model for injury-induced signaling in Trichoderma atroviride
The genes in the red box represent differentially expressed genes between the HFHSD group and the control group in RNA-seq analysis
The genes in the red box represent differentially expressed genes between the HFHSD group and the control group in the RNA-seq analysis
miR501-5p functions as a balance in the modulation of cell survival and apoptosis in clear cell renal carcinoma
Schematic representation of key signaling pathways in the inflammatory process and potential strategies for inflammatory inhibition in cartilage repair
Schematic model of arachidonic acid (AA) release and action
Schematic illustration of the eCBs action on CB receptors
Regulatory network of cell-fate decision upon DNA damage involving (A) the G1/S checkpoint arrest network and (B) the senescence regulatory pathway
Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance and the key pathway of drug action
Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways with special reference to aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease
The proposed mechanism by which the AMPK signalling pathway regulates BP in the NTS of rats with fructose-induced hypertension
Impact of cellobiose on central carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and thiamine biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schematic diagram of effects of GB88 on PAR2-mediated signalling
Schematic signalling pathway of valsartan to inhibit tissue factor (TF) expression and inflammatory cytokines in high glucose (HG) condition
Schematic representation of intracellular signaling pathways that mediate early and late biphasic changes in paracellular claudin-5 expression
Proposed model of cell surface and intracellular mGlu5 receptor activation by glutamate
Signaling pathways of TRKA activation by NGF
Model of the secretory pathways used by NMDARs
Mosquito immune signaling and RNAi pathways
Cholesterol metabolism, lipid rafts and cellular prion propagation
Schematic model of signaling pathways involved in the synergistic potentiation of COX‚Äê2 expression
Model of the regulation of Nedd4-1 by the PI3K/PTEN-mTORC1 signaling pathway during neurite growth
Schematic representation of the NAD pathway model
KLF4-dependent miRs cooperatively promote RAS-ERK pathway activity by cotargeting of pathway inhibitors
Model depicting the molecular mechanism involved in counterregulation of TLR-induced inflammatory signature by dectin-1
Proposed model for the control of β-catenin stability by RNF220/USP7
Model for the UPR-induced HAdV infection boost by GCA
Schematic diagram of the glycerol metabolic pathway in the engineered PM1 strain
Illustration of the proposed crosstalk between insulin/IGF1 and IL-17 signaling pathways
ASC differentiation was initiated for 72 hours for pooled MYC siRNA or non-targeting (NT) control samples and global gene expression patterns determined by mircroarray
Previously, it was reported that PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation promoted proteolysis of RAF kinases thereby inhibiting MAPK pathway activation
Diagram of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways
Dataset was analyzed with the IPA software (Ingenuity Systems®, www.ingeuity.com)
Canonical pathway of TP53 signaling: dataset was analyzed with the IPA software (Ingenuity Systems®, www.ingeuity.com)
Simplified diagram of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and its relationship with autophagy and apoptosis
P38-MAPK and ERK1/2-MAPK are activated by CGRP1-37 in an Akt-independent and dependent manner, respectively
MiRNAs predicted to target mRNAs within the muscle protein synthesis pathways in A. post versus pre in young subjects and B. post versus pre in old subjects.
ROS generation might play a critical role in the initiation of p,p‚Ä≤-DDT-induced apoptosis of human liver cells through two mechanisms, one was the mitochondria-mediated pathway including elevation of ROS, decrease in ŒîŒ®m along with the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol, and activation of the caspase 9 and 3 in our previous study; and the other was the elevation of ROS, which resulted in the activation of NF-Œ∫B and expression of FasL, then triggered FasL-dependent pathway in the present study
Beginning with phospho-RTK and other kinase screening and functional proteomic analysis with RPPA on LTED ER-positive breast cancer cells with or without treatment with fulvestrant, dasatinib or MK0646 and combining the published reports, a resultant pathway signature mediated by LTED and the targeting therapies is illustrated
PRL produced locally in the normal and tumoral breast activates the JAK2/STAT5 pathway via the long form of the PRLR
Once activated, the LGR5 protein recruits the LRP-Frizzled receptor complex, which binds to Wnt ligands and reinforces Wnt signaling following the phosphorylation of LRP
Proposed mechanistic pathway of HMGB1-mediated signaling in human fetal cells
Binding of WNT4 to the receptor FZD8 and LRP6 leads to inhibition of beta-catenin degradation
Schematic representation of the signaling cascade regulating steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene transcription
Induction of nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) in osteoclasts
Oscillatory model for regulation of motility in M. xanthus
Signaling pathways: HN exerts its function through both extracellular receptors and intracellular binding partners
Canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling
The LIPC SNP rs1800588 was associated with folate levels, the LPL SNP rs328 was associated with HDL cholesterol, and both of these genes are in the glycerolipid metabolism KEGG pathway in Mexican Americans
A model of CED-3-activated suppression of AKT signaling by CNT-1 in C
(A,B) At otic placode stages, FGF3 from the hindbrain patterns anterior otic regions, while RA signalling is required for the expression of tbx1 and subsequent non-neural development (based on ,
Yellow rectangles represent gene annotation categories
Red ellipses represent genes whose expression levels are elevated in plaque macrophages from Mttp-inactivated vs. vehicle-treated animals (darker color indicates a greater differential expression ratio; see ).
Schematic representation of the signaling pathways affected by Syk that drive Aβ production, neuroinflammation, and Tau hyperphosphorylation
A, Cellular arginine metabolism and putative role of arginase in the development of renal fibrosis
Simplified schematic of isoprenoid metabolism in photosynthetic plant cells and its relationship to photosynthesis, glycolysis, respiration, and photorespiration
All 22 X-linked protein-coding genes that showed evidence of association and replication () are denoted by black diamonds and are presented together with genes that interact with them (grey circles) ()
Schematic representation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway upon stimulation with growth factors, with an emphasis on the phosphoregulation of PRAS40
Schematic presentation of the pathways involved in the inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis
Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway
(A) EGFR TKI sensitive cells are EGFR signal de... (B) EGFR and AXL collectively regulate survival... (C) A switch from an EGFR pathway dependent sig...
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified the p38 stress response pathway as the top biological pathway altered in NED prostate cancer DTC vs. a subset of the advanced prostate cancer DTC [ADV_1].
The darkness of the boxes indicates frequency of mutations of the respective gene
Intracellular estrogen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer
Model of mutant epidermal growth factor receptor endocytic trafficking
Schematic summary of the molecular mechanisms of HLJ1 in suppressing lung cancer tumourigenesis
Possible mechanisms of expression and functional regulation of tissue factor and coagulation factor VII in breast cancer cells
A representation of the molecular crosstalk between estrogen receptor and the receptor tyrosine kinases and PI3K-Akt-mTOR axes
(a) Pathway analysis (STRING v9.05) of 39 prote... (b) Pathway analysis (STRING v9.05) of proteins... (c) Theoretical model of the relationship betwe...
Schematic of the binding sites on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) for FDA-approved HER2-directed therapies
Details of genes in the ‘acute phase response’ biological pathway identified in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, which are differentially expressed in the frontal section of SHRSP vs. WKY rats at 5 weeks of age
(A) TNF signaling network noise normalized to the noise that is contribu... (B) Illustration of a noise decomposition of a larger network. Given a h...
The major signaling pathway regulation and core machinery of autophagy
Caspase-1 activation by inflammasomes leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine production: Inflammasomes can be triggered by various stimuli
Only differentially expressed genes (DEG) related to ABA, ET and auxin biosynthesis, signaling and response, present in Drought and Bacteria&Drought datasets, are indicated in the schemes of each hormone pathway
Detected transcripts for the different immune pathways are indicated in solid boxes, relevant proteins in the pathway that were not found are depicted in dashed boxes
The most significant pathways identified by Ingenuity pathway analysis
Neuroprotective functions of resveratrol in AD pathogenesis
A network of noncoding RNAs negatively regulates NF-Œ∫B signaling
Schematic presentation of mechanisms leading to cell cycle deregulation in growth plate dtd chondrocytes
Network enrichment analysis of point mutations in genome TCGA-02-0014
The represented pathways highlight high impact branches that significantly influence hepatic triglyceride concentration
(A) Rgs6-dependent signaling pathways in vSNc mDA neurons control Pitx3... (B) Schematic representation of major subsets of SNc mDA neurons present...
Glycolysis (GL, purple arrows) and gluconeogenesis (GN, grass green arrows); pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP, broken purple arrows); tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, blue circle) other catabolic reactions that occur in the mitochondrion and in the cytosol (black arrows)
Top overlapped pathways for non-users (top) and users (bottom) of oral contraceptives.Notes: Hexagon shaped are genes
Four differentially expressed miRNAs (including miR-203, miR-299-5p, miR-885-5p, and miR-320c) were predicted to participate in Wnt signaling pathway through regulating their potential gene targets
. Schematic form of the proposed mechanisms for abieslactone-induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Integration of the CTD, histone tails, and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway
Diagram of putative mechanisms of GPR126 function in endothelial cells
Hypothetical diagram of LPS-triggered inflammation and apoptosis pathways summarized in A
The putative mechanism for EGCG-conducted cardioprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress through the Akt/GSK-3β /caveolae pathways in cultured H9c2 cells
Rap1a in advanced glycation end product/the receptor for advanced glycation end product signaling
Overview of biological activities of triterpenoids and saponins in animals
Schematic model of the proposed mechanism for SPRY1 promotion of lysosomal degradation of uPAR and inhibition of uPAR-mediated cell adhesion and proliferation
Testing mTOR pathway active biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: preferable methods to be used to stratify patients for more likely response to mTOR inhibitors
Alcohol affects local translation of proteins in amygdala of alcohol-dependent rats
A proposed protective mechanism mediated by the H19/let-7 axis
Model for the roles of the RuvBL1-RuvBL2 complex in regulating the FA DNA repair pathway
a, Low efficiency with some NHC–Cu-catalyzed reactions is due to a competitive pathway arising from undesirable chemoselectivity
Because heart and vessel structures appear and dynamic membrane development occurs during this time period, KEGG pathway analysis was extended to study VEGF signaling pathway ,
In this signaling cascade, ligand activation of the membrane bound G protein-coupled receptors such as the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) results in the dissociation of the GŒ±,s subunit from the receptor
The effect and mechanisms of HDL‚Äêinduced platelet activation and thrombosis
Complementary metabolic pathways between the brown planthopper and its yeast-like symbiont
Effects of type 3 deiodinase expression on Warburg phenotype
Spatiotemporal regulation of feeding response by O-GlcNAcylation
A diagram depicting the signaling pathway by which the constitutive PKA activity regulates the spontaneous TBKCs and thus UBSM excitability and contractility
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway
Major pathways for glucose and lactate metabolism
(a) TIR and other effectors are highly intercon... (b) EHEC TIR directly targets three calcium bin... (c) IKBKG ( = NEMO) is indirectly targeted by t...
Examples of non-stress-related peroxide signaling
Nodes are colored according to the role the protein is determined to play in the pathway (red - source, blue - signaling, green -TF)
Flg22-binding to FLS2 and its co-receptor BAK1 initiates at least three distinct branches of flg22-signaling networks that are differentially affected by loss of DRP2B compared to wildtype plants
OAA effects and inter-effect relationships
Cartoon depicts a dorsal view during mid-somitogenesis (14 – 17 hpf)
Immune, antioxidant and inflammatory targets that L-glutamine, L-arginine and BCAA are involved
Schematic diagram of breast cancer pathway
Candidate genes influenced by Zn2+ or involved in Zn2+signaling and metal ion homeostasis associated with the development of ASDs
Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic fibrosis
Schematic representation of the structure-function relationships of IRAK-M based on this study
KEGG pathway of 470‚ÄâDEGs downregulated in the frontal cortex of AD identified by RNA-Seq data analysis
Overview of metabolic pathways that lead to the production of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived chemicals
Model of Tpl2-ERK activation during TLR signaling
Wnt-5a ligand activates Wnt/Ca2+pathway and induces mitochondrial dynamics in post-synaptic regions
Reduced HIF-1Œ± expression in TRPM2-S-expressing cells determined by proteomic analysis
Three intracellular signaling pathways are shown schematically
Reactome mapping of differentially-expressed genes
Modulation of Anoxic Pathway Activities in Single and Double ack/pat Mutants.Summary of altered metabolic pathway activities in the indicated mutants relative to the wild-type control strain
Moderate alcohol consumption decreased expression of 15 genes throughout the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed HIF1A, STAT1, STAT3, SP1 and LHX1 among the top Transcription Factors of the top 1pct deregulated genes in ccRCC vs. the normal tissue samples, among the 5 Oncomine datasets.
SOX members are involved in regulating several signaling pathways relevant to tumorigenesis, including the Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and Hippo pathways
IFN-γ – interferon gamma; JAK1 – Janus kinase-1; STAT1/5 – signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/5; NMI – N-myc interactor; TGF-B/ SMAD – TGF-β/SMAD pathway;?
(A) The GLIOMA signaling pathway of KEGG includes 26 genes that were hig... (B) The endocytosis pathway of KEGG was regulated by the RE-miRs. E3 lig...
Signaling modulating adherens junctions (AJs)
Under physiological conditions, ERK signaling is regulated by extracellular signals binding to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
CCL5 enhances VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma cells by down-regulating miR-200b through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the SD and ED metabolic pathways in PHB accumulation recombinant E.coli
Enriched synaptic long-term potentiation canonical pathway , identified by ingenuity pathway analysis based on differentially expressed genes ( P value  <  0.05 ) with the ordinary student’s t -test
Pharmacology network-based drug repurposing for CMT1A disease
Integrated model of NDV-3–mediated protective efficacy versus MRSA in murine SSSI
Schematic representation of the HTRA2 protein and its activation against mitochondrial stress
NOD2-interaction partners influence a wide range of NOD2 functions
miR-93 targets multiple genes and DAB2 is a target of multiple miRNAs
Telling the story of a gastric cancer through sequencing and functional studies
Regulation of cellular actomyosin dynamics by Rho-GTPases
Pathways implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Schematic for analytical methods used to delineate between hydroxycinnamates, p-coumarate and ferulate, on lignin versus on polysaccharides
In unstimulated cells (ns), HP1 is brought to the promoter by histone H3K9 methylation and acts as a transcriptional repressor.Shigella flexneri infection results in activation of the MAPK/MSK1 pathway, but this activation is rapidly dampened by OspF that dephosphorylates ERK.
Notch, Esg and Pdm1 are part of a transcriptional network with negative feedback that controls stem cell identity and differentiation in the adult midgut
Canonical Notch signaling with points of intervention of current therapies
Notch signaling modules relevant for brain tumors
Signaling pathway interaction and effects of modulators: cGMP and cAMP-dependent intracellular signaling systems in the insulin-mediated regulation of platelet aggregation in patients with metabolic disorders
Summary of proposed mechanism of inhibition of inflammatory Src signaling by local anesthetics
ATM activation in response to several stimuli may modulate ITCH activity, which in turn may impinge on the stability of some of its substrates
Schematic diagram describing the mechanism by which Naringenin (NAR) inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function
Activation of ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) by extracellular acidification
Fibroblast Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-related protein-1 (LRP-1) signaling in renal fibrogenesis
Diagrammatic representation of key alterations in signaling molecule expression and phosphorylation states as determined by examination of both SK-Hep-1 cell line models and TRAPS patient PBMCs expressing the C33Y TNFR1 variant, compared with cells expressing the WT TNFR1, or normal control sample PBMCs
Impact of IBD genetic polymorphisms on dendritic cell function
Example of difference between LW and MS at fetal gestational age 110: pathway of Gluconeogenesis
Signaling pathways associated with capacitation-related proteins
Molecular pathogenesis and therapeutics of Marfan syndrome (MFS)
Schematic summary of the inhibition mechanisms of ZJW on the PI3K/Akt/NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway
Signaling pathway of coagulation cascade for schizophrenia
Structural model of and cell signaling pathways triggered by ManLAM and its biosynthetic precursors LM and PIMs
Schematic representation of ManLAM and PIM action on phagosome maturation and autophagy
Functional role of PI3K and PTEN in chemotaxis
Signalling pathway and endogenous antagonists of IL-1β and IL-18
Cell signaling pathways are allosterically elicited by the activated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
Assembly and mechanism of action of CpG ODN/Tat nanorings
Possible pathways of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling in pancreatic β-cells
Possible mechanisms underlying modulation of TLR-induced DC activation by MARCO
The insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway
Gene network analysis of top HHT associated genes
Host genes with reproducible microbiome associations across cohorts
As indicated in the diagram, both classical and non-classical NF-Œ∫B pathways interact with a number of signaling pathways to remain constitutively activated in pancreatic cancer cells and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis
LRP6 forms a complex with LDLR and other proteins of endocytic machinery involved in LDL uptake
The NF-Œ∫B signaling pathway (see text for details)
Role of BRCA in DNA damage response pathway is regulated by h HSS1-overexpression in U87 cells
Schematic representation of the effect of quercetin on obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation and muscle atrophy
Schematic representation of neural redox reactions
Our data suggest that ghrelin signaling may regulate thermogenesis in BAT via the following 4 independent and interconnected signaling pathways: 1) Ablation of GHS-R stimulates SNS-mediated NE release, which in turn induces β3-AR expression, subsequently activating thermogenic signaling cascades in BAT
A model for the role of EGFR in the establishment of epithelial polarity
Comparison of intracellular signaling in myDC and moDC after TLR stimulation and effect of blockade of MAPK pathways in healthy donors
Endocrine system development and function
Select upstream regulators and downstream effectors of mTOR signaling
Potential mechanisms underlining the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/S1P receptor (S1PR) 2 signaling axis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling during bacterial lung infections
Myristoylated alanine-rich c kinase substrate (MARCKS)-regulated phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) balance in the modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway in normal and lung cancer cells
Gene ontology (GO) analysis using the DAVID software
Biological functions of the complement system
The three pathways of complement activation: classical, lectin, and alternative pathways
Schematic plot of lncRNAs expressed in NSCLCs and their functions
Metabolic crosstalk between key signaling pathways in stem cells via ROS and other metabolic co-factors
Effects of mitochondrial function on HSC maintenance and ROS production
Overall mechanism of leptin-mediated activation of downstream signalling
Dominant negative LMP1 inhibits proliferation of CAEBV T cells
MAPK signaling pathway showing the target genes of microRNAs
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation inhibits anoikis through phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 kDa (PEA15) Ser116phosphorylation
Gene product interaction network of immune and inflammatory responsive genes associated with smoking in females generated from the information in the Ingenuity knowledge base, version 7.6
Piece #1: Tumor suppressor and oncogenic pathways converge on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis
Piece #2: The BCL-2 family controls BAK/BAX activation and MOMP
Glucose metabolism and energy production starts with glycolysis where glucose undergoes a series of metabolic steps to produce pyruvate
Note that the engagement of RAGE stimulates the activation of a diverse array of signaling cascades
Choline is taken into the cell by choline transporters that are upregulated in cancer
. Analysis of predicted SLiMs with motif-breaking mutations in the KEGG human prostate cancer pathway.
Alterations in selected pathways in head and neck squamous cell cancers
Mechanism of ICL repair in the FA pathway on collision of a replication fork with an ICL
A schematic of the signaling pathways activated by the P2Y2R in endothelial cells that are thought to regulate vascular permeability
Secretion of FABP4 in association with lipolysis
Simplified models depicting rapid estrogen receptor signaling (left) and classical nuclear pathway (right)
Convergence of signaling molecules in the vicinity of membranes and synergistic enhancement of the signaling and phenotypes in ganglioside GD3+ N1 cells
Disease-specific mutations in B-cell lymphoid neoplasms
Model of tumor cell resistance to antineoplastic therapy through angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) expression
Pathway analysis of 49 genes whose functional domains were changed by DAS exons
PD-L1 is a well-known immune suppressive factor in a variety of cancer types
The model displays the critical role of BRCA1 in vitamin D-mediated regulation of p21waf1 and growth inhibition (A)
In the model, hypomethylation of Wnt5A probably leads to upregulated expression of Wnt5A in MCF7/ADR2 and MES-SA/Dx5 cells
Once RAS is turned on, it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of growth factor and other receptor signals, such as RAF and PI3K
. Mutant KRAS two way activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathway.
. MAPK pathway activation in response to BRAF mutation.
[, , ]. (A) Inhibitors of the key downstream effectors of RAS. All downstrea... (B) The resistance mechanism against BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX...
PCa cells express high level of E-selectin ligand, ESL-1, which mediates the rolling/adhesion of PCa cells on endothelial surface through the RAS-ERK- MAP kinase pathway
Wnt signaling pathway from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (SFRP genes are in red box)
Illustration of molecular pathway for significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the metabolic syndrome genome-wide association study (GWAS)
Molecular targets and associated therapies to block three immunosuppressive checkpoints in a malignant brain tumor (glioma) model
Comparison of three different Bayesian network models
(a) Apoptotic cell death pathways and (b) inhibition of the apoptosis signalling pathway
Wnt signaling pathway members: Central to this pathway is a multiprotein scaffold composed of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)–3β, axin and the transcriptional cofactor β-catenin
Insulin signaling in ovarian thecal cells and proposed mechanisms for selective insulin resistance
Following detection of DNA double-strand breaks, the MRN complex (MRE11A–RAD50–NBN) activates the ATM kinase
BMP signalling is important for the development of both extra-embryonic cell lineages, the TE and PE
Potential sites of canonical Wnt signaling deregulation in PD
Schematic model depicting the proposed signaling pathway in LH/hCG-induced LHR mRNA down regulation
(A) The mechanism of proliferation and survival through the MAPK signali... (B) Schematic representation of the temporal association between the dev...
Differential network of breast cancer Cell Cycle pathway between early recurrent and non-recurrent patients
Schematic diagram showing the signaling regulation network of LRRC4/NGL-2 in glioma
Schematic diagram showing the multi-regulation loops of LRRC4/NGL-2, miRNAs, TFs and target genes in glioma
A simplified view of insulin/IGF1 signaling
(A) Canonical BMP signaling pathway. Upon BMP binding to type II recepto... (B) BMPR1 mediated signal is hypothesized to induce endogenous MIXL1 exp...
The shared pathway/ GO categories for DEGs from liver and skeletal muscle tissues
Tumor cell ligands recognized by human γŒ¥ T cells
In normal tissue repair NF2 activates the Hippo pathway, an essential regulator of cell proliferation
Dopamine biosynthesis and degradation and the genes coding key enzymes
A schematic representation of the Th17 pathway and its involvement in psoriatic disease
Potential for therapeutic modulation of the UPR
Schema of structure and signaling pathway of G-CSFRI and G-CSFRIV
TGF-β regulates normal and malignant MEC behavior by binding and activating two transmembrane Ser/Thr protein kinase receptors, namely TβR-I and TβR-II, whose binding to TGF-β is modulated by TβR-III
Predicted model of the immune response of Epinephelus coioides larvae to V
Differential expression of genes involved in MAPK signaling pathway in mouse ovaries
Predicted co-regulation of genes in the MAPK signaling pathway targeted by the downregulated miRNAs in WAT during torpor
Predicted co-regulation of genes in the MAPK signaling pathway targeted by downregulated miRNAs in BAT during torpor
Predicted co-regulation of genes in the TGFβ signaling pathway targeted by upregulated miRNAs in WAT during torpor
Genes involved in GPCR signaling Pathway: (G protein coupled-receptors are seven-transmemebrane receptors involved in signal transduction in humans)
Genes involved in chronic kidney failure (Disease Pathway)
Mechanisms involved in tubuloglomerular feedback control of renal vascular tone
Proposed mechanisms by which pinocembrin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in human Y-79 cells
Ischemia/ reperfusion-induced and sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction is initiated by increased amounts of reactive oxygen species
Activation of μ-opioid receptor induces G-protein and β-arrestin-2 signaling pathways
A biological network capturing the immune response and the metabolism of glycosaminoglycan and sphingolipid revealed from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® (IPA®)
Scheme of the signal transduction pathways that control C
Models of EGF network and CNP/NPR2 signaling in the regulation of LH-induced ovulation
Schematic representation of TLR-ligand-mediated NF-Œ∫B activation
The mechanisms of pancreatic β-cell destruction (according to [] – modified): A) perforin and granzyme-dependent pathway; B) Fas/FasL interaction-dependent pathway (in case of perforin deficiency, CTLs use this method of apoptosis induction); C) cell survival (no perforin or Fas deficiency on β cells) – in vitro conditions
Model of miR-503 mediates constitutive suppression of the IGF-1R pathway leading to a less aggressive glioma phenotype
Genes involved in the leukocyte transendothelial migration and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways
Upregulated and downregulated genes in the cell cycle pathway after expansion in serum-free medium
Retinoid metabolism and the structure of retinoid receptors
The EGFR pathway and the model of the effect of EGFR/MEK/EGFR + MEK inhibition on the pathway in RAS‐active NSCLC cell lines
Schematic representation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the oncology-indication drug candidates discussed in the paper
Schematic representation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the regeneration therapy drug candidates discussed in the paper
The summary of SIRT1 regulating the apoptotic upstream pathways within a cardiomyocyte in exercise-trained SD rats
Schematic representation of glutamine metabolic rewiring
Concept map of the cancer metabolic rewiring
Proposed mechanism for RSV in the regulation of mtROS homeostasis through Sirt3 signaling pathway in HUVECs
Hypothetical model of sAPPŒ±-mediated Akt activation and survival signaling
Top Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) interactome derived from transcriptional regulators found in the Vesiclepedia database
A schematic diagram of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling
A schematic diagram of the signaling of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway involved in human cancers
Model of crosstalk between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism involving TGF-β family member GDF11
Signaling pathways activated by FGF/FGFR
A model for TORC2 regulation of autophagy and the GAAC response during amino acid starvation
Distribution of target proteins on the compressed ‘influenza-related pathway’
A schematic representation of cytosolic RNA and DNA-induced type I IFN signaling pathway and its regulators
Signaling pathway by which GUTK inhibited tumor metastasis in HCC (for abstract PS01-001)
Ingenuity pathway analysis reveals an up-regulation of the NOTCH pathway in LGR5 high SW480 spheres compared to LGR5 low SW480 adherent cells
We used an integrated system biology approach to interrogate the islet and RpWAT transcriptome ,  in order to understand the molecular events underlying the impact of paternal HFD consumption
Schema showing the multiple functions of FOXD1 lineage myofibroblasts in interstitial kidney disease
Schema on the combined experimental and computational approach to characterize signaling pathway activation in HIV-associated nephropathy
Physiopathological actions of periostin activation
Schematic diagram outlining the novel molecular targets of CAFG leading to bone anabolic effects in osteogenic cells and fracture healing induced by BMP2/Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Intracellular pathways of factors regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis in the adipocyte
Chemokine signaling pathway map created based on KEGG pathways
Schematic illustrating -adrenergic receptor signaling
Interactions of chaperone proteins with Stat3 panel (A) and Jak2 panel (B)
Intracellular trypanosomatid parasites evade the protective role of IFNγ signaling by targeting essential components of the JAK-STAT pathway
Pathway analysis of the debulking signature
Current models for mitochondrial longevity
Non-Smad signaling in response to TGF-β1 and BMP-7
Schematic diagram illustrating the feedback loop of FGF/FGFR signaling and brachyury
RhoGEF signaling pathways involved in 3D migration
A. Wnt signaling pathway: Wnt proteins are secreted glycoproteins or ligands that transduces extracellular message to intracellular signaling cascade by binding through frizzled receptors.
Regulatory pathways for SREBP-1c signaling
Diagram of SCCA1/2 (SerpinB3/B4) as critical mediators in Ras-driven cancers
Proposed mechanisms of evodiamine signaling in white adipocytes
Loss of Œ±V increases CTR1 expression affecting cDDP sensitivity and Cu-related signaling pathways
Feedback regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling by Grb10
Molecular mechanism on Trx-1 regulating chronic epinephrine stress
Schematic representation of the classical complement pathway initiated by mAbs and its inhibitors
Interaction network of differentially methylated diabetic genes
Schematic representation of intrahepatic interplays among hepatocytes, non-parenchymal cells (NPC) and lymphocytes and illustration of antiviral and immunotherapeutic strategies
Schematic of Wnt inhibitors currently in clinical trials.Notes: LGK974 is a porcupine inhibitor that inhibits Wnt posttranslational acylation
Proposed biosynthetic pathway of hypothemycin (4)
Schematic diagram of signaling pathways involved in CTGF-induced VEGF expression and angiogenesis in human synovial fibroblasts
Signaling pathways activated in chondrocytes by fibronectin fragments
Activation of the Notch signaling pathway
Figure 1. Pathway upstream and downstream of mTOR complexes in response to insulin/IGF stimulation and the regulation of protein synthesis by mTORC1.
Schematic illustration of the activation of the NF-Œ∫B transcription factor pathway by liposaccharide (LPS), TNF-Œ±, high mobility group (HMG)B1, and polymicrobial sepsis
Schematic representation of AVP-dependent signaling pathways in myogenic cells
The illustration of genes in a pathway associated with dermatological diseases and conditions, immunological disease and inflammatory disease (table ) (filter set to p < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction) in vitiligo patients compared to controls
The signal pathway of nicotine-induced angiogenesis via activation of nAChR in non-neuronal cells
Transcript expression within KEGG canonical PPAR signaling pathway derived from liver tissue of mice
A model for the signaling pathway by which blue light controls chemotaxis towards nitrogen sources in C
The adipocyte expresses the three βAR subtypes
. Leptin, through its receptor ObR (A) and the interleukin 6 pathway, by means of its receptor GP-130 (B), activates the transcription factor STAT3, which, in the nucleus, transcribes the gene of SOCS3 that suppresses the leptin signaling pathways.
A schematic representation of mammalian Hippo signaling
Pathway analysis of upregulated genes indicated an enrichment within the MAPK signaling pathway
Simplified schematic illustration of PI3K/Akt and mitogen‚Äêactivated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in thyroid cancer
Starvation effects on insulin signaling components and JH synthesis in the CA of mosquitoes
Tumor metabolism provides precursors for biomacromolecule synthesis
Figure 1. Regulation of Noxa during cellular stress responses to chemotherapeutic agents.
Figure 1. Capping activities at S. cerevisiae and human telomeres.
Alterations in the PTHrP→PTHR1→PKA pathway in osteosarcoma
Endothelial-specific loss of GRK2 impairs maturation and vascular remodeling in adult and developmental angiogenesis
Antigenic stimulation of the BCR recruits CD79a and CD79b, and activates SYK and LYN kinase, resulting in the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic ITAMs on the immunoglobulin domains of the receptor
The BCR pathway has been targeted in CLL, at multiple different sites.Abbreviations: BCR, B cell receptor signaling pathway; BTK, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; CD, cluster of differentiation; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3′-kinase; PLCγ2, phospholipase C gamma 2; SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
Schematic overview of the regulation of GLUT4 translocation
Figure 1. Immune challenges such as i.v.
Schematic overview of the elements of the cAMP signal transduction pathway in cardiac myocytes
Illustration of the metabolic pathways and genes that were differentially affected in siliques between B
Pathways of FH, SDH, and IDH mutations leading to tumorigenesis.Notes
HIF-dependent regulation of metabolism.Note: HIF1 promotes anaerobic metabolism by upregulating, glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters to increase flux through the glycolytic pathway; LDHA and MCT4 to facilitate lactate secretion; PDK1 and other PDH kinase isoforms to phosphorylate and inactivate PDH; BNIP3 to trigger mitochondrial autophagy
Summarized biological effects of curcumin in rescuing the PC12 cell apoptosis induced by glutamate: curcumin protective activity against glutamate-induced injury through two pathways: the GSH-dependent NO-ROS pathway and the mitochondria-dependent NO-ROS pathway, which actually involves the enhancing of GPX cycle (reaction 1 and 2) to restore the reduced glutathione, increasing the antioxidant defensive capability, and protecting the mitochondrial damages by inhibiting calcium ion influx (reaction 3) and subsequent cyt c release (reaction 4), the NO production (reaction 5), downregulating the Ca2+-induced complex I inhibition (reaction 6), the ratio Bax/Bcl-2 (reaction 10) and cleaved caspase-3 (reaction 11) to avoid apoptosis
This network reveals the genes involved in TAG biosynthesis pathway in N.oceanica IMET1, as well as those TFs predicted to regulate these genes.
A proposed model for the coordinated regulation of MMP-3 transcription by IKK…õ
Upon SV40 infection of mesothelial cells, Tag (Large T) and tag (small t) antigens are expressed
Schematic structures of HGF (A) and Met (B)
Signaling mechanisms responsible for promotion of cell survival mediated by HGF–Met pathway
Biological responses leading to angiogenesis driven by the HGF–Met pathway
The interaction of VHL protein with HIF and other proteins including elongin B, elongin C and CUL2
. Strategic map exploring the effects of nsPEFs on chondrocytes.
Our data showed that the EP1 receptor played a key role in PGE2-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration
Mutated genes are significantly enriched in several important signaling pathways including: (A) DNA damage and cell cycle control; (B) NF-kB signaling; (C) JAK/STAT signaling and (D) Chromatin modification
. Putative epistasis in the Phosphatidylinositol Signaling pathway (Adapted from KEGG KO:004070).
Figure 7. Proposed mechanisms underlying the critical role of SCD1 in autophagy regulation via lipogenesis and lipid rafts-coupled AKT-FOXO1 signaling pathway.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram summarizing the regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of signaling pathways for tumor-derived factors contributing to macrophage polarization via induction of autophagy.
Components of insulin signaling pathway and the up-regulated genes with H3K27ac- or H3K4me3-increased regions by decidualization
Overview of the induction of an innate immune response to Ad-based vectors
Hypothetical model for IGF-I regulation of kitlga expression and its signaling mechanisms in the zebrafish follicle cells
Autocrine/paracrine role of IFNs on QRFP expression in a state of obesity
Robust cyp26a1 and raraa RA regulation could participate in maintaining RA signaling in vivo
Diagram of clinically detected mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti‚ÄêEGFR antibody therapy in colorectal cancers
Mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in melanoma
Conversion of vitamin K (VK) 1 to VK2, production of dihydro-VK1, the VK cycle, and γ-glutamyl carboxylation
Transcriptional re-configuration of glucose metabolism was determined by interrogating the microarray data for genes differentially regulated in hESCs or in iPSCs compared to fibroblasts (fold change 1.5, detection p value ≤0.01, and differential p value ≤0.01).
Overview of impact of BRAFi on T cell response to melanomas
Immune system activation pathway following injury
Activation of group I mGluR receptors results in the activation of mTORC1 signaling, which increases protein synthesis
Proposed model for the modulation of ethanol-induced Nox2 expression by globular adiponectin and its potential role in the suppression of ethanol-induced ROS production in macrophages
The main signaling pathways affected in high-grade gliomas
Proposed feedback loop mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Two classical signalling pathways control inducible immune responses to bacteria and fungi in D. melanogaster: the Toll pathway and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway.
The digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster is highly regionalized, and is composed of the ectodermal foregut, the endodermal midgut and the ectodermal hindgut
The Drosophila melanogaster immune response is integrated with multiple inter‑organ regulatory circuits
KEGG pathway analysis and functional protein association networks
HIF-1Œ± regulation through the ERK signaling pathway in liver fibrosis
GSK3β and phospho-GSK3β regulate milk synthesis and DCMEC proliferation via the mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway
Schematic representation of the PI3K signaling pathway and sides of action PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors
Proposed mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to t-BHP after pre-treatment with Rb1 via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
Interactomic analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of significant molecules
Specific targets and potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit or slow the progression of CKD
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of ASS234 treatment
Sildenafil improved the behavioral outcome at day 1 or day 7 poststroke (A), and reduced cerebral infarct volume 24 h after stroke (B)
The M/E switch pathway in normal and starvation conditions
A model of the WβA pathway in the epithelial seam stem cells
Construction of the signaling network of cell migration regulators and their classification based on biological functions
ProBDNF negatively regulates GABAAR expression
A proposed working model of RGS proteins in the regulation of the Ca2+ oscillation-NFATc1 signal pathway for osteoclast (OC) differentiation
A model for miR-126-orchestrated regulation of pDC effector functions in lymph nodes undergoing an immune response
The possible metabolic pathway related to oxidative stress in patients with Hb H disease with iron overload
In response to growth factors and nutrients, Akt and mTORC1 phosphorylate PRAS40 leading to the formation of a nuclear-specific PRAS40- and RPL11-containing complex
Potential zinc-mediated pathways by which external stimuli (such as systemic glucose, cytokines and zinc) may act on cellular function
Proposed model for autophagy and metastasis mediated by mTOR signaling
Proposed role of stem-progenitor cells in leiomyoma pathogenesis
Mitochondrial dysfunction includes a reduction in mitochondrial content and mitochondrial biogenesis, and/or a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial oxidative proteins, such as complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC), with all those changes likely leading to decreased substrate oxidation (A)
Aberrant miRNA expression in liver cancer promotes cell-cycle progression
Aberrant miRNA expression in liver cancer affects the functionality of apoptosis pathways
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways involved in immune escape
Mechanisms involved on CCN2(IV) responses in VSMCs
Network analysis of genes significantly modulated in response to mood stabilisers
. Schematic illustration on chitotriosidase (CHIT1) regulation of TGF-β pathway.
Skeletal muscle metabolism in control and Acsl1M−/− mice
Proposed underlying mechanism for the effect of SCE on drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters via Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway
Possible mechanisms for the hypoglycemic effects of LBPs.Notes: LBPs significantly promote glucose uptake involving several signaling pathways in the liver and muscle
Gene set variation analysis of the antigen processing and presentation pathway (APP) and the natural killer (NK) cell gene set
ROCK activation of MTRF-SRF–directed profibrotic gene expression
ROCK activation of YAP/TAZ-TEAD–directed profibrotic gene expression
SAMe and MTA inhibit β-catenin signaling in liver and colon cancer cells by multiple mechanisms
Regulatory role of IL-27 in the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
RBP-J acts as a master regulator that maintains the identity of the JG cell
Proposed model for H2O2 stimulation of CFTR
Summary of mitochondrial protein changes in aox1a:rpoTmp under standard growth conditions
To reveal potential pathways involved in pancreatic cancer survival, the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used for upstream regulator analysis
Pathway analysis of differential expression in LCI
Retinoic acid (RA) synthesis pathway in the gut
The IRE1α-XBP1 pathway in glucose homeostasis
Proposed mechanisms for ischemia/reperfusion injury and for microvascular protection elicited by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA)
Capecitabine activation and subsequent 5-FU activation, action, transport and catabolism
Proposed mechanisms for the neuroprotective effects of Coff/Caff plus Mel in N2a/APP cells.Notes: The combination of Coff/Caff plus Mel promotes the phosphorylation of PI3K and Erk1/2 and suppresses the phosphorylation of GSK3β, Akt, and Tau in N2a/APP cells
MiR-124 and miR-9/9* engage in complex regulatory circuits activating a neuronal gene expression program
Platelet signaling induced by GPIb-IX-V and required for Œ±IIbβ3 activation
Signaling model for IP-10 production induced by MRP8/MRP14
Main glucose degradation pathways in the heart
A scheme of interactions hypothesized to connect the receptor protein Draper to the execution of the engulfment process
Nodes in orange denote pathways identified as relevant in both literature and enrichment analysis, nodes in blue depicts pathways of relevance according to enrichment analysis
Nodes in orange denote pathways identified as relevant in both literature and enrichment analysis; nodes in blue depict pathways of relevance according to enrichment analysis
The miR-15 family and its targets in the INSR signalling pathway
Malonylated proteins in glucose and fatty acid metabolism pathways
Effects of N-terminal tyrosine residues of SLP-76 on the canonical TCR signaling pathway
A model of possible mechanism of ciglitazone-mediated protection on endothelial cells against ox-LDL-induced injury through activating PPARγ-dependent AMPK signalling pathway
Intracellular signaling of mTORC1 and mTORC2
TGF-β–dependent regulation of VEGF release in glioblastoma
The molecular network of  is densely interconnected, implicating many possible interactions between the core molecular processes (interferon activation, M2 macrophage activation, adaptive immunity, ECM remodeling, and cell proliferation)
ETA receptor-mediated VSMC signalling pathways
Convergent signaling pathways where inflammation and metabolic signaling intersect along the CHIEF pathway
Schematic representation of the CWI pathway and its activation by sensor clustering
Arachidonic acid is liberated from the cell membrane phospholipids by cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Signalling through Œ∫ opioid receptors (KOPr) induced by dynorphin or TRK820 regulates VEGF signalling, especially VEGFR2 expression, by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway in ECs
Schematic overview of the proposed mechanisms of HMGB1 release and its biological activity after acute stroke
Proposed mechanisms of LPS-induced suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis in the renal cortex
Schematic representation of relaxin signaling pathways leading to activation of PPARγ
PLB regulates apoptosis signaling pathway in PC-3 cells.Notes: PC-3 cells were treated with 5 ŒºM PLB for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
mTOR signaling pathway regulated by PLB in PC-3 cells.Notes: PC-3 cells were treated with 5 ŒºM PLB for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
mTOR signaling pathway regulated by PLB in DU145 cells.Notes: DU145 cells were treated with 5 ŒºM PLB for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
Effects of the WNT signaling network on cancer cell metabolism
The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the ligand binding to the death receptor, forming the DISC complex and leading to the activation of the caspase signaling cascade
Schematic diagram on pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
The generalized central metabolic pathway adapted and modified from a previous study []
A, Diagram of the prostaglandin synthesis pathway including relative expression values (arbitrary units) for synthetic enzymes and receptors from our previously reported microarray analysis of bovine growth plate chondrocytes ()
The role of PI3K in the biology of B cells
Signalling of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and relevant drugs that target each of the components of the pathway
Coordination of signaling events is demonstrated by integrating low coverage whole genome sequencing somatic copy number alteration (WGS SCNA) data, SNP somatic copy number alteration (SNP SCNA) data, somatic mutations, and RNASeq gene expression analysis
Working model for rotavirus cell entry into MA104 cells
Pathway analysis in groups A (A) and B (B)
A schematic representation of the nitrergic system and its downstream effects in hippocampal neurons following stress exposure
Examples of PTM-mediated biological processes
Schematic involvement of TREK-1/sortilin complex in the 5-HT transmission
(A) A simplified model of the Rag4-KlRgt1 glucose signaling pathway cont... (B) Table summarizing the functional conservation of the main factors of...
Networking of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
Proposed mechanisms accounting for resistance to inhibitors of the PI3K pathway
The miR-21 gene network (TGF-β signaling pathway) was determined based on the KEGG pathway analyses
In this network, diamonds represent miRNAs: sky-blue nodes for ovarian cancer miRNAs from the HMDD database, pink nodes for ovarian cancer miRNAs supported by the literature, and yellow nodes for the remaining miRNAs
The description of this network is the same as in  except that red lines are used to represent two enriched pathways (complement and coagulation cascades pathway, and TGF signaling pathway)
Model for the mammalian DNA damage checkpoint pathways and/or systems
Model for effects of the clock on apoptosis
Metabolic scheme of ectoine, glutamate and proline synthesis and catabolism inferred from the Nitrosopumilus genomes
Metabolic reconstruction for Candidatus Iainarchaeum andersonii genome
Model of thymidine metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix
A working hypothesis for how the PGRN/PIRO axis regulates the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts
Summary of results of RPPA analysis of EGFR signaling in MCF‐10A + EGF, MCF‐10A + AREG and SUM‐149 cells
The pathway enrichment results: (A) hsa05200 (pathway in cancer); (B) hsa05218 (melanoma)
Upon stimulation, Gs coupled 5-HT7A receptors activate cAMP; Gi-coupled 5-HT1A receptors inhibit cAMP production, and the βγ subunits activate the MAPK pathway; Gq-coupled 5-HT2A receptors activate phospholipase C (PLC) to produce inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration
Schematic presentation for araguspongine C-induced autophagic death in breast cancer cells
Differentially expressed genes in cell proliferation and differentiation pathway between grass carp before and after food habit transition from transcriptome analysis
Differentially expressed genes in appetite control pathway between grass carp before and after food habit transition from transcriptome analysis
Differentially expressed genes in digestion and metabolism pathway between grass carp before and after food habit transition from transcriptome analysis
Network view of (A) 104, (B) 188, and (C) 299 putative drug-resistant cross-talks between pathways using Reactome, KEGG, and WikiPathway pathway databases in Breast Cancer Cell-line: SKBR3 (GSE38376)
The predicted target genes involve the KEGG pathway-mediated regulatory network in the hyperoxia model rats
Lipids regulate apoptotic signaling in the cells
The protein–protein interaction pathways are illustrated
Schematic representation of some possible signaling pathways activated by SF-CSNPs which may regulate metabolism of proliferating cells through Ubiquitin C (UBC)
Schematic drawing of the signaling pathway by which Melatonin stimulates dendrite formation
Overview of nuclear factor-Œ∫ B activation pathways
Core Hedgehog pathway and its cross talks
The Toll pathway in the fruit fly and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway in the mouse
The Imd pathway in the fruit fly and the TNF pathway in the mouse
Toll-like receptors and IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways
Mechanism of Sag action in senescence and immortalization: Sag prevents senescence by promoting Jun-B ubiquitylation and degradation to block p16 expression, and Sag cooperates with KrasG12D to induce immortalization by maintaining active Kras activity and Mapk signaling pathway
Actin polymerization disrupts ovarian Hippo signaling and promotes nuclear YAP actions to increase downstream CCN growth factors and apoptosis inhibitors involvement in POI, PCOS, follicle reserve, and infertility
The PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway in oocytes regulates primordial follicle activation
Model for mechanisms by which HNE up-regulates Cox-2
Effect of four different chemicals on inflammation-associated insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells
The role of KDEL ligand and receptor in chaperone retrieval and retention within the ER and escape into the cytosol
A schematic figure of the complement system
Differential effects of leptin and adiponectin in vascular endothelium
Working model of GIV’s role in early podocyte injury in PAN nephrosis
Deregulation of signaling pathways and transcription factors
Coordinately up-regulated genes of WNT signaling pathway in HCV versus HIV
Transcription factors (TFs) involved in the development and activation of macrophages
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulation within the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
Schematic diagram of regulation of TRP channels by phospholipids and lipid rafts
Role of TRP channels in the vascular system
Figitumumab (CP) is a biased agonist of the IGF1R that selectively promotes β-arrestin1 (β-arr1) signaling in cancer cells
Signaling pathways in T/NK-cell proliferation
Treatment strategies for inactivating EBV infection or EBV-associated oncogenic pathways
The G protein-coupled receptor pathway is involved in transmembrane signaling and diverse physiological functions including hormone signaling, regulation of cell contraction, cell migration, growth and differentiation
Cardiac muscle contraction and changes with exercise
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced apoptosis pathway and the Fas-Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis pathway
Pathways and networks associated with proteins with differential abundance according to IPA
Activation of RAS–MAPK pathway induces expression of numerous genes, some of which can be targeted
The top-ranked enriched canonical pathway identified using IPA at 2 hpi – the IL-10 signaling pathway
The fourth-ranked enriched canonical pathway identified using IPA at 2 hpi – the CD40 signaling pathway
The figure can be read from the upper-left corner in an anti-clockwise direction
A proposed models of adiponectin metabolic pathway and associated genes
Transepithelial transport processes and regulatory mechanisms in type A intercalated cells (A-IC) and type B intercalated cells (B-IC)
Maintenance of genome stability through the heterochromatin pathway
Model for a Dlg5-mediated bifurcation in Smo activity during Hh response
Schematic representation of FGF8/FGFR1 regulation of neuronal cell migration through Sirt1-cortactin
There are several potential strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of these PARAs
TGF-β1 activates the cell surface TGF-β receptor(s) complex that leads to rapid activation of the canonical SMAD pathway as well as the SMAD-independent p38 MAPK pathway
A total of 97 unique genes contained or flanking the 86 prostate cancer risk loci
The IPA Upstream Regulator tool was used to identify potential upstream regulators based on the statistical significance of genes in the gene list that function downstream of this regulator
A total of 78 unique genes contained or were located within 100 Kb of SNPs in high LD (r2>0.80).
Network graph showing interactions between ID2 and ID3 and their MIC-inferred ‘target’ genes regulating cell death
Role of parasite Pfs47 in evasion from mosquito JNK-mediated immune responses
The effects of melatonin on the metabolites that were involved in the carbon metabolic pathway
Dysfunction of the brain energy production system precedes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and neuronal death
Images (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively, indicate cluster 92, cluster 92 after filtering (using the node removal method), cluster 92 after the edge filtering method based on MR, and cluster 92 after the edge filtering method based on sequence similarity
Schematic representation of signalling pathways that control maintenance of BCSCsWnt binds its co-receptors: Frizzled (Fz) and LRP5/LRP6
Signalling networks in mouse and human iPS cells
The signalling pathway of renal tumour-propagating cell membrane markers and “cancer stem cell” markers
Negative feedback loops at the core of transcriptional oscillators
Simplified illustration of the effects of IIS and TOR pathway components on physiological, developmental and behavioral traits in the pollen hoarding syndrome
The networks of these identified proteins mapping to the canonical pathways from Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA, Ingenuity Systems) library were employed for the analysis of protein molecules with up- and down-regulation between normal and diseased patients
Activation of p53 enhances expression of Gadd45 and Cip1 (Cdkn1a)
Summary of radiation-induced persistent alterations of IGF1 and leptin signaling pathways observed in our study
Map of central carbon metabolism highlighting CceR and AkgR targets
The Egr-C/EBPβ axis is regulated by Arf and oncogenic Ras
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels receptor-operated Ca2+ currents (ROCs)
The pi3k/Akt/mtor signalling pathway in cancer
Classes of pi3k/Akt/mtor signalling pathway inhibitors in breast cancer phase i, ii, and iii clinical trials
TLR4 activation induces the PI3K-AKT pathway in MŒ¶s, which down-regulates microRNA miR-199a-5p, allowing expression of CAV-1 and subsequent negative feedback on the TLR4 pro-inflammatory cascade (NF-kB/MAPK signaling)
The proposed mechanism of action of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-induced G1-phase arrest in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells
Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which TP together with HCPT induce apoptosis in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells
Proposed pathway of cytosolic jadomycin-induced ROS and their metabolism within MCF7 breast cancer cells
The individual involvement of the products of the eight studied genes (shown in red colour) in the (a) RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK, (b) PI3K/AKT, and (c) GNAQ/11 signalling transduction pathways
Gene lists were generated using the polymorphic MS-GWAS orthologues residing within EAE-QTL/BTL that were either male-specific, female-specific, or non-sex-specific
Current model of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in RPE
Transcriptomic changes in central metabolic pathways induced by pho13Œî during growth on different carbon sources
Placental oxidative stress triggers the expression of transcription factors to regulate angiogenesis and trophoblast invasion
Non-canonical Hh signaling.Note: The Hh pathway can be activated directly through PTCH1 or SMO, or via alternative pathways including the PI3K/AKT and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades.Abbreviations: Hh, hedgehog; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; PTCH1, Patched 1; SMO, Smoothened
Pathway Express analysis of the host response to IBDV infection in the spleen
Pathway Express analysis of the host response to IBDV infection in the bursa
Potential roles of FMRP in the pathogenesis of AD
Overlay of gene expression on the p53 signaling pathway
A proposed model is that CD146 promotes angiogenesis and mesenchymal cell migration in melanoma
Main molecular pathways activated in the presence or absence of nutrients
Structure and signaling from the cilium and relationship with the autophagic pathway
Simplified synopsis on the PI3K-AKT and RAS-MAPK signaling pathways and their interactions
An overview of the reconstructed primary metabolic pathways in C
LCBs, PA, MAPKs, and ROS in the signaling pathway involved in stomata closure as a strategy to prevent pathogen entry during an immunity response
LCBs, PA, MAPKs, and ROS in the signaling pathway in response to low temperature stress
Schematic representation of the main signaling pathways involved in the neuroprotective action of GDNF on dopaminergic neurons
Proposed model of negative regulation of autophagy during Yp infection
Inositol phosphates and phosphoinositides(A) Inositol phosphates contain only inositol and phosphate and are therefore water soluble and cytoplasmic
Metabolic disturbance in the diabetic heart and prospective therapeutic targets
Indirect and direct effects seen by meformin in a preoperative window study in obese endometrial cancer patients
Model illustrating the Ras→SAF-1/MAZ→VEGF signaling network axis
Detailed view of protein secretion pathway
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation pathways and therapies for pulmonary hypertension (PH)
Schematic model of the molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy
Overview of signaling pathways implicated in hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis and vacuolization of macropinosome-derived compartments
Representative illustration of key gene distribution (hsa04720 and LAP_hsa04720s)
Depiction of various pathways that are known to contribute to eEF2K regulation in systems biology graphical notation (SBGN) activity flow format ()
Metabolic flux map of central carbon metabolism in cotyledons at early seed fill
Regulatory connections present in modelOur previous model of the photoperiod pathway (inset top; Song et al, ) included the circadian clock model of Locke et al () (orange, inset top)
The interplay model of Wnt/β-catenin, LPS/TLR4, and growth factors in ENS
Copy number alterations for a selection of predicted hub regulators are indicated for canonical glioblastoma signaling pathways p53, RB and RTK/PI3K
Proposed model in which gal-3 mediates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the BMM-induced drug resistance of AL
Proposed human innate immune signaling pathways activated during V
Proposed schematic model showing how the crosstalk between healthy or oxidized/senescent red blood cells (RBCs) and immune cells may exert anti- and proatherogenic effects, respectively
Model of the expressed Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in the life-cycle stages
A proposed mechanism for the adenosine A2AR agonist mediated activation of the cAMP–CREB pathway and induction of immune tolerance
Schematic illustration of pathways leading to stimulation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT phosphorylation by fluoxetine in astrocytes
The molecular mechanism of attenuation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by gingipains
Example of non-mitotic functions of Plk1: effects on the mTOR pathway
Schematic representation of the crosstalk between the IGF-1 system and estrogens in breast cancer
Mechanisms that promote resistance to PI3K pathway inhibition
NLR-mediated suppression of canonical and non-canonical NF-Œ∫B signaling
Schematic overview of intracellular antiviral immune signaling in teleosts
Under normal conditions, a fraction of agonist-activated FXR is modified by SUMO2 at K277 by the E3 SUMO ligase PIASy and regulates an anti-inflammatory transcriptional pathway in response to inflammatory signaling
The red boxes indicate BLAST hits against the NR protein database
IPA was used to generate a network of molecules from mRNA and miRNA that were significantly different in peripheral airway field of cancerization in lung cancer patients compared to smoker controls
Hypothetical model illustrating the molecular basis of insulin-induced metabolic stress in patients with poorly controlled T2D in which both blood glucose and FFA levels are persistently elevated
Differential beneficial or adverse effects of insulin therapy on vascular endothelial cells depending on the level of metabolic control achieved
Iron treatment in HEY cells leads to an imbalance in redox levels since ROS levels are increased and GSH (antioxidant) levels are decreased
Proteomic analysis revealed a network of signaling pathways regulated by DMXAA in A549 cells.Note: The network of signaling pathways was analyzed by ingenuity pathway analysis according to the 588 protein molecules regulated by DMXAA in A549 cells.Abbreviation: DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone 4-acetic acid; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ILK, integrin-linked kinase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; eIF, eukaryotic initiation factor; S6K, p70S6 kinase
DMXAA modulates mTOR signaling pathway in A549 cells.Notes: A549 cells were treated with DMXAA 10 ŒºM for 24 hours and the protein samples were subject to quantitative proteomic analysis
Modeled interactions of a single xenobiotic (X) with Phase 0-III effector enzymes and regulators
Potential drug targets in the autophagic pathway to treat human cancers
Schema of TNF-Œ± signaling pathway that induces apoptosis
Overview of the retinoid signaling (RA) signaling pathway
Within the ischemic penumbra of a stroke, increasing TNFŒ± levels may activate TNF-R1 by causing it to form a trimer on the plasma membrane (PM)
(A) Yeast interactome graph showing high-throughput physical interaction... (B) Gene association analysis shows that Lys4 and Lys20 make contact wit...
Schematic diagram of the proposed role of CCL21/CCR7 axis in lymphangiogenesis
Hypothetical model illustrating the MAG and the G3P pathways in TAG synthesis in the ER of enterocytes
Simplified diagram of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway in S
Five pathways in central metabolism of E. coli, glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (NOPPP), Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP), and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, are highlighted by light grey.
Apoptotic signaling pathways in lipotoxic hepatocyte
Signaling pathways involved in vaccine up-regulation of IDO1 biosynthesis in human DCs were identified by Ingenuity Pathway analysis of proteins detected in vaccinated DCs by mass spectrometer analysis
. The molecular mechanism of soft-jet plasma induced cancer cell apoptosis via mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and ERK/MAPK activation.
GPCR-mediated PLC/PKCβ/PKD/SSH2 signaling pathway to regulate cofilin activity
Wnt signaling pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p, based on TarBase 6.0.Notes: hsa-181a-5p is a regulator of Wnt
Cell cycle pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p, based on TarBase 6.0.Notes: hsa-miR-181a-5p can regulate a number of important proteins that control the cell cycle
p53 pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p, based on TarBase 6.0.Notes: hsa-miR-181a-5p can regulate the p53 signaling pathway
MAPK signaling pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p based on miRTarBase 4.0.Notes: hsa-miR-181a-5p can regulate MAPK signaling pathways
Notch signaling pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p based on miRTarBase 4.0.Notes: hsa-miR-181a-5p can regulate the function of the Notch signaling pathway
VEGF signaling pathway in the target list of hsa-miR-181a-5p based on miRTarBase 4.0.Notes: hsa-miR-181a-5p can regulate the VEGF signaling pathway
ncRNAs affect CDKIs and Myc pathway in cell cycle
Schematic diagram of the mechanism underling the inhibition of gastric cancer progression through profilin-1 silencing
Potential consequences of mutant BRAF V600E in LCH
(A) The six agonists used in this study (ADP, convulxin, U46619, thrombi... (B) A two-layer, 12-node neural network architecture was employed. Agoni...
This pathway was found to be a significant regulator of sAPPβ
Estimation of multi-factor mediated dysregulations affected by the module
Alzheimer-related protein association network in AD-iPS26B neurons
Overlapping Alzheimer-related protein association network of AD-iPS5 neurons and of AD-iPS26B neurons
Alzheimer-related protein association network in AD-iPS5 neurons
Simplified overview of the central carbon metabolism, including the oxidation of methanol via Bm(Mdh-Act) or Bm(Mdh3-Act) and the assimilation of formaldehyde via the RuMP pathway of recombinant C
Epigenetic regulation in the drought stress response
Epigenetic regulation in the high-salinity stress response
The TLR signaling pathway and modulation effector molecules
Gene network, created using IPA® software, reflecting EGCG treatment.Notes: The overexpressed genes are labeled in red, while those downregulated are marked in green.Abbreviations: EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; IPA, Ingenuity®Pathway Analysis
Consequences of tissue trauma on heme catabolism, reactive oxygen species, and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism.Notes: Top panel: following tissue trauma, release of free heme can serve as a signal for proinflammatory events
(a) When IAPs are present, TNFR1 or TLR–TRIF si... (b) If IAPs are inactivated but caspase-8 is pr... (c) Genetic loss or inhibition of cIAPs alone o...
Krüppel-like factor KLF10-mediated regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
Schematic depiction and overview of PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling has been shown
Nuclear entry of Cofilin-1 (CFL-1) via various stresses
DNA damage-induced molecular responses for DNA repair
Regulatory mechanisms of actin dynamics in response to DNA damage
BHBA mediates GH and PRL gene transcription, translation, and secretion in DCAPCs via the cAMP/PKA/CREB and AMPK signaling pathways
Gibberellin biosynthetic and signaling pathways following GA 3treatment
Calcium signaling and canonical pathways were constructed using Ingenuity Pathway Analyses System
Model of the mechanism of action of P2X receptors in cardiac myocytes
In C2C12 cells subjected to compressive loading, RhoA and adenylyl cyclase activation were induced
P2Y13 receptors couple to the survival promoting pathway of GSK3 signaling inhibition in granule neurons
We identified the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) focal adhesion pathway as enriched with multiple virulence factor targets
(A) The cell cycle pathway was dysregulated by... (B) The MAPK signalling pathway. Only the repre... (C) A model illustrating the dysregulated cellu...
(A) Autophagy — a simplified pathway. TOR, AMPK... (B) Autophagy promotes delivery of PAMPs and ac... (C) Autophagy inhibits spurious or excessive in...
Schematic of EtOH and INK128 impact on the mTOR pathway and cellular response
Schematic depiction of PTEN functions in nucleus and cytosol with regard to its posttranslational modifications
Sphingolipids metabolo-genomic pathway patterns associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subphenotypes
Co-regulation analysis among 6 potential internal control genes (ICGs)
Neuropeptide–mast cell–myofibroblast contributions to post-traumatic elbow fibrosis
Multiple signaling pathways regulate the expression and activity of Sox9 during chondrogenesis
Different combinations of transcription factors drive tissue-specific gene expression in immature versus hypertrophic chondrocytes
Regulatory pathways downstream of BMP, Fgf18, CNP, Ihh or PTHrP signaling control chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy
Molecular pathways involved in irreversible G1 arrest proceeding senescence
DNA damage response pathways involved in the G2 exit program leading to senescence
Overview of Gq/11-coupled GPCR signal detection by GCaMP sensors
Synthesis and metabolism of glutathione and its regulation by the circadian system
The Role of SIRT1 in synaptic plasticity
miR-4689 regulates EGFR signaling pathway
Polycomb and trithorax proteins regulate chromatin structure and gene expression
RNA toxicity leads to activation of NF-Œ∫B pathway
PRR and signaling pathways that lead to differentiation of antifungal T-helper cells
Two relevant networks were generated from EMT-modulated proteins according to the Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Criteria
Multi-step and artificial two-step pathways
Change in TNFR1 signaling pathway in 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h groups after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury
Schematic model for the integration of TORC2 into the Pkc1-Mpk1 MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade in S
Active and inactive Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Caspase function in tissue regeneration and tumor cell proliferation
Schematic diagram representing cinnamon-mediated protection of dopaminergic neurons.Cinnamon is metabolized into sodium benzoate (NaB) in the liver
Mitochondria are the main source of free radicals in neurodegenerative diseases, which is particularly true in the Alzheimer brain
Molecular interaction and biological pathways networks of regulated proteins in liver tumours of EGF transgenic mice
Pathways mapping of fussed network proteins
One-carbon metabolism and methotrexateMTX enters the cell via the reduced folate carrier (RFC[1]) by using an endocytic pathway activated by a folate receptor (FOLR [Œ±, ∆¥]) (a) (; )
Purine metabolism signaling KEGG pathway, which shows the differentially expressed genes in the AS and NC librariesThe red borders indicate the genes that are targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs (Note: for interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article)
The pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway is a molecular link between the mutant carB genotype and the CAP capsule phenotype
Plasma treatment abolish siRNA-induced knockdown of NRF2
Proposed model for the role of ESCRTs in regulating GPCR-promoted Akt activation
Model for reciprocal regulation of AMPK and PLD
Model of miR-199a-5p in smooth muscle differentiation and hypertrophy
Testosterone circulates in the blood and is bound to albumin, whereas free testosterone is introduced into prostate cells and is subsequently converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase
The mTORC2/AKT/AR pathway (red arrows) leads to tumor cell proliferation
. H. pylori alters p53 and E-cadherin signaling.
Cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism, molecular transport
Cell-cell signaling and interaction, molecular transport, small molecular biochemistry